Micro Irrigation Report

A
Report
On
Experiential Learning Programme On
DESIGN OF MICRO IRRIGATION FOR MULTI
CROPPING SYSTEM
Conducted by
JD INFOTECH, from 3rdFeb 2021 to 18thJune 2021
Submitted to K.K.Wagh College of Agril. Engg. And Technology, Nashik
Affiliated to Mahatma Phule Krishi Vidyapeeth, Rahuri
In partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of
BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
in
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING
By
Miss. Wani Snehal Anil (EN-2017/79)
Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

K. K. Wagh College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Nashik-422003
June-2021
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that (Wani Snehal Anil, EN-2017/79) has successfully

completed IA/ELP from (JD INFOTECH, Aurangabad) during (3rd Feb 2021 to 18th
June 2021).
Signature with
date
Name
Designation
Coordinator Member Head of the Department
In-plant Training Secretary and Chairman
Member
Principal of the College
Seal of the college

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Words are inadequate to thank God for his grace and blessings which enable us to
complete our training program successfully.
I express special thanks to Prof. H. V. Deshmukh Principal K. K. Wagh
College of Agricultural Engineering & Technology, Nashik, who is always an
inspiration to me and giving an opportunity due to this training.
Express our special thanks and indebted to Prof. A. N. Shinde, In-plant
Training In charge, K. K. Wagh College of Agricultural Engineering and Technology,
Nashik-03 for guidance regarding training. I also thank to Prof. K. R. Gadekar
Assistant professor, Department of Irrigation & Drainage Engineering, for her
guidance and kind advice.
It is my privilege to record the deep sense of gratitude to the advisory committee
of JD INFOTECH, Aurangabad for providing necessary training.
I regard myself to be fortunate for working under guidance Mrs. V.P. Mandale
Training In charge for their constant encouragement, helpful and constructive
criticism, timely suggestion and abiding interest in preparation of In-plant training
report during period of training.
Finally, I thank to all coordinators of JD INFOTECH without their encouragement and
guidance it would have been difficult for me to complete this training successfully.
MS. WANI SNEHAL

ANIL
Date:
Place: Nashik
INDEX
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapte Contents Page No.
r
No.
CERTIFICATE FROM TRANING ORGANISATION
CERTIFICATE FROM THE COLLEGE
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES I
LIST OF PLATE II
LIST OF FIGURES III
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS IV
I PROFILE AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE 1-3

TRAINING ORGANIZATION
II OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME 4
III SCHEDULE OF TRAINING PRIGRAMME 5-6
IV DETAILS OF THE WORK PERFORMED WITH RESULTS 7-78
V OUTCOME OF THE TRANING PROGRAMME 79
VI SUMMARY OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME 80

CURRICULUM VITAE
CHAPTER I
PROFILE AND ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF
THE TRAINING ORGANIZATION
JD INFOTECH is service sector organization registered under Micro, Small and

Medium Industry. Organization head office is in the Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India.
We are working in the field of Geospatial Technology for Natural Resource
Management, Watershed Planning and Development and Farmers Friendly Agriculture
in the climate change era. We provide Geospatial services to Academic and Research
Institutes, NGOs, Industries, Farmers and other Individual clients. Organization has
Design and Execution wings for Project Planning and Implementation. Its Mission is to
provide outstanding Geospatial solutions and services by understanding the requirement
of the clients and to build long term relationship through mutual trust and co-
ordination. Its vision is to be the best in Geospatial and Scientific Research Services
with the emphasis on empowering the users with the latest techniques in the current
technological era. We are providing technological solutions for Agriculture, Forest,
Environment, Geology and Climate change problems.
 At present, JD INFOTECH provides services for the following category:
1. Geospatial training
2. Watershed survey
3. Watershed planning
4. Preparation of watershed DPR
1
5. Thematic mapping
6. Watershed modelling
7. Morphometric analysis of watershed
8. Climate change monitoring
9. Crop planning
10. Lift Irrigation project planning
11. Micro irrigation project design and installation
12. Hydrologic model training
13. Environmental studies
14. GIS and image processing
15. Research project planning and development
16. Encroachment monitoring
17. Profile survey
18. Farm pond design and development
19. Drainage project planning and execution
20. Hydrologic model projects.
 Training Courses offered by JD INFOTECH
1. Introductory RS and GIS.
2. Data Collection and Development for GIS.
3. Digital Photogrammetry.
4. Digital Land Survey.
5. Digital Mapping.
6. Thematic Mapping.
7. Google Earth for Planner and Surveyor.
 Application Specific Trainings
1. Geospatial Technology for Natural Resource Management.
2. Geospatial Technology Applications for Agriculture and Forest Management.
3. Geospatial Technology Applications for Urban Planning.
4. Geospatial Technology Applications for Watershed Planning and Management.
5. Micro-Irrigation System Survey, Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance
6. Micro-Irrigation System Installation and Maintenance
 Academic Trainings
1. 4 Month IN-PLANT Training of Geospatial Technology
2
2. 4 Month IN-PLANT Training of Micro-Irrigation Technology.
3. 1 Month Summer Training of Introduction to Geospatial Technology
4. 1 Month Summer Training of Micro-Irrigation Technology.
5. 21 Days Training on Soil and Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) Hydrologic
model.
6. 21 Days Survey, Design, Installation, Testing and Maintenance of Micro-
Irrigation system.
7. 21 Days RS and GIS Application for Natural Resource Management.
8. 14 Days Training of Geospatial Technology for Quantitative Analysis of
Watershed.
 Organization provides services to:
1. Academic Institutes
2. NGOs
3. Farmers
4. Research Institutes
5. Industry
6. Municipal corporation and
7. Individual clients
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CHAPTER II
OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING PROFRAMME
The In-plant training programme of four months in JD INFOTECH Aurangabad was

done with following objectives:
1. To study different methods of irrigation used in crop production.

2. Acquaint with the drip irrigation components and their function.
3. To study Google Earth survey for drip and sprinkler design.
4. To study design procedure of drip irrigation system for different demo plots.
5. Identify different types of sprinklers, their components and their use in different
crops.
4
CHAPTER III
SCHEDULE OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME
This chapter deals with the schedule of the training programme.
Sr. No. Topic covered Date
1. Introduction (Company Profile) & Current 3rd Feb- 9th Feb 2021
scenario of MIS
2. Soil Plant Water Relationship 10th Feb- 16 Feb 2021
3. Irrigation Water Qualities 17th Feb- 19th Feb 2021
4. Evapotranspiration and Crop Water 22nd Feb- 3 March 2021

requirement
5. Introduction, Merits and Demerits of Micro 4th March- 8th March 2021
Irrigation System
6. Classification, Layout and Component of Drip 9th March- 12th March 2021
Irrigation System
7. Study of Filtration Unit 15th March- 18th March 2021
8. Study of Fertigation Unit 19th March- 23rd March 2021
9. Details of Pipe, Valve, Fittings and Other 24th March- 31st March 2021
Accessories
10. Introduction to Sprinkler Irrigation System 1st April- 5th April 2021
5
Sr. No. Topic covered Date
11. Types of Micro Irrigation 6th April- 7th April 2021
12. Basic Components of Sprinkler Irrigation System 8th April- 12th April 2021
13. Types of Micro Irrigation System 13th April-21st April 2021
14. Design of Drip Irrigation System 22ndApril-30thApril 2021
15. Design of Multi- Cropping System 3rd May- 21st May 2021
16. Design of Sprinkler Irrigation System 24th May- 28th May 2021
17. Study of Landscaping 31st May- 3rd June 2021
18. Automation 4th June- 9th June 2021
19. Maintenance of Drip Irrigation System 10th June- 15th June 2021
20 Testing and Performance of Drip and Sprinkler 16th June- 18th June 2021
Irrigation System.
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CHAPTER IV
DETAILS OF WORK DONE
4.1 Current scenario of MIS
At present, the area under micro-irrigation is only 7.97 Mha which is dismal
compared to large rain fed area in India. The top five States in India for area
under micro-irrigation are Rajastan (16.85 Mha), Maharashtra (12.71 Mha), Andra
Pradesh (11.63 Mha), Karnataka (8.47 Mha) and Gujarat (8.29 Mha) (T.P. ojha, A.M.
Michael,1978)
In India, spatial and temporal variation of precipitation has been boundless
varying from 11000 mm to 90 mm. The average annual per capita water availability has
declined from 5000 cubic meter in year 1950 to 1545 cubic meter in year 2011 and
estimated to reduce further to 1341 and 1140 cubic meter in year 2025 and 2050,
respectively. Agriculture sector, which provide 54.6% of total employment to growing
population, alone consumes more than 90% of total groundwater draft in irrigation.
Over the years, groundwater has become dominant source of irrigation due to its
independent access and timely availability of water. This outrageous dependency on
groundwater has led to depletion of water table in 64% district of the country between
TE2002 and TE2016. With collective efforts of government at various levels, utilized
irrigated potential including both surface and ground water has increased to 87 Mha
while ultimate irrigation potential touched 140 Mha. (Rajni Jain, Prabhat Kishore And
Dhirendra Kumar Singh, 2019)
In context of rapid depletion of water resources, there is need to increase water
use efficiency. Efficient method, like micro irrigation, can play pivotal role in
management of irrigation water demand. Properly designed and managed drip and
sprinkler irrigation system have irrigation efficiency about 90% and 70%, respectively
contrast to surface irrigation method which have just about 40%. Recognizing the
gravity of water scarcity in many parts of the country, government has started
formulating its water policy pivotal to micro irrigation. In year 2015, government has
bundled all ongoing irrigation schemes into Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojna
(PMKSY) in which micro irrigation as an integral component. The successful adoption
of water efficient technologies has two preconditions namely technical know-how and
its accessibility through institutional support systems. Government has taken many
initiatives to intensify outreach of efficient irrigation technology to farm.
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Irrigation is main consumer of fresh water and more than 90 per cent of
groundwater draft in India. Growing population coupled with food security has put extra
pressure on water resources. Country has reached a situation where the demand of water
from various sector of economy is rapidly increasing while the supply of fresh water
constant. Additionally, water overuse harms the environment by increased salinity,
nutrient pollution, and the degradation and loss of flood plains and wetlands. Owing to
poor water resource management system and climate change India faces a persistent
water shortage. Net irrigated area (%) of India has increased from nearly 18 to 48% in
recent times due to government interventions at various levels (Fig. 4.1). Although
government has given much emphasis on improving canal system in various five-year
plans but it has declined over years (Fig. 4.1). People have identified groundwater
irrigation as much reliable and independent source of irrigation.
Groundwater irrigation has taken quantum jump since 1965. In India,
groundwater has become dominant source of Irrigation. On the other hand, there is large
gap between the ultimate and utilized surface water potential. With continual
diminishing per capita water availability coupled with groundwater exploitation, it has
become imperative to switch to efficient water saving technologies and alternative
source of irrigation like canal water, rainwater harvesting. Rapid depletion of water
table, low irrigation efficiency, and frequent droughts indicate towards water crisis in
near future if existing water use pattern is not rectified. Irrigation infrastructure needs to
be further improved to harvest rainwater and increase storage capacity in order to utilize
runoff water. Micro irrigation has scope for improving irrigation efficiency up to 90 per
cent. Further, micro irrigation and optimum crop plan will play decisive role in
conservation of water resources and food security of the nation. Virtual water trade
should be balanced instead of orienting it towards export. Farmers should be made
aware of the various government schemes to utilize their utmost potential which is
lacking in some states. (Rajni Jain, Prabhat Kishore And Dhirendra Kumar Singh, 2019)
8
Fig No. 4.1 Percent net irrigated to net sown area and per cent canal irrigated &
per cent groundwater irrigated to net irrigated area (Source: based on data from
DES, 2017-18)
NIA %: Net Irrigated area to net sown area,
GW %: Groundwater share in net irrigated area,
SW %: Surface water share in net irrigated area.
4.2 Agronomic concept

