Nursing Theories and Conceptual Framework May 12, Ifo N acre helaratag emuuronmental thegy . 7; 1 L Ny Florence Nightingale (mid-1800) ” Fiorenes Wr fuguer Notes on Nursing: manipulating the jItions for nature vf Developed and described the|first theory of nursing: What ‘It'Is, What It Is Not. She focused on changing environment in order to put the patient in the best possible cond! to act. ronment, the body could repair She believed that in the nurturing envi to include appropriate noise, | itself. Client’s environment ‘is manipulated i ‘+ nutrition, hygiene, light, ‘comfort, socialization and hope. ‘ t jofet mi chug, He CHIME War § Seeenmen OF NUtigg, at SI: Tronas’ Hosptial in Ceurgor uredy Wee oieth of. sthoiery, NUS! Virginia Henderson (1955) VST gage Neade 7 Mahe of BuRans Medes Br aa eee ces Introduced The Ni of Nursing Model. She identified-fourteen. basic needs. She postulated that the unique function of the nurse is totassist the clients, sick or well, in thé performance of those activities contributing to health or its recovery, that clients would perform unaided if tht .d-that nursing involves assisting strength, will or knowledge. She further belleve the client in gainingiin jependencejas rapidly possible, or assisting him achieve peaceful pages no longer possible. meerer ae, Borenip - Se Pahent -Centcres Arppranches ee ~ ao cs60) Typowet op 2 pavems Oe fir. 0/F he occ! Introduced: Patient — Centered Approaches ta Nursing Model. She identified twenty-one nursing problems. She defined nursing as service to individuals and families; therefore to society) Furthermore, she conceptualized It nursing as anart and a science that molds the attitudes, intellectual } competencies and technical skills of the individual nurse into the desire and 1 ability to help people, sick or well, and cope with their health needs: Dorothy E. Johnson (1960, 1! + oe Ree tifive < mie ts Ein Sear. Conceptualized the Behavioral System Model According to Johnson, each ym Is compost ‘seven subsystems namely: person as a behavioral syste! 1, Angestive: Taking in nourishment in socially and culturally acceptable ways. 2. Eliminative. Riddling the body of waste in’ socially and culturally acceptable ways. “Noles Boiaiog,. i : Wey foam, ic ocr ro STAs ey had the necessary; Afiliative, Security seeking behavior + Aggressive. Self — protective behavior. 5, Dependence. Nurturance ~ seeking behavior. 6. Achievement. Master of oneself and one’s environment according to internalized standards of excellence, 7. Sexual and role identity behavior. .e viewed that each person strives to achieve balance ang ind to function effectively by adjusting learned patterns of respo the patient strives to become a Furthermore, Johnson belies is commensurate with social demands; who is able to in ways that support biologic imperatives; who is able to ‘extent during illness from the health care professional's ‘and whose behavior does not give evidence of unnecessary trauma as a consequence of iliness. benefit to the Imogene King (1971, 1981) 4 4221 a asamce cy Postulated the Goal Attainment Theory. She described nursing as 2 helping ‘profession that assists Individuals and groups in society to attain, maintain, and restore health. If this is not possible, nurses help individuals die with dignity. In addition, King viewed nursing as an interaction process between client and nurse whereby during percelving, setting. goals, and acting on them, transactions occur and goals are achieved. ‘Madeleine Leininger (1978, 1984) Developed the Transcultural Nursing Model. She advocated that nursing is a humanistic and scientific mode of helping a cient through specific cultural caring processes (cultural values, beliefs and practices) to improve or maintain a health condition. Hoke’. 4p dccover (aden care: dived tes G veces ‘rekaone 40 Oxtbiod, abetSs F 7 Hunan “Sobeackior PANES OF celeptttion of every PY Described the Four Conservation Principles. She advocated that. nursing a human Interaction and proposed four conservation principles of nursing Ww’ are concerned with the. unity and Integrity of the individual conservation principles are as follows: 1. Conservation -of*energy. The human body functions by utilizing © The human body needs energy producing input (food, oxygen, fipid allow energy utilization as output. 351 center” iprieede ies 2. ‘Conservation ofStructural;.jintegrity.. The human body has physical boundaries (skin and mucous membrane). that must be maintained to facilitate health and-prevent harmful agents from entering the body. dl The nursing interventions are based on Myra Levin (1973) ne i i eLseMial hot the use identiny TH f The 3. Conservation® the conservation of thi ;. Every individual has a 1, which must be preserved and enhanced by:nurses. 