The Beginner's Guide to Jazz Chord

Progressions
by Marc-Andre Seguin

An Overview of Jazz Chords and How They're Combined

Ever wonder why certain songs sound "jazzy"? It's all in the chord
progression.

Jazz chord progressions are the backdrop to the songs in the Great
American Songbook. Typically, these progressions contain seventh
chords and move by the interval of a fourth. Some examples of
common jazz chord progressions would be ii V I, I vi ii V, and iii vi ii
V.

The harmony created by these chords provides added expression to

the melody, and creates the traditional "jazz" sound that we all know
and love!

This chord progression article demonstrates the most common

progressions found in jazz. Learning these progressions thoroughly
will make learning standards a breeze!
 
Table of Contents
Major Harmony In Jazz
Basic Modulation In Jazz
Minor Harmony In Jazz
 
Major Harmony In Jazz

The Major Scale (Chords)

Every Jazz story begins somewhere, and this one starts out mightily,
with the major scale!
The major scale is made up of seven notes from which we can
harmonize seven corresponding chords. These are typically called
"diatonic chords" (the chords belonging to a key). The diatonic
chords in the key of C are:

(triangle = major 7th ; dashed circle = minor7(b5) AKA half-

diminished)
We will refer to the chords with roman numerals. C is I and Dm is II
and so forth until VII. It’s always relative to the key center, which in
this case is C major.

The Diatonic Cycle (starting on IV of the above scale)

Playing these chords in a cycle of ascending diatonic fourths (or

descending fifths) we get the diatonic cycle as follows:

 
These are written in roman numerals: IV – VII – III – VI – II – V – I –
(I) and is the source for many other segments of jazz harmony.

I added the C dominant 7th in parenthesis because it’s not part of

the C major scale. It simply resolves naturally to F major. C7 is the
dominant of F major scale. See this series of articles on dominants.

The diatonic cycle can be developed in many other basic jazz

progressions. One example is the enclosed Dm7-G7 which is the
infamous II-V found everywhere in jazz.

Study the diatonic cycle carefully. Make sure you check out

this page of diatonic chord cycles also!
 
I – VI – II – V and Friends

Another example of a jazz chord progression in the

diatonic cycle (see above) is the I-VI-II-V:
 

This is one of the most basic cadences in jazz. It starts “home” (I),

goes further (VI-II) and further away (V) with tension and… comes
right back! 

For variety, play the VI as a dominant (the A7 in this case). It creates

a desirable tension as shown here:
 

2
The A7 (VI) creates more tension and really wants to resolve to Dm7
(II). While we’re here… why not make the II dominant also? Let’s
see…

 
You now have three effective ways to play on and around the tonic
chord in any major key:

1   I – VI – II – V
2   Make the Vl dominant
3   Make the ll dominant as well
4
You can play this in all 12 keys by reading this article on Chord
Cycles.

More Jazz Chord Progressions: Another Friend of I – VI – II – V

Let’s try something else.  Have you ever heard of the II-V, or the II-
V-I ? What would happen if the three variations above started on the
D chord instead of the C ? (Remember, the D is the ll.)

You've got it,  the II-V-I-VI progression!

This progression merely “shifts the starting point” of the previous

examples from the l to the ll, but remember the C is still the l , the D
the ll and so on. Try it:

3
We can qualify this as “the II-V-I chord progression with an extra
chord at the end that wants to resolve back to the II” … or simply II-
V-I-VI !

You can play these progressions in any key.  Let's look at some
basic modulation.
 
Basic Modulation in Jazz

Modulation to IV

Modulation is the concept in which we  change the “ home key”. This

new tonality becomes the point of reference momentarily or
permanently. In tonal  music, any key center can be modulated to. 
The IV chord is the closest related tonality (in relation to the I key) 
and is the most common “ destination key” in classical and
jazz music. Lots of jazz standards incorporate a modulation to the
IV. Let’s use a little imagery to describe this :
We’re staying home tonight:
I (home); II (away); V (further away…); I (home). As in C, Dm7, G7,
C.
Tonight, let’s hang out with the neighbours:
I (home); II (…); V (…); I (home???); IV (at the neighbours). As in C,
Dm7, G7, C7… F!
It seems like human ears like this friendly neighbour that is the IV!
When the modulation is established, we feel “like home” almost
immediately. Let’s look at a musical example to clarify all this. Play

4
the following progression on the guitar:

This type of progression can be found in the standard tune

“Cherokee” by Ray Noble and in many, many, other songs! As you
can see and hear, the I chord becomes dominant right before going
to IV. This is the heart of the modulation. You can also notice the IV
minor right before going back “home” to the I.