Agronomy division continuously supports the collection, compilation, analysis,
synthesis and dissemination of new agro-technical developments.
4.2.1 Soil texture: Relative proportion of mineral partials (sand, silt and clay) in given
soil.
4.2.2 Soil Depth: Thickness of soil cover over hard rock or hard sub-stratum below
which roots cannot penetrates.
4.2.3 Soil Structure: The arrangement of soil particles and adhesion of smaller
particles to form large ones or aggregates.
4.2.4 Soil porosity: The space in given soil that is occupied by air and water and not
occupied by soil solids.
4.2.5 Soil Moisture Tension: The moisture held in the soil against gravity. Soil
moisture tension is a measure of the tenacity with which water is retained in the soil and
reflects the force per unit area that must be exerted to remove water from the soil.
4.2.6 Field Capacity: It is the amount of water remained in the soil after removal of
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gravitational water.
4.2.7 Permanent Wilting Point: Moisture content at which plants are not able to
absorb water from soil and show wilting.
4.2.8 Available moisture content: It is the difference between field capacity and
Permanent wilting point.
4.2.9 Infiltration: It is the process of entry of water into the soil generally by
downward flow through all part of the soil surface.
4.2.10 Percolation: The post infiltration water movement downward within the soil
profile under the influence of both gravity and hydrostatic pressure.
4.2.11 Permeability: It indicates the relative ease with which air and water penetrate or
pass-through soil pores.
4.2.12 Seepage: The slow lateral movement of water through soil pores or small cracks
in soil profile under unsaturated condition known as seepage.
4.2.13 Evaporation: Loss of water from the exposed surface of the soil.
4.2.14 Transpiration: Loss of water from the leaves.
4.2.15 Evapotranspiration: Total loss of water from the soil by the capillaries and by
the plants.
4.2.16 Water Requirement: It is defined as quantity of water required by a crop or
diversified pattern of crops in a given period of time for its normal growth under field
conditions at a given place. It is expressed in depth per unit time.
4.2.17 Net Irrigation Requirement: It is the amount of irrigation water just required to
bring the soil moisture content in the effective crop root zone depth to field capacity.
Thus, net irrigation requirement is difference between the field capacity and the soil
moisture content in the root zone just before application of irrigation water.
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4.3 Soil plant water relationship
4.3.1 Composition of soil
Fig No. 4.2 Composition of soil
Soil is a store-house of plant nutrients, a habitat for bacteria, an anchorage for

plans and a reservoir that holds the water needed for plant growth. Soil is defined as a
natural body of mineral and organic constituents, differentiated into horizons of variable
depth. In agricultural science, the term soil is applied only to the thin upper layer of the
weathered rock penetrated by the roots of plants which supplies them with water and
nutrients. The amount of water a soil can hold is available form for plant use is
determined by its physical properties. This amount determines the length of time a plant
can survive without water being added.
It determines both the frequency of irrigation and the capacity of irrigation
system needed to ensure continuous crop growth. Two important physical properties of
soils which affect the supply of water and air in a soil are texture and structure. Soil
texture refers to the relative proportion of the various size groups of mineral particles in
a given soil. Soil structure refers to the manner in which the soil particles are arranged
in groups or aggregates. The soil comprises of four major components: mineral matter,
organic matter, air and water. The mineral and organic components of the soil together
comprise its solid phase. The liquid phase of the soil system comprises of soil moisture,
and the gaseous phase the soil air.
The main component of the solid phase in a soil system is the soil particles, the
size and the shape of which give rise to pore spaces of different geometry. These pore
spaces are filled with water and air in varying proportions, depending on the amount of
moisture present. The volume composition of the three main constituents namely, solid,
liquid and gaseous phases in the soil system varies widely. A typical silt loam soil, for
example, contains about 50% solids, 30% water and 20% air. In addition to the three
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basic components, soil usually contains numerous living organisms such as bacteria,
fungi, algae, protozoa, insects and small animals which directly or indirectly affect soil
characteristics and water holding capacity. The most important soil properties
influencing irrigation management are its infiltration characteristics and water holding
capacity. Other soil properties such as soil texture, soil structure and soil profile
conditions, and depth of water table also influence the management of irrigation water
in a crop field.
Mechanical composition of a soil refers to its solid phase composed of mineral
fraction. Knowledge of the mechanical composition of a soil gives an insight into its
physical, chemical and biological potential. The mineral particles are the chief
components of soils on a volumetric basis, except in an organic soil in which the
organic content is equal or more than 30% of the soil solids and dominates the soil
characteristics. The mineral particles consist of rock particles developed in situ by
weathering or deposited in bulk by wind or water. Mineral soil particles are usually
classified according to their size. The mineral between 2 cm and 2 mm in diameter is
called gravel, while the material smaller than 2 mm in diameter is fine earth. Only the
material smaller than 2 mm in diameter is considered in the chemical and mechanical
analysis of soils. The soil particles comprise of sand, silt and clay. The size limits of the
soil particle fraction have been established by various national and international
organisations.
Sand and silt particles are approximately spherical or cubical in shape. Soil that
has in place and has not been transported contains sand and silt particles with
comparatively edges. Loam soils contain more or less equal amounts of sand, silt and
clay. Such soils are considered more favourable for plant growth, because they have
better water holding capacity than sand is better aerated and easier for tillage, as
compared to clay. The least complex textural sand which contains less than 15% silt and
clay. Such soils have relatively simple capillary pore spaces and ensure good drainage
and aeration. Sandy soils are relatively inert chemically, a and non-cohesive, and have a
low water holding capacity.
Clay soils contain more than 40% of clay particles and 45% sand or silt. The
clay is usually aggregated together into complex gravels. They have much greater
surface a silt or sand particles and, hence, can hold more water and minerals than sandy
soils.
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4.3.2 Soil texture
Soil texture refers to the relative proportion of particles or separates of various
sizes in a given soil. Or soil texture is the relative percentage of sand, silt and clay in a
soil.
The size of particles in mineral soil is not readily subject to change. Thus, a
sandy soil remains sandy, and a clay soil remains clayey. Since the proportion of each
size group in a given soil (the texture) cannot be easily altered, it is considered a basic
property of a soil. The mineral component constitutes the soil mass. This mineral
portion consists of particles of various sizes. According to the size, the soil particles are
grouped into gravels, sands, silts and clays, which are termed as soil separates. The
process of determining the amount of individual soil separates below 2 millimetres in
diameter is called a mechanical analysis or particle size analysis.
To convey an idea of the textural makeup of soils and to give an Indication of
their physical properties, soil textural class names are used. These are grouped into three
main fractions viz. Sand, silt and clay. According to the proportion of these three
fractions, a soil is given a name to indicate its textural composition. Such a name gives
an idea not only of the textural composition of a soil but also of its various properties in
general. On this basis soils are classified into various textural classes like sands, clays,
silts, loams etc.
4.3.2.1 Sands: The sand group includes all soils in which the sand separates make up at
least 70% and the clay separate 15% or less of the material by weight. The properties of
such soils are therefore characteristically those of sand in contrast to the stickier nature
of clays.
Two specific textural classes are recognized in this group: sandy and loamy sand
although, in practice, two subclasses are also used: Loamy fine sand and loamy very
fine sand.
4.3.2.2 Silts: The silt group includes soils with at least 80% silt and 12% or less clay.
Naturally the properties of this group are dominated by those of silt. Only one textural
class-silt is included in this group
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4.3.2.3 Clays: To be desi innated a clay, a soil must contain at least 35% of the clay
separate and, in most cases, not less than 40%. In such soils the characteristics of the
clay separate es are distinctly dominant, and the class names are clay, sandy clay and
city clay, Sandy clays may contain more sand than clay. Likewise, the silt content of
silty clays usually exceeds clay fraction
4.3.2.4 Loam: The loam group, which contains many subdivisions, is a more
complicated soil textural class. An ideal loan may be defined as a mixture of sand, silt,
and particles that exhibits the properties of those separates in about equal proport Loam
soils does not exhibit dominant physical properties of sand, silt or clay. Note t loam
does not contain equal percentage of sand, silt and clay. It does, howe exhibit
approximately equal properties of sand, silt, and clay.
4.3.3 Soil structure: Soil structure is defined as the arrangement and organization of
primary and secondary particles in a soil mass is known as soil structure. Soil structure
controls the amount of water and air present in soil. Plant roots and germinating sends
require sufficient air and oxygen for respiration. Bacterial activities also depend upon
the supply of water and air in the soil
4.3.3.1 Formation of soil structure
Soil particles may be present either as single individual grains or as aggregate
group of particles bound together into granules of compound particles. These granules
or compound particles are known as secondary particles. A majority of particles in a
sandy or silty soil are present as single individual grains while in clayey soil they are
present in granulated condition. The individual particles are usually solid, while the
aggregates are not solid but they possess a porous or spongy character Most soils are
mixture of single grain and compound particle. Soils, which predominate with single
grains are said to be structureless, while those possess majority of secondary particles
are said to be aggregate, granulated or crumb structure.
4.3.3.2 Mechanism of aggregate formation: The bonding of the soil particles into
structural unit is the genesis of soil structure. The bonding between individual particles
in the structural units, is generally considered to be stronger than between the structural
units themselves.
In aggregate formation a number of primary particles such as sand, sit and clay
are brought together by the cementing or binding effect of soil colloids the cementing
materials taking part in aggregate formation are colloidal clay, iron and aluminium
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hydroxides and decomposing organic matter. Whatever may be the cementing material,
it is ultimately the dehydration of colloidal matter accompanied with pressure that
completes the process of aggregation
4.3.3.3 Types of structure

