MATHEMATIKA 4 X° (Inspiring you to learnf\ Oy? BASIC MODULEY “Probability” _ “By: Vikas Jindal Sy, “B. Tech. [IIT ROORKEE]Study Package: Probability Introduction The word Probability means the possibility or chance of occurrence of an event. It conveys the sense that it is not certain whether the event will take place. However, in the theory of probability, we assign a numerical value to the degree oFuncertainty. The concept of probability started in the eighteenth century with the games of chance, such as. throwing a die, tossing a coin, drawing a card from a pack of cards, etc., but today it has become a very important and useful tool of Statistics. The theory of probability has a wide range of applications in the field of science. Random Experiments . In this section, we shall first state some basic terms along with their definitions 1, Experiment: It is an operation which produces some well-defined .S (or results). 2, Random Experiment: If an experiment is repeated under identic of that experiment are not same every time but each outcome is one of the outcomes, then it is known as random experiment. Sr», Ws A random experiment satisfies the following two conditions (i) It has more than one possible outcome. (i) It is not possible to predict the outcome in advan; conditions afd the outcomes fe abveral possible 3. Sample Space of a random experiment: The se} is called the sample space associated with it aiid it generally denoted by S. Example:- When a die is thrown any ong.of thedumbers I, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 will come up. Therefore, sample space i S={I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} | $ . «Solved Examples Example 1:- Two coins (a on@igupfe coigjand a two rupee coin) are tossed once. Find a sample space. Solution:- Clearly the coins are distiqguishable in the sense that we can speak of the first coin and the second coin. Sincstither coin.can turn up Head (H) or Tail (T), the possible outcomes may be fine, %. M4. Tail o1 ky (1, 1)=1T Thus, err ‘space is $= {HH, HT, TH, TT} Example 2:- Find the sample space associated with the experiment of rolling a pair of dice (one is blue and the other red) once. Also, find the number of elements of this sample space. Solution:- Suppose | appears on the blue die and 2 on the red die. We denote this outcome by an ordered pair (I, 2). Similarly, if '3' appears on the blue die and '5' on red, the outcome is denoted by the ordered pair (3, 5). ‘WATHEMATIKA (Inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability In general each outcome can be denoted by the ordered pair (x, y), where x is the number appeared on the blue die and y is the number appeared on the red die. Therefore, this sample space is given by ={(x, y): x is the number on the blue die and y is the number on the red die}. The et of elements of this sample space is 6x6 =36 and the sample space is given below: {(1. 1). (1, 2), QL 3), (L 4), (1, 5), (1, 6), (2, 1), (2s 2)s (2 3); (25 4)s (2 5) (2s 6)» (3, 1), (G, 2), (3, 3)s(3, 4), (3, 5), (3, 6), (4, 1). (4 2)s (4, 3)s (4s 4)» (4, a9 (5, 1). (5, 2). (5, 3), (5, 4), (5, 5),(5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2), (6, 3), (6, 4), (6, 5)M(6. py Example 3:- An experiment consists of tossing a coin and then tossing it Second time if@head occurs. If a tail occurs on the first toss, then a die is rolled once. Findithe sample. space. ‘Solution:- Given an experiment of tossing a coin and then tossing itsecond\time tha head occurs. If a tail occurs on the first toss, then a die is rolled once. = the sample space associated with this experiment is S={(H, H), (H, T), (7, 1), (7, 2), (T, 3), (1, 4), (TS Ym” Where H denotes a head and T denotes a tail. a s- Example 4:- An experiment consists of rolling a die and then tossingla coin once if the number on the die is even. If the number on the die Is odd, then, coin is tossed twice. Write the sample space for this experiment. ( ‘Solution:- Given an experiment of rolling a die ari ‘then tossing a coin once if the number on the die is even. If the number on the die is odd, the"oin is tossed twice. Then, the sample space associated with this experiment is S={(2, H), (2, 7), (4 H),\(49T), (6 H), (6 7), (1, HH) S(T) SGPT, H), (1, 7, 7), Cd LH), (3, H, T)5 (3, T, H), (3, T, T), 3 black ball shows head, we throw a die. Find the sample space for this experiment. Soldtions= Given 4 thatg coin is tossed. IFit shows a tail, we draw a ball from a box which contains 2 red and Siblack¢balls. If it shows head, we throw a die. Then, a sample)space associated with this experiment is ={(T. R,), (T, R,), (T, B.), (7, B,), (T. Bs) (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)}, Where H denotes a head and T denotes a tail, R denotes red ball and B denotes black ball. Example 6:- A coin is tossed. If it shows a tail, we draw a ball from a box which contains 2 identical red balls and 3 identical black balls. If it shows head, we throw a die. Find the sample space for this experiment. TWATHEMATICR (Inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803885, 7508624324Study Package: Probability , : Solution:- Given that a coin is tossed. If it shows a tail, we draw a ball from a box which contains 2 identical red balls and 3 identical black balls. If it shows head, we throw a die. ‘Then, the sample space associated with this experiment is, s={(T, R),(T, B), (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)}, Where H denotes a head and T denotes a tail, R denotes red ball and B denotes black ball. Example 7:- Consider the experiment in which a coin is tossed repeatedly until a head comes up. Describe the sample space. 4 Solution:- Given that a coin is tossed repeatedly until a head comes up. ts & So, head either comes up on the first toss or second toss or third toss and so onfuntil the head is obtained. Re i aus Then, the sample space associated with this experiment is \ Sy S={H, TH, TTH, TTTH, TTTTH.... Where H denotes a head and T denotes & tail. Example 8:- A die is thrown repeatedly until a six comes up. Whatis the experiment? : ‘Sample space for this Solution:- Given that a die is thrown repeatedly until a six comes up.) So, six either comes up on first throw or second throw(or third throw and so on until the six is obtained. 7 Then, the sample space associated with this expen > S={6, (1 6), (2 6). 3, 6), (6), (5,8), (L 1, 6), (L 2 6)(t3, ONG, 4, 6), (1, 5, 6), (2,1, 6), (2,2,(6),, (2396), (2, 4, 6), (2,5, 6), (Sys) ¥ (5, Bo), (5,3, 6), (5, 4, 6), (5,5, 6), b vs } means that) appéars on first throw, y appears on second throw and so on. ii & where (x, yy. Example 9:- A coin jg tossed If the outcome is a head, a die is thrown, If the die shows up an even number, the die iran again. What isthe sample space forthe experiment? Solution:- Given that agin is tossed. If the outcome is a head, a die is thrown. If the die shows up an even number, theidie is thrown again. ‘Then, thesample space associated with this experiment is S, Sa {T, (H, 1), (H, 3), (H, 5), (H, 2, 1), (H, 2, 2), (H, 2, 3), (H, 2, 4), (H, 2, 5), (H, 2, 6), (H, 4, 1), (H, 4, 2), (H, 4, 3), (H, 4, 4), (H, 4, 5), (H, 4, 6), (H, 6, 1), (H, 6 2), (H, 6, 3), (H, 6, 4), (H, 6 5), (H, 6, 6}. Where H denotes a head and T denotes a tail. Example 10:- One die of red colour, one of white colour and one of blue colour are placed in a bag. One die is selected at random and rolled, its colour and the number on its uppermost face is noted. TWATHEMATICR (lnspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: $780809585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability Write the sample space for the experiment. Solution:- Let R, W and B denote the dice of red, white and blue colour respectively. Given an experiment in which one die is selected at random and rolled, its colour and the number on its uppermost face is noted. Then, the sample space associated with this experiment is S={(R, 1),(R, 2), (R, 3),(R, 4), (R, 5), (R 6), (W, 1), (W, 2), (W, 3), (W, 4), (W, 5), (W, 6)» (8.1), (B, 2), (B, 3), (B, 4), (B, 5), (B, 6)} 4 Where (x, y) means that x coloured die is selected and number y appears onthe di o* Example 11:- An experiment consisting of recording boy-girl compositiongof families with 2 children. () What is the sample space if we are interested in knowing whether itis boy or'a girl in order of their births? 