RESEARCH ARTICLE

Copyright © 2021 American Scientific Publishers Journal of Medical Imaging and

All rights reserved
Printed in the United States of America
Health Informatics
Vol. 11, 2618–2625, 2021

Automatic Segmentation and Classification of

COVID-19 CT Image Using Deep Learning and
Multi-Scale Recurrent Neural Network
Based Classifier
R. T. Subhalakshmi1 ∗ , S. Appavu Alias Balamurugan2 , and S. Sasikala3
1
Department of Information Technology, Sethu Institute of Technology, Virudhunagar 626115, India
2
Department of Computer Science, Central University of Tamil Nadu, Thiruvarur 610005, Tamil Nadu, India
3
Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Velammal College of Engineering and Technology,
Madurai 625009, Tamil Nadu, India

In recent times, the COVID-19 epidemic turn out to be increased in an extreme manner, by the accessibility of
an inadequate amount of rapid testing kits. Consequently, it is essential to develop the automated techniques
for Covid-19 detection to recognize the existence of disease from the radiological images. The most ordinary
symptoms of COVID-19 are sore throat, fever, and dry cough. Symptoms are able to progress to a rigorous
type of pneumonia with serious impediment. As medical imaging is not recommended currently in Canada for
crucial COVID-19 diagnosis, systems of computer-aided diagnosis might aid in early COVID-19 abnormalities
detection and help out to observe the disease progression, reduce mortality rates potentially. In this approach,
a deep learning based design for feature extraction and classification is employed for automatic COVID-19
diagnosis from computed tomography (CT) images. The proposed model operates on three main processes
based pre-processing, feature extraction, and classification. The proposed design incorporates the fusion of
deep features using GoogLe Net models. Finally, Multi-scale Recurrent Neural network (RNN) based classifier
is applied for identifying and classifying the test CT images into distinct class labels. The experimental validation
of the proposed model takes place using open-source COVID-CT dataset, which comprises a total of 760 CT
images. The experimental outcome defined the superior performance with the maximum sensitivity, specificity,
and accuracy.

Keywords: COVID-19, Computed Tomography, Multi-Scale Recurrent Neural Network, Computed

Tomography, Google Net.

1. INTRODUCTION a zoonotic coronavirus, like coronavirus SARS and coronavirus

Now these days, whether the growth of medical technology for
the diagnosis of the identification of lung cancer makes a time-
less consuming. In the case of lung cancer that has the longer
outcomes in the case of causes and the symptoms that would be
the coughing in the blood, breath shortage, fracture in the bone.
Not only that, pains in the joint structures, sometimes headache,
bleeding in the neurons, swelling in the teeth. Also, there would
be in the order of change in the voice and sputum color changes.
When the patient gets diagnosed with these symptoms for eval-
uation of the diagnosis some test and screening tests are taken
for the evaluation. It would be taken very effectively. In Wuhan,
China, alarmingly and a novel infectious viral (primary atyp-
ical) pneumonia bust out in December 2019. It has seeing as
∗ viral effects adjacent to corona viruses [2, 3]. It is essential to
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
MERS and termed as COVID-19 [1]. In the discussed screen-
ing methodologies, the accuracy rate of the prediction is very
much difficult. There is always deviation in the lung cells that
makes the prediction of the specific lung type of cancer makes so
difficult. So far, the scanning technology of computerized tomog-
raphy becomes the most effective as there much as there would
be increasing the in the rate of the prediction and follows all of
the technology guidelines interface. This could be done by the
passing the X-rays through the human body that examines the
whole human body. at present, there exist officially no anti-viral
treatments or vaccines permitted for the management or preven-
tion of the disease. Anti-retroviral drugs belong to the protease
inhibitors class, as well as Ritonavir and Lopinavir, typically used
for the management of patients HIV/AIDS, appear to use anti-

