Professional Documents
Culture Documents
net/publication/319480773
CITATION READS
1 4,529
8 authors, including:
Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects:
Detection of mycotoxin in poultry feeds, and its bio-control strategies View project
All content following this page was uploaded by Khalid Mahmood on 05 September 2017.
202
culture. utilized in the production of other substances
Fungi are also useful for the removal or other purposes.
of olive mill wastewater (OMW). Olives For enzyme production, filamentous
grown in Mediterranean countries fungi are excellent source. They are already
comprises about 98% of global olive famous due to production of extracellular
production. Large quantity of OMW is protein. Cellulolytic enzymes are produced
produced while olive oil production. 2.5 by Trichoderma reesei, a fungus of
litre of waste is releases per litre of oil ascomycetes. Cellulase is secreted in a large
produced. Methods of removal include amount which can benefit industries
conventional, electrolysis, and aerobic (Kubicek et al., 2009). This fungus is known
method while aerobic method is the best as efficient producer of extracellular
method for removal of this waste water as it cellulolytic enzymes (Juhasz et al., 2005;
contains phenolic, tannin and lignin Sehnem et al., 2006). P. chrysogenum also
compounds. Penicillium produces such produces extracellular protein with cellulase
enzymes which are very effective in activity. The same fungus when cultured on
detoxification of this waste water. media containing sawdust, wheat bran,
Penicillium P4 when cultivated with OMW sugarcane pulp and oat spelt produces xylan.
caused phenolic reduction up to 54% and P. purpurogenum is reported for the
COD reduction up to 61 % (Robles et al., production of extracellular xylanases
2000). moreover xylanase A and xylanase B have
Ethanol is produced by fermentation been purified and characterized from this
distillation on a large scale in Europe and fungus (Belancic et al., 1995). Kunitz (1938)
USA. As a result of ethanol production high reported a Penicillium sp. for the production
amount of liquid waste is generated called of kinase that synthesized trypsin from
vinasses. About 9 to 14 L of waste water is trypsinogen. Penicillium oxalicum stated for
produced per liter of ethanol production. And the production of caseinase enzymes with
this waste water is highly acidic (pH 4-5) milk clotting activity. Concisely there are
with high organic content (COD 50 to number of fungi that produce useful enzymes
100 g/L) (Jiménez et al., 2006). P. that can benefit mankind.
decumbens was reported to degrade the Antibacterial and Antioxidants
phenolic compounds of vinasse in batch The antibacterial activity of fungi is
regime. About 74 % of phenol removal was already known to everyone. Fungi
noted after 3 days of treatment (Jiménez et specifically strains of Penicillium are having
al., 2005). P. decumbens also becomes tremendous potential of producing
successful in decolorization of vinasse. 41 % antibacterial agent and antioxidants. P.
color decolorization was noted on the 5 th chrysogenum has gained scientist’s attention
day. Concisely, fungi play a vital role in for production of antibiotic Penicillin. The
bioremediation of all type of pollutant discovery of Penicillin goes back to
moreover i t is a cheap source for toxic Alexander Fleming in 1928. Alexander told
pollutant removal. It is also a natural his Penicillium as P. chrysogenum but
environment bioremediating agent. Currently Houbraken et al. (2011) declared
many halophilic species are identified that Alexander’s Penicillium as P. rubens. These
had potential to remediate NaCl from its two species are phenotypically similar but
medium (Ali et al., 2014). extrolite analysis demonstrate that secalonic
Penicillium as Enzyme Producer acid D and F or a metabolite related to
There are number of Penicillium that lumpidin are produced by P.
produces extracellular enzymes in their chrysogenum while such metabolites are not
culture media which are very useful to produced by P. ruben (Houbraken et al.,
mankind. These enzymes are collected and 2011). Antibiotics from P turbatum broth
fermentation were obtained by Michel and
203
his colleagues (2006). Currently in 2006 a many contributions to food science and food
new antibiotic leucinostatin was discovered industries (Khachatourians and Arora,
and identified by Arai and his friends from 2001). Other members of fungi are already
P. lilacinum. It was obtained in the form of known as food consumption and application
white prisms. Microorganism typically at food industried like Yeasts, Candida
bacteria has the habit of going under albicans, Pseudotropicalis, Pachysolen
mutation or adopting resistance against tannophilus, Phaffia rhodozyme,
antibiotics therefore, there is continuously Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Yarrowia
need of research on antibiotics and lipolytica, Pichia guilliermondii and
discoveries of new antibiotics from new Penicillium is on the importan lines of
species. description as food consumption and
Ali et al. (2014a,b) have declared applications but for any microorganism to be
numbers of filamentous fungi as used in food industry must have generally
antioxidants and antibacterial producer. recognized as safe (GRAS) status according
Antioxidant 2, 3-dihydroxy benzoic acid was to FDA (Food and Drug Administration).
