Pi) ZS feces eer ARCHITECTURAL ALUMINUM ar MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION = 1 East Wacker Drive aluminum Chicago, Illinois 60601 care of aluminum THE ALUMINUM ASSOCIATION 750 Third Avenue New York, N. Y, 10017table of contents aluminum finishes page t 1 PPS eg SB) A PPEES a ws 5 ‘non-finished anodized chemical conversion coatings painted porcelain onamoled plated laminated simple finish tests ‘Simple finish tests cleaning aluminum ‘common sense cleaning rules ‘cleaners and techniques mild soaps and detergents and non-etching cleaners solvent and emulsion cleaners abrasive cleaners etching cleaners special cleaners care and cleaning of aluminum products architectural aluminum pre-installation practices onrsite storage installation care protective coverings when to insulate care after installation general cleaning tips transportation equipment automobiles trucks, trailers and rail/rapid transit in and around the home mobile homes and recreational vehicles pre-fabrication handling and storage 1B 18, 19, 18. 20, 20, a 2 proper handling mechanical damage water-staining storage oiling and interleaving air-borne contamination reference tables ‘eagy-reference to cleaners Hist of cleaning productscare of aluminum introduction Neither dirt nor oxidation ma- terially affect the strength and service life of aluminum. Clean- ing and surface care are neces- sary only for the sake of ap- pearance. Aluminum, unlike most other metals, takes care of itself. Ex- posed to air it combines with ‘oxygen to form a tough, trans- parent, protective oxide coating. Aluminum is,therefore,often used ‘without surface treatment. When its surface is treated—and alu- minum can be treated or “fin- ished” in more ways than any other metal—further protection is provided. All the finishes, including the nomfinished or bare, may be kept clean and bright with mild ‘soap and water alone. However, if cleaning has been postponed too long, and the dirt is espe- cially tenacious, a more aggres- sive cleaner and cleaning tech- Rique may be required. In such cases, best results are obtained when the cleaner and technique are matched to the soil and finish involved. Readers having architectural, transportation, home and recre- ational aluminum products to clean and maintain will find step- by-step care and cleaning pro- cedures in the rear portion of this booklet. Readers whose aluminum does not fall into these categories should check chapters 2 and 3 which tell how to identify alu- minum finishes and suggest which techniques are suitable for the various finishes and dif- fering soils. Readers primarily interested in the handling and storage of aluminum are directed to the last chapter in this booklet where the subject is covered in detail A list of products that are used with aluminum is included on pages 21 and 22 aluminum finishes Aluminum is available com- mercially in at least seven diffor- ent finishes, each with its own characteristics. Aluminum care and cleaning programs must, therefore, be tailored to the metal's finish as well as to the needs and conditions of service. non-finished (bare) surface is simply the metal’s own, self-produced oxide layer. It is thin but tough, trans- parent, tenacious and protective. Bare finishes vary in appearance depending on fabrication tech- nique. The texture may be smooth and mirror-like, similar to satin or embossed with stuc- co, wood grained or other pat- terns, With time, the surface of this finish may darken and discolor. Near the sea it tends to turn grey. In cities and near factories it tends to turn brown or black. anodized finishes are extra-thick oxide coatings produced by electrochemical troatmont. The thickness of the anodic layer can be varied from 0.05 mil to more than 1.5 mils.& ‘The anodic layer may be trans- parent or integrally colored; in both cases the metal’s natural luster will be visible. Or the anodic layer may be pigmented, dyed or impregnated with a lu- bricant, a wax or both. When anodized aluminum is to be used architecturally it is sometimes given a clear organic coating for protection against alkaline building products during con struction and to facilitate clean- ing afterwards. Anodizing sub- stantially improves aluminum’s resistance to weathering, chemical conversion coatings are coatings generally created by chemical means alone. They are thinner and less abrasion resistant than anodic coatings. Most often they are used as a base for paint. Occasionally conversion coatings are used as final surfaces for products and utilitarian structures. Conversion coatings may be clear or colored gold, grey, golden brown, green or blue-green, BR painted finishes are organic coatings of various kinds applied to the surface of aluminum. In the plant, paint is applied over conversion coat- ings. In the field, paint or clear organic coating (lacquer} may be applied to any weathered aluminum surface, or to a clean and grease-free aluminum sur- face after it has been roughened mechanically or chemically, or treated with suitable wash primers, porcelain enameled finishes are ceramic coatings which have been fired permanently onto the surface of the aluminum. Porce- lain finishes are very hard, im- pervious to soils, many acids and alkalies. These finishes come in many colors, with smooth tex- tured surfaces, plated finishes are produced by electrodeposit- ing one or more different metals on aluminum. Gold, silver, cop- per and chromium are often used. Sometimes the plating metal is deposited directly onto the aluminum, and sometimes an intermediate metal is used. laminated finishes are produced by bonding a thin layer of wood, cloth, plastic or a combination of these materials and possibly others to the sur- face of aluminum. The care and cleaning required by the lamin- ated surface is that required by the laminate itself. As there are many different laminates in use, cleaning procedures cannot be described here but must be found by careful testing and consultation with the manufac- turer. Aluminum finishes are usually designated by a system of letters and digits devised by The Alu- minum Association and used throughout the industry. A full description of this system may be found in “Designation Sys- tem for Aluminum Finishes,” published by The Association and available without charge upon request.simple finish tests mo i v | The following tests are sug- gested as guides for determin- ing the type of finish employed fon aluminum. It should be kept In mind that test results can be misleading. Consultation with the supplier is the most reliable method of determining finish. for bare aluminum A steel needle or similar pointed tool is used to prick the metal's surface. If the metal is easily marked, if the scratch is no broader than the tool's point, the aluminum is “bare.” If the metal is rubbed with a rubber oraser, ‘the metal may lighten in color and the eraser may darken, for_anodized_aluminum The surface is rubbed with an eraser. If neither the color of the ‘metal nor the color of the eraser changes, the aluminum has been anodized. If either changes, the aluminum is bare. iS craser Test 1S TOT CON Clusive, as it may not be on per- fectly clean and bright, bare aluminum, the needle test may be used. Aluminum oxide is hard and glassy. Considerable force will_be necessary to penetrate it, The scratch will be wider than the needle point, and the sound of the scratch being made will be