2618 J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. Vol. 11, No. 10, 2021 2156-7018/2021/11/2618/008 doi:10.1166/jmihi.2021.3850
J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2618–2625, 2021
develop several other clinical facilities. Even though many devel-
opers have made diverse efforts in effective diagnosis, still social
distancing, wearing masks, washing hands regularly, and being
self-quarantined are referred to as better medications to prevent
COVID-19 which is also followed by many other countries [4].
Therefore, the major disadvantage of this lockdown and quaran-
tine is that it highly affected the GDP of the country and many of
the individuals are affected psychologically. The count of peoples
affected by COVID-19 has been increased rapidly worldwide.
The highly afflicted countries like the USA, Italy, and Spain have
crossed the death rate of China which exhibited a maximum mor-
tal rate globally. Traditional SARS epidemic in 2002 and 2003
was managed and it was ended by using classical controlling
measures, such as restricted to travel, individual isolation, and
many other measures. In recent times, it is used in massive coun-
tries with COVID-19 outbreak; but this efficiency is based on
how dangerous the diseases are [3]. It applies these metrics for
better prediction of transmitting COVID-19 would be highly ben-
eficial in influencing public suggestions why it is significant for
adhering to such metrics in the last decades.
Afterward, the images gets into the process of removing the
noises in the images, getting the images and selecting the particu-
lar feature like the lines, organ, similar to the procedures to detect
the case of the lung cancer affected patients that were taken from
the dataset. Following that process, the features are then get seg-
mented for the region segmentation and the further will be the
process of the feature classification. In the process of segmenta-
tion steps, the highlighting their features will be the most terrific
roles for the most successful prediction that determines the nor-
mal and affected cancer cells. But in the case of segmentation the
features gets in the decrease in the nature of the complexity of
the whole system. Bout in the case of the computation time and
to reduce that there should be an increased order of the feature
selection procedures that involves the data fitting. Over a long
type, there are several segmentation techniques, such as k-means,
distributed clustering, fuzzy clustering, and fuzzy c-means that
are used for the extraction process. In the feature selection tech-
niques, various different features such as particle swarm chicken
swarm, genetic algorithm bacteria swarm ant colony optimization
approaches that always used for the selective and particular cases
for the approach of the collected features that are taken from the
image. Some of the reliable classifiers that could be used in the
case of classification process in order to find the increased pre-
diction rate which would be k-NN, RNN and other most neural
net classifiers to detect covid-19 [5, 6]. To process the large vol-
ume of data, the automatic system that used in the traditional now
these days predicts the successful accuracy rate. The procedure
of the detection of the lung cancer that is detected and discussed
above which are some like radiography, magnetic resonance and
some other procedures like ultrasound makes helpful for the doc-
tors to prevail the diagnosis. For that, filtering process is removed
that could be able to smoothen the images in that case, the cap-
tured images gets an improved accuracy rate for the next process.
Whereas in the next process will be the noise removal or filter-
ing process which gives in the resultant of the improved quality
of the images for the next steps of image enhancement process-
ing. These are the procedures that are taken care from the input
images which follow with the minimum quality of images that
needs to be enhanced.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
2. RELATED WORKS
Reference [7] presented a hybrid representation with the employ-
ment of classical and deep machine learning for the detection of
face mask shall be explained. The projected representation com-
prises of two mechanisms. The first constituent is intended for
feature extrication with the use of Resnet50. Whereas the second
component was intended for the process of face masks classifi-
cation by means of Support Vector Machine (SVM), ensemble,
and decision trees algorithm.
In the works mentioned in Ref. [8], the detection of the lung
cancer is carried out by the feature extraction and classifica-
tion by using the minimum redundancy maximum relevance that
chooses the most efficient features and k-NN classifier. Whereas
in the works of Ref. [9], the works al determined with the attacks
on the neural networks that makes the adverbial effects on the
overall detecting system. In the works of the [10], the inter-
net of things technology is used for the modelling and classifi-
cation through continuous monitoring where hereby is used in
the method. This approach is utilized to classify the transitional
regional features from that of lung cancer image.While dealing
with the concepts of neural network, the knowledge details about
the specific kind of cancer needs to be available or other the
worst case scenario that may occur to the misleading in the pre-
diction of the disease whether it might be cancer or other state of
prognosis. So we need in deep details about the matter of cause.
The author in Ref. [11] deals with the specific tumor that has
inadequate gene expressions. This case that has trained the DNN
that shall result in a bad cancer diagnosis behavior. So that, the
work is proposed with the data analysis method by using multi
task deep learning method that gives out a way for the data insuf-
ficiency. In the work of [12] the authors proposes the ideas on the
several methodologies on the prediction and diagnosis. The work
is taken into the consideration of the analysis of various method-
ologies for detection of the various organs like brain, skin, and
lung tumor detection. Considering the works of the cancer detec-
tion, the diabetes involves the major cause that leads a major
concern of the health sector. Whereas, in deep learning methods
[13] proposes the detection of lung cancer by deep reinforce-
ment methodology is proposed. The application of this approach
is taken into the world of the medical IoT. In the works of the
author in Ref. [14], that deals with the lung nodule detection
which is the preliminary step for the detection of the cancer. The
method here which is proposed with the patch-dependent multi-
resolution convolution networks to extricate the features and used
four diverse fusion techniques for classification. The author in
Ref. [15] an electronic nose is introduced for the prediction of the
of the lung cancer diagnosis. The out coming data gets analyzed
by the help of the k nearest neighbors for the non-conformity
measurement in the offline prediction. Whereas in the case of the
online prediction the rate of the conformity gets decreased as the
frequency of the sampling rate gets increased with the period of
time. But in the works of [16] gets accounted for the detection of
the automated pulmonary detection in the CAD scanning. Here,
the result fusion gets trained by the three models for the decon-
volutional layer that detects the nodules that used in detecting
the automated pulmonary detection by the R-CNN that consults
with the two region proposal networks. In addition to that, for
the false positive minimization in the classifier that distinguishes
the true models from the samples. The method that increases the
sensitivity of pulmonary nodule identification is kept in retraining
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RESEARCH ARTICLE J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2618–2625, 2021