3 Gi) What is the sample space if we are interested in the number of rls in the family? Solution:- Given an experiment of recording boy-girl composition offamilies with 2 children. ( Given that we are interested in knowing whether it is a boy on@ girl in’ order of their births. Then, the sample space associated with this experimenbis S={BB, BG, GB, GG}, ( where B denotes a boy and G denotes a girl. > (ii) Given that we are interested in the number 6f girls in the family. ‘Then, the sample space associated with this experiment is S={0, 1, 2}. Os Example 12:-In each of the following. green grey appropriate sample space (i) A boy has a | rupee coins(a, 2 rupeeicoin @xid’a 5 rupee coin in his pocket. He takes out two coins out of his pocket, one after the other. (i) A person is noting doWn the number ef accidents along a busy highway during a year. N ‘Solution:- (i) Let Q denote Es H denote a 2 rupee coin and R denote a 5 rupee coin. The first coin he takes outiof his'pocket may be any one of the three coins Q, H or R. Corresponding to Q, thé second draw may be H or R. So the result of two draws may be QH or QR. Similarly, corresponding to H, the second draw may be Q or R. Therefore, theloutcomes'may be HQ or HR. Lastly, corresponding to R, the second draw may be H or Qi , So, the outcomes may be RH or RQ Thus, thelsample space is $= {QH, QR, HQ, HR, RH, RQ} (ii) The number of accidents along a busy highway during the year of observation can be either 0 (for no accident) or 1 or 2, or some other positive integer. ‘Thus, a sample space associated with the experiment is S={0, 1, 2,..... Example 13:- A coin is tossed. If it shows-head, we draw a ball from a bag consisting of 3 bluc and 4 white balls; if it shows tail we throw a die. Describe the sample space of this experiment. TWATHEMATICR (inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandi, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 8780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 5 Solution:- Let us denote blue balls by B,, B,, B, and white balls by W,, W,, Wy, Wy. Then a sample space of the experiment is S={HB,, HB,, HB,, HW,, HW,, HW, HW,, Tl, T2, T3, T4, TS, T6}. Here HB, means head on the coin and ball B, is drawn, HW, means head on the coin and ball W, is drawn. Similarly, Ti means tail on the coin and the number i on the die. Exercise #1 1. A box contains 1 red and 3 identical white balls. Two balls are drawn at random in succession with replacement. Write the sample space for this experiment. fa qf 2. If a coin is tossed three times (or three coins are tossed together), then describe th sal ace for this experiment “® 3. Abox contains 1 red and 3 identical white balls. Two balls are drawn atrandom in'succeésion without replacement. Write the sample space for this experiment. % .° 4. What is the total number of elementary events associated to the fandom experiment of throwing three dice together? 5. Acoin is tossed and then a die is thrown. Describe the saftple@pace for this experiment. space for this experiment. CD. : 6. A coin is tossed and then a die is rolled only in cas mo on the coin. Describe the sample 7. Acoin is tossed repeatedly unti a tel comes'Up forthe fist time. Write the sample space for this experiment. f 8. Two children are selected fr and 2 girs. Find the sample space associated with this random experiment. 9. A coin is tossed twice. Ifthe Second|throw results in a tail, @ this experiment. % is thrown. Describe the sample space for 10. A box contains 1 ee a black’balls. Two balls are drawn at random in succession without replacement. Write the, ad a is experiment. 11. Acoin is foss8d twice) IE,He second draw results in a head, a dieis rolled. Write the sample space for this experimer 12. Albag €ohtains 4 identical red balls and 3 identical black balls. The experiment consists of drawing one baller puting it into the bag and agairrdrawing a ball. What are the possible outcomes of the experi mg 13, In.a random sampling three items are selected from a lot. Each item is tested and classified as defective (D) or non-defective (N). Write the sample space for this experiment. 14, The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are written separately on four slips of paper. The slips are put is a box and mixed thoroughly. A person draws two slips from the box, one after the other, without replacement. Describe the sample space for the experiment. WATHENATIEN (Inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana ,6 Study Package"Probabilty : 15. A box contains I whife and 3 identical biack balls. Two ball are Grawn at random in succession without replacement. Write the sample space for this experiment. 16. 2 boys & 2 girls are in room P and 1 boy & 3 girls are in room Q. Write the sample space for the ‘experiment in which a room is selected and then a person. 17. A bag contains one white and one red ball, A ball is drawn from the bag. If the ball drawn is white itis replaced in the bag and again a ball is drawn. Otherwise, a die is tossed. Write the sample space for this experiment. ‘Answer Key (Exercise # 1) 4” (1) S={RR, RW, WR, WW} 2) = {HHH, HHT, HTH, THH,HTT, TH’ TH, TTT} (3) S={RW, WR, WW} (4) 216 ° Py (5) S={(H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6), (7, 1), (T, 2), 4). (T, 5), (7, 6} (©) S={T, (H, 1), (H, 2), (H, 3), (H, 4), (H, 5), (H, 6)} : (7) S={T, HT, HHT, HHHT, HHHHT..........] - © S={(B,,B.), (B,, B,), (By, G,), (B,, G,), (B;, Bs)s(B» 6 )g(B, (B,, G,), (B,, G,), (G,, G,)} (9) S={HH, TH, (HT, 1), (HT, 2), (HT, 3), (HT, 4), (HT, 1), (TT, 2), (17, 3), (TT, 4), (TT, 5), (TT, 6)} (10) S={(R, B.), (R, B.)s(R, Bs), (By R), (By (B,, R), (B,, B,), (By B.)} )» (By, Bi), (Bay Bs), (Ba R)s 3): (TH, 4), (TH: 5), (TH, 6), (HH, 1), (HH, 2), (HH, 3), (HI, 4), (HH, 5), (HH, 6)" >, BDN, DND, NDD, DNN, NDN, NND, NNN} (14) S={(1, 2), (1, 3), (14), (25 (2, 4), (3, 1), (3, 2). (3, 4), (4 1), (4, 2), (4 3)} (15) S={WB, BW, BB} << (16) = {(P, B,), (P BaP, Gi)p(P, G2), (Q 5), (Q G.),(@ Gs), (Q B5)} (17) S={(W, NT Se (R, 2), (R, 3), (R, 4), (R, 5),(R, 6)} L~ 4 SOME DEFINITIONS EVENT A subset of the sample space S is called an event. Note : (i) Sample space $ plays the same role as the universal set for all problems related to the particular experiment. (i) ¢ is also a subset of S which is called an impossible event. (ii) $ is also a subset of $ which is called a sure event or a certain event, MATHEMATICA (lnspling you to learn) Office: 80-13, Third floor, Near Now Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph:‘Study Package: Probability 7 SIMPLE EVENT OR ELEMENTARY EVENT An event is called a simple event if it is a singleton subset of the sample space S. Example : When a coin is tossed, sample space S={H, T} Let A={H} =the event of occurrence of head and B={T} =the event of occurrence of tail Here A and B are simple events. MIXED EVENT or COMPOUND EVENT or COMPOSITE EVENT A subset of the sample space § which contains more than one element is called a mixed event. Of YP Example :- When a die is thrown, sample space S={I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} rg Let A={I, 3, 5} =the event of occurrence of an odd number and B={5, 5} of a number greater than 4. Here A and B are mixed events. Algebra of events Se, we In the chapter on sets, we have studied about different ways of combining two or more sets, viz, Union, intersection, difference, complement of a set etc. Liketwise|we can combine two or more events by using the analogous set notations. m & J Let A, B, C be events associated with an experiment whosé.sample’space is S. 1. Complementary Event For every event A, thére corresponds another event A called the complementary event to A. It is also called the event ‘not A’. For example, take the experiment ‘of tossis peti coins’, An associated sample space is S= (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, TT, TI > TTT} Let A={HTH, HHT, THH} be the event \¢ tail appears’, Clearly for the outcome HTT\jthe eventyA has not occurred. But we may say that the event ‘not A’ has occurred. Thus, wit ‘@utcome Which is not in A, we say that ‘not A’ occurs. Thus the complementary Byent ‘nota’ to the event A is (HHH, HTT, TIT} or A tof cStndo@A}=s~a ‘ & 2. The event\‘Alor B’ Recall that union of two sets A and B denoted by AUB contains alll those elements whit ither in A or in B or in both. WHen'the sets B are two events associated with a sample space, then 'A UB' is the event etn i both’. This event 'A UB' is also called 'A or B'. ‘Therefor Event 'A or B= AUB {w:@eA or eB} 3. The event ‘A and B’ We know that