There are four principal forms of soil structure:
4.3.3.3.1 Plate-like (Platy): In this structural type the aggregates are arranged in
relatively thin horizontal plates. The horizontal dimensions are much more developed
than the vertical. When the units are thick, they are called platy and when thin, laminar.
Platy structure is most noticeable in the surface layers of virgin soils but may be present
in the subsoil. Although most structural features are usually a product of soil forming
forces, the platy type is often inherited from the parent material, especially those laid
down by water.
4.3.3.3.2 Prism-like: The vertical axis is more developed than horizontal, giving a pillar
like shape. When the top of such a ped is rounded, the structure is termed as columnar
and when flat, prismatic They commonly occur in subsoil horizons in arid and semi-arid
regions.
4.3.3.3.3 Block Like: Al three dimensions are about the same size and the peds are cube
like with that or rounded faces. When the faces are that and the edges sharp angular, the
structure is named as angular blocky. When the faces and edges are mainly rounded it is
called sub angular blocky. These types usually are confined to the sub soil and
characteristics have much to do with sol drainage, aeration and root penetration.
4.3.3.3.4 Spheroidal (Sphere like): All rounded aggregates (peds) may be placed in
this category, although the term more properly refers to those not over an Inch in
diameter. These rounded complexes usually lie loosely and separately. When wetted the
intervening spaces generally are not closed so readily. by swelling as may be the case
with a blocky structural condition. Therefore, in sphere-like structure infiltration,
percolation and aeration are not affected by wetting of soil. The aggregates of this group
are usually termed as granular which are relatively less porous, when the granules are
very porous, the terms used is crumby.
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4.3.4 Kinds of soil water
Fig No. 4.3 Diagrammatic representation of different types of water.
The soil pores, spaces between the soil particles, form a network of connected
cavities of every conceivable shape and size. When water is added to a dry soil by either
rain or irrigation, it is distributed around the soil particles where it is held by adhesive
and cohesive forces; it displaces air in the pore spaces and eventually fills the pores.
When all the pores, large and small, are filled, the soil is said to be saturated and is at its
maximum retentive capacity. The following are the three main classes of soil water:
4.3.4.1 Hygroscopic water: Water held tightly to the surface of soil particles by
adsorption forces.
4.3.4.2 Capillary water: Water held by forces of surface tension in continuous films
around soil particles and in the capillary spaces.
4.3.4.3 Gravitational water: Water that moves freely in response to gravity and drains
out of the soil.
The water in large pores that moves downward freely under the influence of
gravity is called gravitational water or free water. When the supply of water to the soil
surface is cut off, water continues to drain from the large pores for a few days. In well-
drained soils, the free water near the surface usually has moved out before the crops are
damaged. The large pores are again filled with air, water in the small pores moves
16
because of capillary forces and is called capillary water. It moves more slowly than free
water; it can move in any direction, but always in the direction of the greatest tension.
Evaporation from the land surface and absorption of moisture by growing plants further
reduce the amount of water in the soil until water no longer moves because of capillary
forces. The remaining water is held so tightly that it cannot be used by plants. This is
called hygroscopic water. Of the three forms of water, only capillary water is useful for
plant growth.
4.3.5 Water requirement of crops
The estimation of the water requirements (WR) of crops is one of the basic needs
for crop planning on the farm and for the planning of any irrigation project. Water
requirement of crops may be defined as the quantity of water, regardless of its source.
required by a crop or diversified pattern of crops in a given period of time for its normal
growth under field conditions at a particular place. Water requirements include the
losses due to evapotranspiration (ET) or consumptive use (C) plus the losses during the
application of irrigation water (unavoidable losses) and the quantity of water required
for special operations such as land preparation, transplanting, leaching and unavoidable
percolation losses. It may thus be formulated as follows:
WR = ET or C+ application losses + special needs
Water requirement is, therefore, a 'demand' and the supply' would consist of
contributions from any of the sources of water, the major source being irrigation water
(IR). effective rainfall (ER), and soil profile contributions (S), including that from
shallow water tables. Numerically, therefore. water requirement is given as:
WR = IR + ER + S
The field irrigation requirement of a crop, therefore, refers to the water requirements of
crops, exclusive of effective rainfall and contribution from soil profile, and it may be
given as:
IR = WR (ER + S)
Water requirement of crops is usually expressed in water-depth units or depth-
area units per unit area. In case part of the water supply (supplementary to precipitation)
is from natural or artificial sources situated away from the farm area, the net quantity of
water actually used, which excludes conveyance losses, is termed as 'net water
requirements'. If conveyance losses are included, it is called total water requirements.
17
The farm irrigation requirement depends on the irrigation needs of individual crops,
their area and the losses in the farm water distribution systems, mainly by way of
seepage. The irrigation requirement of an outlet command area includes the irrigation
requirement of individual farm holdings and the losses in the conveyance and
distribution system.
4.4 Introduction to micro irrigation

In micro-irrigation, water is carried to the actual root of the plant and not just to
the surrounding dirt. It uses pipes, tubes, and a dripper to slowly deliver the water. This
method uses much lesser water than normal irrigation and is more efficient and
ecological.
In ancient times, a clay pot with holes were filled with water and buried in the
ground. Then, a clay pipe was used, which eventually changed into the more common
perforated plastic tubing. Even newer developments include a plastic water emitter
located where the root sits in which the water drips out. Newer and newer methods
make this a valuable contribution to the agriculture world, especially those areas lacking
rain and water. Other types of micro-irrigation include the bubbler, where the drip is
more spread out, and the micro sprinkler, which is used overhead where the water is
emitted in micro-sprays. This is usually in a closed setting such as a greenhouse.
Micro-irrigation is used in farms as well as commercial greenhouses. It has
proven successful in a commercial sense due to automation. Also, with piping and
pressurized pumps, fertilizer can be added to the water. This automates the watering and
feeding of plants and is less labor intensive. On land that is hilly or sloped, micro-
irrigation can be the answer in avoiding run-off. The cost of micro-irrigation would cost
less than levelling the land for any type of farming and can help control erosion. On
farms growing crops spaced closely together, such as strawberries, micro-irrigation can
help in more direct watering methods. For crops grown under cover, requiring more
water, micro-irrigation can help control the flow.
18
4.5 Types of pressurized irrigation system
Fig No. 4.4 Types of pressurized irrigation system
4.5.1 Drip irrigation
19
Plate No. 4.1 Drip irrigation layout
Drip irrigation system is the irrigation system in which there is direct application
of measured quantity of water, near the root zone of crop, with uniform distribution of
water, through the small openings or orifices called emitters.
4.5.1.1 Need of drip irrigation

Water resources of country are depleting at an alarming rate and growing
population and changing lifestyles are putting more and more pressure on the available
resources. Under the circumstances it is needed to popularize drip irrigation method in
various state of country through extension services which may give information about
technology needed and economic benefits of drip irrigation and help to reduce over
exploitation of water resources of the country.
Fig No. 4.5 Drivers for drip irrigation
4.5.1.2 Principles of drip irrigation system

1. Water is applied at a low rate over a long period of time.
2. Water is applied at frequent intervals.
3. Water is applied directly to the crop root zone.
4. Water is applied through low pressure delivery system.
20
21
4.5.1.3 Layout of drip irrigation system
Plate No. 4.2 Layout of drip irrigation system

4.5.1.4 Advantages of drip irrigation System
1. In drip irrigation, night irrigation is easy and possible.
2. Drip irrigation is suitable for salty water also.
3. There is very less accumulation of salts in soil.
4. EC and PH can be controlled.
5. Water saving by 30-70% depending on the crop.
6. Large area under irrigation.
7. High Water Use Efficiency (Water losses are minimized).
8. Uniform supply of water to all the plants.
9. Less weed growth.
10. Labor saving – weeding, irrigation and fertilizer application.
11. Energy saving (Electricity).
12. Cultivation with mulches is possible.
13. Simple to irrigate the field.
14. Fertilizer saving.
15. Increased yield and better quantity over year to year.
16. Facilitates growing of crops in undulating areas without land levelling
22
4.5.1.5 Limitations of drip irrigation system
1. High initial cost.
2. Clogging problem.
3. Technical skill is required in design and operation.
4. No protection against frost.
Table No. 4.1 Components of drip irrigation system
Sr.
No. Components Use Image
1 Water source To store water.
To deliver the water from

2 Pump set
source (well) to main.
To clean the water and

3 Filter
deliver it to the main.
Fertilizer To inject fertilizer in the

4
Injector irrigation system.
To convey irrigation water

5 Mainline from water source to the
submain.
23
To convey irrigation water
6 Submain
from mainline to submain.
To convey water from

7 Lateral
submain to emitters.
To supply water from

9 Emitters
lateral to root zone of plant
To control the flow of

9 Control valve
water.
Grommet and To connect the sub main to

10
Take-off lateral.
11 End caps To close the laterals.
12 Flush valve To flush the submain.
24
Air release To release the entrapped
13
valve air in the system.
Non-return To prevent backflow of

14
valve water.
15 Pressure gauge To measure the pressure.
4.6 Filtration unit

1. Micron
The maximal diameter of a ball shaped particle which can pass through the screen
wires.
2. Mesh
Mesh is the number of holes per square inch expressed in mm.
Table No. 4.2 Selection of filter according to type of dirt
Dirt type Filter type Filter Principle
Various solids and sand Screen filter Surface filtering
Clay, silt and some
Disc filter Depth filtering
sand
Organic matter Gravel filter Depth filtering
Hydro cyclone Centrifugal separation of solids from
Sand
filter water.
25
Table No. 4.3 Guidelines for choosing filtration type according to water source and
quality
Filter type
Water source Problematic factor (Mild
(Severe problem)
problem)
Hydro cyclone Screen or
Well Sand
control Disc
Bacteria (Iron, Chemical treatment
Well Disc
Sulphur, Manganese) + Disc filter
Clay, Silt and organic
River Gravel filter control Disc
matter
Reservoir Algae, Organic matter Gravel filter control Disc
Effluent water at
Algae, Organic matter Gravel filter control Disc
secondary treatment level
4.6.1 Primary filter

4.6.1.1 Sand /Gravel filter
Applications
1. Used as primary filter for open water source such as water from reservoirs,
dams, open canals, rivers, sewage water and other types of contaminated water.
2. For removal of biological impurities like algae.
Working principle
Gravel filters operate by allowing unfiltered water to pass through a bed of
aggregate (crushed silica) that captures the suspended material as the water passes
through the tank. The bed of aggregate recommended is crushed basalt, has many
varying aperture sizes that makes the water travel through many passages on its way
from the inlet to the outlet of the filter. Depth filtration allows capture of algae and
organic impurities from unfiltered water. Efficiency of large particle retention is very
high as long as the gravel is kept clean.
26
Table No. 4.4 Equivalent silica size (mm)
Media Mesh Micron (μ) Min Max Average
Crushed silica 80 – 130 170 – 120 0.8 1.3 1.05
Features
1. Can be installed individually or in battery of filters.
2. Available in Flow rate 10 to 50 m3/hr.
3. The filtration media and mushroom filters are housed in epoxy coated M.S.
body.
4. The standard size of silica is between 0.9 and 1.5mm.
5. Backwashing is recommended when, the pressure difference between the filter
inlet and outlet reaches 0.5kg/cm2.
Plate No. 4.3 Gravel filter
4.6.1.2 Hydro cyclone filter

Application
Used as primary filter for bore well to remove high density material (sand).
Working principle
It operates on two forces i.e., centrifugal force and gravitational force. The water
inlet is provided tangentially at the upper part of the funnel shaped body. As the water
enters the hydro cyclone tangentially, it gives spiral motion to the water. The centrifugal
force thus created forces the sand and the other solid particles heavier than water
27
towards the wall from where it slides downwards into the collecting tank at the bottom
and the clean water rises spirally to the outlet above.
The velocity at which the water flows through the Hydro Cyclone filter
determines the efficiency at which the particles are separated from the water.
Features
a) M.S. pre-treated epoxy powder coated–Threaded BSP or Flanged connections.
b) M. S. powdered coated sand collection chamber at bottom.
c) Available in flow rate 10 to 50 m3/hr.
d) When pressure difference at inlet and outlet becomes equal to or greater than 0.5
kg/cm2flushing is necessary.
Fig No. 4.6 Hydro cyclone filter