the model which was kept from the misclassified samples. For
the final classification results, the resultant networks get fused to
vote.
Survey on Covid-19 which was started in December 2019 is a
minimum. These restricted studies are used for detecting COVID-
19 virus. Besides, some other studies were performed for detect-
ing many other diseases of human beings. Simultaneously, the
treatment of Coronavirus and the procedures take place which
is carried out [17]. Here, a feasible condition of a patient who
was recovered from Covid-19 was discharged and monitored reg-
ularly. Covid-19 was investigated [18] as dermatologists. It has
been provided with the impacts of hygiene metrics on the skin
[19]. Concentrated on prevention measures of Covid-19 and the
efficiency of novel treatments [20]. Projected the kit deployed by
emergency doctors to save against the Covid-19 virus.
In Ref. [21] proposed the method of an automatic segmenta-
tion depend on Convolution Neural Networks (CNN) for 3 × 3
kernels exploration. For better classification, the author proposes
extracted texture features from every segment using the advan-
tages of histogram and co-occurrence matrix and the hybrid ker-
nel through the fuzzy logic was designed and applied to the
Residual Neural Net training for the classification. The seed
points are then feed into region growing algorithm for segmenta-
tion process. In Ref. [22], the author used different techniques for
the candidate lesions segmentation. Next, chosen the features set
which is for each applicant lesion by use the texture, intensity,
and shape. For the process of classification, the Residual Neural
Net classifier is concerned on the features set with the different
cross validations.

3. PROPOSED WORK
This section is the deliberation of detailed explanation of the Fig. 1. Block diagram of multi-scale RNN.

proposed system. The Figure 1 displays the overall flow of the

presented method.
3.1. Preprocessing
3.1.1. Denoising
Collaborative Non-Local Means method shows good results on
uniform region but fails over the region where the amount of
equivalent patches are small mainly at the edges. This phe-
nomenon of rare patch effect can be overcome by extending
CNLM to reciprocally equivalent information occurring in dis-
similar images rather than using only the self-similar informa-
tion for the calculation of noise-free value improvements of each
voxel. This gives the new concept of improved collaborative
CNLM Means filter.
value. This gives the concept of collaborative NLM filter [23]. In
case to target the noisy image and the co-denoising images to be
group with indices represented as set S. Let Vk xi  is the search
volume at xi in image k ∈ S and wk xi  xj  is an unnormalized
weight, so compute the restored value through the CNLM of the
voxel at xi as mentioned in Eq. (2).
 
k∈S xi ∈Vk xi  wk xi  xj uxj 
NLuxi  =   (2)
k∈S xi ∈Vk xi  wk xi  xj 
The output of NLM filter of any pixel ‘i’ by NL(i) as in Eq. (2).
Figure 2 shows the sample output of Non Local Means Filtering.
The performance of the filter is analyses the Peak Signal to
Noise Ratio (PSNR) and Mean Square Error (MSE) metrics.