4. Conservation; of:Sacial.integtity, The social integrity of the client reflects the-family-and-the community. in which the client functions. Health care institutions may separate individuals from their family: It is important for nurses to consider the. individual in the context of the family. Betty. Neuman (1982, 1989, 1992) J. She as: it nursing isa unique profession in that it Is concerned with e_variabl i i if which are intra+ (within the individual), inter- individual's. response:to stresses, (between one or more other people), and. ‘extrapersonal (outside the individual) in nature, Thesco Proposed the, The nurse helps the cllerit, through primary, secondary and tertiary prevention modes, to adjust to environmental stressors and maintain client stability. ‘Dorothea Orem (1970, 1985) Developed the Self- Care and Self-Care Deficit Theory. She defined self- care as “ i individuals-initiate and perform on their own behalf in mail jife, health.and well-being.” She conceptualized three nursing systems as follows: /- Ai 1, Wholly Compensatory: when the nurse is expected to accomplish all. the-patient’s therapeutic self-care -t utic self-care or to compensate for the patient’s 47.Hildegard Peplau (1952) Introduced the interpersonal Model. She defined nursing interpersonal process of therapeutic interactions between an individual sick or in néed of health services and a nurse especialy educated to re ‘and respond to the need for help. She Identified four phases of the nurse-client, relationship namely: 1, Orfentation: the nursé and the client initially do not know each others goals and testing the role each will assume. The client attempts to ‘Identify difficulties and the amount of nursing help that is needs 2. Identification: the client responds to the professionals significant others who can meet the identified needs. Both the . and the nurse plan together an appropriate program to foster | health; 3. Explottation: the client utilizes all available resources to move toward ‘goal of maximum health or functionality; 4. Resolution: refers to the termination: Phase of the. nurse- client relationship, it occurs when the client’s needs are met and he/she can ‘move toward a new goal. Peplau further assumed ‘that nurse-client ) ‘relationship fosters growth in both the client ‘and the nurse. ‘Martha Rogers (1970) Capacity for abstraction and emotion. For Buildliy Blocks: 4) enegyy Field © universe OF oper cision e \) prten PS Pur- ime rs nity= 6 eee Sister Callista Roy (1979, 1984) Presented ee Model. She viewed each person a ‘onstant interaction with a changing envire Shevconcertiert sab the Person as an adaptive system, fancuanesss whole : Bl pendence. of its parts. The system consists of input, contro rocesses, output.and feedback. In addition, she advocated that all peor , people have certain needs which they. endeavor to meet in order to maintain integrity. Tt need ore cia’ Into faucalflerant, modes, the.physiologicelrseif.concept role junction,-and.Interdependence. Accordingly, Roy bi vu: behavior is directed as an attempt to lialialiuamnestasiosondnteasioantssie individual by conserving. energy and) promot : ing the survival, growth,” reproduction and ma f human system. — Lydia Hall (1962) qe BCC ae dipperett but heyy ave terrcharted WY Gach DIET hey Funcfon er epetensny four hel) arc inter tock Introduced the model on Nursing: What Is It?, focusing on the notion that centers around three components of Care represents nurturance and is exclusive to nursin involves the therapeutic use of self and emphasizes the use»ofereflection, focuses on nursing Telated to the physician’s..orders are shared with the: other health care providers. Note? EF! hands on are ~p : 3 2» adickosee oclal @ emotional nets of PT ida Jeans Oriando (1961) tn op mecion, nee: Conceptualized The Dynamic Nurse — Patient Relationship Model. She believed that the ni - Orlando observed that the nurse provides direct assistance to meet an immediate néed for help in order to avoid or to alleviate distress or helplessness. She an he ‘also indicated that nursing actions can be. automatic (those chosen for reasons other than the immediate need for help) or deliberative (those resulting from validating the need for help, exploring the meaning of the need, and validating effectiveness of the actions taken to meet the need). She also advocated that the three elements composing nursing situation: a! client: behavior, horse reaction and nurse action. emmphati 2s sie critic im portale OF gs porticgtion WW he nurting process -Focut! improvertent oF pte betwvie™.A Ernestine Weidenbach (1964) Developed the Clinical Nursing ~ A Helping Art Model. She advocated th,, the nurse's individual philosophy or central purpose lends credence to nursin, care. She believed that nurses meet the individual's need for help through th, identification of the needs, administration of help, and validation that action, were helpful. Components of clinical practice: Philosophy, purpose, practice ar. janart: Jean Watson (1979-1985) Conceptualized the Human Caring Model (Nursing: Human Science ang Human Care). She emphasized that nursing is the application of the art anq human. science through transpersonal caring transactions to help person: achieve mind-body-soul harmony, which generates self — knowledge, self ~ control, self — care, and self — healing. She included health promotion an¢ She believed that a person is a valued being to be cared for, respected, nurtured, understood and assisted; a fully functional integrated self. Rosemarie Rizzo Parse (1981, 1987, 1992) ~~ Introduced the theory.of Human Becoming. She emphasized free choice of personal meaning in relating value priorities, co — creating of rhythmical patterns, in exchange with the. environment, and contranscending in many dimensions as possibilities unfold. She also believed that each choice opens certain opportunities while closing others. Thus, she referred to revealing: concealing, énabling-limiting, and connecting-separating. Since*each- individual makes his or her own personal choices, the role of the nurse is that of guide, not decision maker. Joyce Travelbee (1966, 1971) ~ She postulated the Interpersonal: Aspects of Nursing Model. She advocated that the goal of nursing Is or coping with illness, regaining health, finding meaning in iliness, or maintaining ie further viewed that interpersonal process is 2 human-to-human relationship formed during Iliness and “experience of suffering”. She belleved that.a person Is a unique, irreplaceable Individual who is " I0.a.continuous.process of becoming, evolving.and.changing.