PTERIDOPHYTES (Preris-Fem, Phyton-plant) The pteridophytes include horsetails and ferns These are primitive tracheophytes, seedless vascular cryptogams. The term pteridophyte was given byHaeckel. The branch of biology deals with study of pteridophytes called pteridology Preridophytes are mostly terrestrial, also found in cool, damp, shady places though some may flourish well in sandysoil conditions, Evolutionarly, vascular tissues are first developed. Xylem transport water and minerals while phloem conduets ‘organic food, but vessels in xylem, sieve tubes, companion cells in phloem are absent, The main plant body (or) dominant phase is an independent sporophyte. Itis differentiated into true stem, Teaves and roots, : Leaves of pteriodophytes may be small called microphylls (eg: Lycopodium, Selaginella) or large called _megaphylls (eg: Fems) 5 Specialised leaves having sporangia are called sporophylls. Sporangia contain sporogenous tissue, where spore mother cells undergo sporic meiosis to produce spores. Inpteridophytes like Selaginella, Equisetum the sporophylls may be compactly arranged into structures called strobili or cones. In Fems, sporangia develop over sporophylls generally In plants like Lycopodium ,Dryopteris produce single kind of spores and are known.as homosporous. Where as in plants like Selaginella, Salvinia produce two kinds of spores i.e macrospores (large) and microspores( small). They are known asheterosporous. ms The spores germinate to give rise to inconspicuous small but multicellular fee living, mostly photosynthetic thalloid gametophytes called prothallus, ‘Themegaspores and microspores germinate to give female and male gumetophytes respectively. ‘The gametophyte that developsin homosporous speciesis monoecious with both male and female reproductive structures on same individual. While those of heterosporousspeciesis dioecious where as male and female reproductive structures antheridia and archegonia on different individuals, ‘The gametophytes require cool, damp shady places to grow. Because of this specific equirementand.need for water for fertilization, the spread of pteridophytes are limited and restricted to narrow geographical regions. Sperms are flagellated. They require an external supply of water for swimming to the mouth_ofarchegonium. Fusion of gametes esultin formation ofzygote, which develop into embryo. Embryo develop into multcellar well differentiated sporophyte. An heterosporous species female gametophyte remains on parent sporophyte for variable periods. The development of zygote into youngembryo take place within female gametophytes. This eventisprecursor to seed habit (tendency towards seed formation). This isan important step in evolution. Hence , heterospory Teads to seed habit in plants. CLASSIFICATION Pteridophytes are classified into 4 classes 1) Psilopsida(Whisk fers) Eg: Psilotum | 2)Lycopsida(Club mosses) Eg: Lycopodium, Selaginella 3) Sphenopsida(Horse tails) Fg: Equiserum 4) Pteropsida( Ferns) Eg: Dryopteris, Preris, Adiantum, Salvinia, Marselia.Strobilus ~ Node — Internode a nella Rhizome (@nleee “@ Fig.: Different forms of Pteridophytes :(a).Selaginella, (b).Equisetum, (c). Fern, (@). Salvinia Aquenceiens Arella, Salvinia, Mar gilra. ‘Gametophyte i eg. (prothaltus) haandla evegers Sey phlegman's ‘hizolds = archegoniu yer ops antheridium sperm #4: Selagrnclla, — “BE BB Pieris Prothallus ; \eprdophy fieScanned with CamScanneScanned with CamScanne98. Which of the following possesss vascular tissues but lacks seeds? (1) Mosses 2) Yolvox ByFems ) Liverworts 99, isused by gardeners to keep cut plants during transportation and propagation. (1) Marchantia 42) Sphagnum (3) Equisetum (4) Funaria 100. The heterosporous pteridophyte belonging to the class lycopsida is WY Selaginelia @ Psilotum (3) Equisetum (4) Preris 101. Identify the parts labelled A