4.6.2 Secondary filter
4.6.2.1 Disc filter
(a) (b)
Plate No. 4.4 Disc filter
28
The intersections between the grooved faces of any two pair of adjacent discs
through which water passes as shown in fig.(b)
Features
1. Primary filter for Bore wells and secondary filter for open water sources.
2. Depth filtration increases filtration efficiency.
3. Flushing operation: pressure difference at inlet and outlet is 0.2 kg/cm2.
4. Completely corrosion resistant.
4.6.2.2 Screen filter
Plate No. 4.5 Screen filter

Features
1. Screen filter can be used as a secondary filter and available in 10, 25, 30 and
50m3/hr.
2. They can be manual or self cleaning and only used for clean water.
3. They have a replaceable stainless steel screen, and the screen ranges from 40-
140 mesh.
4. Screen filters may be installed downstream the sand media as a preventive filter
in case the sand media is fails.
4.7. Fertigation
Fertigation means application of water-soluble fertilizer through drip irrigation
system.
4.7.1 Selection of fertilizer equipment
Fertilizer equipment is selected according to application, volume of flow
required and area of the field. There are two main equipment’s: the ordinary closed tank
29
and the injector pump. For DIS generally considered head loss through fertigation
equipment as 10 m and it will vary according to field condition.
Fertigation equipments
Plate No. 4.6 Fertigation equipments

1 Injection pump
2 Pressure tank
3 Venturi injector
4 Fertilizer tank
5 Fertilizer injector/venturi (For venturi motive flow will be about 14,000 lit/hr.).
6 Fertilizer injector with booster pump (In case of available pressure will be less).
4.8 Details of pipes, valves and fittings
4.8.1 Main line
Main line pipe is made of either HDPE or Aluminium conforming to BIS

specification viz. IS 7092 for aluminium pipes and IS 14151, (with IS 7328) for HDPE
pipes (Plate 3.3). Main line may be either movable or permanent. Movable mainline are
generally have low initial cost and can be more easily adapted to variety of conditions,
but the labour cost of movable main line is more. Permanent main line saves the labour
cost and it reduces the obstruction to the field operations, if buried in the ground. Main
line carries water from the pumping plant and supplies it to submain and/or laterals.
The velocity of flow in main line should not be greater than 1.5 m/sec and friction
head loss should be less than 5 m per 1000 m running length of pine. The portable
mainlines are generally made up of lightweight aluminium or HDPE pipes and
generally equipped with quick coupling devices. Permanent main lines are made up of
30
steel, cement, asbestos, plastic and they are commonly buried so as to be out of the
farming operation.
Table No. 4.5 Size, thickness & values of C for main
Material Sizes, mm Sizes, (approx.) Thickness, Hazen Williams
inch mm Constant, C
PVC 40, 50, 63, 75, 1.5, 2.5, 3, 2 140 or 150
HDPE 90, 110 3.5, 4 2.2 125 (50,63 mm),
150 (75,90 mm)
4.8.2 Submain
Submain conveys water from main line to individual lateral. They may be either
movable or permanent. Movable submain has less initial cost but high labour cost. It
may be made up of either lightweight aluminium or HDPE pipe.
Permanent submain has high initial cost and less labour cost. It may be made up of
steel, asbestos. Or PVC. They are buried in the ground up to 60 cm depth.
Table No. 4.6 Size, thickness & values of C for submain
Material Sizes, mm Sizes, Thickness, Hazen Williams
(approx.) inch mm Constant, C
PVC 32, 40, 50, 63, 1.25,1.5, 2.5, 3, 2 140 or 150
HDPE 75, 90, 110 3.5, 4 2.2 125 (50,63 mm),
150 (75,90 mm)
4.8.3 Lateral
Lateral conveys water from main line or submain to the individual sprinkler head.
Laterals are generally portable. They might be made up of lightweight aluminium or
HDPE and are generally equipped with quick coupling devices. The laterals are usually
available in 6 m length. However, for some orchards, tree nurseries, the permanent
buried laterals can also be used.
31
Table No. 4.7 Size, thickness & values of C for lateral
Material Sizes, mm Sizes, (approx.) Thickness, Hazen Williams
inch mm Constant, C
LDPE 6,8,12,16,2 1.1 2 120
LLDPE 0 2.2 140
4.8.4 Valves
4.8.4.1 Flow Control Valve
Valves Control the passage of water through the pipe network. Different types of
Valves Serve different function. There are different types of Valves used in Sprinkler
Irrigation System.
4.8.4.2 Non-return valve
The function of this valve is to present return flow of water. This valve protects
pumps and prevents the return flow of water injected with fertilizer solutions to the
portable water system. These valves must be installed at all points at which injection
take place. The valve should be installed in the control head behind the automatic
metering valve and in front of the fertigation equipment working of valve should be
checked from time to time.
4.8.4.3 Vacuum release valves
The function of this valve is to ensure that there is no return flow of water to the
potable water system and that is affected by introducing air to the pipeline whenever
vacuum is created. A vacuum release valve must be installed at all points where
fertilizer solution is injected and adjacent to the non-return valve. An additional pair of
these valves should be installed as part of the pumping fertigation equipment. These
valves it be checked periodically.
4.8.4.4 Air release Valve
Air release valve is normally open valve. Until your system is pressurized, the
valve is simply open and air is present. As pressure builds within the system, unwanted
air is forced to the highest point in the system that is the normally open-air release
valve.
4.8.5 Fitting and Accessories
32
In addition to the above main components of sprinkler system, following fitting
and accessories are essential for installation of the system.
4.8.5.1 Reducers
Where more than one pipe size is used on the sprinkler line, a reducer is
necessary for ogling pipes of different diameters. However, it is recommended that
same diameter pipes be used everywhere.
4.8.5.2 Elbows
These are used at joints for changing the direction of water flow. It is also used
for reducing the pipe size. Valve opening elbows are used which fit over the take off
valves on the mainline and allow a lateral to be connected.
4.8.5.3 End plug
These are placed at the end of a fine so close the pipe. By removing them other
pipe or couplings such as tee can be attached to the parent pipe Different type of layouts
or arrangements can be made possible with this feasibility.
4.8.5.4 Water meter
Water meter is used for measuring the local quantity of water delivered through
the concerned section of pipe. Generally, irrigation water is charged according to the
area irrigated. The volume of water passing through the system must be known, so as to
operate the system for delivering required water quantity.
4.8.5.5 Flange, coupling and nipple
These are necessary for making proper connection to the pump and suction
delivery
4.8.5.6 Pressure gauge
It is necessary to know whether the sprinkler is working with the desired peer in
deliver the water uniformly. A portable gauge pack with a pitot tube is generally used
for measuring the pressure at sprinkler nozzle.
33
4.9 Types of drippers
Drippers
On-Line
Integral Other types
Standard Pressure
compensated
Standard Pressure
compensate
Fig No. 4.7 Types of dripper
4.9.1 Online Product
4.9.1.1 Non-PC Drippers
4.9.1.2 Button Dripper: Different parts of button dripper shown in plate no. 4.7
Applications
Orchards, nurseries, garden pots.
Specifications
1. Maximal working pressure: 2.0 bar.
2. Available in different flow rates2.0,4.0, 8.0lph
3. TurboNet™labyrinth with large water passages.
4. The Button model inserted into a thick-walled pipe (0.9, 1.0 and 1.2 mm)
34
Outlet
Cap
Labyrinth
Base
Inlet
Plate No. 4.7 Button dripper

4.9.1.3 PC Drippers
4.9.1.4 PCJ Dripper: Different parts of PCJ dripper shown in plate no. 4.8
Applications
Greenhouses, nurseries, undulating terrain and large fields required long length with
uniform flow.
Specifications
1. It has working pressure range 0.5 to 4.0 bar.
2. Available in 0.5, 1.2, 2, 3, 4, 8, 12 and 15lph.
3. To be “inserted” into thick-walled pipes (0.9, 1.0 and 1.2 mm.)
4. UV resistant. Resistant to standard nutrients used in agricultural
Plate No. 4.8 PCJ dripper

4.9.2 Inline Product
35
In this system drippers are fixed inside the lateral in the factory itself. Inline
products are available in different sizes such as 12, 16, 20mm and different flow rates
1, 1.9, 2, 2.85, 3, 3.8 and 4 lph respectively.
4.9.2.1 Non-PC
4.9.2.1.1 Aries: Different parts of Aries dripper shown in plate no. 4.9
Applications
1. Deciduous and tree irrigation.
2.Trees, vines, row crops, greenhouses and nurseries.
3. On-surface multi seasonal row crops.
4.Surface or sub-surface installation.
Labyrinth (Turbo- Next technology)
Outlet
chamber
Filter
Plate No. 4.9 Aries Dripper

Specifications
1. It has flow rate as 1, 1.9, 2, 2.85, 3, 3.80, 4lph
2. Maximum system pressure: according to dripper lines wall thickness.
3. Recommended filtration: 130 micron / 120 mesh.
4. UV resistant.
5. Resistant to standard nutrients used in agricultural field.
4.9.2.1.2 Streamline: Different parts of streamline dripper shown in plate no. 4.10
Applications
1. Row crops irrigation, Short term duration crop.
2. For peppers, tomatoes, melons and vegetable crops. Shallow, surface or
Sub-surface installation.
36
Plate No. 4.10 Streamline
Specifications
1. TurboNet™ labyrinth with large water passage.
2. To be “welded” into a thin-walled dripper line (0.15, 0.20, 0.25, 0.31 mm).
3. Injected dripper, very low CV.
4. UV resistant. Resistant to standard nutrients used in agricultural.
4.9.2.2 PC Drippers
4.9.2.2.1 Drip Net PC: Different parts of Drip net PC shown in plate no. 4.11
Applications
On-surface, sub-surface multi seasonal row crops.
Cover
Root Barrier
Pressure Compensation Filtration Diaphragm

Chamber
Plate No. 4.11 Drip net PC

Specifications
1. Pressure-compensating range: 0.4-2.5 Kg/cm2.
2. Flow rate 0.6, 1.0, 1.6, 2.0, 3.0, 3.8 lph.
3. To be inserted into thick - walled dripper line (0.9, 1.0, 1.2mm).
4. Anti-siphon mechanism and self-flushing mechanism.
37
5. Turbo Net™ labyrinth with large water passage.
6. Injected silicon diaphragm.
7. UV resistant.
8. Compact Integral Pressure-compensating, Continuously Self-cleaning dripper
4.10 MICRO SPRINKLERS

4.10.1 Gyro Net: Different parts of Gyro net shown in plate no. 4.12
Applications
Irrigation of tree plantations
Plate No. 4.12 Gyro Net

