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JANICE L. RAYMOND
KELLY MORROW

KRAUSE AND MAHAN'S

FOOD& THE
NUTRITION CARE
PROCESS
15TH EDITION

Student Resources on Evolve

Evolve' Access Code Inside
ELSEVIER
 KRAUSE AND MAHAN'S
FOOD & THE
NUTRITION CARE
PROCESSS
15TH EDITION

JANICE L. RAYMOND, MS, RDN, CSG

Clinical Nutrition Director
Thomas Cuisine Management at Providence Mount St. Vincent
Seattle, Washington
Affliate Faculty
Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science
Bastyr University
Kenmore, Washington

KELLY MORROW, MS, RDN, FAND

Associate Professor
Nutrition Clinic Coordinator
Department of Nutrition and Exercise Science
Bastyr University
ELSEVIER Kenmore, Washington
Elsevier
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PROCESS,
NUTRITION
CARE

MAHAN'S
FOOD & THE
KRAUSE AND
FIFTEENTH EDITION

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CONTRIBUTORS

LN Laith Ghazala, MD, FRCP

RDN,
FADA Jean T. Cox, MS, Fellow
Diane M. Anderson, PhD, RDN, Patient Educator
Associate Professor Planning Program Respiratory Institute
Maternity and Family Cleveland Clinic Foundation
Pediatrics Mexico Hospital;
of Medicine
University of New Cleveland, Ohio
Baylor College Volunteer Faculty
Houston, Texas Department of OB/GYN
Mexico F. Enrique Gómez, MSc, PhD
Christine Avgeris, RDN, CD University of New Researcher
Albuquerque, New Mexico
Clinical Dietitian Nutritional Physiology
Nutrition
Sheila Dean, DSc, RDN, LDN, CCN,
National Institute of Medical Sciences and
Seattle Children's Hospital Nutrition, Salvador, Zubiran
IFMCP
Seattle, Washington Mexico City
Adjunct Professor
Mexico
Health Sciences and Human Performance
Cynthia Bartok, PhD, RDN, CD
Associate Professor University of Tampa
Tampa, Florida; Co-Founder Michael Hahn, BA
Nutrition and Exercise Science
Health Science Policy Analyst
Bastyr University Integrative and Functional Nutrition
All of Us Research Program
Kenmore, Washington Academy
Palm Harbor, Florida National Institutes of Health
Britta Brown, MS, RDN, LD, CNSC Bethesda, Maryland
Clinical Dietitian Ruth DeBusk, PhD, RDN
Nutrition Services Family Medicine Residency Program Jeanette M. Hasse, PhD, RDN, LD,
Hennepin Healthcare Tallahassee Memorial HealthCare CNSC, FADA
Minneapolis, Minnesota Tallahassee, Florida Transplant Nutrition Manager
Simmons Transplant Institute
Lindsey Callihan, MS, RDN, CSG Judith L. Dodd, MS, RDN, LDN, FAND Baylor University Medical Center
CVS/Coram Assistant Professor Dallas, Texas
Boise, Idaho Sports Medicine and Nutrition
University of Pittsburgh-SHRS Ginger Hultin, MS, RDN, CSO
Karen Chapman-Novakofski, PhD, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Registered Dietitian
RDN, LDN
Nutrition
Food ience and Human Nutrition Lisa Dorfman, MS, RDN, CSSD, CCMS,
University of Illinois
Bastyr University
LMHC, FAND
Urbana, Illinois
Seattle, Washington
CEO/Director
Sports Nutrition & Performance A. Christine Hummell, MS, RDN, LD,
CN
Ashley Contreras-France, MA, MS, Food Fitness International, Inc
CCC-SLP Clinical Dietitian
Miami, Florida Advanced Practitioner I
Director of Rehabilitation Therapy
Covenant Living at the Shores Center of Human Nutrition
Lorena Drago, MS, RDN, CDN, CDE
Mercer Island, Washington Cleveland Clinic
Diabetes Education
Cleveland, Ohio
Mandy L. Corrigan, MPH, RDN, CNSC, Hispanic Foodways LLC
Forest Hills, New York RDN, LD,
FAND, FASPEN Carol S. Ireton-Jones, PhD,
Clinical Manager, Home Nutrition CNSC, FASPEN, FAND
Support L.Karina Díaz Rios,
and Center for Gut Rehabilitation and PhD, RDN Nutrition Therapy Specialist
Transplantation Cooperative Extension Specialist in Nutrition Good Nutrition for Good Living
Division of
Center for Human Nutrition Agriculture & Natural Resources Dallas, Texas
Digestive Disease and Surgery Institute University of California, Merced
Cleveland, Ohio Merced, California CDE
Jessica Jones, MS, RDN,