audible. Anodized alu- minum is sometimes given a clear organic coating. This can be detected with a needle or by scratching a small area with a knife edge. for conversion coatings The eraser test should show no change. Penetration by needle point should not be too difficult. Scratch marks will be some what broader than the tool's point. for painted aluminum All paints, even the hardest baked-on paints, are soft com- pared to metallic and anodized surfaces. Paints have a plastic, gumlike texture. This can be detected with a needle point. for porcelain finishes These finishes will resist pene- tration by needle point almost to the breaking of the needle itself. These finishes are very hard, for plated finishes Gold and silver are soft metals and easily scratched; a deep scratch will reveal the pale grey of the base aluminum as the precious metal plating is usually very thin Platings of other metals can often be identified by their non- aluminum color. They also may be harder to penetrate and thicker than gold and silver, but fine slivers can sometimes be removed with a sharp tool. This cannot be done with any of the other finishes except some paints. Chromium plating can be iden- tified by its hardness and silvery brilliance. Chromium plating tends to be porous and when not maintained, oxygen enters the pores and produces grey specks.3 & cleaning aluminum a. common sense cleaning rules match cleaner to finish Mild hand soap and warm water may be safely applied to any of the aluminum finishes. But steel wool, strong acids and abrasive cleaners should never be applied indiscriminately; though in their place strong cleaners, used correctly, are highly effective. make a spot test to be sure The few moments invested in testing a cleaner on an unob- trusive portion of the finish is good insurance against a major disappointment. Use the same concentration and technique planned for the entire job. Let the cleaner remain in place for the same time. Let it dry and in= spect for stains, Test lacquered and painted finishes for soften- ing and possible dissolution. watch cleaning frequency Where optimum appearance is desired and frequent cleaning is necessary use mild cleaners Abrasive cleaners can wear away the hardest finish. “4 follow manufacturer's directions Cleaners should not be applied indiscriminately. Varying con- centrations and temperatures or extending the time to which the finish is exposed to the clean- ing agent, all in an effort to speed cleaning, may produce disastrous results. do not mix cleaners The resultant mixture may be harmful to aluminum finishes and hazardous to the user's health. avoid drips and splashes Cleaners harmless to some ma- terials may damage other ma- terials upon contact. Remove run-downs as quickly as possi- ble. do not vary cleaner concentration In most instances, increasing or decreasing cleaner concentra- tion from that recommended by tho manufacturer leads to ly unsatisfactory results. avoid extreme temperatures Heat accelerates chemical reac- tions. The cleaner may become over-active, or its solvent may evaporate before the job is done. In either event the metal may be streaked or stained. On the other hand, cleaning should not be conducted at very low tem- peratures. Low temperature re- duces chemical activity, pos- sibly stopping the action of the cleaning agent entirely. For best results, outdoor cleaning should be conducted on mild cloudy days or in the shade. watch the clock Cleaner-product contact time should not be estimated but care- fully timed. The manufacturer's directions should be closely fol- lowed and prolonged contact avoided. remove cleaner thoroughly Water-based cleaners should beTeas sor ‘pore damter areanhy rinsed clear water, after which the part or area is per- itted to dry or is wiped dry. Cleaners containing wax, oll or silicones ate removed with a dry cloth. Traces of cleaner should not be left in cracks and corners. b. cleaners and techniques Aluminum cleaners are arbi- trarily divided into five groups. See product list on page 21 and 22. 1 2, 3 4. 5. Mild soaps and detergents and non-etching cleaners Solvent and emulsion cleaners Abrasive cleaners Etching cleaners Special duty cleaners mild soaps and detergents and non-etching cleaners that can be applied with bare hands may be used for cleaning aluminum finishes. Detergents too strong for the hands, such as some automatic dishwasher detergents, should be spot tested first. Somo of these can bleach Paint and discolor non-finished and anodized aluminum, Non-etching cleaners are alka- line of acid-based formulations mixed with inhibitors, which permit the cleaners to| remove soil without attacking the metal or its finish. Tho nature of these chemicals, their strengths and the time they should remain on the work vary from cleaner to cleaner. Some mixtures may ir ritate the skin on contact. Rub- ber gloves or a long-handled fiber brush should be used. After cleaning, the aluminum should be thoroughly washed with clean water and dried. solvent and emulsion cleaners while generally mild in their action, are more effective on stains and soils than cleaners in the first group. Solvent and emulsion cleaners may be used without difficulty on bare, ano- ed, conversion coated and porcelainized aluminum. When used on painted (and lacquered) finishes, solvent and emulsion cleaners should be spot tested first. The wrong solvent or sol- vent-containing emulsion can remove many of the paints and clear organic coatings (lacquers) used with aluminum. Both mild cleaners and the solventemulsion cleaners will remove dirt and some stains. They will not, however, restore the appearance of aluminum that has weathered nor remove heavy grime encrustation. For these conditions a more aggres- sive cleaner is required. abrasive cleaners will restore weathered aluminum and remove most stains and grime. These cleaners are manu- factured and sold under various generic descriptions including polish, cleaner, cleaner-polish, wax-cleaner, wax-polish, metal brightener, scouring powder and the like. Their effectiveness on various soils and darkened alu- minum depends on their formu lation and vigor of application.Abrasive cleaners contain abrasives to which water, oil, wax, silicones, soap and an acid or alkali may be added, either singly or in combination. The abrasives cut away the dirt and surface oxidation; the soaps, acids and/or alkalies clean. Traces of the wax, oil or sili- cones remain behind after the compound has been applied and removed. They provide luster and a small measure of surface protection. Abrasive cleaners containing fine grit or polishing agents may be used with care on all alu- minum finishes. Care is neces- sary because even the finest polishing agent is an abrasive and prolonged rubbing may dull bright, specular finish in time and cut through thin gold or silver plating. For the ultimate in specular finishes, the metal must be buffed. Household cleaners often con- tain coarse abrasives. They should never be used on any surface other than porcelain without caution. Cleaners containing moder ately coarse grit may be used freely on porcelain finishes only. All other finishes require con- siderable caution. Moderate abrasives can dull a bright finish in a relatively short time. Cleaners in this group are often used to remove heavy soils and oxides prior to final cleaning and polishing with a fine-grit cleaner. When this is done the