intersection of two sets AMB is the set of all those elements which are common to both A and B i.e., which belong to both 'A and B': If A and B are two events, then the set AMB denotes the event ‘A and B’, Thus, = ANB= c={(3, 6), (4, 5 @ Clearly, ANB=¢ So, A and B are mu (i) Clearly, BNC So, B and C pe (ii) We hax — 4 5), A 4),(6.3), (6 jee 30, A jot Si tually exclusive events. anes experiment of rolling a die. Let A be the event ‘getting a prime number, an odd number’. Write the sets representing the events: (ii) A and B (Gil) A but not B (iv) not A » S={l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, A={2, 3, 5} and B={l, 3, 5} Obviously () AorB=AUB={2, 3, S}UfI, 8, 5}={I, 2, 3, 5} (i) A and B=ANB={2, 3, S}n{l, 3, 5} ={3, 5} (ii) A but not B = A-B=(2, 3, 5}-(1, 3, 5}=(2} (iv) not A=A'=S—A={I, 4, 6} TWATHEMATIKA (inspiring you to learn) ‘Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probabiliy aoa + Example 16:- Two dice are thrown and the sum of the numbers which come up on the dice is noted. Let us consider the following events associated with this experiment A: ‘the sum is even’ B: ‘the sum is a multiple of 3° = C: ‘the sum is less than 4” D: ‘the sum is greater than 11’, Which pairs of these events are mutually exclusive? Solution:- There are 36 elements in the sample space S=({(x, y)im y=l 23, 4, 5/6). , Then & A={(L 1). (1 3), (1 5), (2, 2), (2 4), (2 6),(3 1), (3, 3), (3 5) (#92), (5, 1). (5, 3).(5, 5), (6 2). (6 4), (6, 6)} : B={(1, 2), (2 1).(1, 5), (5, 1), 3), (2, 4), (4, 2), (3, 6), (6 C={(1, 1),(2 1), (1, 2)} and D={(6, 6)} x We find that AMB={(1, 5), (2 4), (3, 3)s(4 2) (5, (6, Of +9 Therefore, A and B are not mutually exelusive events. Similarly, ANC #4, AND#¢, BOC#¢ and BOD AG. ‘Thus, the pairs, (A, C), (A, D), (B, C), (B, D) aremot mutially exclusive events, Also CAD=¢ and so C and D are mutually Ee Example 17:-A coin is tossed three times, consid “tig following events: A: ‘No head appears’ B: ‘Exactly one head appears’ C: ‘Atleast two heads apes Do they form a set of mutually) eo ‘and exhaustive events? Solution:- The sample space of the experiment is S= (HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT, THT, TTH, TTT} and A=({TTT}, B&{HT)THT, TTH}, C={HHT, HTH, THH, HHH} Now AUBUC= ie HOI THT, TTY, HHT, HTH, THH, HHH} =$ Therefore, A, Bland 'Qyafe exhaustive events. Alsop,AMB=$, AQC=¢ and BAC=¢ ‘Thereforejithe events are pair-wise disjoint, i.e., they are mutually exclusive, Hence, A, B-andsC form a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive events. Example 18:~A die is thrown. Describe the following events: ‘A: anumber less than 7, B: anumber greater than 7, C: a multiple of 3, D: anumber less than 4, E: an even number greater than 4, F: anumber not less than 3, Also, find AUB, ANB, EUF, DoE, A-C, D-E, F, EAF. ‘Solution:- Sample space on throwing a die is S={I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}. TATHEMATIKA (ingplring you to learn) ‘Office: 80-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability rt Given events A, B, C, D, E and F be defined as follows: A: anumber less than 7, B: anumber greater than 7, multiple of 3, D: anumber less than 4, E: an even number greater than 4, F: a number not less than 3. Hence, A-={I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, B={}, c= {3, 6} 1,2, 3}, ={(9, F={3, 4, 5, 6 and AUB={I, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}, AnB={ }, EUF={3, 4, 5.6) DnE={ }, A-C={I, 2, 4, 5}, D-E={I, 2, 3H F's (1, 2}, EnF'={} f ar Example 19:- From a group of 2 boys and 3 girls, two children are select at rani ences ‘Describe the events: ay (i) A= both selected children are girls e 6 (i) B= the selected group consists of one boy and one girl > (iii) C= at least one boy is selected. Which pair(s) of events is (are) mutually exclusive? Solution:- Let B,, B, be two boys and G,, G,, G, be three gis (Then the ‘sample space associated with the random experiment is S={B,B,, B,G,, BG, B,G,, B,G,, B, 2G» Bg G,G,, G,G,, G,G,} (i) We have, A = both selected children are gitls =(G,G,, G,G,, G,G,} the selected group confist: \e boy and one girl B={B,G,, B,G,, B,G,, By Gz) B,G,} (i) We have, (ii) We have, Clearly, ANB=¢ and So, A and B, A and cheat fof mutually exclusive events, Example 20: Two dice aré rolled. Let A, B and C be the events of getting a sum 10, asum I] and asum 12 ively, () Which oft elexents A,sB, C is simple or compound? (ii) Are events) ans “mutually exclusive? Soluti ze event of getting a sum 10, ~~ {(4. 6), (5, 5), (6, 4)} = event of getting a sum 11, B={(5, 6),(6, 5)} event of getting a sum 12. (6, 6)} (@) Since A and B contain more than one element, therefore A and B are compound events. Event C contains only one element, therefore C is a simple event. WATHEMATICA (inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near Now Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, 809585, 7508624324Study Package: Probabilty hd fi Since AMB ={(4, 6). (5, 5).(6, a} A{(5, 6). (6. 5)} exclusive events, @, therefore A and B are mutually Exercise #2 1. Adie is rolled. Let E be the event ‘die shows 4" and F be the event ‘die shows even number. Are E and F mutually exclusive? 2. Adie is rolled, Let A be the event of getting an odd number and B be the event of getting @ multiple of 3. List the sets representing: (@ AUB (i) ANB ii) A* (iv) A-B 3. Three coins are tossed once. Describe the following events associated with this iy, See ‘A= Getting three heads a B= Getting two heads and one tail C= Getting three tails D= Getting a head on the first coin ()_ Which pairs of events are mutually exclusive? (i) events are elementary events? ¢ (li) Which events are compound events? 4. Two dice are rolled. Let A, B, C be the events of gett respectively. Then, show that @ A isa simple event. i) B and C are compound event. ii) A and B are mutually exclusive. 2," sum of 3 and a sum of 4 5. Three coins are tossed. Describe (). two events which are mutually exclusive (ii) three events which are mutually exclusive and exhaustive (i) two events which are,not mutually exclusive (jv) two events which are mutually exclusive but not exhaustive, 6.A die is thrown twice. Each time.the number appearing on itis recorded. Describe the following events: (). A= Both numbers are odd (i) B= Both numbers are even sum of the numbersiis less than 6 Aliso, find AUB, ANB, AUC, ANC. Which pairs) < mutually exclusive? 7. ice are thrownliThe events A, B, C, D, E and F are described as follows: Ztting,an even number on the first die etting’an odd number on the first die ting at most 5 as sum of the numbers on the two dice D = Getting the sum of the numbers on the dice greater than 5 but less than 10 Getting at least 10 as the sum of the numbers on the dice F = Getting an odd number on one of the dice () Describe the following events A and B, Bor C, B and C, A and E, A or F, A and F (i) State true or false (a) A and B are mutually exclusive ‘WATHEMATICA (lnsplring you to learn) fica: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandi, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probabilty (©) A and B are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events (©) A and C are mutually exclusive (@) C and D are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events (©) C, D and E are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events (f A’ and B! are mutually exclusive (9) A, B, F are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events 8. The numbers 1, 2, 3 and 4 are written on four slips of paper. The slips are then put in a bi ‘mixed thoroughly. A person draws two slips from the box one after the other without Teplacement. Describe the following events: fe number onthe ist slp is larger than the one onthe second slip. ie number on the second slip is greater than 2 1e sum of the numbers on the two slips is 6 or 7 = The number on the second slip is twice that on the first slip, Which pairs of events are mutually exclusive? ‘Answer Key (Exercise # 2) (1)No (2) {L, 3,5, 6} Gi) {3} i) {2, 4, 6} (iv) {1 5} (3) A={HHH}, B={HHT, THH, HTH}, C={TTT}, D= (HUH, @AB; AC BC CD i) AandC i (6)())_ A= Getting at least two heads, B= Getting at fea Rotate? (ii) A = Getting at most one head, C= Getting exactly three heads. (iil) A = Getting at most two tails, B = Getti (jv) A = Getting exactly one head, yi) A={(1, 1), (1, 3), (1, 5), (3, 0. 5), (5, 1), (5, 3), (5, 5)} 4)5(4, 6), (6 2)5(6 4).