and B in the given figure of Equisetum and select the correct option At) A-Strobilus, B-Rhizome 2) A-Sporophylls, B-Tuber 3) A-Sporangia, B-Rhizome (4) A-Sporophyte, B-Tuber 102. Plants without seeds belong to which of the following category (1) Phanerogams (2) Gymnosperms #3) Cryptogams @)Angiosperm_ 103. Antherozoids represent (1) male gametophyte (2) photosynthetic prothallus 8) motile male gametes produced in antheridia (4) well differentiated sporophyte 104. In the prothallus of yascular cryptogam, the antherozoids and eggs mature ‘at different’ times. As a result fs (I)there is high degree of sterility Q)onecan conclude that the ie isapomictie self fertilization is preventes ; Se, iso changeinsuocess ate oferilizatig Examine the figures a,b,c and d. Inwhich ong of the four options all the terms a, b, c andq are correct 105 (a-Chara, b-Marchantia, c-Fucus, d-Pinus (2) a£quisetum, b-Ginkgo, c-Selaginella, d- Lycopodium 48) a-Selaginella .b-Equisetum, e-Salvinia- Fem (4) a-Funaria, b-Adiantum, c-Salvinia, d-Riceia ANSWERS 71. 2 76. 3 81.3 82.4. 86.4 87.3 B18 eee os 96.4. 971 1011 102.3 2.2 THA 73.1 78.1 74.2 75.3 79.1 80.3 84.1 2GYMNOSPERMS (Gymnos-Naked, Sperma-Seeds) ry wall and remai 4 Gymnospermsare plants in which the ovules are not enclosed by any oval foe and after fertilisation, These seeds are not covered, ie. are naked. Characteristies: * Theplantis diploid g ssophyle whichis wel differentiated into rots, sems and leaves, Herbs are SEAS Gymnosperms are either shrubs or trees. Sequoia sempervirens (Gi red wood tree) i one ofthe tallest tree species (100 m). ae “Gnetum is woody climber. i Foots are penerlly tapos Radice elongsesto fom primyroo,develop branches and eonsinie apo system. form of mycorrhiza. Roots in same genera like Pinus have fungal associati orm of mycorrhiza. = Mycorthiza i symbiotic sociation offangus and root ofhighe plant. In gener ike yeas specialised roots called coralloid rootsare associated with nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria. Coralloid roots are irregular & do not possess root hairs and s. ‘The stems are unbranched in Cycas and branched in Pinus, Cedrus. “ The leaves maybe simple (or) compound. In C eaves persist for few years. In simple leafthere is single lamina which is usually entre, Incompound jon ofleafreaches up to the midrib(or) petiole due vided into small parts known as leaflets (pinnately compound leaves). -ctreme temperature, humidity and wind.In conifers Ieathery in Cyeas. They possess thick cuticle and towhich lamina: The leaves in gymnosperms are well adapted to withstand e needle like leaves reduce the surface area. The leaflets are ee ee aves of Ginkgo biloba are fan shaped. pales OR GINEO DUC ‘Theyhave well developed xylem & phloem. Yessels in xylem and companion cells in phloem are absent Gymnosperms are heterosporous and produce smaller microspores and larger megaspores in two types of sporangia ie microsporangia and megasporangia bom on different sporophyils ie, microsporophyjls and megasporophylls. Microsporophylls & megasporophyils are arranged spirally alongan axis o form compact male strobilus/male cone and female strobilus/female cones respectively. Male & Female cones borne on same tree (monoecious-Pinus) on different trees ( dioecious-Cycas) Microsporophylls are compactly arranged on a central axis to form male strobilus(or) microsporangiate (or) pollen cone. They bear microsporangia where microspore mother cells undergo meiosis to form microspores. ‘The microspores develop into male gametophyte, which is highly reduced (haploid) andiis confined toonlya limited number of cells. The reduced male gametophyte is called pollen grain. The development ofpollen grains occurs in microspotangia. a c “Megasporophyils are compactly arranged to form female strobilus (or)macrosporangiate (or) seed cone. They bear integumented megasporangia (Ovules), a : of the c% as mes ‘mother cell which | Ot ofthe netional mizaspore enclosed within the megasporangium (nucellis) ahd develops into a multicellular female gametophyte that bears two (or) more archegonia ‘Thmulticellularferiale gametophyte is also retained within megasporangium,¥ Unlike bryophytes and pteridophytes, in gymnosperms the male and female gameto phytes do not hay, an independent free living existance. 