Specifications
1. SR means a revolving rotor irrigating a medium sized area.
2. SRD stream deflector concentrates all the water in the area surrounding the
young tree during the initial growing period.
3. 10 different flow rates: 27,40,58,70,90,120, 150, 200, 250, 300 l/h
4. Maximum recommended working pressure: 2.5 bar
5. 2 types of inlet connectors: i. Self-tapping ii. Press fit
4.10.2 Cool Net Pro: Different parts of cool net pro shown in plate no. 4.13
Applications
Super-fine static mister especially designed for cooling and humidifying
greenhouses and livestock, and for irrigating over rooting tables.
38
Plate No. 4.13 Cool Net Pro
Specifications
1. Bridgeless design eliminates dripping.
2. Static mister, 2 different flow rates: 5.5, 7.5 & a plug nozzle.
3. Pressure ranges 3.0-5.0 bar.
4. Inlet connector: Press fit.
5. Different configurations: -Cross-4 nozzle,"T"-2 nozzles, Straight- 1 nozzle.
6. The nozzles are code colored: 5.5 l/h – light green, 7.5 l/h – silver gray.
4.10.3 Mist Net: Different parts of mist net shown in plate no. 4.14
Applications
Super-fine static mister especially designed for under canopy cooling and
humidifying greenhouses and for irrigating over rooting tables.
Plate No. 4.14 Mist Net
Specifications
39
1. Bridgeless design eliminates dripping
2. Static mister, 2 flow rates: 15, 25 l/h Nominal flow rates at 2.7 bar pressure.
Pressure range 2.5 to 5.0 bar
3. Inlet connectors: Press fit
4. The nozzles are colored: 15.0 L/h. yellow 25.0 l/h. Brown
4.10.4 Spin Net: Different parts of spin net shown in plate no. 4.15
Applications
 Greenhouses, Nurseries, Net-houses.
 Excellent results in Tunnels with Uniform distribution.
Plate No. 4.15 SpinNet
Specifications
1. Bridgeless design.
2. Nominal flow rates at 2.0 bar pressure are 50,70,90,120,160,200 lph.
3. Recommended working pressure: 2.0 up to 3.0 bar.
4. Recommended filtration : 130 micron / 120 mesh.
5. Inlet connector: Press fit.
4.11 DRIP IRRIGATION SYSTEM DESIGN
Drip Irrigation system design means deciding the dimensions of pipe, head unit
size and valve location, etc.
40
Maintenance
Operation of system
Installation
System Design
Collection field data
Fig No. 4.8 Pyramid of Irrigation system establishment

4.11.1 Points to be considered before design
1. Cross check of available water and required water.
2. Electricity availability.
3. Feasibility of map
4.11.2. Main steps in design of drip irrigation System

1. Collection of data
2. Agronomic design:
a. Selection of dripper type- online/inline
b. Dripper discharge
c. Dripper spacing
d. Irrigation interval
3. Hydraulic design:
a. Selection of dripper- PC/NPC
b. Block design
c. Pipe network design- mainline, sub main line, lateral
d. Pump selection- head loss calculation
4. Bill of Material
41
4.11.3. Design steps
Farm Survey Questionnaire
Design System-Drip/Micro Sprinklers
Decide Product to be used
Calculate Application Rate
Calculate Shift Duration
Calculate Number of Shift
Check Permissible Length of Product
Divide Area as per Permissible Length of Product

and Block Flows
Connect all the Valves to water source
Decide sizes of Sub main and mainline
Calculate Total Head Required to Operate System
Suggest Pump Set
Prepare Bill of Material
Fig. No 4.9 Flow chart for design micro irrigation system

4.11.3.1 Survey of the field
Field survey is the detail study or inspection, by gathering information through
observation, measurement in the field. For DIS major surveys are done by GPS.
4.11.3.2 Select the type of Irrigation system
According to survey and field condition select any type of irrigation system (such as
Drip irrigation, Sprinkler irrigation) Suitable to fulfill necessary conditions of the field.
42
4.11.3.3 Select type of emitter
After selection of irrigation system, we have to select the emitter type (online emitter,
Inline emitter or micro sprinkler).
4.11.3.4 Select emitter spacing
Emitter spacing mainly depends on soil type and crop. For online emitter, emitter
spacing is calculated. For inline, emitter spacing is fixed by manufactured according to
market conditions and emitter spacing will maintain exactly at regular interval.
4.11.3.5 Select the emitter discharge
Emitter discharge mainly depends on plant water requirement, Plant age and plant
spacing. It will vary for crop according to condition.
4.11.3.6 Application Rate
It is also called as irrigation rate is the rate of application of water per unit time
expressed in depth per unit time.
4.11.3.7 Estimate P.W.R. of crop
P.W.R. also called as peak evapotranspiration is the maximum water requirement of
matured crop throughout a day expressed in mm/day.
4.11.3.8 Calculate Irrigation time
It is time required to meet the desired water requirement of crop with particular
application rate, expressed in hour.
4.11.3.9 Maximum No. of shift
It depends on the power available and shift duration.
4.11.3.10 Divide Area into blocks
Divide the total area according to valve flow and define the flow rate of the block by the
size of block valve using the following table as a guide:
Table No. 4.8 Guidelines for design of valve size

Valve size(inches) Flow rate (m3/hr)
1.5” 4-8
2.0” 9-20
2.5” 21-25
3.0” 26-40
43
4.11.3.11 Design of submain
It is mainly based on valve flow rate, friction loss in pipe and velocity of flow.
Maximum velocity through sub main is 1.5-2.5 m/s for safety we consider sub main
head loss limit is 0.5 m for Non-PC& 1-2 m for PC.
4.11.3.12 Design of main
It is based on shift flow rate, friction loss in pipe and velocity of flow. Maximum
velocity for main is 2 m/s. For safe side we consider main head loss limit through main
is 6 m and it may vary according to field condition.
4.11.3.13 Selection of filter
Filter selection is based on maximum shift flow rate of field.
Table No. 4.9 Selection of filter according to type of dirt
Filter Dirt Type Filter Type Filter Principle
Organic matter Gravel filter Depth filtration

Primary filter
Centrifugal
Hydro cyclone filter
Sand separation solids
(Sand separator)
from water
Various solids,
Screen filter Surface filtration
Secondary filter trash and sand
Sand, Clay, silt and Disc filter
Depth filtration
trash
4.11.3.14 Pipeline protection equipment

Following protection equipment’s should be used-
1. Pressure gauge: Used to measure pressure at different point.
2. Non return valve: Used to prevent backflow of water and head loss considered
for DIS through NRV is approx.1 m.
3. Air release valve: Used to release entrapped air from pipeline.
4.11.3.15 Pump Duty-Shift wise
It includes different frictional loss in DIS system,
1. To calculate the total head required to operate system.
2. To fulfill flow requirement of system.
3. To meet necessary operating pressure of the system.
44
4. To check existing pump conditions.
4.11.3.16 Selection of pump
Calculate the pump Hp by using the following formula
Flow Rate ( lps ) ×Total head (m)
Hp =
75× Pump Efficiency × Motor Efficiency
4.11.3.1 Prepare Bill of material
BOM preparation includes following parameter- Head unit details, PVC manifold, Drip
manifold, Safety equipment, other accessories.
Table No. 4.10 Formulas used for design of drip irrigation system
Sr.
Parameter Formulae
No.
1 Water Requirement Crop Spacing (m2) x P.ExPcx KC x % Wetted

(lit/day/plant) Area
Where,
P.E.-Pan evaporation(mm/day)
Kc-Crop coefficient
Pc-Pan coefficient
2 PWR (mm/day) Water Requirement ¿ ¿
3 Application Rate (mm/hr) Dripper Discharge (lph ) × No. of lateral
Lateral Spacing ( m ) × Dripper Spacing (m)
4 Shift Duration (hrs/day) PWR (mm /day )
AR(mm /hr)
5 No. of Shifts per Day Power Available per day ( hr)
Shift Duration(hr )
6 Total Lateral Length (m) Area (sq . m)

Lateral Spacing(m)
8 Total No. of Drippers Total Lateral Lenght ( m)
Dripper Spacing(m)
9 Total Drippers Flow Rate Total No. of Dripper* Drippers Discharge (lph)
(lph)
10 Hp of Pump Flow Rate ( lps ) ×Total head (m)
45
4.12 Subsurface drip irrigation
Plate No. 4.16 Sub-surface drip irrigation
Subsurface irrigation is a more efficient application of drip irrigation
technology, with dripper lines placed below the earth surface, targeting the plant root.
Generally, the use of subsurface drip irrigation systems brings additional opportunities
to irrigate more efficiently.
The depth of lateral to be installed at various soil depths according to the type of
crop to be grown and classification is given as follows:
Table No. 4.11 Depth of lateral installation according to crop depth
Soil depth Depth (cm) Crops
Shallow 0 to 10 Potato, Onion
Medium 10 to 25 Sugarcane
Deep Above 25 Cotton
(Ref. Netafim technical)
The maintenance of SDI system is very important for its better operation and
more life. That’s why system should be flushed out timely. While flushing the velocity
at lateral end should be maintained between 0.25- 0.4 m/s.
4.12.1 SDI Advantages
1. Eliminates surface evaporation
2. Reduces crop stress
3. Extends life of irrigation system
46
4. Prevents weed germination
5. Less salts from efficient irrigation
6. Reduces labour requirements
7. Reduces maintenance costs
8. Safe and efficient delivery of fertilizers and chemicals.
9. Reduces animal, human or mechanical damage action.
4.12.2 SDI Limitations
1. Regular maintenance requires.
2. Rodents can damage SDI system as well as crop
3. Higher investment than surface irrigation system.
Survey
Farmers Name: Arjun Rajendra Patil Survey No.: 108
Area: 100x50= 5000m2 Crop Age: 5 years
Crop: Pomegranate Peak CWR: 40 lit/day/plant
Spacing: 4x3m Row direction: E-W
Soil type: Clay Land slope: 2%
Distance from water source: 150m Water source: Farm pond
Water quality: Good Existing pump: 5 hp
Electricity available: 12 hr Village: Kolhar
Taluka: Rahata Dist.: Ahmednagar
Mobile No.: 9876543787
1.Peak CWR: 40 litre/plant/Day (FAO Manual)