isolated from P. roquefortii (Hayashi et al., Vitamins, organic acids, organic
2014). P. citrinum was reported positive for molecules, pigments, volatile and nonvolatile
the production of novel type of antioxidants flavors are important compounds in food
in its culture broth. Concisely Penicillium biotechnology. Their production methods
and the services it provides to mankind are rely on microorganism specifically fungi but
unlimited, many more are still undiscovered for any microorganism Specific enzymes
which need to be discovered, identified and produced by fungi contribute value in food
modified for biotechnological applications. biotechnology. The global market demand
Biogas of enzymes comes from fungi and bacteria.
Energy has become an essential part P. roqueforti is an example of edible
of our daily life. Our maximum necessities Penicillium. It is a common fungus
are being fulfilled by fossil fuels. Due to widespread in the nature, used in the
excessive use, fossil fuels are decreasing. production of blue cheese. The consumption
They are also reported as one of the reason of blue cheese is documented from AD 50
of increasing global warming and acid rain (Ridgway, 2004). In short fungi have a great
therefore there is need of another source of impact on food science from baking bread at
energy (Das and Vezirolu et al., 2011). home till the large scale production
Scientist has already discovered many other industries.
ways of energy production in which Penicillium and Cancer
mycologists are in the line of description However Penicillium itself is
after solar energy. responsible for causing different diseases in
Biogas and bio power are being synthesized living being but its services in disease
and used currently in number of countries by treatment like Cancer is reported in the
waste water and renewable resources in recent years which is a massive achievement
which microorganism play a vital role. in disease treatment. Species of Penicillium
Presently many countries are having biogas are being used in nanotechnology due to its
plants. Biogas from Chlorella sp. (Ali et al., cytotoxic effect against cancer. Mishra and
2011), cow dung, and fruit peels are already collogues recently have used P.
reported and species of Penicillium are brevicompactum biomass for nanoparticle
treated with the substrate to enhance biogas formation against cancer. She stated that the
production. Species of Penicillium are under species has cytotoxic effect against mouse
research for biogas production (Xiao-ming et mayo blast cancer C2C12 cells (Mishra et
al., 2008). al., 2011). 3-O-methylfunicone produced
Penicillium and Food from P. pinophilum can inhibit stem cells of
Fungal biotechnology has done breast cancer stated by Buommino and his
204
friends (2011). identified extremophiles P. species must be
Penicillium and Pigment enhanced to reach a milestone.
There are number of Penicillium REFERENCES
species that secrete pigment in its media Ali, I., Akbar, A., Anwar, M., Yanwisetpakdee,
which are dried and used as colorant in food, B., Prasongsuk, S., Lotrakul, P. and
cosmetics, textile and pharmaceutical Punnapayak, H., 2014a. Purification and
industries. Color upholds a vital role with the characterization of extracellular,
polyextremophilic a- amylase obtained from
food we consume. It is the primary halophilic Engyodontium album. Iranian J.
identification o f a consumer for buying Biotech., 12: 35-40.
food. At markets purchaser are attracted Ali, I., Siwarungson, N., Punnapayak, H.,
toward good colored products and avoid Lotrakul, P., Prasongsuk, S., Bankeeree,
W. and Sudip, K., Rakshit., 2014b.
synthetic dyed foods. We purchase those
Screening Of Potential Biotechnological
products that are felt well by our eyes. Applications From Obligate Halophilic
Pigment from P. oxalicum, arpink red color Fungi, Isolated From A Man-Made Solar
is being used extensively in food industries Saltern Located In Phetchaburi Province,
(Dufossé, 2006). Furthermore the food Thailand. Pak. J. Bot., 46(3): 983-988.