- 505 Ap believes in_maggtukulen/mang-aaday 5 Early Care of the Stek Pmcipe Gi lng vine o * The early Fillpinos subscribed to superstitious beliefs and prac relation to health and sickness.. Herbmen were called ?Hérbicheres, one who practiced witchcraft. Persons suffering from diseases witt a identified cause were believed to be bewitched by the “mangkukulam “ . Difficult childbirth and some diseases (called “ attributed to “nonos”. Midwife assisted in childbirth. During labor, the ting hilt” (good midwife) was called in. if the birth became difficult, witches were posed tobe the cause. suj . To disperse their influence, gunpowder was exploded from a bamboo cane close to the head of the sufferer. or Health Care During the Spanish Regime (7 priest The religious.orders exerted their efforts to care for the sick by building " hospitals.in.the different parts.of the Philippines. The Earliest Hospitals Established were the following: nish 1. Hospital! ‘de Manila (1577). It was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also admitted Spanish civilians; founded 2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578) Founded by (Brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; built exclusively for patients with] Leona 2 3. Hospital de Indio (1586). Established by the Franciscan Order; service was-in generligapporied by alms and contributions from charitable persons. 4, Hospital de er Santas (1590). Established in Laguna; near a &, founded by Brother J. Bautista of the Franciscan aE Order. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596). Founded by the Brotherhood of Misericordia and a istered by the Hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios; support was derived from alms and rents; vNursing During the Philippine Revolution The prominent persons involved in nursing works were: 1. fosephin | wife. of Jose Rizal.linstalled a field hospital in, estate house In Tejeros: provided nursing care to the wounded ight { ters for the Aivero.| Converted their house into quai " Filipino soldiers, during the Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899, 3. (Dona Hilaria de Wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; organized the s under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini. 4 (Donia Marla Agoncilo de Aguinalde,|Second-wife of Emilio Aguinaldo, Provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the revolution, 5.(Meichora Aquino (Tandang. Sora).| Nursed the wounded Filipino Seca “soldiers and gave them shelter and food. %. A revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija; provided Nursing care to the wounded when not in combat. ‘Agu hab: jided |: . ', Stayed in the hospital at Biac na Bato to care for the wounded soldiers. Filipino Red Cr ® ‘Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the national headquarters. ° _Established-branches in the Provinces; Functions of Filipino Red Cross: 1. Collection of war funds and mat bazaars, and voluntary contributions, 2. Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers. Requirements for Membership: 1. Atleast 14 years.old, age requirement for officer was.25 years old. 2. Of sound reputation, Hospitals and Schools of Nursing 1 allo Mission Hospital School of Nursing {lloilo city, 1906) It was -ran by. the Baptist Foreign Mission Society of America. ‘@ graduate of New England Hospital for Women and Les in Boston, Massachusetts, was the first superintendent for nurses. It 56 Gace ord es ce ey eet ee rials through concerts, charitymoved to its present location in Jaro Road, Iloilo City in 1929. Miss Flor Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the school in 1942. In March, 22 nurses graduated; in April, 1944 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the llollo Mission Hospital. . St, Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907) The hospital was established by the Archbishop of Manila, the Most Reverend Jeremiah:Harty"under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres. It. was located in. Intramuros and it provided general hospital services. It had a free dispensary and dental clinic. It opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Revs|Mother'Melanie as superintendent.and M. }. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907) The Philippine General Hospital began in 1901 as a small dispensary mainly for “Civil Officers and Employees” in the City of Manila. It later grew into Civil Hospital. * In 1906,.Mrs. Mary Coleman rs} an educator advocated for idea of training Filipino girls for the: profession of nursing. With the approval of Government officials, she first opened a dormitory for girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall‘and the University of the Philippines. In 1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health among others, she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education. Admission into the school was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must have completed elementary education to the seventh grade. Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton’ taught the students nursing subjects. American physicians also served as lecturers. { )ActiNOw1976imodified the organization of the school, placing it under ‘supervision of the {Director of Health. The Civil Hospital was abolished; the Philippine General Hospital was established. The school became known as the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing. When she became chief’ nurse, |Elsie Mi | introduced several improvements in the school. The course was madeattractive and more practical. [Anastacia Giron-Tu |. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907) The Hospital is an Episcopalian Institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903. In 1907, the school opened with three Filipino girls admitted. These girls had their first year'in combined classes with the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing and.St. Paul’s Hospital School ofNursing. Miss Helen Hicks was the first principal. Mrs..Vitaliana-Beltran w,, the first Filipino'superintendent of nurses. Or. Jose Fores was the first Filipin, medical director of the hospital. en 1907 and 1910, the firs, jospital, St. Luke’s Hospita, rse. This was known a schools selected the}, Note: In the period of organization betwe year nursing students of the Philippine General H and St. Paul’s Hospital had a common first year cou! the Central School Idea in nursing education. The a own students, based on the following requirements: Educational preparation, at least completion of seventh grade- Sound physical and mental health. — Good moral character. ~ . Good family and-social sta Recommendations from t ir ae The Liaeieeee of students from these schools were later fused in one class, lived in the same dormitory, and received the same instruction in anatomy and. physiology, massage, practical nursing, materia medica, bacteriology and English. nding. .~ / hree different persons well known in the Yawn p jursing (Manila, 1907) Calle Cervantes (now Avenida Rizal). 5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of.N unded by the Methodist Mission It started as a small dispensary on It was called] Bethany Dispensary, and was ft for the relief of suffering among women and children. In 1907, Sr. Rebecca Parrish, together with the registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertrude Dreisback, organized the Mary Johnston School of Nursing. The ‘nurses’ training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary grades as the first students. In 1908, Mr. D. S. B. Johnston of Minnesota donated as a memorial to his wife $12,500.00 for a hospital building. In 1911, the Philippine Assembly appropriated a monthly sum of PSO0.00 for the hospital, in appreciation for its services during the cholera epidemics in the previous years. Later, P11, 000.00 was provided by the assembly for the construction of a maternity and milk station and dispensary. At the outbreak of World War II, it became an emergency hospital where the wounded were treated. It was allowed to operate as a hospital even during Japanese Occupation. It was burned down in({1. it was reconstructed through contributions of Methodist Church in America. It reopened In 1947 at the Harris Memorial. Miss Librada Javalera was the first Filipino director of the school.Way Bin, fir, ity ay Ney ). = oun bdhibiiba ieee ae SEE 6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing ~ The United Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis Protestant organization of the Disciples of Christ, operated thre: nursing: © Sallié Long Read Memorial Hospital Schoo! of Nursing (Lace®, oro" Norte, 1903) — ) The hospital © Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911) was established by in Dr. W.N. Lemon in a small house on Azca Sampaloc, .Manila.. in. 1913, Miss Mary Chiles of independence Montana, donated a large sum of money with which the pres® building at Gastambide was bought. The Tuason Annex was donated by Miss Esperanza Tuazon, a Filipino Philantropist. Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, !locos Sur, 1922) rag 7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913) the Board of = In 1913, through the initiative ,_ Beni fal Hospital passed a resolution to Inspectors and the Executive Board. of the open-a school of nursing. The school is run by the Daughters of Charity since then, Sister Taciana Trinanes was the first directress of the school. Dr. Gregorio Singian introduced the following reforms when he was appointed medical director in 1920: 1. The first six months of training was considered a trial period. Students who incurred a failure in two or three subjects were dismissed. — 2. Aseparate building was provided for the library. — 3. A kitchen was constructed; classes for bacteriology and chemistry were introduced. —~ 4. Laboratory classes for bacteri 5. Anatomic charts and specimens for experiments were acquire 6,- Anew spacious dormitory for students and nurses was built. In 1945, during the fight in Intramuros, the hospital was destroyed. It rebuilt at its present site in Roxas Boulevard. ~ Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913) In 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. P.HuJ. Lerrigo to Capiz for the purpose of opening a hospital, Miss Rose hool offered a 3-year training. course for an Nicolet assisted him. The scl annual fee of P100.00. Mi was the incipal. jology and chemistry were introduced. ~ ed. ~ 599, Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (C.bu,1918) au of He, The hospital was established in 1911 under the a ie onmang The School opened in 1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupas, °° ‘ Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal. 10. Other Schools of Nursing established were as follows: 1. Zamboanga General Hospital Schoo! of Nursing (292 2. Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921) 3. Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923) |. Manila Sanitarium and Hospital Schoo! of Nursing .” St. Paul's School of Nursing in tloilo City (19461946) . North General Hospital and School of Nursing Silman University School of Nursing (1947) (1930) Nous ‘The First Colleges of Nursing in the Philippines 11946) ah Valveraty of Sesto ames Kee a virial of Nursing Education o as Febi rane peretnool was unique since it oe a — ty from the Santo Tomas University Hospital. The = ; of Sah were designed to conform to the latest and mos ies lem eiareas in nursing science and education. Atthe same time, the ideals o Christian Charity permeated this course. In its first year of existence, its enrollees consisted of students from different schools of nursing whose studies were interrupted by war. Zs i 1947, the Bureau of Private Schools permitted UST to grant the title of Graduate Nurse to the 21 students who were at the advanced standing. From 1948 to the present, the college has offered excellent education leading to the baccalaureate degree (BSN). Sor Taciana Trifianes was its first directress. 2, Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947) The MCU Hospital first offered the BSN course in 1947.It served a5 the clinical field for practice. Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal. 3. University of the Philippines College. of Nursing (1948) The idea of opening the college began in conference between Mss Julita Sotejo and then U.P, President Gonzales. Nurses, who attended the biennial convention in May, 1946 endorsed the Idea. in April, 1948, the University Council approved the curriculum, and the Board of Regents eee os) 60& "Health and Nursing Organizations recognized the profession as having equal standing as medicine engineering, etc. Miss Sotejo was its first. dean. =p 14 Filiping Mure’ ae Nursing Leaders In the: Philippines > tisneser sg vain Woda 1. Anastacia‘Giron-Tubas. First Filipino nurse to hold the p Nurs: intendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses As 2. Cesaria Fist Filipino to receive a Masters degree in Nur: roa 3. Socorro Sir rita By loneered in Hospital-Social Service in San Lazaro Hospita’ where was the Chief Nurse. 4, RosaiMilitar. A pioneer in school health education. 5. Sor'RicardaiMendoza. A pioneer in nursing E of the PNA magazine called “the | Message” First full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine of the Philippine Nursing”; Florence Nightingale of Vorhe healt CAwalyen > Roz The, Neceage, Early institutions for child welfare: . Hospicio de San Jose (Manila 1782) . Asylum of San Jose (Cebu) . Asylum of Looban (Manila) . Colegio de Santa Isabel (Naga City). Took care of poor girls.~ }. Gota de Leche (Manila, 1907). Milk station. Its Objective was to promote health in infants through proper feeding. ~ . Liga Nacional Filipiniana para la Protection de la Primera Infancia. Worked for the passage of child welfare legislations. 7. Public Welfare Board. Took over the work of the Liga in 1915; conducted a systematic campaign on child hygiene in 1917. Ficst president: Rosario: Montenegro VPUNnE a Nursing Organizations: 1. Philippine Nurses Association. This is ‘the ‘pounded en nurses: wo Aled ak jae 2. National League oF Nurses. The association of nurses ‘employed in Department of Health. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, IRNOP etc. of Filipino peHistory of Nursing in Other Lands oe Period of intuitive Nursing Nursing in the Near East © Babylonia ° Egypt Israel Nursing in the Far East e China e India Nursing in Ancient Greece paid opens NuTE Dark Period of Nursing Nursing in America Period of Educated Nursing Period of Contemporary Nursing © Period of Intuitive Nursing istoric times among primitive ih ing We cticed since prehistoric Intuitive nursing was pra ae = - tribes and lasted through the early: Christian era. (Nursing: was untaught nd. it of the wish to d out of compassion for others, ou’ instinctivey It was performe help others. Beliefs and Practices of Prehistoric Man 1. He was fiomad) His philosophy of life was-“the best for the most” and he Be 2° was ruled by the law of self-preservation. ¥ . Nursing was a function that belonged to @o They took good care of ¢ the children, the sick and the aged. 3. He believed that illness was caused by the invasion of the victim’s body by evil spirit through the use of | 4. He believed that the medicine man aed shamalor witeh-doctor had mong others, fhe power to heal by using white magic. A th c. @ shaman used pros charms, dances, incantations, Purgatives, massage, fire, water 'erbs_as means of driving illness from the victim. He also practiced {acing a bole inthe skull with a rock stone without the benefit of anesthesia | nee 38 a last resort to drive evil \spirite’ from the body of ] iNursing In the Near East Beliefs and Practices 1. Man’s mode of liv’ eae ee from nomadic style to. an agrarian society to an 2. Man developed a means of comm: nice aay © eanaiic eioiledge: ation and the pee of a body 3, Nursing remained the duty of slat ist ;7sSters or mothers: 4, The are ee sick was still closely related to religion, superstition ar d magic. Astrology.and numerology were also used in medical practice. 