BY TAWQEER UL ISLAM Please Visit CA Lateef’s Academy — Educate All Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: hteps://wwwyoutube.com/channel/UUCTiuDjCnEFr6pAskéZsvQ3wArabian Sea Oe 8 Nov. 1 Nov. 18INDIAN AGRICULTURE + Agriculture is “the practice of cultivating plants and livestock”. + Agriculture is the most important sector of Indian Economy. + Indian agriculture sector accounts for |8% of India's gross domestic product (GDP) and provides employment to 58% of the countries workforce. * In 2014, Provein Revolution was proposed by the union government to achieve higher production (Technology-driven 2nd Green revolution). + India is the largest producer of Pulses, Jute, Bananas and milk. + It is the second-largest producer of rice, wheat, sugarcane, cotton and groundnuts, as well as the second-largest fruit and vegetable producer. FEATURES OF INDIAN AGRICULTURE + Subsistence agriculture. + Pressure of population on agriculture. + Importance of animals. *Dependent upon Monsoon: Two-third of the cropped area is dependent on monsoons. + Variety of crops. * Predominance of food crops. + Insignificant place to given fodder crops: Only 4% of the reporting area is devoted to permanent pastures and other grazing lands. * Seasonal pattern: 3 major crop seasons.CROPPING PATTERNS IN INDIA * There are three distinct cropping seasons in the northern and interior parts of India, namely Kharif, Rabi, and Zaid. Cropping S.No Time Period Crops. 1. | Kharif [Sown: June-July Rice, maize, jowar, bajra, tur, moong, urad, Harvested: Sep-Oct cotton, jute, groundnut, soybean, etc. 2. [Rabi [Sown: Oct-Dec Wheat, barley, peas, gram, mustard, etc. Harvested: Apriblune 3. [Zaid [Sown and harvested: Mar-Jul | Seasonal fruits (Watermelon, Musk melon, (Between Rabi and Kharif) [Cucumber), Vegetables, Fodder Crops etc. Kharif Rabi Zaid Jun - Oct Oct - March Mar - JunIMPORTANT TERMS * Crop Rotation: Crop rotation refers to the practice of planting a series of various crops of different types so that the land is not exploited for only one type of mineral. + Generally, after a cereal crop, farmers prefer to grow pulses as they tend to fix the atmospheric nitrogen back into the soil with the help of nitrogen-fixing bacteria present in their root nodules. + Intercropping: Intercropping is the process of growing two or more crops together in order for them to achieve maximum yield through natural processes. + Types of Farming: On the basis of the main source of moisture for crops, farming can be classified as irrigated and rainfed. * On the basis of the adequacy of soil moisture during the cropping season, rainfed farming is further classified as dryland (<75 cm) and wetland. + Major dryland crops are ragi, bajra, moong, gram, and guar (fodder crops). + Indian cereals are classified as fine grains(e.g, rice, wheat, etc.) and coarse grains (e.g. jowar, bajra, maize, ragi,).+ Major crops can be classified into- 1. Food crops - Rice, Wheat, Millets, Maize and Pulses. 2. Cash crops = Sugarcane, Oilseeds, Horticulture crops, Tea, Coffee, Rubber, Cotton and Jute. 1. RICE+ Temperature: Between 22-32°C with high humidity. + Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm. + Soil Type: Deep clayey and loamy soil + Top Rice Producing States: West Bengal > Punjab > Uttar Pradesh > Andhra Pradesh > Bihar. * It is the staple food crop of majority of Indian people. * About one-fourth of the total cropped area of India is under rice cultivation. + India is the second largest producer of rice in the world after China. + In states like Assam, West Bengal and Odi: in a year. These are Aus, Aman and Boro. * On 15t August 2021, govt announced the complete fortification of rice by 2024. a, three crops of paddy are grown 2. WHEATWHEAT * Temperature: Between 10-15°C (Sowing time) and 21-26°C (Ripening & Harvesting) with bright sunlight. * Rainfall: Around 75-100 cm. * Soil Type: Well-drained fertile loamy and clayey loamy (Ganga - Satluj plains and black soil region of the Deccan) * Top Wheat Producing States: Uttar Pradesh > Punjab > Madhya Pradesh > Haryana > Rajasthan. * India is the second largest producer after China. *Macro Management Mode of Agriculture, National Food Security Mission and Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana are few government initiatives to support wheat cultivation.*Temperature: Between 21-27°C ¢ Rainfall: High rainfall. Soil Type: Old alluvial (Banghar) soil. *Top Maize Producing States: Karnataka > Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Tamil Nadu > Telangana *India is the seventh largest producer worldwide. *It is used both as food and fodder. 4. PULSES4, PULSES + Temperature: Between 20-27°C * Rainfall: Around 25-60 cm. * Soil Type: Sandy-Joamy soil. + Top Pulses Producing States: Rajasthan > Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Uttar Pradesh > Karnataka. + India is the largest producer as well as the consumer of pulses in the world + These are the major source of protein in a vegetarian diet. + Major pulses grown in India are tur (arhar), urad, moong, masur, peas and gram. * Being leguminous crops, all these crops except arhar help in restoring soil fertility by fixing nitrogen from the air. + Therefore, these are mostly grown in rotation with other crops. 