1. Take the empty set Ap it has no elements, Aon {} nly tte’ 2. Take a set A,, with one clement o: & s Av {a} fe S. Take a set Az, which has two elements only S Az (a, a3) : 4. Take a set As, which has 3 elements only feat we? 2 Ao {an aa, gh monstration 1, Take the set Ay = {) 7o represent it by venn-diagram, draw a circle and do not write any clement inside it. It is an empty yg ePresented by 6. (See figure (i)) Here set Ap is subset of itself. Symbolically we represent { by. a ‘Ao = {} has only one subset 6. Hence number of subsets of Ay = 1 = 2° = g(tuimber of elements in set Aa) 2, Take the set A, = {a,) Represent it by venn-diagram. Draw two concentric circles. Inner circle has no element and outer circle has one element a,. Therefore set A, = {ay} has two subsets $, (a,} (See figure (i)) * Number of subsets of A; = 2 = 2(umberofelements in set) uv “ = (a 9 Raevcssi its vent vide it into subsets, draw two cencentric :nn-diagram. To do so, draw a circle. To divide it into sut y r Stic binds nner most circle has no element; soit is an empty set ¢, then second circle has one Clement a, and outer most circle has two elements a, and a, (See figure (i). Hence set Ay = {a}, a} has subsets , {a1}, {a3} end {oy 22 tein wang Number of subsets of set Ay = 4 = 27 = 2 Scanned with CamScannerit Ce = (ay, dz, a). Now dr 4, Take the set As 5 (0 ao Draw a circle. Outer circle represent Ag = {a4, ap, a2) 2 three itis 6. Second circle has one elemene een Sale has no element, 80 itis 6 : Seeipeeircles inside a aeand Bs ‘The fourth circle has 3 elements a,, a, as. (See figure ‘ coneet elements a, and a3. A i) + {aay id {a;, a, and tie icles ive a 8 SSeS a by (ay (ay (ap (Au a) (Ay Aah (ay Aa) aN (a, a) So the set Ag = {@1, G2» Ga! ars Number of subsets of set Ay = 8 = 2° or 2 he 22) Je }— Ay (iii) (iv) sntinue this process, and take a set A, which as n elements then it will have number of subsets 5. Te sober cenents head =" bservation 1. The number of subsets of Ay is 1 = 2°. 2. The number of subsets of A, is 2 = 2}. 3. The number of subsets of A, is 4 = 2?. _ 4, The number of subsets of A is 8 = 2°. . The number of subsets of Ayo = 21°, number of subsets of A, = 2”, nelements, then number of subsets of set A, = 2” = 2(tumber of element in set A,) can be used to calculate number of subsets of any given sets. _ 7 Viva Voce 1. Define a set. Ans. A well defined collection of objects is called a set. 2. Can you give two examples of sets? Ans. (a) A collection of natural numbers is a set, (8) A collection of real numbers b 8. Define subset of a set, ‘Ans. Vall the elements of set A are present in set B, then Set A is called subset of set B. If denoted as AcB. 4. Which set is subset of all the sets? Ans. Empty set 6 is subset of all the sets, 5. Is a set is subset of itself? Ans. Yes, every set is subset of itself etween 1 and 2 is a set. Scanned with CamScannerReni ee ER er jbjective b verify distributive law for three given non. enc) = AUBIOAUC). a Wlethod of Construction 1, Take a drawing board and fix a whit. of board pins. ‘ite paper sheet on 2, Draw a rectangles on the white paper sheet with three of them in a horizontal line and remainin, figure (i), (i), (ii), (iv) and (v). pty sets A, B and C, that is it with the help scale and pencil, another horizontal line below the first three tecales of ae 2 own 4, Draw three circles and mark them as A, B and figures. 5. Shade the portions as shown in these five figures. Demonstration 1, Each rectangle represents universal set and three set Shaded portion in figure (i) represents (BC). . Shaded portion in figure (ii) represents (A v B)- |. Shaded portion in figure (ii) represents (A VC). . Shaded portion in figure (iv) represents AU (BOC). Shaded portion in figure (v) represents (AU B) 0 (AvC) epresents: (BC) presents: (A U B) represents: (AU C) C in each of the five rectangles as shown Ac Ao ae u 7 u B B = aero (4) (AUB) amc AC u u B (i AU BNC) ALB ALG 3, These 5 rectangles are universal sets. So write on their left hand side U- in the five 5 A, B and C are its subsets. Wotet In the same way, the other distributive law AnBYO =anBuand can also be verified. Scanned with CamScannerpresents: AU (BOC) te: (AUB) 0 (AUC) res (iv) and (v) are equal. 