5, The period saw the birth of three great religious ideologies: Christianity, and islam. Contributions to Medicine and Nursing Judaism, a. Babylonia Code of Hammurabi. Provided laws that covered Babylonian life includi ‘medical. practice. The medical regulations established fees, discouraged experimentation, recommended specific doctors for each disease and gave each patient the right to choose between the use of charms, medications, or surgical procedures to cure the disease. There was no mention of nurs ave EF embalming Egypt 250 Keognined diccoces : © The Egyptians introduced ‘the[art of embalming] which enhanced their knowledge of human anatomy. e They developed the ability to oe keen observation and left a record of 250 recogi d sé ntion_ of nurses, hospitals or hospital personnel. e There was no mel every facet of es or nursing. b. c. Israel Moses is recognized as the] “Fatherlof Sanitation’.|He wrote the five books of the Old Testament which: 4. Emphasized the practice of to strangers and acts of ‘ok of Genesis, Old Testament). 2. - Promulgated laws of control on the spread of communicable disease and the (Book of Leviticus). 3. Referred to nurses as midwives, wet'nurses-orchild’s nurses’ whose at (outpouring of maternal instincts). 63snd demons a5 SEN Int git’ clothes for male babies K away from them, /* They pratced ancestor worship which prohibited the di s of dead human body. ee © They gave the word knowledge of materia meth e (pharmacology) which prescribed methods of *re3 infections and muscular afflictions. their records. It is assume . uring in aaa by female members Of thy that the care of the sick was done household. b.India ‘+ Men of medicine built hospitals, practiced an intuitive form of asepsis and were proficient in the practice of medicine ang oh cu surge + a|made ait of function and qualifications of mura, For the first time in recorded history, there was a reference to the nurse’s taking care of patients. These nurses were described sr combination of physteal therapist and cook. “Nursing in Ancient Greece. The Geto reduced te SBS teiga ofthe medal profession ola born in Greece, was given the title “Father “of pean hemes mfr steel yea TS Bao Seperatural corer He be deveoped eee oa tat for clients, established overall fo ‘medical standards, recognized @ need for ‘Nursing in Rome ©The tr conta en {rom pagan to Chistian philosophy took place, There wat # n the ma tual oft Een betwen ty lism of pagan society and the spirituality of the * The Romans attemy sian of een gtemPted tO maintain vigorous health, because illness was ® 6os AM hve Care of the Ill was left to the slaves or Greek physicians. Both groups wer looked upon as inferior by Roman society. atron who was converte: ith their help, she made he faowlal 47 Period of Apprentice Nursing “Foul This period extends from the founding of religious nursing orders In the Crusades, which began in the 11" century and. ended in 1836, when Pastor ~ Fliedner and his wife established the Kal th Institute for the training of Deaconesses (a training schoo! for nurses) in Germany. It Is called the periodrof on-the-job” training. Nursing care was performed without-any-formal-education-and-by-people-who. were directed by more experienced-nurses.- Religious orders of the (Christian Church? were responsible for the development of this kind of nursing. ee The Crusades The crusades were Holy Wars waged in an attempt to recapture the Holy Land from the Turks who denied Christ's pilgrims permission to visit the Holy Sepulcher. Military religious orders established hospitals staffed with men. Military Religious Orders and Their Works . ‘ 1. Knights of (St. John of Jerusalem] (Italian). Devoted: to religious life and nursing. Discipline was strict. It-established an organization of ranks and advocated principles.of complete and unquestioned devotion to duty and traditional obedience to superiors. 2. Teutonic Knights (German): Established tent hospitals for the wounded. 3. Knights of St. Lazarus. Was founded primarily for the nursing care of lepers in Jerusalem after the Christians had conquered the city. The’ Alexian Brothers were members of a monastic order founded in 1348..They established the|Alexian Brothers Hospital jursing,| the + It operated exclusively for men in United States, The school closed in 1969. The Rise of Secular Orders During this period, there was also the rise of Rell , igious Nursing Orders for some Although Christianity promoted equality to all men, women were still fee in their roles as wives and mothers. Only by entering a convent she could follow a career, obtain an education and perform acts of charitythat her faith taught would help her gain grace in heaven. queens Princes and other ladies of royalty founded many religious orders at the time Religious taboos and social restrictions influenced nursing 2! oF ds the religious Nursing Orders. Hospitals were poorly ventilated en filthy. There was overcrowding of patients: three OF four eorga bedi Pratl, diagnosis or whether they are alive or dead, may have an older nuns prayeq of environmental sanitation and ase ere non-existen sh ashieditoked with and took good care of the sick; while the younee linens, usually in the rivers. psis w sades: Secular Orders Founded During the Period of The Cru 1 ad in devoting ther 1. Order of St. Francis of Assis! (1200-present). Bel i overty and service to the poor. a eatin Founded by St. Francis himself. eel By Second Order (Poor Clares). Founded by St. Clar 1 anaes @ Third Order (Tertiary order). Composed of mem rs ee their time to performance of acts of mercy in their col ; most provided nursing care in homes and hoseie vinesitnre 2. The Beguines. Composed. of lay nurses who devoted their live: es service of suffering humanity. It, was founded in 1170 bya priest, Lambert Le Begue. 