Sarah Couch, PhD, RDN Sharon A. Feucht, Founder

MA, RDN, CD Private Practice
Professor Nutritionist LEND
Rehabilitation, Exercise, and Nutrition Center on Human
Program (Retired) Jessica Jones Nutrition
Sciences Disability Development and Richmond, California
University of Cincinnati University of Washington Veena Juneja, MSc, RDN
Cincinnati, Ohio Seattle, Washington;
Nutritionist Senior Renal Dietitian
Holly Ridge Early Nutrition
Intervention Center
Bremerton, Washington St. Joseph's Healthcare
Hamilton, Ontario
Vi Canada
 CONTRIBUTORS Vit
Martha Kaufer-Horwitz, MSc, DSc, NC, Mary Demarest Litchford, PhD, RDN, Kelly Morrow, MS, RDN, FAND
FTOS LDN Associate Professor
Researcher in Medical Sciences President Nutrition and Exercise Science
Obesity and Eating Disorde ic Executive Bastyr University
National Institute of Medical Sciences and CASE Software & Books Kenmore, Washington
Nutrition, Salvador, Zubiran Greensboro, North Carolina
Mexico City Diana Noland, MPH, RDN, CCN,
Mexico Michelle Loy, MPH, MS, RDN IFMCP, LD
Associate Professor Owner
Rachel E. Kay, MS, RDN, CD, CNSC Nutrition and Foods Integrative & Functional Medical Nutrition
Clinical Dietitian
Fullerton College Therapy
Gastroenterology Fullerton, California FoodFAX
Seattle Children's Hospital
Burbank, California
Seattle, Washington Lucinda K. Lysen, RDN, RN, BSN
Nutrition Consultant in Private Practice Patricia Novak, MPH, RDN
Bette Klein, MS, RDN, CSP, LD
Orland Park, Illinois Nutrition Consultant
Advanced Practice II Pediatric Dietitian
Feeding and Nutrition
Pediatric Gastroenterology L. Kathleen Mahan, MS, RDN, CD
Cleveland Clinic Children's Professional Child Development Associates
Functional Nutrition Counselor (PCDA)
Cleveland, Ohio
Nutrition by Design; Pasadena, California
Lauren Kruse, MS, RDN, CNSC Clinical Associate
Dietitian Department of Pediatrics Kim Nowak-Cooperman, MS, RDN, CD
Home Nutrition Support, Center for Human School of Medicine Registered Dietitian Nutritionist
Nutrition University of Washington Clinical Nutrition
Digestive Disease Institute, Cleveland Clinic Seattle, Washington Seattle Children's Hospital
Cleveland, Ohio Seattle, Washington
Gabriela E. Mancera-Chávez, MSc, NC
Glenn Kuz, BSP, PharmD Professor Beth Ogata, MS, RDN, CD, CSP
Clinical Pharmacist College of Sciences and Humanities Lecturer
Harborview Medical Center Autonomous University of Mexico City; Department of Pediatrics
University of Washington Medical Center Independent Consultant University of Washington
Seattle, Washington Mexico City Seattle, Washington
Mexico
Camille Lyn Lanier, RDN, CD Constantina Papoutsakis, PhD, RDN
Pediatric Dietitian Laura E. Matarese, PhD, RDN, LDN, Senior Director
Nutrition CNSC, FADA, FASPEN, FAND Nutrition and Dietetics Data Science Center,
Seattle Children's Hospital Professor Research International Scientific Affairs