(6, 6)} Ps (2, ae 1, ee is 1), (2, 3),(3, er a ana BUCH {I ». (1, 2), (I 3), (Is 4), (Is 5), (1, 6), (2 1), (2 2), (2 3); (3 1), (3, 2), (3, 3) (3 4). 3, 5). Bs 6)o (4 1). 5, 1), 5s 2). (5, 3). (5, 4), (5, 5), (5, 6)} ANE=({(4, 6), (6, 4), (6, 5), (6. 6)} AUF={(l, 2),(L 4)s(1, 6), (2 1) (2 2), (2 3)s (2 4), (2 5)s(2 6). 2,3 4), (3, 6). (4 1). (4, 2)o (4, 3), (4, 4) (4, 5), (4, 6), (5. 2)5 (5. 4), (5, 6), (6, 1), (6, 2),(6, 3),(6, 4).(6, 5.(6, §)} TWATHEMATIA (Inspiring you to learn) Office: $CO-43, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Modal Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph: 9780803505, 7500624924Study Package: Probability 14 (ii) (@)True (b)True (c)False (d)False (e)True (f)True (g)False ®) A={(2 1), (3, 1), (3 2) (4 1), (4, 2), (4 3)} = {0 3)( 3) (b 4), (2 4), (3, 4). (4 3)} ={( 4). 4), (4 2), (4, 3)} D=((.2).@, 4} A and D are mutually exclusive events Probability of equally likely outcomes Let a sample space of an experiment be S= (0) Oy nuns Oy} Let all the outcomes be equally likely to occur, i.e., the chance of occu! must be same, ie. P(@,)= p, for all @ ¢S where 0< ps1 Since yP(a)=1 => ptp p(n times) = 1 1 => mal => pat 7 Let S be a sample space and E be an event, such, that n(6)° 20 and n(E)=m. If each outcome is ‘equally likely, then it follows that - m _ Number of outcomes P(E)=7= Total possibl P(e) We have, 0 ‘coins are tossed. Find the probability of fi) getting two heads (ii) getting at least one head (ii) getting no head (iv) getting one head and one tail Solution:- When two coins are tossed once, the sample space is given by S={HH, HT, TH, TT} and, therefore, n(S) =4 (i) Let E,=event of getting 2 heads. Then, HH} and, therefore, n(E, TWATHEMATIA (insplring you to learn) (Offics: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 8780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 18 P(getting 2 heads) = P(E,) = ee : (i) Let E,=event of getting at least | head. Then, E,={HT, TH, HH} and, therefore, n(E,)=3 n(E,)_ 3 n(S) 4 (ii) Let E,= event of getting no head. Then, E,={TT} and, therefore, n(E,)71 P(getting at least 1 head) = P(E,) = P(getting no head) = P(E, ) (iv) Let E,=event of getting 1 head and | tail, Then, E,=(HT, TH} and, therefore, n(E,)=2 P(getting 1 head and 1 tail) = P(E, ay 773 Example 22:- Three unbiased coins are tossed once, (i) all heads? (ii) two head; i) one head? Gv) at least | head? (¥) at least 2 Solution:-In tossing three coins, the sample spacells given’ by S=(HHH, HHT, HTH, TI ATH T ITT, TTT} and, therefore, n(S)=8 SE THT, HTT} and, therefore, n(E,)=3 + Plies) =P(6,)= E53 vent of getting at least | head. Then, ={HHT, HTH, THH, TTH, THT, HTT, HHH} and, therefore, n(E,)=7 mE) 7 nS) 8 (v) Let E,=event of getting at least 2 heads. Then, P(getting at least 1 head) = P(E,) MATHEMATIRA (losplring you to learn) Office: $CO-13, Third flor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph 8780803585, 7500624324‘Study Package: Probability 16 {HHT, HTH, THH, HHH} apd, therefore, n(E,)=4 1 P(getting at least 2 heads) = P(E,) = (6s) 4 nS) 8 2 Example 23:- A die is tossed once, What is the probability of getting (i) the number 4? (i) an even number? (iii) a number less than 5? (iv) anumber greater than 47 () the number 8? (vi) anumber less than 87 ‘Solution:- In tossing a die once, the sample space is given by ={l, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6} and, therefore, n(S)=6 (i) Let E, =the event of getting the number 4 Then, E,={4}and, therefore, n(E,)=1 P(getting the number 4) = P(E,) Wet Gi) Let E, =the event of getting an even number Then, E, ={2, 4, 6} and, therefore, n(E,)=3 n(E, ~AG), Fe (ii) Let E, =the event of getting a number less than, 5” Then, E,=({I, 2, 3, 4}and, therefore, (getting an even number) = P(E,) () Let E, =the event ofigettig the number 8 ‘Then, and, thefefore, n(E,)=0 Example 24:- Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting () adoublet (i) _an even number as the sum WATHEMATIA (nspiring you to learn) Office: S¢O-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probabilty 7 (ii) a prime number as the sum (iv) a multiple of 3 as the sum (v) atotal of at least 10 (vi) a doublet of even numbers (vii) a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the other die Solution:- We know that in a single throw of two dice, the total; number of possible outcomes is 6x6 =36. Let be the sample space. Then, n(S) =36. (i) Let E, =the event of getting a doublet Then, E, ={(1, 1), (2, 2), (3, 3), (4 4), (5, 5)» (6, 8)} *. n(E,)=6 i) Let E, =the event of getting an even number as the sum Then, E, ={(I, 1), (1, 3), (2 2), (3. 1), (5), (2 4), (3, (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4), (5?3), (6, 2), ( + n(E,)=18 (ii) Let E, =the event of getting a prime piinbebas ‘Then, E,={(1, 1), (4 2), (2 0) (4 4)y eye 2), (4,1), (I 6), (2, 5), |. (FF Bas, 2H, 1), (5, 6), (6, 5)} 2 n(B,)=15 : aE) 15 = P(E) 7S (is) Let E, =the Then, €, ing a multiple of 3 as the sum + (1, 5); (204), (3 3), (4 2) (5. 1) G 6), a 4, 5).(5, 4). (6, 3).(6, 6)} ne) 2 “We,) med 2 nS) 36-3 (v) Let E, =the event of getting a total of at least 10 Then, E,={(4, 6), (5, 5), (6 4), (5, 6), (6, 5), (6 6)} P(E, 2 n(E,)=6 . n(E,)_ 6 _1 - P(B)= GMEGEG TATHERRTIA Ur 1g you to learn) Office: SCO-1, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana Ph: 8780803585, 7508624924; ‘Study Package: Probability 8 (vi) Let E, =the event of getting a doublet of even numbers Then, B, ={(2, 2), (4 4), (6, 6)} n(E,)=3 =(B)_ 31 PE) @ 3672 (vii) Let E, = event of getting a multiple of 2 on one die and a multiple of 3 on the o lie Then, Ey ={(2, 3). (2 6), (4, 3), (4, 6), (6 3) (6 6), (3, 2), (6 (3, ” (644). n(E,)=11 Example 25:- Which of the following cannot be valid assignment of prol sample space $={0), 0, Ojos Oj}? Assignment] a, | a, @ ot | oor ©) 2 A 7 7 (e) 0.1 02 (a) =0.1 | 02 ‘a ae () Given, P(@)=0.1, P(w,)=0.2, P(a,)= P(a,)=0.5, P(a)=0.6, P(o, ‘WATHEMATICR {lospring you to learn) ‘Offee: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Kiishna Mandit, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, O78080R58S, 7s0REzESA‘Study Package: Probability 19 @ P(@,)e[0, I], for ai @ Er(a) =0. Hence, the given assignment of probabilities is invalid. 140.2+0.340.440.5+0.6+0.7=2841 (a) Given, P(a)=-0.1, P(@,)=0.2, P(a,)=0.3, P(a)=0- P(a,)=-0.2, P(a,)=0.1, P(o,)=03 @ P(@)e[6, I]. Hence, the given assignment of probabilities is invalid. i 4 (€) Given, Pa)=t, P(o)=Z, Pea)=a Po)=4, P(as)= Pan) =18 () P(o,)e[0, 1]. for al é Hence, the given assignment of probabilities is invalid. P(a,)= Example 26:- What is the probability that a randomly two-digit positive integer is a multiple of 32 ‘Solution:- Sample space is S={I0, 11, 12,.. Total numbers = 90 Favourable cases of getting a multiple of 2. Number of favourable cases = 30 Hence, required probability & me a Example 27:- A mabe the numbers I, 2, 3,....., 50. Find the probability of getting (an even number (i) a prime number (iv) a prime and an even number (vi) a perfect square getting an even number ={2, 4, 6, Qurable cases = 25 251 502 (ii) Favourable cases of getting a prime number ={2, 3, 5, 7, 11, 13, 17, 19, 23, 29, 31, 37, 41, 43, 47} -. Number of favourable cases = 15 - 15_3 Hence, required probability ==> = 48, 50} Hence, required probability = TWATHEMATIRA (insplring you to arn) Office: §CO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana Ph: $780803588, 7800624324‘Study Package: Probability 2 (Gi) Favourable cases of getting a prime number less than 10={2, 3, 5, 7} . Number of favourable cases = 4 ‘ 4 2 Hence, required probabili a ee "50" 35 (iv) Favourable cases of getting a prime ahd an even number = {2} .. Number of favourable cases = 1 30 (v) Favourable cases of getting a multiple of 4=({4, 8, 12, + Number of favourable cases =12 4 2_ 6 Hence, required probability = = S te Y= 50 25 : (vi) Favourable cases of getting a perfect square ={1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36,49} +. Number of favourable cases =7 Hence, required probability = 4 ‘ Hence, required probability 44, 48} Example 28;- A word consists of 9 letters: 5 consonantsiand 4 Vowels. Three letters are chosen at random. What is the probability that more than one vowel will be selected? ae, ¥ Solution:- Three letters can be chosen out of 9 Jeffers ANG ways. -. Total number of elementary events = °C,. More than one vowel can be chosen in one of the following ways: () 2 vowels and one consonant or (ij 3 towels So, favourable number of elgmentaig 40; x °C, + ‘C, a Hence, required probability Example 29:- Tickets numberedifrom I to 20 are mixed up thoroughly and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is ug probability ‘that the ticket has a number which is a multiple of 3 or 7? ‘Solution:- Let Sybe thd'sample space associated with the given random experiment and A denote the event “getting)a ticketybearing a number which is a multiple of 3 or 7", , , 19, 20} and A={3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 7, 14} Total number of elementary events = 20 Favourable number of elementary events rence, required probability = 2-2 205 Example 30 One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards, Find the probability that the cards (i) not a face card (i) not a diamond (ii) not an ace (iv) not a black card Solution:- Total number of cards = 52 Number of cards drawn = ‘WATHEMATICR {lospleing you to learn) Office: $CO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhlana,, P re0803885, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 21 (i) Number of favourable cases that the card is not a face card = 40 Hence, required probability Hence, required probability ==> =< (iii) Number of favourable cases that the card is not an ace = 48 Hence, required probability = s 3 (iv) Number of favourable cases that the card is not a black card = 26 Hence, required probability = 26 = 2 e a Example 31:- An um contains 9 red, 7 white and 4 black balls. Iftwo) ef} wn at random, find the probability that: ()_ both the balls are red (i) one ball is white b ii) the balls are of the same colour _{iv) one is white and th ether reds! Solution:- There are 20 balls in the bag out of which 2 balls\ee fie drawn in C, ways. So, total number of elementary events = "C, ee f -. Favourable number of elementary events = Gs =36. b So, required probability = 26 = 18 190 95 (ii) There are 7 white balls out of which itf}ball can be drawn in ’C, ways. One ball from the erefore, one white and one other colour ball can awn of the saine colour means that either both are red or both are white or both are d balls ty red balls can be drawn in °C, ways, Similarly, two white balls can be bet of ways of drawing 2 balls of the same colour = °C, + Cz + *C, =36+2146 = 63 Favourable number of elementary events = 63 63 ired probability = "— So, required probability = 7 (iv) Out of 7 white balls one white ball can be drawn in ’C, ways and out of 9 red balls one red ball can be drawn in °C, ways. Therefore, one white and one red ball can be drawn in 7C, x °C, ways. So, favourable number of elementary events = 'C, x °C, = 63 TWATHEMATIA {inspiring you to learn) fica: $CO-13, Third floor, Near New Kcishna Mandir, Modal Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803586, 7508624324Study Package: Probabilty 2 So, required probability “= Example 32:- If 2 is the probability of an event A, what is the probability of the event ‘not A'? Solution:- Given, P(A) = Then, P(not A) P(A) z u Example 33:- A box contains 10 red marbles, 20 blue marbles and 30 green marbles marbles are drawn from the box, what is the probability that (ji) all will be blue i) at least ome will be green? » ws Out of 60 marbles, 5 marbles can be drawn in “C, ways. +: Total number of elementary events = °C, () Out of 20 blue marbles, 5 blue marbles can be chosen in\*Cy/ ways. “. Favourable number of ways = "C, % Hence, required probability ze s é ; Solution: We have, Required probability ~Probabilitythat ndlball is green =1-Probability that 5, balls drawn are red or blue 7G, Example 34:- One card is drawn from a well shuflled deck of 52 cards, reach outcome is equally likely, calculate the probability thatthe card will be (i) a diamond _e(ii) notian ace” a black card (i.e., a club or a spade) (iv) not a diamond f a) ot ablack card. a Fe outcomes is 52. (i) Let A be the event ‘the card drawn is a diamond’. Cleatly the number of elements in set A is 13. Therefore, “R(A)= 12-4 Solution: When a oe from a well shufiled deck of 52 cards, the number of possible ie., Probability of a diamond card = (ii) We assume that the event ‘Card drawn is an ace’ is B. Therefore ‘Card drawn is not an ace’ should be B’, We know that P(B') =1-P(B 4 2 (iii) Let C denote the event ‘card drawn is black card’ Therefore, number of elements on the set C=26 WATHEMATIKA (Inspiring you to learn) (Office: 80-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 8780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 23 7 26 ie, P(C)=S=5 a ‘Thus, probability of a black card =i (iv) We assume in (i) above that A is the event ‘card drawn is a diamond’, so the event ‘card drawn is not a diamond’ may be denoted as A' or not A. P(A)= (¥) The event ‘card drawn is not a black card’ may be denoted as C' or not C. MOM 5-5 Now, P(not A) = We know that P(not C) = Therefore, Probability of not a black card = + : o~ ” Exercise #3 ~~ 1. A die is thrown. Find the probability of getting BR () a prime number (2 or (ip a huttipl@ of Dor 3 2. Three coins are tossed together. Find the probability of gétting: (exactly two heads (i atleast wo heads: (i) atleast one head and one tal. 3. What is the probability that a leap year has 53 Sufidays and/53 Mondays? 4. Acard is drawn at random from a pack of $3°€ar the probability that the card drawn is: () ablack king giter aback card ora king (i) black and a king ___ (iv) @@ jack, queen or a king (W) neither aheart nor aking ll (vi) spade or an ace (vi) neither an ace nor a king. (/” “\(vii) a diamond card (x) not a diamond card (xi) not an ace (0) a black card (i) not a black card, ixed up together and then a ticket is drawn at random. What is the which is a multiple of 3 or 72 5. Tickets numbered fromilto 20 probability that the ticket has a num 6. Abag cont 7 white, 5 black and 4 red balls. If two balls are drawn at random, find the probability that: ()_ both the ballgiare white (ii) one ball is black and the other red (both the seer the same colour. 7. Five ‘tegen from a pack of 52 cards. What is the chance that these 5 will contain: () just ene ace (i) at least one ace? 8. A box contains 100 bulbs, 20 of which are defective. 10 bulbs are selected for inspection, Find the probability that: (). all 10 are defective (i) all 10 are good (i at least one is defective (iv) none is defective ‘9. Find the probability that in a random arrangement of the letters of the word 'SOCIAL' vowels come together? TWATHEMATICA (inspiring you to learn) Office: $CO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, Ph: 9780803585, 750862432424 ‘Study Package: Probability - 10. Find the probability that in a random arrangement of the letters of the word ‘UNIVERSITY’, the two I's do ot come together. 11. A bag contains 8 red, 3 white and 9 blue balls. If three balls are drawn at random, determine the probability that: (i all the three balls are blue balls (i) all the balls are of different colours. 12. A bag contains 5 red, 6 white and 7 black balls. Two balls are drawn at random. What is the probably that both balls are red or both are black? _ 13. 20 cards are numbered from 1 to 20. One card is drawn at random. What is the probability that the ‘number on the cards is: ()_amultiple of 42 (i not a multiple of 49 (ii) odd? (iv) greater than 12? _(v) divisible by 52 (vi) not a multiple’ 14. A class consists of 10 boys and 8 girls. Three students are selected the selected group has (all boys?’ Gi) all girts? (iv) at least one girl? (v) at most one girl? 15. A bag contains tickets numbered from I to 20. Two ticket () both the tickets have prime numbers on them (ii) on one there is a prime number and on the other, e drawn at random. Find the probability that: ther is black (il) one ball is white. s in a random order. What is the probability that 17, Onher vacations Veena visits four cies/A, Bs she visits : : ()_ A before B? (ii) A first and B last? (¥) A just before B? “Albefofe B and B before C? either first or second? 