.

in terms of non-dimensionai D; au ro n

Example 4.1.A 50 cm x 50 cm copper slab 6.25 mm thick has a uniform temperature of 300°C.
reach the
suddenly
Its temperature is lowered to 36°C. Calculate the time required for the plate to
temperature of 108°C.
0.38 kJ/kg°C; k =370 W/m°C and h = 90 W/m2°C
Take p = 9000 kg/m*; c =
 bUming oit

Solution. Surface area of plate, A. = 2x0.5 x 0.5 =0.5 m> (two sides)
Volume of plate, V = 0.5 x 0.5 x 0.00625 = 0.0015625 m3

V 0.0015625
Characteristic length, L
A 0.5
=
0.003125 m

-L 90 x 0.003125
Biot number, B, =
B.
k 370
=
7.6 x 10
Since B, isless than 0.1, hence lumped capacitance method (Newtonian heating or cooling) ma
be applied for the solution of the problem.
The temnperature distribution is given by
tTa exp\- hAs T .Eqn. (4.4
-Ia L pVc
Substituting the values, we get
108 36 90x 0.5 -0.00842

300 36
exp =

9000x 0.0015625 x (0.38 x 1000)

0.2727 =e000842t 1
.00842T

e.00842t 1
or, 0.2727 3 . 6 6 7

or, 0.00842 T= In 3.667 = 1.2994

Or,
T

1.2994-154.32 s (Ans.)
2994

0.00842
Example 4.2. An aluminium alloy plate of 400 mm x 400 mmx 4 mm siz is sude
ize a t 200°C e s s a r y

quenched into liquid oxygen at - 183°C. Starting from fundamentals or derivingthen g s

o f - 7 0 ° C . Assum

expression determine the timereguiredfor the plate io reach a temperature of-70 (AMIE Winter, 1997

h 20000 kJ/m*-h-°C, c, = 0.8kiIkg°C, and p = 3000 kg/m3.

 Onduction
ion-Unsteady-State (Transient) 297
Solution. Surface area of the plate,
A, =
2x*1000 400
1000 0.32 m
Volume of the plate, y
=400
1000 400 4=0.00064 m
1000 10000.00064
1000
Characteristic length, Le = 0.00064
= 0.002 mn
Lfor 0.32
aluminium, at low temperatures may be taken as 214 W/m°C or 770.4 kJ/mh°C.
Biot number, B. hle
=

k
=
20000 x0.0020.0519
Since B, is less than 0.1, hence lumper capacitance method770.4
may be applied for the solution of the
problem.
The temperature distribution is given by

exp-
a
4pVc Eqn. (4.41
(For derivation of this relation please refer to Article 4.2)
-200-10 =
exp
20000x 0.32
200 (-183) 3000 x 0.00064 x 0.8
or, 0.295 = e4166.67 t

e4166.67 t

Or, 4166.67 t= = 3.389

0.295
Or 4166.67 t= ln 3.389 = 1.2205

T x1.2205 x 3600 = 1.054 s (Ans.)

4166.67
Example 4.3. A solid copper sphere of 10 cm diameter [p = 8954 kg/m*, c, = 383 Jkg K,

386 W/m K], initially uniform temperature 1 250°C, is suddenly immersed in a

at a
=

50°C. The heat transfer coefjicient

Edl-stirred fluid which is maintained at a uniform temperature t=
NCen the sphere and the fluid is h = 200 Wm K. Determine the temperatureof the copper block
T 5 min (MDU Haryana)
after the immersion.
383 J/kg K; k 386 W/m K; 1,=
Solution. Given: D 10 cm 0.1 m; p 8954 kg/m3; c.
= =
=
= =

UC150°C; h = 200W/m2 K; t=5 min 300s. =

emperature ofthe copper block, :

The characteristic length of the sphere is,

Volume (V)-347TR2 .0.0167 m

Le 3 6 6
Surface area (A,)

Biot number, B=
hL =
200x0.01667 =8.64 x 10
386
k method (Newtonian heating or cooling) may be
Sinc IS less than 0.1, hence lump capacitance
ppli
applied for the solution of the problem.
he temperature disturibution is given by
. Eqn. (4.4)]
aexp-ove
a
298 Heat and Mass Transfer
Substituting the value, we get
f 50 200
250
=
50
exp
8954 x 0.01667 x 383 x
x 300 = 0.35