Seattle, Washington Brody School of Medicine and Department Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics
of Nutrition Science Chicago, Ilinois
Nicole Larson, PhD, MPH, RDN, LD East Carolina University
Senior Research Associate Greenville, North Carolina Mary H. Purdy, PhD
Division of Epidemiology and Community
Professor
Health Mari O. Mazon, MS, RDN, CD Communication Disorders
University of Minnesota Nutritionist Southern Connecticut State University
Minneapolis, Minnesota Center on Human Development and New Haven, Connecticut
Tashara M. Leak, PhD, RDN Disability
University of Washington Janice L. Raymond, MS, RDN, CSG
Lois & Mel Tukman Assistant Professor
Seattle, Washington Clinical Nutrition Director
Division of Nutritional Sciences
Cornell University Thomas Cuisine Management
Kelly N. McKean, MS, RDN, CSP, CD Providence Mt. St Vincent
Ithaca, New York; Clinical Pediatric Dietitian
Assistant Professor of Nutrition Research in Seattle, Washington;
Nutrition Affiliate Faculty
Medicine
Seattle Children's Nutrition
Division of General Internal Medicine
Weill Cornell Medicine Seattle, Washington Bastyr University
New York, New York Kenmore, Washington
Maggie Moon, MS, RDN
Maureen Lilly, MS, RDN Author Rickelle Richards, PhD, MPH, RDN
Registered Dietitian Nutritionist The MIND Diet Associate Professor
Nutrition Nutrition Communications Nutrition, Dietetics & Food Science
Chicken Soup Brigade Los Angeles, California Brigham Young University
Seattle, Washington Provo, Utah
 CONTENTS
30 Medical Nutrition
Therapy for Thyroid,
and Other Endocrine Disorders, 641
Sheila Dean, DSc, RDN, LDN, CCN, IFMCP
Thyroid Physiology, 641
Assessment in Thyroid Disorders, 643
Hypothyroidism, 644
Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, 648
Hyperthyroidism, 649
Managing Imbalances of the Hypothalamus-
Pituitary-Thyroid Axis, 650
Adrenal Disorders, 651
31 Medical Nutrition
Therapy for Anemia, 655
Michelle Loy, MPH, MS, RDN
Iron-Related Blood Disorders, 655
Iron Overload, 660
Megaloblastic Anemias, 661
Other Nutritional Anemias, 666
Nonnutritional Anemias, 667
32 Medical Nutrition
Therapy for Cardiovascular
Disease, 670
Janice L. Raymond, MS, RDN, CSG
Sarah C. Couch, PhD, RDN
Atherosclerosis and Coronary Heart Disease, 670
Genetic Hyperlipidemias, 674
Hypertension, 683
Heart Failure, 693
Cardiac Transplantation, 700
33 Medical Nutrition
Therapy for Puimonary Disease, 705
Laith Ghazala, MD, FRCP
A. Christine Hummell, MS, RDN, LD, CNSC
Bette Klein, MS, RDN, CSP LD
The Pulmonary System, 705
Chronic Pulmonary Disease, 707
Asthma, 711
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, 713
Pulmonary Hypertension, 716
Diffuse
Parenchymal Lung Disease, 716
Tuberculosis, 717
Lung Cancer, 718
Obesity Hypoventilation Syndrome, 719
Pleural Effusion, 720
Chylothorax, 720
Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome, 720
Pneumonia, 721