3, The Oblates (12 century)” 4, Benedictines 5. Ursulines 6. Augustinians int Nursing Personages During the Period of Apprentice Nursing Impot 17St. Clare. Founder of the ler of St. Francis of Assisi; took vows of poverty, obedience service and chastity; gave nursing care to the sick, and the afflicted. 2G beth of Ban. Known as the ” she was the daughter of the Hungarian king. She Tived her life frugally despite her wealth. She used all her wealth to make the lives of the poor happy and useful. She built hospitals for the sick and the needy. She fed the sick with her own hands and made their beds. She provided for orphans and fed 300-900 persons daily at her gate. To avoid idleness, she employed those who were able to work continually in her hospital and In the homes of the Poor and to go fishing in streams to help provide for the many sufferers-Te a a uaa Ry ne eee ee Te a ee eaead ae ea ec at |B. St: Catherine of Siena. The first FLady with a Lamp”| she was 25” ch humble Italian parents. She pledged her life to service at the age and was referred to ag little saint. She was a hospital nurse, prophet s researcher and a reformer of society and the church. The world of nursing, despite wars and plagues made consi: progress under. the Influence of Christianity. It may be said that nui ‘owes its foundation to the work of benevolent men and women crusades and the guilds. But this progress in nursing was brought to 2 f by industrial and political revolution and the Reformation in the century. These left the world in the following situations: 1. The masses of people huddled In slums as a result of farnine, wars and the Introduction of machinery (industrial revolution) 2. Living in blighted slum areas, the people sank into brutal and immoral way of life. 3. Ambition for power and the antagonism resulting from the attempts to achieve this power replaced human empathy. 4, Class lines could be bypassed in some parts of the world, and people struggled against one anather for power, wealth and leisure. 5. Skepticism was the result of political, intellectual and ideological revolutions; everything in life had to be based upon scientific fact. Nothing else was true. Le Chante Sicko, of naa In the 16” century, hospitals were established for re of the sick. The hospitals were gloomy, cheerless and airless. They were ul itary. People entered hospitals only under compulsion or as last resort. Thi was little employment and education was only for the rich and the titled. (St. Vincet x Paul|seeing the pervading rty and the generally poor health conditions organized the group called and the community of the(Sisters of Charity; The letter was composed of women who lived uncloistered and were dedicated to. doing God’s work through caring for-the sick, the ‘poor, the orphaned, and the widowed. Louise de Gras (nee Marillac) was the first superior and co-founder of this order. The Dark Period of Nursing This extends from the 17" to the 19" century from the period_of reformation until the U.S. Civil War. The religious upheaval led by’ Martin Luther) destroyed the“unity)of the Christian faith. The wrath of Protestantism swept away everything connected with Roman Catholicism in schools, orphanages and hospitals. Properties of hospitals and schools were confiscated. Nurses fled for 67ced. There were their lives. In England, hundreds of hospitals were closed. Ther | worst provisions for the sick, no one to care for the sick. eee ya patients, wh, the least desirable of women—-women who took bri ullizer. TheY Work stole the patient’s food and who used alcohol as 2 tranaullaat °c ty seven days a week, slept in cubbyhole near the paiciesones were Personifig, ate scraps of food when they could find them. OS eas ina Charles Dickens novel asSairey Gamp and Betsy thern were: Several leaders sought to bring about meres the living condlton 1. John Howard. A prison reformer, helpe’ a in prisons and gave prisoners edie Irish Sisters of Charity t, 2. Mother Mary Aikenhand. Establis early Christian era. bring back into nursing the dedication of the Cory re tablishey derika Munst: 3. Pastor Theodor Fliedner and Fs nesses at Kaiserwer the Institute for the Training of Deaco! et en (1836), the first organized training school for entering the school were a. Character reference from clergyman. : b. Acertificate of health from a physician. : - ¢. Permission from their nearest relative. Nursing in America People began to settle in the North American continent, to seek for adventure, new quests and new trade routes. ; Mdme. Jeanne Mance was the first laywoman who worked. as a nurse in North America. She founded the Hotel Dieu of Montreal, a log cabin hospital. 