abrasive cleaner must be thoroughly removed before the fine polish is applied. Other- wise, 2 few grit particles may find their way onto the final cleaning pad and produce noticeable scratches. Applied to bare aluminum, moderate abrasives produce a finely scratched, light grey sur- face. The scratches are easily blended into a matte or satin finish by working the abrasive with the grain of the metal Stee! wool acts as an abrasive when rubbed against a finish. When applied to aluminum, all the steel particles left behind must be removed, or the steel will rust and leave stains. Stain- less steel wool is, therefore, pre- erable Abrasive cleaner-polishes are applied to a clean cloth and rubbed over the soiled area. This is followed by polishing with a clean, dry cloth, Cleaner-pol- ishes leave a thin wax, or wax- like coating, which gives addi- tional protection. However, this film inhibits the adhesion of any subsequently applied paint or lacquer. If the aluminum is to receive an organic coating, do not use a cleaner-polish unless solvent cleaning is possible before application of the coat- ing. If the cleaner-polish con- tains silicones, even solvent cleaning may not assure good adhesion. Large areas may be cleaned with the help of power-driven polishers and buffers. Caution must be used to make certain the high-speed wheel's edge doesn’t cut into the finish and that pressure is kept moderate to avoid overheating the finish, Wheel pads and gloves should be changed frequently to makecertain abrasive particles do not clump up and dig into the work Coarse abrasive cleaners are sometimes used to prepare ano- dized surtaces for painting Pressure should be light to avoid deep scratches, which may be visible through the paint. Coarse abrasive cleaners and moderate abrasive cleaners are sometimes compounded with ac- tive chemical cleaners. The Combination produces a fast- acting cleaner that must be used with care. Bare aluminum is sensitive to chemical-based cleaners which may etch the finish if permitted to remain too Jong. Anodized aluminum may develop white blemishes if chemical cleaners remain in place too long. etching cleaners are normally added to water and applied to heavily weathered and Soiled bare aluminum. They should be applied with caution as they remove small quantities of metal each time they are used Etching cleaners are not nor mally used on painted, plated, anodized or conversion coatings. There are a number of pro- prietary etching cleaner formu- lations on the market and each manufacturer's directions in the matter of cleaner concentration, exposure time and safety should be carefully followed, The general procedure with these solutions follows: Prepare the mixture and apply it care- fully with a sponge or brush to fan area no larger than can be kept wet. The cleaner is per- mitted to remain in place the recommended time, then thor- oughly flushed off with cool water. When this has been ac- complished the next area is treated, and so on. Whether the etching cleaner is first applied to the top or the bottom of the aluminum to be cleaned depends upon its size. Comparatively small areas such as store fronts and truck sides are best cleaned from the bot- tom up. Etchant drips will affect already cleaned aluminum far less than they will uncleaned aluminum. When large areas, such as tall buildings are to be cleaned with an etching cleaner, itis best to start at the top. Etch- ant drip will to a large extent be isolated trom the metal proper by the soil on the building's sur- face. Cleaning speed may be in- creased by using a fine abrasive such as pumice or fine ste! or stainless (00 or 000) wool or an abrasive nylon pad to rub the wet metal during the etching period. The pumice may be sprinkled on a wet cloth or on an abrasive pad.For uniform results the metal should be grease free before the water-based etchant is ap- plied. Each area must be rubbed equally and soak periods must also be similar. After the etch- ant has done its job and has been thoroughly washed away, the metal's surface may be slightly frosty—an appearance somewhat similar to that pro- duced by caustic etching, The drying speed of trucks and smaller aluminum products may be increased by using hot water for the final rinse. Small parts may be rinsed in methyl alcohol and water. special cleaners include steam and rotary wire- brushes. They are considered special because they require more than hand equipment. Pure steam may be applied without excessive caution on bare, plated and porcelain alu- minum finishes. Steam jets should not be brought too close nor held too long on paint, which may soften or lose adhe- yn, nor on anodized or conver sion coated finishes, which may blush or craze if overheated or exposed very long, ‘Adding a chemical cleaner to steam increases its speed and efficiency but introduces the question of compatibility. Spot tests should be made. If this is not practical, it is best to clean cautiously: Decrease ex- posure time and increase steam nozzle distance. Do not vary cleaner concentration from that recommended by manufacturer. Doing so may produce deleteri- ous effects. When a cleaner is added to the steam, the cleaned part must be washed down in clean water prior to drying Power-driven wire brushes may be used to clean aluminum when other methods fail. This is a time-consuming, drastic cleaning method. It requires skill and experience as the alumin- um's surface can readily be damaged by careless handling of the brush, A disc type brush with stain less steel or German silver wires of usually No. 35 Birmingham gauge is used. The trick to an unmarred brush job is keeping the bristles vertical to the work and just touching, The brush is moved slowly and evenly over the entire surface. Power driven steel wool or abrasive-impregnated nylon pads may be used in place of the brush. Abrasives may or may not be added to the pads as de- sired. To produce a sheen on the metal’s surface, the pads are lubricated with soapy water, oil or grease. For convenience in practice, some of the information in this chapter is summarized in the Easy Reference table on page at.© A care and cleaning of aluminum products a. architectural aluminum 1. pre-installation practices on-site aluminum damage Damage can be reduced and the need for extensive storage peri- ‘ods eliminated by means of con- trolled delivery schedules. on-site storage Whenever possible all aluminum architectural products should be stored at a stable temperature, indoors and protected from wind- blown rain, combustion prod- cts and construction dust. When this is not possible, non-packaged or non-wrapped aluminum may be safely stored in the open. The parts are placed on edge, above ground and separated sufficiently to allow the free passage of alr. Kept distant from smoke and construction fall-out, an occa- sional rainfall will do no harm, If the storage period is longer than a day or two, a sheet of Plastic or tarpaulin should be raised over the metal. The sheet should not touch the aluminum; there must be sufficient space to encourage the movement of air. If a tarpaulin is used, make certain it has not been treated with fungicides containing heavy metal or chlorides. If the aluminum has been packed in ordinary paper or cardboard, the metal must be moved indoors into a stable temperature or the wrappings must be removed. Otherwise, moisture may form inside the package. Once inside the