Lung Transplantation, 722
34
Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia, 722
Medical
Therapy for Renal Disorders, 727
Katy G. Wilkens, MS, RDN
Veena Juneja, MSc, RDN
Elizabeth Shanaman, RDN
Physiology and Function of the
Renal Diseases, 728 Kidneys, 727
Education, Adherence, and
Acute Kidney Injury (AcuteCompliance, 736
Renal Failure), 736
Chronic Kidney Disease, 737
End-Stage Renal Disease, 740
35 Medical Nutrition
Therapy for Cancer
Treatment, and Survivorship, 756 Prevention,
Ginger Hultin, MS, RD, CSO
Pathophysiology, 758
Nutrition and Carcinogenesis, 758
Chemoprevention, 762
Medical Diagnosis and Staging of
Cancer, 765
Medical Treatment, 766
Adrenal Medical Nutrition Therapy, 768
Integrative, Complementary, and Functional
Oncology, 773
Nutritional Impact of Cancer Treatments, 774
Nutrition Monitoring and Evaluation, 781
Pediatric Cancer, 781
Nutrition Recommendations for Cancer
Survivors, 782
36 Medical Nutrition Therapy for HIV and AIDS, 787
Maureen Lily, MS, RDNV
Solenne Vanne, MS, RDN
The Changing Face of in the
HIV United States-
Epidemiology and Trends, 7888 787
Pathophysiology and Classification, 788
Medical Management, 790
Medical Nutrition Therapy, 793
HIV in Women, 802
HIV in Children, 803
Integrative and Functional Nutrition (IFN), 803
37 Medical Nutrition Therapy in Critical Care, 807
Britta Browrn, MS, RDN, LD, CNSC
Katherine Hal, RON, LD, CNSC
Metabolic Response to Stress, 807
Hormonal and Cell-Mediated Response, 807
Starvation Versus Stress, 809
Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome, Sepsis,
and Organ Dysfunction or Failure, 809
Malnutrition: The Etiology-Based Definition, 810
Trauma and the Open Abdomen, 816
Major Burns, 816
Surgery, 819
38 Medical Nutrition Therapy for Rheumatic and
Musculoskeletal Disease, 823
F Enrique Gómez,
MSc, PhD
Gabriela E. Mancera-Chávez, MSc, NC
Martha
Kaufer-Horwitz, MSc, DSc, NC, FTOS
Etiology, 824
Pathophysiology and Inflammation, 824
Medical Diagnosis and
Treatment, 825
Pharmacotherapy, 825
Antiinflammatory Diet, 828
Complementary and Integrative Health
Approaches, 828
Microbiota and Arthritis, 829
Osteoarthritis, 829
Rheumatoid Arthritis, 832
Sjögren's Syndrome, 837
Temporomandibular
Gout, 838
Disorders, 837
Scleroderma (Systemic Sclerosis or SSc), 840
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus, 841
39 Spondylarthritides, 842
Medical Nutrition
Maggie Moon, MS, RDNTherapy Neurologic Di
for
Ashley Contreras-France, MA, MS,
The Nervous CCC-SLP
System, 846
Dysphagia, 852
Neurologic Diseases ofNutritional Origin,857
Neurologic Disorders From Trauma, 857
Head Trauma or
Spine Trauma andNeurotrauma, 860 864
Spinal Cord Injury,
Neurologic Diseases, 864
 38
Medical Nutrition Therapy for
Rheumatic
and Musculoskeletal Disease
F Enrique Gómez, MSc, PhD
Gabriela E. Mancera-Chávez, MSc, NC
Martha Kaufer-Horwitz, MSc, DSc, NC, FTOS