Le 0.01667
t (250-50) x 0.35 +50=120°C (Ans.)
Example 4.4. An average convective heat transfer coefficient for flow of 90°C air over a
flat plate is measured by observing the temperature time history of a 40 mm thick
copper slab
(p 9000 kg/m3, c =0.38 kJ/kg°C, k =370 W/m°C) exposed to 90°C air. In one test run, the
initial temperature of the plate was 200°C, and in 4.5 minutes the
temperature decreased by
35°C. Find the heat transfer coefficient for this case.
Neglect internal thermal resistance.
Solution. Given: t,=90°C; L =40 mm or
0.04 m; p 9000 kg/m3; c 0.38 kJ/kg°C;= 200°C;
= =

200 35 165°C; T =4.5 min = 270s

0.04
Characteristic length,
4-- 2
= 0.02 m

hAs
pVe
h
P(VIA,)c pch
h h
9000x (0.38 x 1000) x 0.02
=
1.462x 10 h

Now,
-exp-oVehA
-fa
165 9 0
pVe .Eqn. (4.4))

or, -(1.462 x10 h)x (270) 0.003947h 1

200 900 0.003947 h
1
or, 0.682 e.003947h or e0.003947h = 1.466
or, 0.003947h =In 1.466 0.3825
h =- 0.3825 =
96.9 W/m°C (Ans.)
0.003947
T
 0.582 = 96.9 W/m°C (Ans.)
h
0.003947
12.5 mm diameter
Example 4.5. The heat transfer coefficients for the flow of air at 28°C overa
same dimension.
the temperature-time history ofa copper ball ofthe
measured
sphere are observing
by
ball 0.4 kJ/kg K and p 8850 kg/m3) was measured by two
The temperature of copper (c =

near the surface. Both the

themocouples registered
one located in the centre and other
Thermocoupies, the ball was 65°C and
instant. In one test the initial temperature of
the same temperature at a given
11°C. Calculate the heat transfer coefjicient for this
in 1.15 minute the decreased
temperature by
(AMIE)
case.

Solution. Given: t,= 28°C; R (sphere) =

2
=6.25 mm =0.00625 m; c =0.4 kJ/kg°C: p
=1.15 min =69 s.
8850kg/m3:,=65°C;t=65 -11 =
54°C; T
Heat transfer coefficient, h:

Biot number, B
hL h:(R/2)
k k
that the internal resistance s
Since heat ransfer coeficient has to be calculated, so assume

negligible and B, is less than 0.1.

Using eqn. (4.4), we have

x -p
a
=
exp hA
pVc
-B,Fo
 RA .T

h=
4TR

or
have
the proper values,
we
Substituting
0.00625 8850x (0.4 x 1000)
h=- 69 Cooling of IC engine.
3

(65-23= 37.71 W/m°K (Ans.)

"(54 28) 900°C is placed in still atmosphere of 30° C.
Example 4.6. A steel ball 50 mm in diameter and at
the ball in °Cmin.
Calculate the initial rate of cooling of
W/m°
Take: p 7800 kg/m', c 2 kI/kg°C (for steel): h 30
=
=

=
(M.U.)
Neglect internal thermal resistance.

30°C,p =7800 kg/m3

Solution. Given: R = 25 mm =0.025 m; t, =900°C; t, =
C 2 kJ/kg°C; h 30W/m2°C; T = 1 min 60 s.
=
=

resistance.
in the ball (with respect to time),
neglecting internal thermal
emperature variation
s given by:

exP hAVe .Eqn. (4.4)]

3x 30 x 60
hx4TR2 T= 3hT = 0.013835
where hAs.T pRc 7800 x 0.025 x (2 x 1000)
pVc PxtRxc
3
the values in the above equation, we get
Substituting
-30
900 30e-0.01385 = =0.9862 0.01385s
900 30
30) 888°C
30 + 0.9862 (900
=
Or,
I =

(Ans.)
888 = 12°C/min.
Rate of cooling = 900
a heat treatment
and 30 cm long passes through
4.7. A cylindrical ingot 10 cm diameter
umnple 800°C before it c o m e s out of
must reach a temperature of
ingot
the Which is 6 m in length. The1250°C and ingot initial temperature is 90°C.
What is the mavimum

ce. Thefurnace gas is at

move in the furnae
to attain the required temperature
The
which the ingot should is 100 W/m °C. Take k
COmkh heat transfer coefficient
and convective surface m/s.
radiative
(steelW/m°C and a (thermal diffusivity of
steel) 1.16 x 10 =

=
=0.3 m; ,= 1250°C:r= 800°C:, 90°C:
Solution. = 10 0.I m; L= 30 cm
. Given
=
4040 n DDW/m20C; :
=
10 cm cm
W/m°C; h = 100 a = 1.16 xx 10-3 m/s.
m-/s. 16 10