2.Selection of emitter: 4lph, 4 dripper per plant
Hourly water available- 4x4=16litre
96
No. of plants per row = = 32 plants (By considering head land 4 m)
3
No. of emitters per row= 32x4= 128 emitters
50
No. of rows= =¿13 rows
4
Total no. of emitters required= No. of rows x No. of emitters per row
= 13x128
47
= 1664 emitters
Total crop Water Requirement
3.Irrigation time=
Hourly Crop Water Available
40
=
16
= 2.5 hrs
4.Selection of lateral
Length of lateral = 96m
Discharge rate of lateral Q (lps) = (Emitter discharge rate Iph X Number of
Emitters)/3600.
Discharge rate of lateral Q (lps) = (32lph X 4×4)/3600.
= 0.14 lps
Select 16 mm lateral with submain at middle.
Estimation of frictional head loss in lateral in meter.
Frictional head loss in lateral is calculated by using following Hazen and William
equation.
Q
ΔH= K ( )1.852 D-4.871 (L+Le) X F
C
Where, ΔH-Head loss in lateral, (Permissible head loss in lateral is 0.90
m)
K-Constant 1.21 x 1010
Q-Flow rate in lateral, 0.07 lps
C-Frictional constant (140 for LDPE/LLDPE material and 150 for PVC
material)
D-Internal diameter of lateral, 13.6 mm
L-Length of lateral, 43m
Le-Increase in length of lateral due to connections of emitter (Generally,
L= L + Le)
F-Outlet Factor. (0.35 for more than 40 outlets)
0.07 1.852 (
ΔH= K ( ) 13.8)-4.871 (43) X 0.32
140
= 0.38m
Frictional head loss is 0.38m. Hence considered lateral is selected.
6.Selection of Submain
Discharge of Submain (lps) = Discharge of lateral lps X number of laterals on submain
48
= 0.14 lps X 13.
= 1.82 Ips
Estimation of frictional head loss in Submain m.
Frictional head loss in submain is calculated by using following Hazen and William
equation.
Q
ΔH= K ( )1.852 D-4.871 (L+Le) X F
C
Where, ΔH-Head loss in lateral, m (Permissible head loss in lateral is
0.90 m)
K - Constant 1.21 x 1010
Q-Flow rate in submain, lps
C-Frictional constant (140 for LDPE/LLDPE material and 150 for PVC
material)
D-Internal diameter of submain, mm
L-Length of submain, m
F-Outlet Factor. (0.35 for more than 40 outlets)
Size of Submain... 50.... mm
Inside Diameter of Submain- 45.6mm
Length of submain- 50 m
1.82 1.852 (
ΔH= K ( ) 45.6)-4.871 (50) X 0.36
150
ΔH=0.51m
Frictional head loss is 0.51m. Hence considered submain is selected.
7. Selection of Main Line
Common size of main line is 40 mm, 50 mm, 63 mm, 75 mm, 90 mm, 110 mm etc.
Q
ΔH= K ( )1.852 D-4.871 (L+Le)
C
Where, AH-Head loss in lateral, m (Permissible head loss in lateral is
0.90 m)
K-Constant 1.21 x 10¹⁰
Qm-Flow rate in main, lps
C-Frictional constant (150 for PVC material)
D-Internal diameter of main, mm
L-Length of main, m
49
Size of main- 63 mm
Inside Diameter of main- 58mm
Length of main- 200m
Frictional head loss in main line is considered for selection of pump.
1.82 1.852 ( -4.871
ΔH= K ( ) 58) (200)
150
ΔH = 1.76m
8.Selections of Pump
QXH
H.P.= ( )
75 ηmotor ηpump
Where, H.P-horse power
Q-Flow rate of drip system, lps
H-Total head of the system, m.
nmotor-motor efficiency generally taken as 80 %.
npump-pump efficiency generally taken as 75 %.
Total head = suction head + delivery head + elevation head + head loss in filter unit +
head loss fertigation unit + head loss in main line+ operating pressure head
Filter head loss is 2 m for screen filter / Disc Filter / Sand Filter and 3 m for hydro
cyclone filter
H= 10+2+2+5+1.76+0= 20.76m
1.852 x 20.76
H.P.=( )
75 X 0.8 X 0.75
H. P. = 0.839 Hp
Hence, existing 5 hp pump is suitable.
50
Fig No. 4.10 On paper drawing of drip irrigation system
Table No. 4.12 Material and Billing

Sr. No. Material Details Quantity Rate Amount
1. Sand Filter size (2 inch) 1 18387.60 18387.60
2. Disc Filter Size (2 inch) 1 7581.33 7581.33
3. Venturi size (1 inch) 1 1260 1260
4. Main PVC pipes size (63mm) 34 340 11560
5. Submain PVC pipe size (50 mm) 9 265 2385
6. Lateral size (16mm) 1248m 14 17472
7. By pass Valve (2.5inch) 1 160 160
8. NRV size (2.5 inch) 1 1225 1225
9. Ball Valve Size 1 630 630
10. Flush Valve 1 190 190
11. GTO end cap 26 9.2 239
12. Miscellaneous 500 500 500
13. 4 lph emitters 1664 3.5 5824
Total Rs. 67414.13
4.13 Landscaping
51
"A landscape may be defined as any area, either big or small, on which it is
possible or desirable to mould a view or a design. Landscaping means the process of
making a garden or other piece of land more attractive by altering the existing design
adding ornamental features, and planting trees and Shrubs. Landscape gardening: It may
be described as the application of garden forms, methods and materials with a view to
improve the landscape.
The art of designing is known as “landscape. Architecture, although the older term
"landscape gardening" is also popular.
4.13.1 Important Consideration of gardening
1. A garden has to be one's own Creation and not a limitation, giving the consideration
to the local environment
2. Overcrowding of the plants should be avoided.
3.Take advantages of natural topography while designing garden.
4.perfect harmony of different Components is the essence in landscape gardening.
5.Before planning a design one must be sure for what purpose the garden is-wilily or
beauty or both.
4.13.2 Scope Of landscape gardening
1.landscape is an integral part of Sustainable development as it blends means
technology into. the natural Surroundings.
2. It plays an active role in preservation Improvement and enhancement of environment.
3.As urban ethics are growing so am Lesley (i.e., smoothly and Continuously) there is a
need for solving the environmental issues which are created in the wake of rapid
urbanization.
4. The scope of landscape included the design of walks, paths, walls and fences trellis
and pergolas, pools, fountains, roads. parking, lots, planting etc
5.Landscape involve in planning and designing of walls, paths wall & fences, trellis and
pergolas pools, parking lots.
4.13.3 Garden Adornments
Adornment - A thing which adorns or decorates Garden Ornament | adornment, is an
item used for Garden Landscape and park enhancement &Decoration.
E.g., 1. Garden Gates
2.Ornamental Tuber vanes
3.Bird Bath
52
Bird bath is an artificial puddle or Small shallow pond. Created with a coater filled
basin, in which birds may drink bath & Cool themselves. A bird bath is an attraction for
many different Species of birds to Visit garden, especially during the Summer and
drought periods.
4.Bird Feeder
A bird feeder or tray feeder are devices placed to supply bird food to bird.
5.Fountains
It is a piece of architecture which pours water into a basin. Or jets it into the air for
decorative effect.
6.Plants, stands, Hanging Baskets
Hanging basket is a suspended Container wed for growing decorative plants. Plants
stands are very useful for decorating garden by placing pet growing plants on it.
7.Lanterns
The Japanese garden almost always has its stone lanterns. lanterns are generally
Covered in stone. The Column of the lantern may be Cylindrical Square. They are also
placed in the wild garden woodland tea garden in stone or rock garden. Basin wed for to
washing hands are an Important feature of Japanese Garden.
8.Sundial
An instrument showing the time by the shadow of a pointer Cast by the Sun on to plate
marked with the hours of the day.
In an old-world garden Sundial was harmonies were used to know the time. The best
position for Such a Sundial is where the maximum Sunshine.
9.Ornamental, Tubs & Verges
These adds beauty to a garden and used for planting of plants - ornamental plants.
10.Ornamental Stones
ornamental stones, pillars of properly placed, improve the look of any garden to great
extent.
4.14 Automation
Automation is a kind of innovation in which manual interventions are replaced by
an automated system to perform all operations.
53
Automation in micro irrigation system is typically achieved by centralized decision-
making control device supported with a set of hardware (control valves, relays etc.) to
carry out irrigation commands and sensors to input environmental measurements for
making irrigation decision.
4.14.1 The Need for Automation of Irrigation
1. Consumption of energy and water is quite high for agricultural production-
national interest reduce their wastage.
2. MIS possesses all qualities to introduce automation
3. Detrimental water or oxygen stress on the crop
4. Increasing food demand automation will serve as basic tool to achieve
5. Long term benefits cover up the high initial cost in a less payback period.
4.14.2 Merits of Automation
i. Reduced labor
ii. Improved lifestyle
iii. More timely irrigation
iv. Assists in the management of higher flow rates
v. More accurate cut-off
vi. Reduced runoff water and nutrients
vii. Reduced costs for vehicles used for irrigation
4.14.3 Demerits of Automation
i. High initial cost of purchasing, installing and maintaining.
ii. Human error in setting and maintaining
iii. Increased channel maintenance
4.14.4 Automation Equipments
1) Controller
2) Control valves
a) Solenoid Valves
b) Hydraulic Valves
3) Metering pumps
4) Flow transducers
5) Sequencers sensors
6) Master relay
7) Sensors, etc.
54
4.14.5 Types of Automation System
A. Time based
B. Volume based
C. Real time feedback system.
Plate No. 4.17 Automation system

4.15 Maintenance
Maintenance is one of the major factors to ensure fast return on your investment.
4.15.1 Types of Maintenance
A. Preventive Maintenance
i) Media/ gravel filter
Check the inlet elbow in gravel filter facing upward. Open the lower and upper covers,
remove the gravel, check integrity of mushrooms, clean the gravel and put it back.
Refill the gravel to its required level (approx. 2/3rd of the filter capacity), add gravel of
same size. Check for the edges of gravel are sharp enough for effective filtration. If
eroded, replace the entire gavel with new one. Run a couple of backwash cycles to clean
the gravel from dust and small size organic particles. Do not allow the dirty water enter
again into the water source. Verify that the backwash velocity is high enough for
effective backwash, but not too fast to wash gravel away. This can be ensured by
55
throttling back flush valve. Check for pressure loss during filtration. If it exceeds the
specified one, repeat backwash procedure again.
ii)Hydro cyclone filter
Ensure minimum 2 kg/cm2 pressure at the inlet of filter for efficient sand separation.
Remove impurities collected in a bottom chamber on regular basis.
iii)Flushing of PVC sub mains
Define a flushing cycle policy as per your local conditions. Flushing should be done at
least twice a week irrespective of water source. PVC sub mains can flush by opening
flush valves under pressure and wait till clean water comes out.
iv)Flushing of Laterals/Driplines
The use of line-end flush valve saves the manual job. The pressure at the lateral
beginning should allow at least 0.5m/sec flushing velocity while the distal end is open.
To get enough pressure for flushing you may need to open small sub-units
B. Chemical treatment
1.Acid Treatment
Acid tends to damage cement or aluminum surfaces. Use caution and avoid plugging
while treating A/C or aluminum pipelines. Acid treatment for drip irrigation system is
done when the scaling in the form of carbonates, hydroxides, phosphates is occurred.
We can use any one of the following acids for acid treatment:
i) Sulphuric acid (H2SO4, 98% concentration)
ii) Hydrochloric acid (HCL, 35% concentration)
iii) Nitric acid (HNO3, 60% concentration)
iv) Phosphoric acid (H3PO4, 85% concentration)
If Iron content in the water is more than 0.5PPM, then avoid use of phosphoric acid.
2.Chlorine Treatment
Chlorine is a strong adviser and useful for preventing the clogging and sedimentation of
organic substances. This treatment is done to prevent accumulation of algae/organic
particles inside PVC Mains/Submains, Laterals & Drippers.
This treatment can be done with the following:
1.Bleaching Powder (CaOCl2, 35% free chlorine)
2.Sodium Hydro chloride (NaOCl, 15% free chlorine)
4.16 Testing and performance of micro irrigation system
56
A primary objective of good trickle Irrigation System design and management is to
provide Sufficient system, flow capacity to adequately irrigate the least watered
plant. Therefore, a relationship between the minimum and average emitter discharge
within the system is a most important factor of the uniformity of application called as
Emission Uniformity (Eu)
Emission uniformity
It is the measure of the uniformity of the emitters discharge from all the emitter of drip
Irrigation system and is the single most important parameter for evaluating system
performance.
Eu = (qn-qa)x100
Where, Eu=field test emission uniformity percent
qn=is the average of the lowest 1/4th of the field data l/h
qa=is the average of all the field data emitter discharge l/h
The emission uniformity during the field test can also be calculate using the following
eq.
Eu=(qm-qa)x100
Where, qm is the minimum discharge rate computed from the minimum pressure in the
system
Step by step procedure for determining EU
1 Divide four lateral in four equal parts.
2 This will give 16 division of lateral selected.
3 Operate the drip irrigation system for ½ an hour and collect the discharge in catch can
place below each emitter.
Qmin
Eu= ( )x100
Qavg
Where, Qavg = the average of all the emitter discharge(lit/hr)
Qmin= the minimum discharge rate of average of lowest ¼ of emitter discharge(lit/hr)
Uniformity coefficient
A measurable index of the degree of uniformity obtainable for any size sprinkler
operating under given condition is known as uniformity coefficient.
Uniformity coefficient is affected by the pressure-nozzle size relation, by sprinkler
spacing and by condition.
57
The coefficient is computed from field observation of the depths of the water caught in
open cans placed at regular interval within a sprinkled area.it is expressed by equation
developed by Christiansen (1942).
Cu=100x [1-
∑ X ]Where, m= average value of all observation, mm
mn
n= total no. of observation points
X= numerical deviation of individual observations from the average application rate,
mm.
Table No. 4.13 Emission uniformity and uniformity coefficient for drip & sprinkler
system
Condition Emission Uniformity Uniformity Coefficient
(Drip in %) (Sprinkler in %)
Lowest at Extreme 80 75
condition
Satisfactory 85 80
Good 90 85
Best/ Excellent 95 90
58
4.17 Case study
4.17.1 Title: Design of Drip Irrigation System for Multi-Cropping System
4.17.2 Objective of case study
1) To Study about survey for multi cropping system
2) To study cropping system for individual plots
3) To design micro-irrigation system for multi cropping system
4.17.3 Material and methodology
The following procedure was adopted to complete objectives of the case study.
1) To study about survey for multi cropping system
Survey
Plate No. 4.18 Survey of multicropping system
Farmers Name: Sunil Kashinath Ghogare Survey No.: 112
59
Area: 30713.5 sq.m Water source: Farm pond
Distance from water source: 20m Water quality: Good
Electricity available: 12 hr Existing pump: 5 hp
Village: Pravaranagar Taluka: Rahata
Dist.: Ahmednagar Mobile No.: 9967458743
The Cropping System of the individual plot was decided by considering the next 3-5
years crop plan of the farmer. The following crops was suggested by the farmers for
individual plots.
Plate No. 4.19 Cropping system of individual plots