Ali, I., Rakshit, S.K. and Kanhayuwa L., 2011.
industries are cracking to use natural dyes Biohydrogen production from
substituting synthetic dyes using plant and microalgae of Chlorella sp. The International
microbial pigments. A blue pigment is Conference on Sustainable Community
reported from P. herquei (Frank et al., Development, Khonkaen Thailand,
1951). The demand of natural colorant in 74-77.
food and cosmetics have increased that Ali, I., Akbar, A., Yanwisetpakdee, B., Prasongsuk , S.,
Lotrakul, P. and Punnapayak, H., 2014.
people are ready to pay a premium. Stich Purification, characterization and potential of
(2002) claimed exquisitely that we eat with saline waste water remediation of a
our eye. polyextremophilic a-amylase from an
obligate halophilic Aspergillus gracilis
Biomed Research International Volume
CONCLUSION 2014, Article ID 106937, 7 pages,
Species of Penicillium, are http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/106937.
extensively important in biotechnology to Arai T., Mikami, Y., Fukushima, K., Utsumi, T. and
Yazawa, K.,2006. A new antibiotic,
benefit mankind and its environment. The
leucinostatin, derived from Penicillium
importance of any microorganism can be lilacinum. The Journal of
enumerated by estimating its negative list Antibiotics,http://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.
with the positive. Species of Penicillium 26.
therefore occupy the most important place in 157.
Belancic, A., Scarpa, J., Peirano, A., Díaz, R., Steiner,
biotechnology. Scientists can not consider J. and Eyzaguirre, J. 1995. Penicillium
development in human life without the aid purpurogenum produces several xylanases:
of Penicillium. In the current years obligate Purification and properties of two of the
and extreme halophilic, thermophile, enzymes. Elsevier, Journal of Biotechnology.
acidophilic and basophilic Penicillium are Doi: 10.1016/0168-1656(95)00057- W.
Boonchan, S., Britz, M.L. and Stanley, G.A.,
identified from the extreme environments of 2000.Degradation and mineralization of
the world which can come with huge high-molecular-weight polycyclic aromatic
achievement after research. As the hydrocarbons by defined fungal-bacterial
extreme halophilic Penicillium is reported cocultures. Appl. Environ.
Microbiol. 66:1007–1019.
for scavenging salt from its medium so it is Buommino, E., Tirino V., De Filippis, A., Silvestri, F.,
potential to desalinize sea water. The global Nicoletti, R., Ciavatta, M. L., Pirozzi,
warming is one of the biggest problem for G.,Chinedu N. S, Okochi, VI, Smith, H.A.,
the scientist round the globe, the extreme Okafor, U.A., Onyegeme-Okerenta, B.M.
thermophilic Penicillium are potential to and Omidiji, O., 2007. Effect of carbon
sources on cellulase (EC3.2.1.4) production
minimize global heat. The research and by Penicillium chrysogenum PCL501. Afr.J.
trials on Penicillium Species and the newly Mycol Biotechnol, 1:006–010.
205
Das, D. and Vezirolu, T., N.2001. Hydrogen Schmoll, M. and Seiboth, B., 2009.
production by biological process: a survey of Metabolic engineering strategies for the
literature. International Journal of Hydrogen improvement of cellulose production by
Energy. pp. 13-28. Hypocrea jecorina. Biotechnol Biofuels,
Dufossé, L., 2006. Microbial Production of Food 2:19. doi: 10.1186/1754-6834-2-19.
Grade Pigments. Food Grade Pigments, Food Kunitz , M., 1938. Formation of trypsin from
Technol. Biotechnol.44 (3): 313–321. ISSN trypsinogen by an enzyme produced by a
1330-9862. mold of the genus Penicillium.The journal
Estrada, M.J., Amezcua-Allieri, M.A., Alvarez, P.J.J., of general physiology. 21(5): 601-620 Doi
Rodríguez-Vázquez, R., 2006. Phenanthrene http://dx.doi.org/10.1085/jgp.21. 5.601.
removal by Penicillium frequentans grown Mendil, D., Tuzen, M. and Soylak, M., 2008. A
on a solid-state culture: effect of oxygen biosorption system for metal ions on
concentration. Environ. Technol., Penicillium italicum-loaded on Sepabeads SP
27:1073–1080. 70 prior to flame atomic absorption
Fan, T., Liu Y., Feng, B., Zeng, G., Yang, C., Zhou, spectrometric determinations. J. Hazard.
M., Zhou, H., Tan, Z. and Wang, X., 2008. Mater.152:1171–1178.
Biosorption of cadmium (II), zinc (II) and Michel, K. H., Chaney, M. O., Jones, N. D.,
lead (II) by Penicillium simplicissimum: Hoehn, M. M. and Nagarajan, R., 2 0 0 6 .
Isotherms, kinetics and thermodynamics. J. Epipolythiopiperazinedione antibiotics
Hazard. Mater. 160:655–661. fromPenicillium
turbatum, The Journal of Antibiotics.