3.1.2. Collaborative NLM Filter 3.2. Segmentation

The output of NLM filter of any pixel ‘i’ by NL(i) as in Eq. (1)
 segments. It is typically used to locate objects and boundaries
NLi = wi j vi j  (1)
Where j belongs to I and I is set of all the pixels.
The values of the weight wi j based on the similar infor-
mation among i and j pixels. For effective structure-preserving
denoising, not only to employ self- similar also the NLM can be
elaborated but also occurring the mutually-similar information in
dissimilar tumor images for maximizing the size of the sample
for enhancing the calculation of the each voxel based noise-free
Segmentation is the method of splitting an image into several
in images. In the terms of features, objects and scenes, the high
level image descriptions such as the image which in the order of
color image that gets into the low level transforming in the gray
level image that becomes the process of meaningful segmenta-
tion. The success of image analysis relies on stability of segmen-
tation, yet an exact partitioning of an image is typically a very
challenging issue. After de-noising, the texture based segmenta-
tion is performed on noise free CT images. Here, four different
methods are used to segment the tumour. They are active contour

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(a)
(b) (c)
Fig. 2. Sample output of non local filtering (a) original image (b) noise
image (c) NLM filtered image.
method, Region growing method, watershed segmentation and
a hybrid method combining region growing method and active
contour method. The performance matrices Dice and Jaccard are
calculated and the hybrid method performance better than the
other three methods. To remove the unwanted noise from the
MRI brain images three different filters bilateral filter, Weiner
filter and improved collaborative non-local means filters are used
and its performance metrics like PSNR and MSE are measured
and compared. On comparison improved collaborative non-local
means filter performance is better with the developed PSNR and
less the MSE values.
Then for the Segmentation, the multi scale phase level set
segmentation method can be used. The level set’s fundamental
concept is to depict the hyper-surface curves and surfaces as a
zero level range.
It provides more precise numerical and fast topological tests.
The surface-smoothing method ∅x y z refers to the set-null-
level method ∅x y z = 0. The whole surface may be viewed
within and outside of the curve when using the curve as the
boundary. To initialize this operation, the concept of input Dis-
tance (IDF) function on the surface is as follows Eq. (3).
∅x y z = 0 = D (3)
Where, D is the shortest distance between the point x on the
surface and curve.
The general level set function is defined as follows in Eq. (4)
∅T + gD ∅ = 0 (4)
Where, F is the independent function depends on the information
of images.
RESEARCH ARTICLE
To improve the segmentation process, the independent internal
term and the external independent term shall be considered. The
gradient flow that reduces the cumulative power function is this
growth.
E∅ = minEeT e = min gEt − T t −  (5)
Where, E is the controlling parameter.  is the Dirac delta func-
tion. g is the edge indicator function defined by
gj = j 1 − j tj − j  (6)
I is an image, and gj is the Gaussian kernel with standard
deviation.
3.3. Feature Extraction Using Google Net
Google NET is a huge breakthrough in the field of feature extrac-
tion. These are most widely used to split for characterizing and
extracting features.
A Google NET model is arranged in the pattern of the layers.
• ReLU layers
• Convolutional layers
• Pooling layers
• A Fully connected layer
Compared to other classification algorithms, Google NET model
has only few pre-processing steps. This Google NET model is
utilized in several areas for many diverse purposes.
(i) Convolution
Highlights in the data set must be concentrated in this step of
convolution. This layer is the first stage of Google NET model
continuously. The characteristics are identified, and the function
map is developed in this process from the input dataset.
(ii) ReLU Layer
The next step of the convolution surface is the straighten-
ing. To increase the nonlinearity in the network, the application
method was implemented on the device maps. In this scenario,
the negatives can be eliminated easily.
(iii) Pooling
Pooling will mitigate the input size gradually. The phase of
pooling will decrease overfitting. It can rapidly identify the
appropriate variables by decreasing the number of the variable
needed.
(iv) Flattening
It is a rather easy step to flatten the polled characteristics map
in the following number line.
(v) Fully Connected Layer
In this, every features to be joined with the attributes. The clas-
sification process can thus be completed with a higher precision
percentile. The error is calculated and reported.
(vi) Softmax
The Softmax was executed in different research fields for many
issues. Those decimal probabilities must mean 1.0. Assume the
accompanying types of Softmax:
Full Softmax is the Softmax that can compute probability for
each conceivable class.
Softmax calculates a probability for all the positive names
however just for an arbitrary example of negative names
Finally, the type of features can be detected and extracted
easily.
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3.4. Classification Using Multi-Scale RNN Algorithm
Here, the deep residual-Recurrent Neural Network (DR-RNN)
utilized for better accuracy. A multi-cascaded learning model is
presented for strong restate detection in both clean and noisy
information. The MS-RNN method integrates the several learned
and semantic features in a broad and deep network for the restate
detection. Here, the classification stage depends on Multi-scale
RNN (MS-RNN) and the Conditional Random Fields (CRFs)
for retinal atherosclerosis segmentation at dissimilar layers and
scales to believe the confidence among the neighboring pixels
and the balancing information.
The proposed deep residual Recurrent Neural Network (MS-
RNN) joined the several networks to make a multi-cascaded net-
work manner. Initially, the Input MS-RNN manner has attained in
retinal atherosclerosis segmentation process. The classification of
the MS-RNN helps to improve the accurate classification through
two cascaded structures. At the input, one structure is cascading
of the underneath of the network, and treated as the first network
is the output as the supplementary image channel of the sec-
directions such as axial, coronal, and sagittal. By combine all the
diverse directions, to attain the final result.
Let’s take, the total image features as ‘N ’ is provided to the
RNN input, which capitulates the total output unit as ‘L’ and the
hidden layer unit in r is N r . The jth unit weight in r layer and
the ith unit in r + 1 is illustrated by Wij . The ith unit activation
in layer r is xir (for r = 0 is the value of an input, for r = k + 1 is
the value of an output. For a feed forward network, the training
data comprises the T vector-valued data pairs (input–output).
vtp = y10 tp  yk0 tpt (7)
ct = c1k+1 tp  cLK+1 tpt (8)
Where, tp is the training phase instance. The evaluation of non-
input units activation accordance with the given equation
 