Table No. 4.14 Crops decided by farmer for individual plot
Plot No. Crop Soil Type Area (Sq. m)
I Mango Loam 5400
II Pomegranate Loam 5400
III Sugarcane Clay 4902.5
IV Custard Apple Sandy Loam 5225
V Onion Loam 4386
VI Chili Clay Loam 5400
60
Table No. 4.15 Different formulas used for drip design
Sr.
Parameter Formulae
No.
1 Total Lateral Length (m) Area (sq . m)

Lateral Spacing (m)
2 Total No. of Drippers Total Lateral Lenght ( m)
Dripper Spacing(m)
3 Total Drippers Flow Rate Total No. of Dripper* Drippers Discharge (lph)
(lph)
4 Irrigation time (hr) Water required per bed
Hourly applicationrate
5 Discharge rate of the Emitter discharge ( lph ) xNo. of emitters
lateral (lps) 3600
6 Frictional head loss (m) ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿

Where, ΔH-Head loss in lateral, (Permissible
head loss in lateral is 0.90 m)
K-Constant 1.21 x 1010
Q-Flow rate in lateral, 0.07 lps
C-Frictional constant (140 for LDPE/LLDPE
material and 150 for PVC material)
D-Internal diameter of lateral, 13.6 mm
L-Length of lateral, 43m
Le-Increase in length of lateral due to
connections of emitter (Generally, L= L + Le)
F-Outlet Factor. (0.35 for more than 40
61
outlets)
7 Hp of Pump Flow Rate ( lps ) ×Total head (m)
Design
1.Plot I
Crop- Mango
Soil type- Loam
Area- 108x50= 5400 m2
Plant spacing- 6X4m
Row direction- N-S
1.Peak crop water requirement-60lit/plant/day……...(Annexure -I)
50
No of plants per row= =13 plants
4
108
No of rows= =18 rows
6
2.Selection of emitter
Select 8Lph emitter,4 emitter per plant
No of emitter per row=13X4=52
Total dripper Required=52X18=936
Water required per bed
Irrigation Time=
60
Irrigation Time- =1.8 hrs
4 X8
3.Selection of lateral-
Consider 20 mm lateral,
Lateral Discharge/hr=13X4X8=416LPH
=0.11Lps
Inside Diameter of lateral-16.8mm
Frictional constant C=140
Length of lateral-50m
62
Outlet factor F=0.35
Calculate frictional head loss,
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
=1.21 X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.40m
Permissible head loss is greater than calculated head loss
Hence ,20mm lateral is accepted
Quantity of lateral =50X18=900m
4.Selection of submain-
Qsubmain=0.11X18=1.98Lps
Length of submain=108m
Consider 40mm PVC submain,
Divide the submain into 2 quantity
Qsubmain=0.99Lps
Lsubmain=54m
Inside diameter of submain =36.8mm
Frictional constant C= 150
Calculate Frictional head loss,
Frictional head loss in submain is calculated by using following Hazen and William
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.59m
Permissible head loss is greater than calculated head loss
Hence,40mm submain is accepted
No of submain=2
108
No of pipe required= =18 pipes
6
2.Plot II
Crop- Pomegranate
63
Soil type- Loam
Area- 108x50= 5400 m2
Spacing- 4X3.5m
Row Direction- N-S
1.Peak Crop Water Requirement-40lit/plant/day……...(Annexure -I)
50
No of plants per row= =14 Plants
3.5
108
No of Rows= =27 rows
4
2.Selection of Emitter-
Select 4lph emitter,4 emitter per plant
No of drippers per row=14X4=56
Total no of dripper=56X27=1512
Irrigation Time=
40
Irrigation time= =2.5 hr
16
Lateral discharge=56X4=224Lph
=0.0622LPS
Select 16 mm lateral,
Length of lateral=50m
Frictional constant C=140
Inside Diameter =13.8mm
Qlateral=0.0622Lps
equation.
∆ H =1.21X1010 X ¿
0.0622 1.852
=1.21X1010X ( ¿ ¿ X (13.8 ¿ ¿− 4.871x50x0.35
40
ΔH=0.36m
Calculated head loss is less than permissible head loss
64
Hence ,16mm lateral is accepted.
Quantity of lateral=50X27=1350m
Discharge of submain=0.0622X27
=1.67LPS
Divide the submain in 2 quantity
Qsubmain=0.83LPS
Select 40mm PVC submain having
equation.
Q 1.852
ΔH=1.21X1010X ( ¿ ¿ X D−4.871 XLXF
C
0.83 1.852
=1.21X1010X ( ¿ ¿ X36.8−4.871X54X0.42
150
ΔH=0.42m
Therefore, permissible head loss is greater than calculated head loss
Hence ,40mm submain is accepted
108
No of pipe= =18 pipes
6
3) Plot III
Crop-sugarcane
Soil type-clay
Area- 89x50= 4900 m2
Spacing- 2x1m
Row direction-N-S
PCWR-10 mm/day
1.Peak crop water requirement -10mm……...(Annexure -I)

Area of bed=56X1=56m2
65
Depth of irrigation=10mm=0.01m
Quantity of water require per bed to apply 10mm water=56X0.01=0.56m3=56 litre
2.Selection of inline emitter-
56
No of emitter per row= =112
0.5
Spacing of inline emitter=50cm
Select 2.5 Lph inline lateral with spacing 0.50m
Irrigation Time=
560
Irrigation Time= =2 hr
112 X 2.5
3.Selection of Inline lateral-
Qlateral=112X2.5
=28LPH=0.077 LPS
Consider 16 mm lateral having
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.61m
Hence, 16mm lateral is accepted
Quantity of lateral =56X32=1792m
4.Selection of submain
96
No of bed= =32 rows
3
No of laterals operated on submain=32
Qsubmain=0.077X32
=2.464Lps
66
Select 50mm submain,
Divide submain in 2 quantity
Length of submain =48m
Qsubmain =1.23Lps
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.27m
Calculated frictional head loss is less than permissible head loss
Hence,50mm submain is accepted
No of submain=2
96
Quantity of submain =16
6
4.Plot IV
Crop-Custard apple
Soil type-sandy loam
Area- 96x50= 5225 m2
Spacing-6X4m
Row Direction-N-S
PCWR-50lit/plant/day
1.Peak crop water requirement-50lit/plant/day……...(Annexure -I)
60
No of plants per row= =15 plants
4
96
No of rows= =16 rows
6
2.Selection of emitter-
Select 8Lph emitter,4 emitter per plant
No of drippers per row=15X4=60
Total drippers required=60X16=960
67
Irrigation Time=
50
8X4
Lateral discharge=15X4X8=480Lph
=0.13Lps
Consider 20mm lateral,
Qlateral =0.14Lps
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.66m
Hence,20mm lateral is accepted.
Quantity of lateral required=64X16=1024m
Qsubmain=0.14X16
=2.24Lps
Divide the submain in 2 Quantity
Consider 50mm PVC submain having
Inside Diameter =45.4m
Length of submain =48m
Qsubmain=1.12lps, F=0.42
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
68
ΔH=0.23m
Hence ,50mm submain is accepted
No of submain=2
96
Quantity of submain= =16
6
5.Plot no V
Crop-Onion
Soil type-1oam
Area- 90x60= 4386 m2
Spacing-1.5mX30cm
Row direction-N-S
PCWR-8mm/day
1.Crop water requirement=8mm/day……...(Annexure -I)