wa- ter will not come out by itself Caught in the rain, ordinary packaging material will be thor- oughly soaked and will remain wet for days. Wet wrapping should be removed immediately. If these precautions are not taken the metal may be water stained. Some cartons are marked with dyes and printing inks that run and stain when wet, 2. installation care During installation the alumi- num must be protected from building fall-out—wot plaster, mortar, dust, paint, welding spat- ter and the like. Wet plaster and wet mortar should be removed immediately and tho soiled area washed down with clean water. Solvents should be used to remove oil- base paints before they dry. Muriatic acid (hydrochloric) used for cleaning brick must bo pro- vented from dripping onto alu- minum, Should this happen the acid should be immediately washed off with clean water Sometimes aluminum is sealed in a plastic bag if the part is to be mounted in an exposed area. The bag Is later cut tree and mastic is applied to seal the joint between the aluminum and adjacent construction protective coverings Doors, door frames and similar aluminum members that will be installed and see service before the building is fully completed are often shipped to the site protected by pressure sensitive tape and/or strippable plastic coatings. 19These protective coatings should be left in place as long as possible. If necessary for in- stallation, small areas may be removed to install clips, bolts and other fasteners. However, once the job is done the strippable coating should be removed. Time, heat and espe cially sunlight harden and de- grade them and make them in- creasingly difficult to remove. If they cannot be easily stripped, they are best removed with the aid of a solvent. Force should be used very cautiously to avoid damage to the underlying metal ‘On some construction jobs a Protective coating or shield is advisable after the aluminum has been installed. Indoors, any com- patible pressure-sensitive tape, Plastic sheeting or heavy Kraft Paper may be used. Outdoors the protection must be water- Proof and air-tight to prevent the entrance of water and conden- sation inside the protection. A simpler alternative outdoors is ‘a wood barrier. It can be pitched to shed water and the free flow of air will prevent condensation. 0 Heavy grease is also useful as a protective measure when wood or paper is not easily in- stalled. Any clean commercial grease may be used. It can be applied by hand or with a wood paddle and removed the same way. Final cleaning may be done with a clean cloth and sol- vent. For large areas, steam cleaning may be used. when to insulate Aluminum should not be placed in direct contact with wood, fiber board or any other porous ma- terial that may absorb water and cause corrosion. ‘When such contact cannot be avoided, an insulating barrier between the aluminum and the porous material must be in- stalled. The type of barrier need- ed depends on the porous material and, in the caso of chemical treatment, the chemi- cals used. Wood, seasoned or green and treated or untreated, and other absorbent materials may be satisfactorily insulated from aluminum by painting them with two coats of aluminum house paint and sealing the joints with a calking compound. Use only treated wood that has been preserved with pentachlo- rophenol (5% minimum concen- tration), Wolman salts, creosote or zine naphthanate. Aluminum is compatible with some stainless steel alloys, chromium, zine and small areas of white bronze. Where perman- ent contact with other metals cannot be avoided, the risk of galvanic corrosion can be great- ly reduced by painting the other metal at the contact area with zine chromate followed by two coats of a non-leaded paint such as aluminum paint or a single layer of heavy-bodied bitumin- ous paint. When the dissimilar metal cannot be painted, the aluminum may be given the in- sulating treatment. As an alter- native, a strip of plastic or a similar insulator may be used in place of paint. In severely corrosive atmos- pheres and high moisture areas the edges of the dissimilar metal joint may be sealed with building mastic or caulking,ra Te Architectural aluminum should not be positioned in the path of water drainage from copper and other “heavy” metals. When this cannot be avoided the heavy metals should be painted to prevent contamination of the aluminum, 3. care after installation Once the building is up and in use, aluminum cleaning is a simple routine easily handled by the superintendent and his crew. Architectural aluminum is cleaned the same as all other finished alurninum parts and fax brications. The frequency of cleaning is determined by the desired appearance of the struc- ture, by other maintenance with which aluminum cleaning may be conveniently combined, and local atmospheric conditions. Aluminum in Los Angeles, for example, which has unique combination of limited rainfall smog, temperature variations and heavy condensation, re- quires much more frequent cleaning than aluminum in Seattle, which is frequently cleaned by rainfall 4, general cleaning tips Aluminum that is in direct sight, at ground level and immediately higher, is cleaned most fre- quently. Less obvious areas are cleaned less frequently. Build- ing exteriors at elevations above everyday view are, in some cases, never cleaned. Several pitfalls should be avoided in cleaning architec- tural aluminum. One is the hu- man tendency of cleaning men to use aggressive cleaners— which work so much more ra- pidly—in place of mild cleaners The other is the tendency of men accustomed to scouring brass, bronze and stainless steel with harsh cleaners to continue to do so unnecessarily with alu- minum. Still another is the belief that costs can be reduced by substituting an occasional ap- plication of heavy duty cleaner in place of mild cleaners used more frequently 4. Aluminum that is lightly soiled, or which must be kept spotless and is, therefore, fre- quently cleaned, should be cleaned with a mild cleaner. Mild cleaners include most soaps and detergents that can be applied with bare hands and commercially prepared non- etching cleaners. Mild cleaners may be used as frequently as required on all aluminum sur- faces. The soaps and detergents are added to water and applied with a soft cloth or sponge. After- wards they are removed with a clear water rinse. The non-etch cleaners must be applied as directed by the manufacturer. They should not be used on sun-heated metal nor on cold days or streaking may result. Cleaners should not be mixed and should not be permitted to remain on the metal longer than specified. Non-etch clean- ers are removed with clear water. mShould the mild cleaners fail to provide satisfactory cleaning, solvent and emulsion cleaners may be tried, 2. Solvent and emulsion clean- ers are particularly effective on oil and grease stains and some types of soils. Some solvents and emulsions containing these solvents have the ability to soften and dissolve certain paints and clear organic coatings (lacquers) used on aluminum. To preclude finish damage all solvent and emulsion cleaners should be tested on a small, unobtrusive spot. Cleaners are genorally applied with a clean cloth and removed the same way. Re- maining residue can be washed off with mild soap and water. Both mild cleaners and sol- vent and emulsion cleaners are mild in their action. They will remove dirt and some stains. They