1. Pre-Civil War Nursing In the USA and Canada, religious nursing orders, both Catholic and Protestant carried out nursing. Augustinian nuns,’ Ursuline sisters, Deaconesses of Kaiserswerth, Protestant sisters of Charity and many others helped found and staff. hospitals. Mrs. Elizabeth Seton,.an American, founded the [Sisters of Charity] of Emmitsberg, Maryland in 1809, American Reforms in Nursing 3. The Nurse’s Society of Philadelphia organized a school of. nursing under the direction of Dr. Joseph Warrington in 1839. Nurses were trained on the job and attended some Preparatory courses. . 68‘ Women’s Hospital in Philadelphia established a six-month course | orked. They b. NS) nursing to increase the nurse’s knowledge while they w a) were taught a minimum amount of medical and surgical ours ‘ materia medica and diatetics. a 3. Nursing During the Civil War The American Medical Association during the Civil War created (h« Committee on Training of Nurses. It was designated to study and recommendations with regards to the training of nurses. Doctors realized need for qualified nurses. Some of th Personages at this time were: a. (Dorothea Dix. She established the Nurse Corps of the Uni States Army. She directed the nursing of the injured. b. (lara Barton.)Founded the American Red Cross Amencaa Hed’ Crocs Period of Educated Nursing aaa : Ly Povenée Wighhagale This period began on June 15, 1860 when the Florence Nightingale School ~~ of Nursing opened at St. Thomas: Hospital ‘in London (St. Thomas Hospital rongly School of Nursing). The development of nursing during this period was sti influenced by trends resulting from wars, from an arousal of social consciousness, from the emancipation of women and from the increased educational opportunities offered to women. Facts About Florence Nightingale ways writer : “ Ere Note on He es on Hrepria® @ Recognized as the “Mother.of.Modern:Nursing”; she was also known as the.“ et adh Florence Italy. Raised in England in an atmosphere of culture and affluence; learned languages, literature, mathematics and social graces. © Her education was rounded out by a continental tour. Not contented with.the social custom imposed upon her as a Victorian Lady, she developed her self-appointed goal: “To\change,the,profilevor coursing”. © Compiled notes-of her visits to hospitals, her observation of the sanitary facilities, and social problems of the places she visited. * Noted the need for preventive medicine and good nursing. ® Advocated for care of those afflicted with diseases caused by lack of hygienic practices.a © At the age of 31, she overcame her family’s resistance to her ambition, She entered the Deaconess School at Kaiserworth. Worked as a superintendent for Gentlewomen durin Disapproved of the restrictions on admission of patien this unchristian and incompatible with health care- ‘ Upgraded the practice of nursing and made nursin} profession for gentiewomen. © Led the nurses that took care of the wou! © Put down her ideas in two published books: N g Illness- ts and CONsidey, gan honorajy, e Crimean War, d during th nde Nursing and Nop, jotes Or on Hospitals. Linda Richara, cated Ni Other portant Persona/Groups/Events During Period ad on ame 1. [Lida Richards. Fi ‘ate nurse in the US; Bradua be 3 A Women in Boston. pital for ubber gloves. 1, 1872, from the New England Hos ar rubber gloves whi 2. Or. lam Halstead] Designed the first r' G. 3. Caroline Hampton Robb. The first to nurse to wei rkit ting room nurse. a " 5 4. eae organizations; the American Nurse's Associa and the National League for Nursing Education; contributed to the upi of the nursing profession. z 5, Isabel Hampton Robb. The first principal of the John Hopkins Hospit School of Nursing; the most influential in directing the development, nursing during this period. 6. Glara Louise Maas. Engaged in medical research on yellow fever-dur the Spanish-American War. She died of yellow fever. 7. Development of private duty nursing, settlement house nurs (forerunner of PHN); school nursing, government service of nurses, 2 prenatal and maternal health nursing (1900-1912) 8. Age of specialization began in the first decade of the 20" century. 9. Preparation of a standard curriculum based on educational objectives schools of nursing (1913-1937) en i Known as “Mata Hari”, served the wounded soldiers du! seen A |. (both English and Russian soldiers). This was why she | ea ‘ed as a spy (“Mata Hari”). She was an English nurse. She jument in Russia, as a recognition to her services.te Events and Trends 1. Establishment of th rs 3. Perlod of Contemporary Nursing This covers the period after World War II to the present. Scientific and as well as social changes mark this period. the United Natior assist in fighting disease by providing health information and impre nutrition, living standards, and environmental conditions of all people Use of atomic/nuclear energy for medical diagnosis and treatment. U for collecting data, teaching, establishing diagnosis, maintaining inventory, making payrolls, record keeping, and billing. Use of saphiisticated equinniantter diagnosis and therapy. The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing. Colonel Pearl Tucker developed:a comprehensive one- year course to prepare nurses for aerospace nursing at Cape Kennedy. uman right. Laws were legislated to provide such right. Nursing involvement in community health is greatly intensified. Technological advances, such as the development of disposable supplies and equipment have relieved the nurse from numerous tedious tasks. Development of the expanded role of the nurse. The nurse is constantly assuming responsibilities in patient care which were formerly the sole prerogative of the physician.