Area of bed=1.5mX60
=90m2
Quantity of water required per bed=90X0.008=0.72m3 =720liter
60
0.5
Emitter spacing=50cm
Select 2.5Lph inline lateral having spacing 50cm
Irrigation Time=
720
Irrigation time= =2 hr
120.2.5
3.Selection of inline lateral-
Qlateral=120X2.5
=800Lph=0.083Lph
Consider 10 mm inline lateral having
Inside Diameter =16.8m
69
Q=0.083Lph
Frictional constant- 140
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.28m
Hence 20mm lateral is accepted
Quantity of lateral=60X50=3000
90
No of bed= =50 rows
1.8
No of laterals operated on submain =50
Qsubmain=0.083X50
=4.15Lps
Divide submain in 2 Quantity
L=45m
Q=2.07Lps
F=0.42
Select 50 mm PVC submain having
ID=45.4mm
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.69m
Hence 50mm submain is accepted
70
No of submain=2
90
Quantity of submain= =15 pipes
6
6.Plot VI
Crop-chilli
Soil type-clay loam
Area- 82x56= 5400 m2
Spacing-45X45cm
Row direction-N-S
PCWR-6mm/day
1.Peak crop water requirement=6mm/day……...(Annexure -I)
Area of bed=0.9mX56
=50.4m2
Quantity of water required per bed to apply 6mm water=50.4X0.06 =0.302m3 =302lit
56
0.5
Emitter spacing=50cm
Select 1.5Lph inline lateral having spacing 50cm
Irrigation Time=
302
112 X 1.5
3.Selection of inline lateral-
Qlateral=112X1.5
=168Lph=0.046Lph
Consider 16 mm inline lateral having
ID=13.8m
Q=0.0046Lph
F=0.35
71
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.23m
Hence 16mm inline lateral is accepted
Quantity of lateral=56X69=3864m
90
No of bed= =69
1.3
No of laterals operated on submain =69
Qsubmain=0.046X69
=3.17Lps
Divide submain in 2 Quantity
L=45m
Q=1.58Lps
F=0.42
Select 50 mm submain having
ID=45.4mm
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
ΔH=0.42m
Hence 50mm submain is accepted
No of submain=2
94
Quantity of submain= =15 pipes
6
5.Selection of main line
Length of main line=364m
72
Qmain=3.3Lps
C=150,
ID=57mm
Select 63mm PVC main line
equation.
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
Where, ΔH-Head loss in lateral, m (Permissible head loss in lateral is
0.90 m)
K-Constant 1.21 x 10¹⁰
Qm-Flow rate in main, lps
C-Frictional constant (150 for PVC material)
D-Internal diameter of main, mm
L-Length of main, m
ΔH=1.21X1010 X ¿
=10.49m
Frictional head loss in main line is considered for selection of pump.
364
No of pipe= =60 pipes
6
6.Pump Selection-
QXH
H.P.= ( )
75 ηmotor ηpump
Where, H.P-horse power
Q-Flow rate of drip system, lps
H-Total head of the system, m.
nmotor-motor efficiency generally taken as 80 %.
npump-pump efficiency generally taken as 75 %.
Total head = suction head + delivery head + elevation head + head loss in filter unit +
head loss fertigation unit + head loss in main line+ operating pressure head
Filter head loss is 2 m for screen filter / Disc Filter / Sand Filter and 3 m for hydro
cyclone filter
H=2+2+5+10.49+10
=29.49m
73
QXH
H.P.= ( )=
75 ηmotor ηpump
3.3 X 29.49
=( ¿
75 X 0.80 X 0.75
H.P.=2.16HP
Existing 5 hp Pump is suitable.
Fig No. 4.11 On paper drawing of multi cropping system

4.17.4 Result and discussion
The size and discharge of lateral, submain and main for six plots is shown in
following table. For design purpose total pressure variation allowed in submain and
lateral line is 20 percent of operating pressure.
Table No. 4.16 Size and discharge of lateral, submain and main
Plot Emitter Lateral Submain Main
(lph) Size Q Size Q Size Q
(mm) (lps) (mm) (lps) (mm) (lps)
1 8 lph 20 0.11 40 0.99
2 4 lph 16 0.062 40 0.83
3 2.5lph 16 0.077 50 1.23
63 3.3
(inline)
74
4 8 lph 20 0.13 50 1.12
5 2.5lph 20 0.083 50 2.07
(inline)
6 1.5lph 16 0.046 50 1.58
(inline)
The frictional head loss in lateral, submain and main is shown in following table.
The permissible frictional head loss for lateral line should be less than 0.9m. In submain
line allowable frictional head loss is 1.1m pressure. Frictional head loss in main line is
considered for selection of pump.
Table No. 4.17 Frictional head loss in lateral, submain and main
Plot Lateral (ΔH in m) Submain (ΔH in m) Main (ΔH in m)
1 0.40 0.59
2 0.36 0.42
10.49
3 0.61 0.27
4 0.66 0.23
5 0.28 0.69
6 0.23 0.42
The discharge and operating time for submain is shown in following table.
Table No. 4.18 Discharge and operating time of each submain
Plot No. of Discharge (lps) Operating time (hr)
submain
Plot 1 (Mango) 1,2 0.99 1.8
Plot 2 (Pomegranate) 3,4 0.83 2.5
Plot 3 (Sugarcane) 5,6 1.23 2
Plot 4 (Custard apple) 7,8 1.12 1.5
Plot 5 (Onion) 9,10 2.07 2
Plot 6 (Chili) 11,12 1.58 1.8
For multi crop area number of submains are operated in sequence, therefore the
combination of different submains and their time should be irrigated in such a way to
75
irrigate whole area every day. The valve operation of submain is shown in following
table.
Table No. 4.19 Valve Operation (Irrigation scheduling)

Valve Discharge (lps) Operating Time (hr)
5+9 3.3 2
6+10 3.3 2
1+11 2.57 1.8
2+12 2.57 1.8
3+7 1.95 1.5
4+8 1.95 1.5
31+41 1.66 30 min
The material and billing of different plots are shown in following table.
Table No. 4.20 Material and Billing
Sr. Item Plot 1 Plot 2 Plot 3 Plot 4 Plot 5 Plot 6
No.
1 Emitter 936 1512 960
2 Lateral 900m 1350m 1792m 1024m 3000m 3864
3 GTO, 36 54 32 32 50 69
end cap
4 Submain 18 18 16 16 15 16
Sr. Item Quantity Rate/unit Amount

No.
1 Emitter 8 lph- 1896 8 lph-4.5 13824
76
4 lph- 1512 4 lph- 3.5
2 Lateral Plain- Plain 18,5237
20mm-1924m 20mm-15.80
16mm-1350m 16mm-14.20
Inline Inline
20mm-3000m 20mm-16
16mm-5656m 16mm-15.50
3 GTO, end cap 20mm-118 20mm- 10 2606
16mm-155 16mm- 9.2
4 Submain 50mm- 63 50mm-265 23895
40mm- 36 40mm-200
5 Main 63mm-60 345 20700
6 By pass 1 230 230
Valve (63mm)
7 NRV (63mm) 1 1360 1360
8 Sand filter 1 29000 29000
(2.5inch)
9 Disc filter (2.5 1 9000 9000
inch)
10 Venturi (1.5 inch) 1 1260 1260
11 Ball valve 12 630 7560
12 Flush Valve 12 190 2280
13 Miscellaneous 500
14 Installation 12000
charges
Total Rs 309452
4.17.5 Outcomes of case study

From above study it is observed that, design of drip irrigation system is varying
from crop to crop, soil to soil and climatic conditions of soil. The crop water
requirement of different crop is varying according to soil type. The online emitters are
used for horticultural crops like Mango, pomegranate, custard apple, etc. The inline
77
emitters are used for close growing crops like chili, onion. Total cost for all plots is
Rs.309452.
References
Christiansen 1942, Uniformity Coefficient.
Rajni jain, Prabhat Kishor And Dhirendra Kumar Singh 2019, Irrigation in India: Status,
challenges and options.
T.P. ojha and A.M. Michael 1978, Principles of agricultural Engineering and
technology volume II.
www.ecourses.icar.gov.in
www.researchget.net
78
Annexure-I
79
CHAPTER V
80
OUTCOMES OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME,
I have completed four-month training programme in JD INFOTECH, Aurangabad.
The training was started from 3rd Feb,2020 to 18yh June. In this four-month training, the
first month was introductory section delivered by Dr. V.P. Mandale, Training in charge
at JD INFOTECH, Aurangabad. Outcome of training programme are given below.
1) In the first month, I got introductory information about institute and their
working and application. Also, they taught us about the basic engineering and
micro irrigation system.
2) In the first month, I got knowledge about technical design of drip irrigation,
sprinkler irrigation system.
3) In the next three-month, I learned about installation and maintenance of drip
irrigation system I got knowledge about how to do survey by using google earth.
I got knowledge about how to design drip irrigation system.
CHAPTER VI
81
SUMMARY OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME
The training programme was started in JD INFOTECH from 3rd Feb to 18th June,
2021in Aurangabad.
During the first month, training at JD INFOTECH, Aurangabad I learnt about
institute. I got a lot of knowledge which I cannot be obtained in books or references.
Even though it is only four-month experience in institute but it is valuable for us. I
studied basic concept, components and benefits of micro irrigation system.
From this training, I gained knowledge about automation and advantages of
inline dripper over online dripper. I also studied about the design planning and layout of
plots of drip and sprinkler. Due to training program, I can implement my theoretical
knowledge into actual field work.
This training program was very helpful for the understanding the practical
application of irrigation and drainage engineering in field, definitely it will be useful for
me for further research work.
82

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A

Department of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering

This is to certify that (Wani Snehal Anil, EN-2017/79) has successfully

Principal of the College

Seal of the college

MS. WANI SNEHAL

CERTIFICATE FROM THE COLLEGE

LIST OF FIGURES III

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLS IV

I PROFILE AND ORGANISATIONAL STRUCTURE OF THE 1-3

II OBJECTIVES OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME 4

III SCHEDULE OF TRAINING PRIGRAMME 5-6

IV DETAILS OF THE WORK PERFORMED WITH RESULTS 7-78

V OUTCOME OF THE TRANING PROGRAMME 79

VI SUMMARY OF THE TRAINING PROGRAMME 80

JD INFOTECH is service sector organization registered under Micro, Small and

The In-plant training programme of four months in JD INFOTECH Aurangabad was

1. To study different methods of irrigation used in crop production.

2. Soil Plant Water Relationship 10th Feb- 16 Feb 2021

3. Irrigation Water Qualities 17th Feb- 19th Feb 2021

4. Evapotranspiration and Crop Water 22nd Feb- 3 March 2021

7. Study of Filtration Unit 15th March- 18th March 2021

8. Study of Fertigation Unit 19th March- 23rd March 2021

11. Types of Micro Irrigation 6th April- 7th April 2021

13. Types of Micro Irrigation System 13th April-21st April 2021

14. Design of Drip Irrigation System 22ndApril-30thApril 2021

17. Study of Landscaping 31st May- 3rd June 2021

18. Automation 4th June- 9th June 2021

4.2 Agronomic concept

Fig No. 4.2 Composition of soil

Soil is a store-house of plant nutrients, a habitat for bacteria, an anchorage for

4.3.3.3 Types of structure

Fig No. 4.3 Diagrammatic representation of different types of water.

4.4 Introduction to micro irrigation

Fig No. 4.4 Types of pressurized irrigation system

4.5.1 Drip irrigation

4.5.1.1 Need of drip irrigation

Fig No. 4.5 Drivers for drip irrigation

4.5.1.2 Principles of drip irrigation system

Plate No. 4.2 Layout of drip irrigation system

1 Water source To store water.

To deliver the water from

To clean the water and

Fertilizer To inject fertilizer in the

To convey irrigation water

To convey water from

To supply water from

To control the flow of

Grommet and To connect the sub main to

11 End caps To close the laterals.

12 Flush valve To flush the submain.

Non-return To prevent backflow of

15 Pressure gauge To measure the pressure.

4.6 Filtration unit

4.6.1 Primary filter

Plate No. 4.3 Gravel filter

4.6.1.2 Hydro cyclone filter

Fig No. 4.6 Hydro cyclone filter

4.6.2.2 Screen filter

Plate No. 4.5 Screen filter

Plate No. 4.6 Fertigation equipments

Main line pipe is made of either HDPE or Aluminium conforming to BIS

Integral Other types

Plate No. 4.7 Button dripper