Galun, M., Keller, P., Malki, D., Feldstein, H., Galun, http://doi.org/10.7164/antibiotics.27.57.
E., Siege,l SM. and Siegel, B.Z., 1983.
Removal of uranium (VI) from solution by Mishra, A., Tripathy, S. K., Wahab, R., Jeong, S-H.,
fungal biomass and fungal wall-related Hwang, I., Yang, Y-B., Kim, Y. S., Shin,
biopolymers. Science, 219:285–286. H. S. and Yun, S.I., 2011. Microbial
synthesis of gold nanoparticles using the
Generally Recognized as Safe (GRAS). fungus Penicillium brevicompactum and
http://www.fda.gov/.Retrieved 30/10/2016. their cytotoxic effects against mouse mayo
Hayashi, k. I., Suzuki, K., Kawaguchi, M., Nakajima, blast cancer C2C12 cells. Appl Microbiol
T., Suzuki, T., Numata, M., and Nakamura, Biotechnol (2011) 92: 617. Doi:
T., 2014. Isolation of an Antioxidant from 10.1007/s00253-011-3556-0.
Penicillium roquefortii IFO 5956, Journal Onodera, Y.KH., Mukumoto, Y., Katsuyaya, Y.,
Bioscience, Biotechnology, and Saiganji, A., Tani, Y., 2001. Degradation
Biochemistry, Volume 59, 1995. of polyethylene by a fungus, Penicillium
http://dx.doi.org/10.1271/bbb.59.31. simplicissimum YK. Polym. Degrad. Stabil.
Houbraken, Jos; Frisvad, Jens C.; Samson', Robert A. 72:323–
2011. Fleming's Penicillin producing strain is 327.
not Penicillium chrysogenum but P. Ridgway, J., 12 October 2004. The Cheese
rubens. ISSN-2210-6340 (Print); ISSN Companion. Running Press. p. 10. ISBN
2210-6359. 978-0-7624-1956-2. Retrieved, 2 February
Jimenez, A.M., Borja, R., Martin, A., Raposo, F., 2013.
2005. Mathematical modelling of aerobic Robles, A., Lucas, R., de Cienfuegos, G.A. and
degradation of vinasses with Penicillium Galvez, A., 2000. Biomass production and
decumbens. Process Biochem, 40: 2805–281. detoxification of wastewaters from the olive
Jiménez, A.M., Borja, R., Martín, A. and Raposo, F., oil industry by strains of Penicillium isolated
2006. Kinetic analysis of the anaerobic from wastewater disposal ponds. Biores.
digestion of untreated vinasses and Tecnhol. 74:217–221.
vinasses previously treated with Saraswathy, A., Hallberg, R., 2002. Degradation of
Penicillium decumbens. J. Environ. Manage, pyrene by indigineous fungi from a former
80:303–310. gasworks site.FEMS Microbiol. Lett.
Juhasz, T., Szengyel, Z., Reczey, K., Siika- Aho, M. 210:227–232.
and Viikari, L., 2005. Characterization of Say, R., Yilmaz, N. and Denizli, A.,
cellulases and hemicellulases produced by 2003. Removal of heavy metalions using the
Trichoderma reesei on various carbon fungus Penicillium canescens. Adsorpt. Sci.
sources. Process Biochem, 40:3519–3525. Technol. 21:643–650.
doi:10.1016/j.procbio.2005.03.057. Sehnem , N.T., de Bittencourt, L.R., Camassola,
Khachatourians, G G. and Aroram D.K., 2001. M., Dillon, A.J.P., 2006. Cellulase
Applied Mycology and Biotechnology production by Penicillium echinulatum on
Volume 1: Agriculture and Food Production. lactose. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol. 72:163–
Amsterdam: Elsevier Science. 167. doi: 10.1007/s00253-005-0251-z.
Kubicek, C.P., Mikus, M., Schuster, A., Stich, E., Chaundry, Y. and Schnitter, C., 2002.
206
Colour you eat with your eyes, Int. Food
Ingred. 1: 6–8.
Tufano M. A. 3-O-methylfunicone, from Penicillium
pinophilum, is a selective inhibitor of breast
cancer stem cells in Cell prolieferation.
DOI: 10.1111/j.1365- 2184.2011.00766.x.
Zhang, D., Duine, J.A. and Kawai, F., 2002. The Received September 10th, Accepted December 20th
extremely high Al resistance of Penicillium 2016
janthinellum F-13 is not caused by internal
or external sequestration of Al. Biometals. Manuscript can be viewed online at:
15:167–174. http://www.lujst.com/
207