1ried in air currents and reach the opening of ovules (micropyle) bom During Pollination the pollen grains are ‘on megasporophylls, ° Fertilization results in formation ofzygote which develops into embryo © Ovules become transformed into seeds as female gametophyte is retained with in ovules on the sporophyte plant and embryo development also continues on the parent plant, These seeds are not covered (naked), Gymnosperms are classified into three classes 1).Cycadopsid Eg: Cycas 2)Coniferopsida-Conifers _ Eg:Pinus, Sequoia semiperviren, Ginkgo biloba. 3)Gnetopsida Eg: Gnetum, Ephedra. 3) Diffrent forms of gymnosperms: (a). ces (b).Ginkgo, erin Life cycle of Pinus plant ve Ma s Sporophytic M’esP5(0P95M (Gn) Phase sporophylls Micro sporangia Megasporangia (ovule Embryo ga. Micros mother ce Gametophy ae (a) gencration "S, ezas Male Meiosi mother cell (2n) jetes (n) Np oil Eetanid len- Microspores Megaspores / (n) sng renee | rametophgte Life cycle of zymnosperm (Pinus) Scanned with CamScanne. In Gymnosperms pollination is exclusively by A) anemophily (2) hydrophily @) zoophily (4) malacophily 119. Endosperm of gymnosperms/Cycas is (diploid (2)tetraploid Byhaploid (4)none ofthese 120. Which of the following has both the male and female cones on same plant body? (1) Gas (2) Preris (3) Eucalyptus {4 Pinus 121. Which of the following is a living fossil? 4) Ginkgo Q) Moss (3) Saccharomyces (4) Spirogyra. 122. Cycas belongs to gymnosperms due to ()living fossil 2) naked seed without fruit (3) vessels present in xylem (4) habitat. 123.Gymnosperms bear seeds but lack fruits because they lack (cotyledon AB) ovary @hovule embryo. 124. The cones bearing microsporophylls are known as _Ab)malestrobili__ (2) macrosporangiate strobili (3) female strobili (4) both 2 &3 125. Pollen grains are released from (J) macrosporangium —_{2) microsporangium (3) megaspore mother cell (4) archegonium 126. In which one of the following male and female gametophytes do not have free ag Independent existence? ) (1) Polytrichum °° '@) Cedrus 9°" @)Preris gid@ (8) Funaria eer 127. In gymnosperms, endosperm is formed (1) after fertilization (2) afterthe development ofembryo 4) before fertilization (4) Atthe time of fertilization 128. select the correct option () A- Cycas, B-Pinus (Q) A: Pinus, B- (3) A- Ginkgo, B-Pinus (4) A- Cycas, B-Ginkgo | 129.In which of the following features, Cyeg, resembles with angiosperms? (1) Circinate vemation (2) Presence of Vessels (3) Dichotomously branched leaves (4) Pollen tube is the carrier of male gametes, 130, Select one of the following pairs of importan, features distinguishing Gnetum from Cyc: and Pinus and showing affinities with angiosperms (1) Perianth and two integuiments (2) Embryo development and apical meristem (3) Absence of resin duct and leafvenation {4 Presence of vessel elements and absence of archegonia. ee 131.4 gymnospermic leaf contain 16 chromosomes. The number of chromosomes inendosperin is M8 Q)12 Ble (4) 24 132. Consider the folowing statements regarding gymosperms and choose the correct option (a) In gymnosperms, the male and female ‘gametophytes have an independentexistence (b) The multicellular female gametophyte is retained within megasporangium ~ (©) The gymnosperms are heterosporous. / Ofthese statements: Sband care true but ais false (2)aand care true but cis false (3)aandc are true butb is true (4) band care false but ais true