KEY TERMS
mkylosing spondylitis (AS)
ntinflammatory diet
hyperuricemia rheumatic fever
leukotrienes (LT)
antinuclear antibodies (ANA) rheumatoid arthritis (RA)
chidonic acid (ARA)
lipoxygenase (LOX) rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases
maresins
arlhritis
monosodium urate (MSU) (RMDs)
autoimmune arthritis crystals rheumatoid factor (RF)
nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug
biologic response modifiers (BRMs) scleroderma
(NSAIDs)
gdooxygenase (COX) osteoarthritis (OA) Sjögren's syndrome (SS)
Creactive protein (CRP)
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) specialized proresolving mediators (SPMs)
qtokines spondylarthritides
ihomo-y-linolenic acid (DGLA) polymyositis (PM)
polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE)
dsase-modifying antirheumatic drugs prostaglandins (PG)
systemic sclerosis (SSc)
(DMARDS) prostanoids temporomandibular disorders (TMDs)
dAosahexaenoic acid (DHA) thromboxanes (Tx)
insanoids protectins
tophi
tiOsapentaenoic acid (EPA) purines uric acid
Bimma-linolenic acid (GLA) Raynaud's syndrome uricostatic
gout resolvins
uricosuric

HiC and musculoskeletal diseases

ad iammatory diseases that comm
(RMDs) are diverse group a total 247.7 million Americans
(Jafarzadeh and Felson, 2018).
jonts can affect any
but affect the connective tissue Among
persons with heart disease, diabetes, and
different of the obesity, the prevalence of
RMDs, affecting organ body. There are more t n
ctor-diagnosed arthritis was 49.3%, 47.1%, and 30.6%,
Caused by
of ioin immune
both children and adults. They are usu- (Barbour et al, 2017). respectively
dysregulation, infections, or gradual deteriora- The National Arthritis Data
limnuscles, ligaments, and bones. Some of them have an Workgroup reviewed
national prevalence rates of various data to estimate
alnely component while the in of others is unknown. They
typicCanPOgressive, U.S. census data,
rheumatic diseases based
finding that in the United States rheumatoid 2005
on

Ah result in painful, and limit function. In severe cases, (RA) affects 1.3 million adults; juvenile arthritis arthritis
1ality of life andsignificant disability, having major impact on dylarthritides (the current name of
294,000 people; spon-
Medical nutrition therapyexpecectancy (van der Heijde et al, 2018).
life
a

2.4 million adults ages 25 and older; spondyloarthropathies) 0.64 to

upational therapies (MNT), systemic lupus erythematosus
and its aples must be pharmacotherapy, and physical
tailored and designed to treat each
(SLE) 161,000 to 322,000 adults; systemic sclerosis
(SSc) 49,000
mlent,ich
1 sympton A diet adults; Sjögren's syndrome (SS) 0.4 to 3.1 million
adults; clinical
*s (PUFAS)in can
vitamins, mine
with
adequate protein and energy arthritis 27 million people aged 25 and older; osteo-
geAs) can inerals, and omega-3 polymyalgia rheumatica
promote a polyunsaturated 711,000 people; gout 8 million adults; and
beneficial protective effect against tissue people (Helmick and Watkins-Castillo, 2014) fibromyalgia 5 million
NerADSview ofSuppression
these
of inflamnma y
matory activity. Table 38.1 provides Arthritis is a generic term that comes from the
are disorders
among the and their nutritional
a
which means "joint, and the sutfix -itis, which
Greek word arthro,
hrtates. managemen means
"inflammation."
nd
joint most
The annual prevalent chronic disease
cost
pain is estimated to m
conditions in
for medical care to treat all forms of
for
There are two
arthritis and
distinct
nonsystemic
categories of disease:
osteoarthritis (OA). The
systemic, autoimmune
Nmatic
mil Aonal althdisease
Interview
e

affects all
be $303.5
03.5 billion
b
(Murphy et : autoimmune arthritis group includes RA, psoriatic debilitating
more

arthritis,
lion adults in population RA, gout, SS, fibromyalgia, juvenile
in Survey
the United
groups. Data from the
estimated that arthritis affect
States,
Dat.affe
equivalent to 36.8% of the
SLE, and scleroderma.
cludes OA, bursitis, and tendonitis. Other
The OA group in-
rheumatic diseases include
spondylarthritides, polymyalgia rheumatica, and polymyositis.
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