yim+1 =F wijm · yj tp (9)
J =1N m

ond network to conduct the training is called simple progression.

The successive hidden layer’s activation units with a prior mod-
Before the calculation of feature map by simple progression, the
ernization equation till a network response as given below.
other network is to attach a cascaded manner being fed to the
last classification layer, thereby creating a multi-cascaded RNN
xtp = x1k+1 tp  yLk+1 tp (10)
design. As the soft-max output layer’s neurons directly cascaded
with the preceding output, the network learning is further biased
The aim to the training get the set of weights location in the
to imagine that the label of the central pixel ought to be alike
network and the total squared error as follows.
to its neighboring, so that the smoother margins can be cre-
ated. Here, the two multi-cascaded network architectures, named  
e= ctp − xtp2 = etp (11)
(1) MS-RNN1 and (2) MS-RNN2, correspondingly. tp=1 T tp=1 T
(1) In MS-RNN1 uses the Two Stage RNN (TSRNN) manner
as a simple progression. In this manner, to approve a Two- Based on the error gradient, the error value (e) gets reduced and
Path system of larger image patches to the features extrac- varied the weights incrementally in the direction with respect to
tion, and perform a Deep Single-Path network to study the the weights.
features of lesser image patches. Besides, an additional single-
e 
e
= (12)
path network linked to find the edge information of the tumor,
wijm tp=1 T
wij
which assists to take out related information and further local
information. The estimation of the new weight as given below:
(2) On the origin of the Single Stage RNN (SS-RNN) manner,

e
the MS-RNN2 crop the greater image patches as input to another new wijm = wijm −  (13)
Single-path system to recognize local features of the MRI image,
wijm
e.g., the information (details) of the edge. The calculated tran-
This equation is the batch learning mode, where the input image’s
sitional outcome connected in the preceding layer of the output
new weights computed after enable the whole samples for train-
of the final stage. According to the explicit requirements, the
ing. One such gets exceed during all the samples referred as an
cropping patches size regulated. By concern this way, this is con-
era. Depending on the first era, weight initialization is done typ-
sidering not only the labels dependence as well as improves the
ically to the inconsequential random numbers. To enabled the
retinal atherosclerosis segmentation performance by merging the
variant incremental learning representation, where to modify the
several cascaded structures and combining the multi-scale details
weights after presenting the specific training samples:
of the image.
The combination of single stage and two stage connection of
en
new wijm = wijm −  (14)
RNN applied to the fusion method. The fusion method helps to
wijm
identify the accurate classification of predicted image as retinal
atherosclerosis affected regions. The performance results illus- When the error gets smaller than the settled threshold value,
trate to attain viable performance depends on the given manner or the variation of error with different fixed threshold change, or
evaluated to other model and can also the complexity in compu- excess value of fixed threshold the function gets stopped. Stile the
tational cost and acquisition of data. Moreover, this model can minor fault satisfied and attained in a multitude of similar era. By
slice the brain images as slice by slice in the testing phase. This concerning this process, to attain the score value, which is effec-
provides the speedy segmentation via the image patches. Using tively chosen either the particular image, is normal or abnormal.
image patches for segmentation purpose, they trained by con- If the score value surpasses the threshold value, it denotes that
cern of the three models that are calculated from three diverse the precise interference. If the threshold value is lesser than or

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(a)

(b)
Fig. 3. Sample images (a) COVID CT images (b) non-COVID CT images.