18. A die has two faces eacl ‘wit '3', If die is rolled ofice determi OPQ) @ G/P( oF 3) 'l', three faces each with number '2' and one face with number Gil) P(not 3) i 4 19. Let a sample Space belS={a,, @,, @}. Which of the following assignments of probabilities to agate pst signment | a o, a, % Os % | <@ Poy rep api ya 1 I» G 6 6 6 6 6 } T 0 0 0 0 0 © 7 2 Z 7 al i: 8 3 3 3 4 | 3 @ Aya eee a 2 12 12 6 6 6 2: oe or [02 [03 | 04 05 | 06 WATHEMATIN Aspiring yu to warn (ffce: 860-43, Tied for, Near Now Kehna Mandl Model Town Ext, Ludhiana Ph: 979080385, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 25, 20. A bag contains 9 discs of which 4 are red, 3 are blue and 2 are yellow. The discs are similar in shape and size. A disc is drawn at random from the bag. Calculate the probability that it will be () red, (i) yellow, (ii) blue, (iv) not blue, (v) either red or blue. ‘Answer Key (Exercise # 3) a I 2 3 1 1 mod mt am 02 oF a 1 ae 3 9 4 Me |b nF oor oF 2 oe 01 3 vy win © 9 2 6) Ey 3 2 fo. fa 18473 @2 oot awe oo 2 ole © Oot He aC Oz HS PanmLrangs mn me, Be. ¥ Os C9OF 2 MEM MLMZ GH Se oN oo% @< woot wt we cnn Py woe os HO ME ae C9@.0 aos eH ¥ if) wi Addition Theorems | ‘THEOREM 1 (Addition theorem for two events) If A land B are two events associated with a random experiment, then P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B)—B(AB) Corollary If A and B are mutually; exc its, then, P(AMB)=0 P(AUB)=P(A)+P(B) This is the addition theoretatr mutually exclusive events. ‘THEOREM 2 (Additigff thebrem foF'three events) If A, B, C are three events associated with a random expériment) then P(AUBUC) £P(A)+P(B)+P(C)-P(AMB)-P(BOC)-P(ANC)+P(ANBNC) Corollary If A))B, Clare mutually exclusive events, then (BAC) = P(ANC)=P(ANBAC)=0 ‘Thisiis the addition theorem for three mutually exclusive events. THEOREM 2 Let A and B be two events associated to a random experiment. Then, () P(AnB)=P(B)-P(ANB) - (i) P(AMB)=P(A)-P(AnB) (ii) P((AnB)U(AnB)) = P(A)+P(B)-2P(AmB) WATHEMATIER {Inspiring you to learn) ‘Now Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, Office: SCO-13, Third floor, N 3: 97B08ONSRE, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 26 REMARK 1 P(A/B) is known as the probability of occurrence of B only. REMARK 2 P(AB) is known as the probability of occurrence of A only. REMARK 3 P((AMB)U(ANB)) is known as the probability of occurrence of exactly one of the two events A and B. ~ 54, P(F)=0.69 and P(E F)=0,35. | > Example 36:- Let E and F be two events with P(E)= Find () P(EUF) (i) P(ENF') (ii) P(EAF) rs Solution:- Given, P(E) = 0.54, P(F)=0.69 and P(ENF)=0.35. @ P(EUF)=P(E)+P(F)-P(ENF) 54 +-0.69-0.35 88 = (EUF)'=1-P(EUF) =1-0.88 = 0:12 (ii) P(ENF') = P(E)-P(ENF) (i) PAF [Using ()] % Example 36:-If E and F oes such that P(E)=1, P(F)=2 and P(ENF)=2, find @ rE (i) P(not E and not F) P(Eye P(r)=4 and P(ENF)= = P(E)+P(F)-P(ENF) 1 1 Solution:- z 8 (i) P(not E and not F)= P(E‘ F')=P(EUF)' =1-P(EUF) [Using (i)) TWATHENATIE (Insplring you to learn) (Office: S0-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 27 Example 37:- Given P(@)=2 and P(F)= - Find P(E or F), if E and F are mutually exclusive events. - Solution:- Given, P(E) =2 and P(F)=1. Also, given that E and F are mutually exclusive events. P(EnF)=0 P(E or F) = P(EUF) =P(E)+P(F)-P(ENF) 31 =5t570 3 2 3 Example 38:- Given that the events E and F are si it Find p, if E and F are mutually exclusive. 1 Solution:- Given, =x, P(F)= F) = ‘olution: iven, P(E)=> (F) = p an “4 Also, given that E and F are mutually sive events. P(EnF)=0 P(EUF) =P(E)+P(E)-: F) > +p-0 = P ee ‘Example Joh ‘three mutually exclusive and exhaustive events of an experiment such (B that3 a3 JEP(C), then find the value of P(A). ape. oH, =2P(B)=P(C). it A, B, C are mutually exclusive and exhaustive events P(A)+P(B)+P(C)=P(AUBUC) => P(A)+P(B)+P(C)=1 > P(A)+3(A)+3P(A)=1 = Bo(a)=t ‘MATHEMATICA (Inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624326‘Study Package: Probability ae Example 40:- Events E and F are such that P(not E or not F) = 0.25. State whether E and F are mutually exclusive, Solution:- Given events E and F are such that P(not E or not F) = 0.25 => P(E'UF')=0.25 y > P(ENF)'=0.25 @ f > 1-P(EnF)=0.25 Sa > P(EMF) =0.75 Since, P(EMF) #0. Hence, E and F are not mutually exclusive events. Example 41;- Check whether the following probabilities P@)(an ifP (F) tare consistently defined @ P(E)=0., P(F)=07, P(EAF, (i) P(E)=0.5, P(F)=0.4, P(EUF, Solution:- (i) Given, P(E)=0.5, P(F)=0.7, P(EAF) Since, EAFCE and bat . We should have, P(E Mand P(ENF)sP(F) Which is not true as, een ).5 = P(E) Hence, given. Prete ~ Se not consistently defined. (i) Given, P(E)=0.5, P(B)=0.7, R(ENF)=0.6 Now, ne = P(B):?(F) -P(EnF) > J 2 Mbsp04-P(EnF) > é PBA he =0.1 EQFGE and EAFcF Re hould iat P(EnF) P(EUF)'=0.1 > 1-P(EUF)=0.1 => P(EVF)=0.9 > P(E)+P(F)-P(ENF)=09 1 ‘WATHEMATIEA (tnsplring you to learn) Office: $C0-13, Third loor, Near New Krishna Mandi, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 32, = 0.75+P(F)-0.5=0.9 = P(F)=0.65 Hence, required probability = 0.65 Exercise #4 1. FE, and E, are two events associated with a random experiment such that P(E,)=0.35, P(E, or E,)=0.85 and P(E, and E,)=0.15, find P(E,). 2.IF E, and E, are two events such that P(E,)=0.5, P(E,)=0.3 and P(E, andte, ® P(E, or E,) Gi) P(E, but not E,) (i) P(E, but not E,) (iv) "AY. 3. The probability that at least one of the events E, and E, occurs is 0.6Nif,thie probability of the simultaneous occurrence of E, and E, is 0.2, find P(E,) + P(E;). 4.1 A, B and C be three mutually exclusive events of the samplé space S:Find P[(AUB)7C] and P(A'UB'). f 5. Ifthe sample space is $= A, UA,, and P(A,) 6. Two dice are tossed together. Find the probability oF Sauna doublet or a total of 6. 7. In a single throw of two dice, find the. probapity that neither a doublet nor a total of 10 will appear. 8. In an entrance test that is graded of the basis of two examinations, the probability of a randomly chosen student passing the first examination is 0.8)ahd the probability of passing the second examination is 0.7. The probability of passing atleast yin is 0.95, What is the probability of passing both? 9. A person applies for two jobs A. and 'B. The probabilities of his selection for job A and job B are respectively, a af? a If the probabilty that at least one of his applications is rejected, is < then find the probability that he/will Be selected in one of the two jobs, 10,The probability that’a contractor gets a plumbing contract is 2, and the probability that he will not get an electrification contract is } If the probabfity of getting at least one contract is 4, then find the probability that he will get both the contracts. 11. Ina class of 60 students, 30 opted for NCC, 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for both NCC and NSS. If one of these students is selected at random, find the probability that () The student opted for NCC or NSS (ji) The student has opted neither NCC nor NSS (ii) The student has opted NSS but not NCC WATHEMATIEA (inspiring you to learn) (Office: 80-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Modal Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 33 12. The probabilities of the occurrence of two events E, and E, are 0.25 and 0.50 respectively. The probability of their simultaneous occurrence is 0.14. Find the probability that neither E, nor E, occurs. 13. Two dice are thrown together. What is the probability that the sum of the numbers on the two faces is neither divisible by 3 nor by 4? 14. Two dice are tossed once. Find the probability of getting an even number on the first die or a total of 8. %, 15. A card is drawn from a well shuffled pack’of 52 playing cards. Find the probability that tis thera)» diamond or a king. ° n A Answer Key (Exercise #4) ~ @ 2H 07 (i) 04 Gi) 02 (O03 12 (401 &,03 (1) 0.65 liscellaneous Examples |, / Example 1:- A committee of two persons is selected from,two men afid two women. What is the probability that the committee will have (no man? (ii) one Man? ‘Solution:- Number of men =2 Number of women =2 Total number of persons = Number of persons selected = 2 '. Total number of ways to s () Number of favourable cases women = 7C, x?C, =1 Hence, required probability = (a) Number of favourable eases for selecting one man (i.e., | man and 1 woman) from 2 men and 2 1x Cf 242 =4 63 lence, re ability = (i) = {favourable cases for selecting two men (i.e, x?C, =1x1=1 = Bole u 2 men and 0 woman) from 2 men and nan, ‘required probability = Example 2:- 4 cards are drawn from a well shufiled deck of 52 cards. What is the probability of obtaining 3 diamonds and one spade? ‘Solution:- Total number of cards = 52 Number of cards drawn = 4 WATHEMATIA (inspiring you to earn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krighna Mandl, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: S780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 34 2x 51x 50x 49 Number of ways to select 4 cards from 52 cards = °C, Boe 7 =270725 Number of favourable