have little effect on wea- thered aluminum and heavy grime encrustation. With such conditions, more aggressive cleaners are needed, 3. Abrasive cleaners may con- tain water, oil, wax, silicones, soap, acids or alkalines in addi- tion to the abrasive from which this class of cleaners obtains its name, They are produced and distributed under a variety of names—polish, cleaner, cleaner- polish, wax cleaner, wax-polish, metal brightener, scouring pow- der and so on. As the effect these cleaners have on alumi- num varies with compounds and the aluminum's finish, it is im- portant that an abrasive cleaner be spot tested carefully before itis used Abrasive cleaners are sprink- led on a clean, damp cloth pad and applied to the metal with a light rubbing action. Another clean cloth is used to remove the spent polish. Some of tho wax or silicone contained in the cleaner remains behind to pro- duce a shine and protect the metal somewhat. The manufac- turer’s directions must be fol lowed closely. Stee! wool, or nylon pads, either alone or with abrasives and or wax or soap added may also be used as an abrasive pol- ish. All steel particles must be removed for they may rust and cause stains. Building areas too large for hand cleaning may be cleaned with the aid of power-driven pads loaded with abrasive clean- ers. Care must be exercised to avoid scratches. 4, Etching cleaners are more rapid and effective on certain types of soils and some wea- thered aluminum finishes than ate hand-applied abrasive clean- ers. In some cases, etching cleaners may produce more pleasing results. Etching clean- ers are aggressive and should be applied cautiously and not excessively. Cleaner concentra- tion, application time and safety precautions suggested by the manufacturer should be followed carefully, When used to clean building exteriors, one floor or the entire building, it is best to begin at the top of the area and work down. The solution is applied to a small area at a time with 2 sponge or brush. Drips should be avaided and wiped up if pos- sible,Etching cleaner effectiveness can be increased by rubbing the work surface with fine steel wool or an abrasive nylon pad, A fine abrasive may be added to either of these tools. To pro- duce an evenly cleaned surface, all areas must be rubbed equally well. Each cleaned area is washed down with clean water as soon as cleaning is completed. The etchant should not be permitted to remain longer than directed. Work should be confined to the shade side of the building or done on cloudy days. 5. Special cleaners include steam cleaners and power-driven wire brushes. Steam, with or without a cleaning compound, is especially usoful for grease or oikbased soils and large areas. The wire brush is useful for large areas that have wea- thered heavily. Pure steam may be used with moderate caution on all finshes except painted finishes. With finishes thought to be painted, a small area should be spot tested first. When a cleaner is added to the steam, spot tests should be made on all finishes before the entire area is cleaned With or without cleaner, the steam jet is brought a foot or 80 from the work and moved slowly from side to side. The jet should not be permitted to strike one small area for any length of time as that spot may be overheated and adversely affected. When cleaned with steam alone no further treatment is required. When a cleaning agent is included the surface must be thoroughly washed down with clean water after cleaning. Power-driven wire brushes re- move metal and must therefore be used with care if the work surface is not to be marred. Stainless steol wire or German silver wire brushes of usually No. 85 Birmingham gauge are used. The bristies, kept vertical to the work are moved slowly and evenly over the entire sur- face. b. transportation equipment 1, automobiles Aluminum, finished in various ways, is used extensively for au- tomotive trim and functional equipment. The change trom die castings of zinc and white metal to aluminum die castings, extru- sions and wrought aluminum was 80 quietly effected that many car owners still do not realize how much aluminum they own. Fortunately the care needed on automotive aluminum is no differont than the care required by the other metals in the vehi- cle. The first, foremost and ma- jor problem facing the car own- er is to keep the car salt free. Tremendous quantities of salt placed on our roads each win- ter are responsible for most of our external automotive corro- sion. Frequent hosing down of the vehicle is highly desirable in snow country. Car owners concerned with appearance frequently wax their car's body and trim, which is an excellent means of protect- ing them against the sun andeee weather, However, this same sense of pride leads these own- ers to frequent washing with soap or detergent. Soaps and detergents may remove wax. A copious flow of water and the touch of a soft sponge will re- move most road soils. Soap is rarely needed. If soap is used, the vehicle should be re-waxed. Automotive trim is most often anodized. New trim, still bright from the factory, should be cleaned with mild soap and wa- ter and waxed. Any automotive wax may be used. As wax softens and yellows with age, appearance may dic- tate periodic removal. This step can be eliminated by wiping the waxed trim each time the car is washed. So long as the trim shines and water forms beads which do not run quickly off, there is wax on the metal Two final notes of caution on automotive trim care: Beware the ultra-powerful detergents (which often contain caustics) used for cleaning white wall tires. They can quickly discolor aluminum trim and the vehicle's paint on contact. Abrasive pol- ishes and cleaners should not be used. 2. trucks, trailers and rail/rapid transi Frequent cleaning with mild soap and water, and sometimes with water alone, once every work day has been proven to be less costly than less frequent, more thorough cleaning—when and where the utmost in vehicle appearance is desired. Washing may be accomplished manually, with automatic equip- ment or a combination of both. Medium and large truck fleets use giant rollers to wash the vehicle sides while men with long-handled brushes scrub the front and rear. Most detergents suitable for general vehicular washing may be used with aluminum. The aluminum vehicle should be wet before it is brushed, and it should be thoroughly rinsed clean water after soaping, Aluminum vehicles that are in- frequently washed tend to dark- en, When this happens the weath- ered aluminum may be bright- ened by using an etching clean- er. The brightening process may be accomplished with any of a number of acid wash proprietary preparations on the market. ‘The general procedure is to wash the vehicle thoroughly, rinse it and then apply the brightener as. directed. Bright- ener action can be heightened by scrubbing the vehicle with brushes as if it were soaped. Afterwards the solution is care- fully rinsed off with a generous quantity of cold water. If the metal hasn't brightened sutfi- ciently, the process may be re- peated, If an overly-strong brightener solution is used, or if it is per mitted to remain on the roof of the vehicle (and then drip slow-rile) |y down) a “milky” appearance or white streaks may result. When automatic washing equipment is not available, the brightener may be hand sprayed over the truck or trailer with the aid of @ small