4, Shaded portion of figure (iv) re] 5, Shaded portion of figure (v) represent 6. The common coloured portion in figui 7. AU(BAC) = (AUB) A (AVC) Application ‘This property of set operations involving set operations. {distributive property of set operation) can be used to simplify the prob W Viva Voce 1. Which property you have verified in this activity. Ans. I have verified the distributive property of union over: intersection. 2. Can we apply this distributive property for intersection over union? Ans. Yes, this property can be ‘used to distribute union over intersection i.e., Ad (BUC) =(ANB)Y ANC) Here three sets A, B and C are non-empty sets. Scanned with CamScanner: 2 Oe divity22 Identification of Rel; 3 lation: IDC a Cy Sout pjective jaentify a relation and a function, Method of coy : ) Bea ; 1, Take a drawing board. Fix the white paper sheet on it wi awing board iets a ne ith the half ‘ening ead 9, Take two sets A= {a, b, ¢, dand B= (1, 2, 3, 4) 3, Draw two circles. In first circle figure (i), write a, b, cand d inside i Now draw second circle figure (ii) and write 1,2, 3,4 inside nn = Compass, pencil, scale, board pins, ete A 8 1 j—*2 3 24 aw i) Join ato 1, b to 2 and cto 3 with arrows as shown in figures (i) and (ii) 4, Draw two circles again, figure (iii) and (iv). Write a, b, , d inside circle of figure (iii) and write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle of figure (iv). A B KI a (iii) (iv) Write a, b, ¢, dinside circle of figure (ii) and write 1, 2, 3, 4 inside circle of figure (iv). Join ato 1, bto 2 and 3, cto 4 and d to 4, with arrows. 5, Draw again two circles as shown in figure (v) and (vi). Write 1, 2, 3, inside circle figure (vi). ; 4 inside circle (v) and a, b, ¢ d A B LT (~) i) 7 Jois 2101, b to 1, et02 and a to 3 with arrows as shown in figure (v) and (vi) Scanned with CamScannera 8 (wit) (witty 4 Write a,b, ¢, dinside left side circle and 1, 2,3, 4 inside right side circle. Join ato 1, bto2, cto2 and dtp Demonstration 1. Set A = {1, 2, 3, 4) shown in left circle represent domain and set B = (a, represents co-domain. 2. Ifeach number a, b, ¢, d has been joined to 1, 2, 3, 4 only by one arrow and no element of domain left without joining it with some element of co-domain, then it is a function otherwise it is a 3. In figures (i), (i), each number a, b, chas been joined to 1, 2, 3, by one arrow but d has not-been with no element of set B. Therefore figures (i) and (ii) represent a refation and not a function, 4. In figures (ii) and (iv), number b of domain has been joined to co-domain by two arrows to eo B. Hence this is also a relation and not a function. 5, In figures (v) and (vi), each number a, b, c, d of domain A has been joined with co-domain B with s arrows and no element of domain A has been left without joining by some number of co-domai therefore this is a function. It is also a relation. 6. In figures (vi) and (viii, each element a, b, ¢, dof domain A has been joined with co-domain B with arrows and no element of co-domain A has been left without joining to some number of co-domain ‘Therefore this a function. This function is relation also. », ¢, d} shown in right cireig - In figures (i) and (i), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 3). These ordered pairs constitute a relation and not a function because element d of domain A has been left without joining, 2. In figures (iii) and (iv), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (b, 3), (c, 4), (d, 4). This is a relation and not 4 function because in ordered pairs (b, 2) and (b, 3) first number repeats. In figures (v) and (vi), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 1), (c, 2) and (d, 3). This is a function and also relations because no element of domain has been left without joining to some element of co domain and no first number of any ordered pair is repeating therefore it is a function. 4. In figures (vii) and (viii), ordered pairs are: (a, 1), (b, 2), (c, 2), (d, 4). Here also no element of dom: has been left unpaired, no first entry in any ordered pair a repeats, therefore this is a function as as relation. ictivity can be used to decide whether as given relation is a function or not. ¥ Viva Voce Define a relation from set A to set B. . A relation R from set A to set B is any subset of A x B. . Define a function from set A to set B. A function F is a relation from set A to set B in which Is every function a relation? . Yes every function is a relation. _ 4. Is every relation a function? ns. No, every relation is not a function. every element of set A has only one image ins Scanned with CamScannerObjective ‘To obtain formula forthe sum of squares of frst-n natural numbers. ‘Method of Construction ‘see fg) and place them to form cuboid of 4 (9 9°) and place them to form a cuboid of size 3 * 3) as shown in fig (il 4. This time take sixteen wooden unit cul a cuboid of sie (#* 4) as shown in fi 5. Now make such 6 echelon type struct 6. Arrange these five structures to form a bigger cuboid block. See fig (¥). }6= 42) and place them to form —$— One has been shown in fg (7) Cf ans ZYolune of such srucies «61?» 