T
equal, the particular image considered as the retinal atheroscle- new wijm−1 = wijm−1 + m
t=1 i n · y
m−1
· jn
rosis. The computed score value assessment by concerning the end
given condition:

Decision = Th ≥ score value, abnormal 4. PERFORMANCE ANALYSIS

The proposed model has been simulated using Python Program-
Th < score value, normal image (15) ming Tool. The results are ensured by testing the proposed model

Algorithm for Multi-Scale RNN Classification.

Input: Present weights wijm , training samples Table I. Comparative analysis of proposed and existing method.
Output: New weight Methods Accuracy Specificity Sensitivity
Start
Sampling line algorithm 0970 0940 0980
Step 1: Find each samples n, activation of internal and output
(SLA)
units Texture and wavelet 09835 09898 0974
Step 2: Find each unit xim the error propagation term m i n for features + SVM
the output layer as given below: VGG-16 09923 09991 09750
k+1 n = ci n − xi nv=zk+1 , where, m = k + 1 CS + SVM 09851 09879 09813
i i
m D2TL 080 080 080
 error propagationterm i n for hidden layers as
Step 3: The Improved deep neural 0962 0984 0974
 m+1
fv 
m  N m+1
wijm  m network (IDNN)
i n =  i=1 i
fv v=zj MS-Recurrent neural 0975 0993 0987
 N m−1 network (MS-RNN)
Where, v = zm j = j=1 yj
m−1
nwijm−1
(Proposed)
Step 4: Concern the weight connection with given Eqn.

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RESEARCH ARTICLE J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2618–2625, 2021

Accuracy Sensitivity
1.2 1.2
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0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
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Fig. 4. Comparative analysis of accuracy. Fig. 6. Comparative analysis of sensitivity.

on CT images. Figure 3 shows the sample test images of COVID

CT and Non-COVID CT images.
The Overall accuracy, sensitivity, selectivity of the proposed
technique and the other existing methods were listed in Table I.
The comparative analysis of proposed method in terms of
accuracy over other various methods prevailing is shown in
Figure 4. From the analysis it was evident that the proposed tech-
nique is better than existing ones.
The comparative analysis of proposed method in terms of
specificity over other various methods prevailing is shown in
Figure 5. From the analysis it was evident that the proposed tech-
nique is better than existing ones.
The comparative analysis of proposed method in terms of
sensitivity over other various methods prevailing is shown in Fig. 7. Confusion matrix for COVID 19 CT database.
Figure 6. From the analysis it was evident that the proposed tech-
nique is better than existing ones. Figure 7 shows the confusion
matrix for COVID 19 CT database.

Specificity
1.2 5. CONCLUSION
1 This paper offers a deep learning dependent feature extraction
and classifier approach for CAD diagnosis of covid-19. Various
0.8
ML techniques have been applied so far. However, there were
0.6 some needs to improve the performance of detection. So as to
0.4 overcome this, the proposed model is presented. The proposed
model incorporates the fusion of deep features using GoogLe Net
0.2
models. Finally, Multi-scale Recurrent Neural network (RNN)
0 based classifier is applied for identifying and classifying the test
)

)
LA

CT images into distinct class labels. The experimental outcomes

SL

RN
(S

(ID
+

(R

were carried out on available CT dataset to illustrate that the

m

es

k
ith

ur

or

k
or
at
or

features extracted by GoogLe Net model and is classified by

w
fe
lg

et

et
ln
A

et

lN

means of Multi-scale RNN. From the outcomes it was clear that

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Conflicts of Interest
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The authors says there is no conflicts of Interest.

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Fig. 5. Comparative analysis of specificity. Acknowledgments: There is no funding.

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J. Med. Imaging Health Inf. 11, 2618–2625, 2021
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Received: 9 April 2021. Accepted: 28 May 2021.
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