pressure pump, the kind used for spraying fruit trees. Stainless steel piping and hardware is preferred for handl- ing the brightener. Weathering and darkening of aluminum may be prevented to a great degree by applying a clear organic coating (lacquering). This is best done while the metal is stil factory clean. The bare metal is degreased and coating is sprayed on. Two thin coats are preferred to one heav- ier coat. The coating soils as readily 2s bare aluminum, but it doesn't stain and the metal re- ‘mains bright. Badly weathered aluminum need not be brightened. it may simply be painted. Weathered aluminum that has been cleaned takes and holds paint very wel. Road tars and similar soils can be removed from bare alu- minum vehicles with suitable solvents. The sooner this is done the better. Bugs, sap and seeds harden with heat and sunlight and become increasingly diffi cult to remove. Exhaust soot collecting on the tops and sides of trucks and trailers can be removed with a solvent. Make certain there is no lacquer beneath the soot. The solvent chosen may dis- solve it or run down onto what- over paint may be present below. Solvents sold in pressure cans for use in cleaning carburetors have been found to work well on carbon deposits. Almost all large-area vehicu- lar aluminum is non-finished (bare). Fine steel wool can be used but may alter the appear- ance. It is best to use only sol- vents and mild cleaners. c. in and around the home ‘An increasing percentage of the aluminum found in today's homes is painted or anodized, however, a large partion is still finished bare, And bare alumi- num weathers with time. Ano- dized suriaces do too, but far more slowly. Once either finish has darkened it is a formidable task to bring back the shine. Ex- terior aluminum in the home is “small area” aluminum, which means most of the cleaning has to be done by hand. The home owner, therefore, should make a decision. It his goal is a soft natural grey, and atmospheric conditions favor this, all he need do is relax and let nature do the job. If he wishes to maintain his exterior aluminum specular and bright, his task will be greatly eased if he either lac- quers or waxes the bare or ano- dized metal before it begins to weather. Wax is most easily applied The aluminum is washed down. with mild soap and water and the wax is applied after drying, ‘Any kind of wax may be used including automotive waxes and even floor wax, The wax should be free of abrasives and clean- ers, Waxed aluminum may be kept clean by washing with clean wa- ter and wiping with a clean cloth. If the wax yellows before—— it has been wiped away by re- peated cleanings, a clean cloth and a little solvent will remove it. However, even yellowed wax will protect the metal for as long as it remains in place. Clear lacquer in a pressurized can is almost as easily applied as wax and it provides longer lasting protection. (It is far easier to do a good job with the spray than a brush.) If canned metha- crylate is not available, any of the automotive lacquers may be used. Varnish and shellac should not be used Lacquer needs merely to be washed. Some home owners wax the lacquer. Lacquer should be permitted to cure before this is done, ‘Weathered aluminum may also be painted. The metal is lightly sanded, washed with soap and water and dried. Any good ex- terior paint may then be applied Waxed, lacquered or left as is, exterior home aluminum can be kept clean and bright with mild cleaners. These include soaps and detergents gentle enough to be applied with bare hands and commercially produced non- etching cleaners. ne Soaps and detergents are ap- plied with a clean cloth or ‘sponge, then thoroughly washed off with water. The non-etch cleaners are applied as directed and then washed off. Wash frequently: Less effort and cleaner will be needed for good results. If the aluminum has been waxed this is doubly important because the cleaners act to remove the wax. In many instances water alone will do the job. Bare aluminum that has wea- thered may be restored to its natural luster with an abrasive cleaner. The choice of cleaner depends on the degree of dark- ening. For mild darkening, com- mercial preparations contsining fan abrasive may be used. Some are formulated specifically for cleaning aluminum. Others are simply designated cleaner-pol- ish and are designed for gen- eral paint and metal cleaning. A spot test should be made to make certain the preparation is suitable. Commercial products are ap- plied as directed, In most in- stances the liquid or paste is placed on a damp cloth and rubbed into the metal, After- wards it is removed with a sec- ond, clean cloth. For more severe darkening of the bare aluminum, steel wool, fine sand-paper and abra~ sives may be used to remove surface oxide. The coarser th abrasive the faster the “cutting action. Scratches left by very coarse abrasives may be re- moved with a finer abrasive. Anodized aluminum may be cleaned exactly like bare alu- minum—up to a point. Anodiz- ing is a tough, glass-like coating, but it can be damaged and even removed by harsh abrasive vi- gorously applied. Therefore, sand-paper and the like should be used on anodized finishes only when everything else has failed.Factory painted aluminum sid- ing and home trim may be kept clean by hosing with water several times a year. If water alone will not remove the dirt, mild soap may be used. One labor saving method is to use the ong, hollow-handied brush sold for car washing. A light touch with the brush will loosen soil that water and soap alone will not remove. Frequent wash- ing will make the job even eas- ier. For streak-free results, wash house siding from the bottom up. Use the hose to keep the entire side or section being cleaned wet until all the soil is removed. Aluminum screens may be cleaned by rubbing with a stiff bristled brush while washing them down with a hose and mild detergent. After thorough dry- ing they may be painted if neces- sary with screen varnish or clear lacquer. The applied coat- ing should be thinned to make certain the openings are not re~ duced. d. mobile homes and recreational vehicles Aluminum surfaces on mobile homes and recreational vehicles which include travel trailers, pick-up campers, tent campers and motor homes are maintained in the usual way — according to finish. These units generally have painted aluminum exterior walls. But bare aluminum, ano- dized and plated aluminum parts are sometimes used. The entire unit, all its alumi- num finishes included, may be kept in excellent condition by frequent washing with a mild soap and lots of water. If dust and dirt adhere, a touch of a soft brush or sponge will quickly release them under a low-pres- sure flow of water. Various means may be used to reduce washing frequency. The simplest method for extend- ing wash intervals is waxing. The entire unit is soaped and rinsed down. After drying, a generous coat of wax is ap- plied. Wax may be applied with a soft pad or with a power driven butting wheel. Tho wax will do its job whether it is rubbed in or not; rubbing produces the shine, It the painted sections of the unit have faded they may pos- sibly be brought back to color with standard automotive pol- ishes and wax cleaners, which contain fine abrasives. (See home, auto and truck care for additional information applica- ble to mobile homes and recrea- tional vehicle care and clean ing.) ntpre-fabrication