2 3 eae Ota + ab + 9: Volume of the block given in fg (7) = 4 5 x9 yon F OPPs eg ee Q = e238 a= Malaen imilar way, we can write: (a) [Peateseest]-Lsisenaxsea] Ee (#1) @« 441) cubic unit * 441) cubic unite. ) cubic unit. 2x4+1)] cubic units Scanned with CamScannero [Pewee ePastseay. papestea ast Marcy ap +a )) n)ah Bl" + ax +] sl" +020 59) 2422 +3? +. al sora 1 2442]= 1 (ree #]=2(a)(44a i 1 3 pees eer ea? +5]= (5)(5+1)(2x541) 5 prego? tn +102] = 3, 5 [Peete ] 6()00+1)(2x1041 2 yg?43? 2.1, 4 [e229 1 257] = 2(25)(25.2)2098 4 5. [2422 +9? +..+100? 1 {§(200)(100+1)(2x10041) 6 [peateo? etn] n)(n +1)(2n+1) Application quis activity is useful in obtaining the sum of squares of first n natural numbers as 2 2 2 1 (17 +2243? +... #2] = E(n)(n-+)2n+1) W Viva Voce 1, Do you know the formula for sum of first natural numbers? ‘Ans, Formula for sum of squares of first n natural numbers is n(n+1) (142434...4 m= 2, Do you know the formula for sum of cubes of first n natural numbers? Ans. Formula for sum of cubes of first n natural numbers is 2 a. [n(r+d) +n’) [ 3, Find the sum of first 100 natural numbers. n(n+1) 100(100+1) _ 50(101)= 5050 2 + 100 natural numbers? (13+ 23 +394... Ans, Here n= 100 and (1+ 243 * ++ n= (142434... + 100) = 4. Can you find the sum of squares of firs n= 100 and peegegt nt Layne nen” e 20 00)(100+1)(2 1 101)(201) = 338350 <100+1) = 5100 (6 —— Scanned with CamScanner = 2a ga gt vn 100Push the point of intersect Or men aterm ow tne + hy 20 ; two perpendicular tines XOX and YOY" in Siang vov nga ASIF etn ao, He 8 a1 * b+ 6, = O and axx+ by + o,~0 the coordinates of sve the fig, edinates ofthe point P be Pik, k) Demonstration 1. Now take the particular lines 3x- 2y= 5 and 3x+ 2y=7. 2. Let us solve them to find their point of intersection. 3x: im 3x+Qy=7 6x = 1d se2 Now put x=2in 3x+2y=7 : 3x62y27 2yeT-6=1 et c na a To draw the graph of the two equations, draw tables. 3x-2y=5 x] 0 [38 y Scanned with CamScanner73 Now plot the graph of two lines. 3 T : 9. Equation of the line passing through the point of intersection A (23) of two lines 3x — 2) xt 2y=7is (Bx- 2y- 5) +A(3x+ 2y-7) =0 4. Take raise 5. Put = lin (8x-2y-5) + 4(3x+ 2y-7) =0. It gives: 3x~2y-5 + 3x+2y-7=0, > 6x-12=0 = x-2-0 Equation x- 2 = 0 is satisfied by the point of intersection A(2, 0) ie. 2-2 0 = 0. 6. Put A. =-1 in (8x~2y—5) +2(8x+ 2y-7)=0 It gives: 3x- 2y~5-3x-2y+7=050=0 -4y+2=0=2y-1=0 Put A (2, p)in2y-1=052%2 1205020 * a(2d) the point of intersection satisfies the equation 2y-1= 0 = 7. Put i= 2 in (8x—2y~5) +2 (3x+ 2y-7)=0 e It gives: (3x- 2y— 5) + 2 (3x + 2y-7)=0 = 3x-2y-5 + 6x+4y-14=0 > 9x+ 2y-19=0 Put the point of intersection A (24) in 9x+2y-19 =0, 1 1 Te gives: 9 «242% = =0 > 18+1-19=0 = oo, “. Point A (2, } Satisfies the equation 9x + 2y-19=0, Scanned with CamScannersre 5)+).(0x+ 2y-7)=0, me get milarly it can be shown that if we ai sim puta aa @ in the equation (3x-ay- a line which is satisfied by 3) 4, For = 3 the equation of the line passin, 8 through the point of it int of intersection is 6x + 2y = 13, which is ; 1 satisfied by the point a(24) of the lines, 2, For 2 = 4 the equation of the line passing through the point of intersection of lines is 5; ae “oe se es is Sx+2y= 11 which is satisfied by the point of intersection A (24) of the lines. 3. For 4 = 5 the equation of the line passing through the intersection of the lines is 9x + 4y = 20 which L is satisfied by the point of intersection A (23) of the lines. plication ‘The activity can be used to find an equation of a line passing through the point of intersection of two lines. Also it can be used to show that there are infinite number lines which can pass through the section of two lines. These lines can be obtained by putting different values of in the point of inte equation (a, x+ by y+ e) + Magx + bay +) = 0 : ona Scanned with CamScanner