0. MILLETS5. MILLETS + These are also known as coarse grains, which have high nutritional value. + Temperature: Between 27-32°C. + Rainfall: Around 50-100 cm. * Soil Type: Can be grown in inferior alluvial or loamy soil because they are less sensitive to soil deficiencies. * Top Millets Producing States: Rajasthan > Karnataka > Maharashtra > Madhya Pradesh > Uttar Pradesh + Jowar: Maharashtra > Karnataka > Madhya Pradesh > Tamil Nadu > Andhra Pradesh. + Bajra: Rajasthan > Uttar Pradesh > Gujarat > Madhya Pradesh > Haryana.*Temperature: Between 21-27°C with hot and humid climate. + Rainfall: Around 75-100 cm. + Soil Type: Deep rich loamy soil. *Top Sugarcane Producing States: Uttar Pradesh > Maharashtra > Karnataka > Tamil Nadu > Bihar. «India is the second largest producer of sugarcane after Brazil. *It is the main source of sugar, gur (jaggery), khandsari and molasses. 7. OILSEEDS7. OILSEEDS + Temperature: Between 15-30°C * Rainfall: Around 30-75 cm. * Soil Type: Loam to clayey loam and well drained sandy loams. *Top Oilseeds Producing States: Rajasthan > Gujarat > Madhya Pradesh > Maharashtra > Uttar Pradesh. * Main oil-seeds produced in India are groundnut, mustard, coconut, sesamum (til), soyabean, castor seeds, cotton seeds, linseed and sunflower. * Yellow Revolution and Integrated Scheme on Oilseeds, Pulses, Oil Palm and Maize (ISOPOM) are examples of government initiatives for oilseeds. 8. TEA8. TEA + Temperature: Between 20-30°C + Rainfall: Around 150-300 cm. + Soil Type: Deep and fertile well-drained soil, rich in humus and organic matter. *Top Tea Producing States: Assam > West Bengal > Tamil Nadu. + India is the second largest producer of tea. + It was introduced in the eastern hill slopes of India by the British.+ Temperature: Between 15-28°C + Rainfall: Around 150-250 cm. + Soil Type: Well drained, deep friable loamy soil. *Top Coffee Producing States: Karnataka > Kerala > Tamil Nadu. + India is the seventh largest producer. * Coffee was initially brought from Yemen and introduced on the Baba Budan Hills. + Indian variety of coffee ‘Arabica’ is famous worldwide. 10. RUBBER10. RUBBER *Temperature: Above 25°C with moist and humid climate. *Rainfall: More than 200 cm. *Soil Type: Rich well drained alluvial soil. *Top Rubber Producing States: Kerala > Tamil Nadu > Karnataka. 11. COTTON11. COTTON + Temperature: Between 21-30°C * Rainfall Around 50-100cm. + Soil Type: Well drained black cotton soil of Deccan Plateau. + Top Cotton Producing States: Gujarat > Maharashtra > Telangana > Andhra Pradesh > Rajasthan. + India ranks 4th in the world for the produc Pakistan. n of cotton after China, U.S.A, and + India is believed to be the original home of the cotton plant. + Cotton needs 210 frost-free days and bright sun-shine for its growth. + Itis a kharif crop and requires 6 to 8 months to mature, + Silver Fibre Revolution and Technology Mission on Cotton are the government initiatives for increasing cotton production in India. * Cotton has been genetically modified into BT Cotton to fight environmental stress and pest attacks. 12. JUTE12. JUTE + Temperature: Between 25-35°C + Rainfalk Around 150-250 cm + Soil Type: Well drained alluvial soil * Top Jute Producing States: West Bengal > Bihar > Assam > Andhra Pradesh > Odisha. + It is mainly concentrated in eastern India because of the rich alluvial soil of Ganga- Brahmaputra delta, + India is the largest producer of jute. + Itis known as the golden fibre. + Itis used in making gunny bags, mats, ropes, yarn, carpets and other artefacts, + Due to its high cost, it is losing market to synthetic fibres and packing materials, particularly nylon + Golden Fibre Revolution and Technology Mission on Jute and Mesta are two of the government initiatives to boost jute production in India COMPARISON TABLE j 2 Wheat $045 (ning tne) and 2126 75.100en Lyall Lonny Usa rash Mesirg 2. Mite aiare Moh at 01 al Spt ai Karta 4 Pees sare 260mm Seeders acy rade s. ates pare so.t00en Ineo ia my sil Rajan 2. neds te20%¢ 078m Clayey aSandyLoary Maya Prada 2 ™ zasoe 150300 en Welded 0 chin Amare * ofee ss28e 0.280 Wl ined, ep able Karat " ‘ation ais0e so-t000n uc catansilotDecan Guar Prim te asase 802808 Wel red deen Were ngaGREEN REVOLUTION GREEN REVOLUTION + The Green Revolution was started in India by then Prime Minister Late Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri, who gave the slogan of “Jai Jawan, Jai Kisan”. + Achievements of the Green Revolution 1. Increase in Production per Hectare: 2. Self-Dependence 3. Commercialization of Agriculture 4. Use of Fertilizers 5. Irrigation Facilities in Wider Areas 6. Use of Insecticides 7. Rural ElectrificationJHUM CULTIVATION JHUM CULTIVATION + Shifting cultivation or jhum, predominantly practiced in the northeastern states of India. + It is an agricultural system where a farming community slashes secondary forests on a planned location, burns the slash and cultivates the land for a limited number of years. * The land Is then left unused and the farming community moves to the next location to repeat the process till they return back to the starting point. + Also called as Slash and Burn Agriculture. + It has frequently been claimed that jhum has led to the loss of valuable natural resources of the region. + The supporters claim it to be organic farming and it uses the forest's natural cycle of regeneration.Please Visit CA Lateef’s Academy - Educate All Trust on YouTube for the Videos. Link: hteps://wwwyoutube.com/channel/UUCTiuDjCnEFr6pAskéZsvQ3w