handling and storage —— © a. proper handling Some aluminum sheet, plate and coil produced each year never make it through finishing and fabricating to the final consumer This small but significant per- centage of metal—amounting to millions of dollars lost in time, labor and material—is scrapped for two reasons: surface damage and water staining. Both are preventable. Water staining, surface abra-~ sion or damage need not be ox- tensive to spoil a sheet or plate. A scratch or dent, a small but noticeable stain, and the sheet can no longer be used as in- tended. mechanical damage It may be due to a number of causes, some of which may not be immediately obvious. Poor housekeeping, for example, will lead to dust between sheets which fon flexing will produce surface abrasion. The use of a sup- posedly clean rag in place of compressed alr for sheet-sur- face cleaning can lead to sur- face marks. Old skids that flex under load may cause piled sheets to abrade one another. Loose skid nails that pop in and out under load are sources of damage not immediately appar- ent, Metal damage also is caused by lack of suitable equipment, The problem is not merely mov- ing the metal, but moving it without harm. This cannot be accomplished day in and day out with a machine that has to be adapted to the job with a wood block or “C”-clamp. Coils should always be strapped down to skids. Doing 0 protects the metal and pro- vents or at least limits careless handling in the shop and during shipment. Skid sides should be cut back to permit the metal strap to conform to the coil's sides. Pads should be placed under the straps where they pass over the edges of the coil Flat sheets prepared for transit must be protected from twist and rack as well as edge damage. Protection must be more than merely adequate, to take care of the unexpected as well as the routine. Still another cause of damage to the metal in the shop and in transit is the equipment opera- tor. He should be taught the proper use of his equipment, the nature of aluminum and how it is crated, Once on board the truck or train, the skids and packages should be tightly locked in place and care exercised to make cer- tain the locking chains and cables do not dig into the metalAluminum is best carried in vans rather than open-top truck and freight cars. If heated, the exhaust system should be vented outside. Combustion generates moisture and corrosive gases. water-staining The second most frequent cause of metal damage between mill and consumer, is a special type of surface oxidation resulting when sheets of bare metal are stacked or nesting paris are assembled in the presence of moisture. The source of water may be condensation on the edges of the stack of metal, in Which case it will be quickly drawn between the sheets by capillary action. Non-finished (bare) aluminum should never be stored at tem- peratures or in atmosphere con- ducive to the condensation of moisture. When there is no ak ternative to such storage the metal sheets and parts should be separated. b, storage In addition to prevention of phy- sical damage, the key to safe storage of aluminum (finished in any manner), without disco! oration is the absence of water. Water in the storage area may sometimes be traced to im- properly sealed or drained con- crete floors, faulty steam radia~ tors, root and water pipe leaks and bare, unsealed earth be- neath wood floors. Although damage is most often caused when water comes in direct contact with the alumi- num, it can also be caused in- directly through condensation that occurs when the temperature of the metal is below the dew- point of the air. Dewpoint varies with relative humidity — nigh humidity, high dewpoint temper- ature; low humidity, low dew- point temperature. The tendency towards conden- sation increases with increasing warehouse air temperature. The warmer the air, the more water vapor it will hold and the greater its thermal difference to incom- ing metal. Storage area temper- ature should, therefore, be kept as low as practical. In the win- ter this may be accomplished by simply using less heat. in the summer warehouse air cooling may be found helpful. Less tem- perature reduction than might bbe imagined is needed. An sir conditioner dehumidities as it cools, thereby reducing the air's dewpoint as well as reducing its temperature. Warehouse walls and ceilings in cold climates should be insu- lated. If this is impractical, the aluminum should be stored a distance from the cold walls on which much of the moisture will collect. Dehumidifiers near thecz —— cold walls will reduce the con- densation, Fans may be used to keep the warehouse air circu lating, Preferably, air movement should be over the metal and not cold, wet walls. Some find it advantageous to operate a permanent “heating’ room where cool, incoming metal is brought up to storage tem- perature in @ thoroughly dehu- midified atmosphere. Airsupported tents may be pressed into service for both warming metal prior to storage and for temporary storage. In- blown air, used to support the tent, may be warmed and dried as it enters. It should be remembered that water staining due to conden- sation can usually be prevented by following good, common- sense storage practices. One or more of these preventive mea- sures may be put to use depenc- ing on conditions. 120 oiling and interleaving ‘Sheets and plates with fine sur- faces are often protected from abrasion by interposed sheets of protective paper. Only papers manufactured specifically for this purpose should be used. Others may absorb moisture or contain harmful elements. il is sometimes used in place of paper. It may be applied with brush, roller or spray gun. The oil recommended by The Alum) num Association consists of 95% SSU Naphthenic Pale Oil plus 5% Alox 318. Al oils will not protect alumi- num. Some oils combine with elements in water to form cor- rosive compounds. Others are too light to provide protection, And some protective oils do not work equally well with all alu- minum alloys air-borne contamination An important factor to consider when storing aluminum is air- borne contamination—tumes, corrosive dusts and corrosive mists. Troublesome, metal-staining fumes and mists may be gen- erated by electroplating, ano- dizing, chemical dipping, bat tery charging, open fires, coal and oll-burning furnaces and in- ternal combustion engines—to list some of the sources. Braz- ing and welding can also pro- duce damaging fumes. The most damaging fumes are those that contain acid, alkali, chlorides or heavy metal. Dust, falling on stored aluminum can be acti vated by moisture and may stain bare metal.easy reference ‘matching cleaners to finish ‘ $< < <<< narrereive | mee fig) Sonente | Amann | Anan Avani | oie | teing _pecal Tenet | emiiore [EST | SRP | Same, Bare Specular s s u U u u 7 7 oan Bat i eta crore os ae a ee a a Chemical Conversion 8 8 T uv vu T uv 1 Panta yO a a (We es ET TER Plated 8 s ae 7 T T = T Poreion FT ee Se ee OO products for the care of aluminum. ‘The following list of propristary products for the care and cleaning of aluminum has been provided by member com- panies of The Aluminum Association, and Is included merely as an ald in identllying such produets and the categories doserited in the text. No allempt has been made by the Association to evaluate their effectiveness, nor does listing here Constitute an endorsement. The list is not to be