I will not go into theoretical details here. If you are interested in more
jazz harmony, check this out; “The Ultimate No Nonsense Guide to
Jazz Harmony”.

Bluesy Modulation to the IV

Believe it or not, the very common blues progression contains a

modulation to the IV key. The I chord is  dominant right before going
to the IV. Here it is:

 
Try embellishing the fourth bar of the blues with some alterations
such as a; b9, #9, b5 or a  #5. They create a tension that is released
when establishing the IV such as going from a C7(b9) to an F7.
Here’s an example of some of that jazzier blues with those
alterations added:

5
 
It's possible to use a II-V-I in the key of the IV to create an even
clearer modulation in bars 3, 4 and 5. For example, to go to F, we
use Gm7 and then a C7 with a b9:

Study the blues progression. It is worth more than you might think at

first.

See all the blues lessons on this website here.

Listen to Oliver Nelson’s recording of “Blues and the Abstract

Truth” (1959, Impulse).

6
The Bird Blues

Another one to check out is the “bird blues” progression. It’s a

common line that Charlie Parker played a lot of during the bebop
era. You can listen and play tunes such as “Blues for Alice”, “Chi
Chi” and “Freight Trane”.
Try this in the key of C :
Cmaj / / / / | Bm / E7 / | Am / D7 / | Gm / C7 / |
F7 / / / | Fm7 / Bb7 | Em7 / A7 / | Ebm7 / Ab7 /
Dm7 / / / | G7 / / / | Cmaj / A7 / | Dm7 / G7 / ||
The “bird blues” progression still modulates to the IV of the key, but
it has that major-to-minor melancholy type of sound.
Let's talk about minor harmony in jazz where it's possible to
modulate to the lV minor and to any other minor keys.
 
Minor Harmony in Jazz

The Diatonic Cycle in Minor

Every major key has a relative minor. For instance, C major contains

the same notes as A minor. We can play the same progressions in
minor keys simply by changing the chord qualities. This page
of diatonic chord cycles explains more.
Let’s play the diatonic cycle in C minor (same notes as Eb major):

7
 
 
This progression can be found in the tune  “Autumn Leaves” by
Johnny Mercer and in many other songs. As you can see, the roman
numerals are the same as in the major. It is only slightly altered to fit
the minor quality:
IV – bVII – bIII – bVI – II – V – I

This progression can also be seen as a II-V-I in the key of Eb

followed by a minor II-V-I in C. In fact, it could even be seen as a II-
V-I in Eb major followed by a modulation to the key of VI minor
(which is C minor). Good to know and be able to play it.

I – VI – II – V and friends
Like the major I-VI-II-V there are plenty of variations in minor.
Here’s the basic one from which you can derive more progressions:

And don’t forget my suggestion from the major harmony section of

this article. Start on the II! We then get II-V-I-VI as follows:

Minor Blues Jazz

The basic blues progression is also played in minor tonalities. And

guess what?  It contains a modulation to the IV, in minor! There are
two main kinds of minor blues progressions.

The first one uses a “tonic minor” sound using melodic and harmonic
minor scales with the I and IV as a minor 6th or a minor maj7th

8
chord quality:

The second one, often called “modal” blues, uses the minor 7th
chord quality (Dorian sound) for the I and the IV:

This is the progression found in John Coltrane’s “Mister P.C.”

Wrap-up
You are on your way to playing every possible jazz progression on
the guitar, in all keys, in all styles and at all tempos...  Well, maybe
we will learn them one at time.

Seriously, if you feel comfortable with most of the progressions

above, consider using some chord substitution ideas. Chord
changes are fascinating and I believe every jazz guitarist should

9
continually study jazz and classical harmony. Don’t forget; we
comp… lots! Have you ever noticed your “comping to soloing ratio”
on a gig? In a band, we'll accompany more than anything.

Make sure you check out this page of diatonic chord cycles and

the “The Ultimate No Nonsense Guide to Jazz Harmony” .

Happy Chording!

Going further: Introductory Course (for Jazz Guitar Chords)

If you wish to go further and apply chords in real contexts (on II-V-I)

with 9ths and 13ths, using interesting rhythms, going “rootless” (and
more!), then this free resource is highly recommend:

10