cases for obtaining 3 diamonds and | spade from 13 diamonds and 13 L 13! _ 13x12x11 apa CS rw eg P SOI" T2i 3xax1 Hence, required probability =—37/8_ __286_ 270725 20825 Example 3-In a lottery, a person chooses six different natural numbers abrandom from 10 20, and if these six numbers match with the six numbers already fixed by the léttery|committee, he wins the prize. What is the probability of winning prize in the game? AE my ‘Solution:- Total natural numbers = 20 Natural numbers selected Number of ways of selecting 6 numbers from 20 numbers Given that a person wins the prize if six Selected numbers match with the six numbers already fixed by the lottery committee. Hence, required probability = 1 38760 a Example 4:- Out of 100 students, two sections of 40jand 60 are formed. Ifyou and your friend are among the 100 students, what is the probability that” @ you both enter the same section? —_|\ (i) you both enter the different sections Solution:- Total number of students = 100 In order to form two sections of 40 and 60" ‘students, first select 40 students out of 100 students and the remaining 60 stitdefits from the other section. So, number of ways in which, two sections can be formed {umber of ways in Which 40 students can be selected from 100 students = "Cy () You and four friend/enter'the same scttion Casel Youland your friend enter the section of 40 students. In this cage, 38 students need to be selected from 98 students and the remaining 60 students Afom,the other Section. Sohnuimben of Ways in which two such sections can be formed = Number of ways in which 38 students can be selected from 98 students ye, Case II’ You and your friend enter the section of 60 students. In this case, 40 students need to be selected from 98 students and the remaining 58 students form the other section, So, number of ways in which two such sections can be formed = Number of ways in which 40 students can be selected from 98 students ="Cy From the above two cases, we get MATHEMATICA (Inspiring you to learn) Office: 80-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph 9780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 35 Total number of favourable cases = *C,, + “Cy Hence, required probability _[_98!_, 40860!) | (_98t 38160!" 100! }* (40158! 40x39 60x59 _17 + 100x99 100x993 (ii) P (you and your friend enter different sections) =1-P (you and your friend enter the same section) Example §:- If 4—digit numbers greater than 5000 are randot jformediicamn the digits 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7, what is the probability of forming-a number divisible when the repetition of digits is allowed? Solution:- Given digits are 0, I, 3, 5 and 7. ~~ Given that the repetition of digits is allowed. () 4~digit numbers greater than 5000 formed from 0, Typ, 5 ena 7. Number of choices for the thousand’s pl: Number of choices for the hundred’s S Number of choices for the ten’s place ) Number of choices for the,one’s place = , Total number of such. numbers formed =2x5x5x5=250 Since, the number 5000 is included in the above numbers. So, 4—digit numbers redter than, 5000 formed from 0, I, 3, 5 and 7=250- (i) 4~ digit numbers gre: eRe 00 formed from 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 which are divisible by 5. Number of choices:for the tow/sand’s place = 2 (viz, 5,7) Number of choices for the hundred’s lace =5 Numbef of,choices'for the ten’s place wong foF the one’s place =2 (viz, 0, 5) MMotal nlimbenof such numbers formed = 2x5x5x2=100 Sifice, Humber 5000 is included in the above numbers. So, eda umbers greater than 5000 formed from 0, I, 3, 5 and 7 which are divisible by (viz., 5, 7) 5=100) pe 99 sas 99 Henee, required probability =~ ‘Example 6:- If 4— digit numbers greater than 5000 are randomly formed from the digits 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7, what is the probability of forming a number divisible by 5, when the repetition of digits is not allowed? ‘Solution:- Given digits are 0, I, 3, 5 and 7. ‘WATHENATICN (Inspiring you to learn) (Office: SCO.13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, Ph: 8780803588, 750862432436 ‘Study Package: Probability Given that the repetition of digits is not allowed. (i) 4—digit numbers greater than 5000 formed from 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7. Number of choices for the thousand’s place = 2 (viz. 5,7) Number of choices for the hundred’s place = 4 Number of choices for the ten’s place = 3 Number of choices for the one’s place = 2 *, Total number of such numbers formed =2x4x3x2=48 So, 4—digit numbers greater than 5000 formed from 0, I, 3, 5 and 7= 48 (ii) 4— digit numbers greater than 5000 formed from 0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 which are Case I Thousand’s place has the digit 7. Number of choices for the thousand’s place = Number of choices for the one's place =2 Number of choices for the hundred’s place =3 Number of choices for the ten’s place =2 :. Total number of such numbers formed =1x2x3x2=12 Case I Thousand’s place has the digit 5. Number of choices for the thousand’s place Number of choices for the one’s place =1 (viz. 0) Number of choices for the hundred’s place =3 Number of choices for the ten’s place = 2 Yy x. Total number of such numbers formed = 1f1x3%2= 6 From the above two cases, we get a Yy 4—digit numbers greater than 5000 fc from,0, 1, 3, 5 and 7 which are divisible by 5=12+6=18 Hence, required probability =18 3 aaa RP Example 7:- The number,Jock of asuitcase has 4 wheels, each labelled with ten digits, ie., from 0 to 9. The lock opens witha sequence of four digits with no repeats. What is the probability of a person getting the right .ce tovopen the suitcase? Number pf wheels in the combination = 4 ach wheel =10 as a particular sequence for four digits with no repeats. Ges for digit on | wheel =10 digit on Il wheel oMfor digit on III wheel s for digit on IV wheel =7 ber of possible combinations = 10x9x8x7= 5040 Number of favourable cases for right combination =1 1 ired probability = —— Hence, required probability = — > Example 8:- The number lock of a suitcase has 4 wheels, each labelled with ten digits, i.e., from 0 to 9, The lock opens with a sequence of four digits with repeats allowed. What is the probability of a person getting the right sequence to open the suitcase? WATHEMATIA (insplring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324Study Package: Probability 37 Solution:- Number of wheels in the combination = 4 Number of digits on each wheel = 10 ‘The opening combination has a particular sequence for four digits with repeats allowed. Number of choices for digit on I wheel =10 <. Total number of possible combinations = 10x10%10%10 = 10000 Number of favourable cases for right combination = 1 Hence, required probability = 1 4 Example 9:- A box contains 100 bolts and 50 nuts. It is given that 50%)bolts and 50% nuts are rusted. Two objects are selected from the box at random. Find the probability that ¢ither both are bolts or both are rusted. ‘Solution:- We have, total number of objects = 100 +50 =150 we” If S is the sample space, then ts n(S) =number of ways of selecting 2 objects out of 150 =) As per given, number of rusted objects = (50% of 100) +(50% of 50) = 50+25 = 78 Let E, =Event of selecting 2 bolts out of 100 bolts yy = n(E,)="™C, ly and E, = event of selecting 2 rusted obje: t of 75,rusted objects = n(E,)="C, c Therefore, E, OE, vent of selecting 2 jolts out of 50 rusted bolts cote Pte => n(E, OE, )= "Cf Qf & n(E)_ Gq ga Wan(Bx) _ %C, n(E,OE,) _ °C, = (E, gach, P(E, NE,) = = Now, P(E)=" Ey (E)SEG me PEO) act ‘Therefore, the probability of \g both bolts or both rusted objects =P(EyonE,)=P(E, VE,)= P(E.) +P(E,)-P(E, OE.) YF en me, E, 8C, _ C,+%C,-%C, ec, te, Re, *e, 4950+2775-1225 _ 6500 _ 260 11175 1175 447 Example 10:- One card is drawn from a pack of 52 cards, each of the 52 cards being equally likely to be drawn. Find the probability that the card drawn i: ()anace (ii) red (ii) either red or king (iv) red and a king Solution:- Out of 52 cards, one card can be drawn in "C, ways. ‘Total number of elementary events = "C, = 52 () There are four aces in a pack of 52 cards, out of which one ace can be drawn in ‘C, ways. WATHEMATICN (inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhlana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624224Study Package: Probability 38 -. Favourable number of elementary events = ‘C, =4 So, required probability = 4 = 4 (i) There are 26 red cards, out of which one red card can be drawn in *C, ways Favourable number of elementary events = “C, = 26 So, required probability = 20 = 7 (iii) There are 26 red cards including 2 red kings and there are 2 more kings. Therefore, 28 cards which are either red or king, out of 28 cards, one can be drawn in *C,.ways. . Favourable number of elementary events = *C, =28 : 287 So, required probability = 28 - 7 aoe YB (iv) There are 2 cards which are red and king ie., red kings. Favourable number of elementary events #C, =2 eaeay Sen So, required probability = 2 = Pray 59 26 Exercise #5“. 1. Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability that suqvon the faces of dice is ( exactly 5 (i atleast Sp Uiiyat most 5 2. 12 balls are distributed among 4 boxes. Find Tie probability that the first box contains 3 balls. 3. In a random arrangement of the letters of thé word MATHEMATICS, find the probability that all the vowels are together. ALS 4, Find the probability that Fei of 7 ,cards is drawn from a well shuffled deck of 52 cards, it contains (/) all Kings (i Kings “(iy atleast 3 Kings. 5.If A, B, C are three.events asociated with a random experiment, prove that P(AUBYC) = P(A) #P(B)+P(C)—P(AMB)-P(BAC)-P(COA)+P(ANBNC) 6. na relay Yacdthere ate:fve teams A, B, C, D and E, (a) lat is ibility that A, B and C finish first, second and third, respectively. BMfsteda es bility that A, B and € are first three to finish (in any order) (@Sgume that all finishing orders are equally likely) 7. The letergof the word ARTICLE are arranged at random. Find the probability that the vowels occupy even places. 8. Ifthe letters of word ALGORITHM are arranged at random in a row, what is the probability that the letters GOR must remain together as a unit? 8. Three letters are dictated to three persons and an envelope is addressed to each of them, the letters are inserted into the envelopes at random so that each envelope contains exactly one letter. Find the probability that at least one letter is in its proper envelope. TWATHEMATIEA (inspiring you to learn) Office: 80-43, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probabilty 39 10. From the employees of a company, 5 persons are selected to represent them in the managing committee of a company. Particulars of five persons are as follows: S.No. Name sex Age in years L Harish M 30 2. Rohan M 33 3 Sheetal F 46 4. Alis F 28 3 Salim oo. M 41 ‘A person is selected at random from this group to act as a spokesperson. What is the probi that the spokesperson will be either male or over 35 years? 11. A and B are events such that P(A) =0.42, P(B)=0.48 and P(A and B) (@ P(not A) Gi) P(notB) (ii) P(A or B) @ 12. 4 cards are drawn from a well-shuffied deck of 52 cards. What is the!probabili diamonds and one spade? 13. Fill in the blanks in the following table: Pe) [?®) 1 o| 3 3 i) 0.35 we dill) OS 0.35 14, Four students A, B, C and D have apy for the assignment to coach a school cricket team. If A is twice as likely to be selected as B, and Bland ve same chance of being selected, while C is twice as likely to be selected as Drwnat’a ‘zrelthe probabilities that @ C will be selected ‘ti valpt be selected? 15. The probabilities that a anit will itkive A, B, C or D grade are 0.35, 0.45, 0.09 and 0.11 respectively. Find the probal jat the student will receive 0 A oF B orade// ‘at most C grade. ‘Answer Key (Exercise #5) mote 4 Eee Hed O76 _ Ta A ard - 4 . ms ox @2 (1) (1 0.58 GH) 0.52 Gi 0.74 Single Correct Answer Type Questions (MCQ’s) 1. Ina single throw of two dice the chance of throwing a sum of 8 is 1 5 1 1 wa = (C) — a O35 ®) %6 « V5 (0) 8 TWATHEMATIA (inspiring you to learn) Offiea: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krlehna Mandl, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, Ph: 9780803885, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 40 2, Three digit numbers are formed using the digits 0, 2, 4, 6, 8. A number is chosen at random out of these numbers. What is the probability that this number has same cits? 3 1 1 (A) = B) = — D) — Wo Os Oa 35 3. Three numbers are chosen from 1 to 20. Then probabilty that they are not consecutive is 186 7 188 86. ) 187, us A 190 « vT © 190 (0) 2, oy 4, Four persons are selected at random from a group of 3 men, 2 women and 4 childrenThe probability that exactly two of them are children, is Ld u 9 10 10. (A) — = a “As 7 OF eo> 5. Abag contains 5 brown and 4 white socks. A man pulls out two socks The my bai colour, is ty that they are of as ox Pn Or Nf # JA and B ‘occur simultaneously 6. The probability that at least one of the events A and B occurs is with probability 0.2, then P(A')+P(B') is (A) 04 (8) 08 (O02 (16 7. While shuffling a pack of 52 playing cards, 2_ar cris are of different colours, 7 » 26 z wz @ Jo oF idently dropped. Then the probability that the missing 8. If seven persons are to be seatedin a row. / Then, the probability that two particular persons sit next to each Gurk is % = “(Bye (C) = (D) = wt ( ne ‘. @2 7 ot 2 9. If without repent Sa four-digit numbers are formed with the digits 0, 2, 3 and 5, then the probability of such ainumber bor gy by 5 is wz 6) : ox 3 10. Pte B)=P(A MB) for any two events A and B, then (A) P(A)=P(B) (©) P(A)> P(B) (©) P(A) 5 14. A box contains 3 orange balls, 3 green balls and 2 blue balls. Three balls are drawn at random fr box. The probability of drawing 2 green balls and one blue ball is a 3 2 L 167 es B) 2 a (py 12 as Or ox 0 lg pas 15. A flashlight has 8 batteries out of which 3 are dead. I two batteries are seid ad.at random and tested, then probability that both are dead is é 33 9 1 3 a) 56 (B) “a i (co) 7] (0) 8 (l ?, 16. A bag contains 5 black balls, 4 white balls and 3 red balls. If ab lected at random, the probability that it is a black ball or a red ball is g 1 1 2 (A) = a p a As @; of \y >; 17. Out of 30 consecutive numbers, 2 are chosen ‘at random The probability that their sum is odd, is 14 16 > 10 (A) — (B) — (C) (D) A> ® 55 J « ©) 25 18. Three integers are chosen Attrandom ftom the first 20 integers. The probability that their product is even, is 2 17 4 ay 2 “5 () D (0) bp 19. A pack of cards contains 4 aces, 4 kingS, 4 queens and 4 jacks. Two cards are drawn at random. The probability that atlea yOhagh nem is an ace, is re 1 1 es a p) t (8) Os > 20:Five persons, A,B, C, D and E are in a queue of a shop. The probability that A and E are always together, is wt @2 2 2 21. Let A and B be events for which P(A) =x, P(B)=y, P(AMB)=z, then P(A'NB) equals A) (I-a)y @)I-x+y (©) y-z (D) I-x+y-2 22. If A and B are any two events, then P(A‘"B) = WATHEMATICN (inspiring you to learn) Office: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandl, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana , Ph: 9780803585, 7508624324‘Study Package: Probability 42 (A) P(A‘)P(B') (8) 1-P(A)-P(B) —(C) P(A) +#P(B)-P(AMB) (0) P(B)-P(AMB) 23. If P(A) =0.25, P(B) =0.50 and P(AMB) =0.14, then P(A MB’) is equal to. (A) 0.61 (©) 0.39 (©) 048 oi 24. Let E,, E, be two mutually exclusive events of an experiment with P(not E,) = 0.6 = P(E, UE,). Then P(E,)= @) 01 8) 03 (04 (2) 02 , 25. Let A and B be two events. Then, 1+-P(AB)~P(B)~P(A) is equal to (A) P(A'UB') (8) P(ANB) ()P(AMB) = @ (0) P(A!) 26. If two far dice are thrown once, the probabil of the event thatthe sum ofthe Witegers Goming onthe upper sides of the two dice is 9, is Ke Ao 1 3 1 ‘% i (ay 2 ) > = wD) = wi oz oz 0) 2 27. Let A={1, 3, 5, 7, 9}, B={2, 4, 6 8}, ifan ordered pait (a, 6) is chosen at random from the cartesian product A x B, then the probability that 2+ f= 5 5 y 1 pt 5 3 3 (A) — (B) — O) 2 8) 4 28. Three letters are to be sent to different persons and addfesses on the three envelopes are also written. Without looking at the addresses, the probability that the letters go into the right envelope is equal to 1 l 4 1 (ay + (a) + c) + 0) 1 Aa AY, Oa ere 29, Two fair dice are thrown. The probability that the sum of numbers appearing is more than 10, is 1 1 y 1 5 we Os ot os 12/ 30, Three identical fa The probability that same number will appear on each of them will be 1 hd 1 1 3 = 8) (C) — D) > “5 \ °) 56 Ors 28 Answer Key (MCQ’s) 1.) |20) |3) [4 |s |e |7@ |a@ |om iow 1. |2@ [13 lam [60 |i {7 |1.@ |19a [20 21.(6)_|22.(0) | 23.(0) | 24.(0) | 25.(0) | 26.(¢)_}27.(0) | 28.0) | 29.6) | 30.6) MATHEMATIC (inspiring you to learn) mice: SCO-13, Third floor, Near New Krishna Mandir, Model Town Ext, Ludhiana, Ph: $780803885, 7508624324