considered allinclusive: other producls equally suitable for the intended Purposes may be avaliable. The responsibilly for the selection, determination of suitability, and proper use of eny cleaning products I left to the user. protective coatings clear organic coatings (lacquers) x0 MAT Chemicals, Inc, P.O. Box 471, Rahway, New Jersey ov-288 Thompson & Go. 1085 Allegheny Avenue, Oakmont, Pennsylvania DeteA Parr Pain & Color Co. 18812 Syracuse Avenue, Cleveland, Ohio upont 1236 / Dupont RK 995 E. |. duPont de Nemours & Co.. ine, Wilmington, Delaware uLni780 PG Industries, inc, 1 Gateway Center, Piteburgh, Penncylvenia No. 20 Maas & Walden Go, 2121 MeGarter Highway, Nowark, New Joreey No. 690-0-280 ‘Cook Paint & Varnish Co., 1412 Knox Avenue, Kansas City, Missourl No. 6214 Inierchemical Corporation, 228 McWhorter Sree, Newark, New Jersey No. 6016. PD. George Company, 8200 N. Second Steet, Si, Lous, Missouri 4 Second Butyrate Esstman Chomicel Company, Kingsport, Tonnossc strippable coatings ‘Aluminum Blue Spray 10073 Piastichemicals Company, Glen Cove, New York ‘Aluminum Strip Coating 12654 Waison-Slandard Company, 225 Galveston Avenve, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania ‘Army Cocoon RM, Hollingshead Corporation, 844 Cooper Avenue, Camden, New Jersey (Army Speeifestion AXS 1756) Brolite L235 Strippable Lacquer Andrew Brown Company. 5818 8, Disrict Boulevard, Los Angeles, Calilrnia Technicote B-6016 Aluminum Blue Spray L. J. Kissing & Son, 6-53 49h Avenue, Long Island City, New York protective tapes (plastic) 340 / 343 / Seatchrap ‘Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Ge., 1000 Bush Avenue, St. Paul, Minnesota No. 900 Kendall Company, Polyken Salce Division, 300 W. Jackson Boulevard, Chicago, Ilincis Trantex Joins-Manville, Dutch Brand Division, 7808 S, Woodlawn, Chicago illinois “Tuck 90T / Tuck 330 Technical Tape Corporation, 242 North avenve, New Rochelle, New York mastic coatings (bituminous) Bituminous 60) oppere ©: Keppars Building, Pitsburgh, Pennsylvania Black Mastic 812 / Aluminum Mastic 612 Royston Laboratories, nc., 62 Firl Stree’ Pitsburgh, Pennsylvania Tenkote Rooting A [American Asbestos Products Go., 8302 Franklin Bovlavard, Clevoland, Ohio Texaco Car Cement No. 1401 Texaco, Inc, Chrysier Towors, New York, New York ‘Fexeco Gar Cement NO. 1403, waxes Boautifior Liquid Wax No. 5051 8.6. Johnson & Son, ne., Catnu Street, Racine, Wisconsin ‘Wax Emulsion WaxPlate 12 DuPont 7 New Cer Wax E. |. du Pont de Nemours & Co., inc, Wilmington, Delaware No. 116 Wax Collinte Chemical Go.. 1205 Mohawk SirBet, Utica, New York Paste Wax Simoniz Company. 2110 Indiena Avenue, Chicego, Ilinaiscleaning products mild soaps and detergents and non-etching cleaners ‘Aluminum Cleanar HO-22 Cascade Fels Soap Granvies Fleatiine JC-4 General Surface Cleaner Gaim ory Flakes 'vory Liquid Ivory Snow /Joy Lux Flakes / Lux Liquid / Lux Soap ‘Mela Mightly No. 203 Aluminum Gleaner ex Liquid Detergent Speedy O60 / Speedy O66 Terj Inhibited Toxo 253 West Gio solvent and emulsion cleaners Kienzade Products, Division of Economie Labs, Beloit, Wisconsin Practer and Gamble. P.O. Box $88, Cincinnati, Ohio Fels & Co, Division, Purex Corporation 72rd & Woodland Avenue. Phila, Penn Oakite Products, Ine, 50 Vally Road, Berkoley Heighis, New Jersey Fruehau! Trailer Company, Service Division, Detrol, Michigan ‘Babbit Products, nc., Lakeville, Connecticut Procter and Gamble, P.O. Box $88, Cincinnati, Ohio Lever Bros, Company, 390 Perk Avenue, New York, New York klix Chemical Go. Ine., §1 Railroad Avenue South, San Francisca, California Solventol Chemical Praduete, in., Romulus, Michigan Pock’s Products Compsny, 610 & Clarence Avenue, St, Louis. Missouri Ross & White Company, 50 West Dundee Road, Wheeling Ilnois DuBois Division, W. R. Grace Company, 690 Broadway, Cineinnal, Ohio Texo Corporation, 3710 Floral Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio West Chemicel Products, Ine, Orchard & Weet Streets, Long Island, New York ‘Actusol 7 Super-Mal Clepo B.S lanibiso! Ke-Sonic KivileSelv / Seal-Solv le Salt Degreaser abrasive cleaners (moderate duty) Aiax Bon Ami Comet Scoteh-brite Pads (Nylon) Temp abrasive cleaners (heavy duty) Cameo Aluminum and Stainless: ‘Slect Cleaner Delete 2us DuBois Chemicals, Ine, 634 Broadway, Cincinnal, ORS Frederick Gumm Chemical Co,, Inc. 538 Forest Sireet, Kearny, New Jersey Penetone Company, 76 Hudson Avenue, Tenally, New Jersey Koiite Corporation, 77 Industrial Road, Berkeley Heights, New Jersey Tureo Products, Inc, 24800 8, Main Street, Wilmington, California Peneione Company, 76 Hudson Avenue, Tenally, New Jersey Colgaie Palmolive Company, 320 Park Avenue, New York, Naw York ‘Standard Household Products Corp., 51 Garfield, Holyoke, Massachusetts Procter and Gambia, P.O. Box 598, Cincinnatl, Ohio Minnesota Mining & Manufacturing Co., 1000 Bush Avenue, St, Paul, Minnesota [DuBois Division, W, R. Grace Company, 630 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio Pacex Division, Turse Produele, ine, Wilmington, California ‘The Drackett Company, $600 Spring Grove Avenue, Cincinnati, Ohio ustain Products, Fair Lawn, New Jersey abrasive cleaner polishes (moderate duty) ‘Aluminum Polish ASB Liquid Kleener MevAll Motel Polish, Aluminum Wingwax Collnite Chemical Company, 1208 Mohawk Siveei, Liles, New York Simoniz Company, 2110 Inaiana Avenue, Chicago, IMinois ‘The Anton Products Corp, 55 Front Street, New York, New York RM Hollingshead Corporation, 648 Cooper Avenus, Camden, New Jersey ‘The Winawax Company, P.O, Box 995, Dayton, Ohio abrasive cleaner polishes (heavy duty) ‘Rlumin-Nu Paste Fast Cut Rubbing Compound Paste Kieener Rubbing Compound ‘White Rubbing Compound etching cleaners (mild) Ae-268 ‘Aluminprep No. 20 ‘Aluminum Brightener (Gee Bee No. B55 Dual Brite No. 35 Floetline 111 / Fleetline 201 / Fleetline 204 Navel Jelly SR-10 ‘Subway Soll Solvent No. 1 “Toxizo 8204 | Texize 8234 Turco T4728 etching cleaners (aggressive) ‘Nu Steel Company, 777216 South Ashland Avenue, Chicago, Ilinols Sherwin-Wiliams Company, 101 Prospect Avenue N. W., Cleveland, Ohio Simoniz Company, 2110 indisna Avenue, Chicago, Ilinois E. |. duPont de Nemours Company, Inc., Wilmington, Delaware “The Sherwin-Wiliame Company, 101 Prospect Avenue, N. W., Cleveland, Ohio ‘Amehem Procueis Inc. Box 33, Ambler, Pennsylvani Fruchaut Traller Company, Service Division, Detrolt, Michigan (Gee Bee Chemical Co, Inc., 9520 East Cee Bee Drive, Downey, California Ross & White Company, 50 Wost Dundoo Road, Wheeling, Iinois Oskite Products, inc., 50 Valley Road, Berkeley Heights, Now Jersey \Woodhili Chemical Sales Corp, Cleveland, Ohio J.B. Frod Division, Wyandotte Chemicals, Alkali Square, Wyandotte, Michigan Neleco Products, Inc. Malden, Massachusetts ‘Texize Chemicals Inc., Cleveland, Ohio Tureo Produete Division, Purex Corporation, Wilmington, California ‘Alumax-SW / Alumax V ‘Alum Surt Prep Deoxidine 670 Dubrite / Dynabrite Lume Brito ML 48 Brightonor Mr, Aluminum Target Nelco Products, Ino, Maldan, Mascachusetts Areal Chemicals, Inc, 7320 86th Avenue, Seat Pleasant, Mat ‘Amehom Producte, ine, 89x 38, Ambler, Pennsylvanie: DuBois Division, W. R. Grace Company, 680 Broadway, Cincinnati, Ohio Brulin & Co., 2943 Columbia Avenue, Indianapolis, Indiana ‘Avcal Chemicals, ine.,7320 86th Avenue, Seat Ploasant, Maryland National Solvent Corporation, Cleveland, Ohio Lehign Valley Chemise! Company, R. 0. 4, Easton, Pennsylvania, land