The Java API, JVM

Unit I
Java API - Application Programming Interface

• The Java API is the set of classes included with

the Java Development Environment.

• These classes are written using

the Java language and run on the JVM.

• The Java API includes everything from

collection classes to GUI classes.
Java API - Application Programming Interface

• The Java API is a document which gives you

the list of all the packages, classes, and
interfaces, along with their fields and
methods.

• Using these API’s, the programmer can know

how to use the methods, fields, classes,
interfaces provided by Java libraries.
 API Specification
• java.sql : Provides the API for accessing and processing
data stored in a data source (usually a relational
database) using the Java programming language.

• java.awt.color: Provides classes for color spaces.

• java.awt.font: Provides classes and interface relating

to fonts.

• java.io: Provides for system input and output through

data streams
 Java Virtual Machine (JVM) & its Architecture

• Java Virtual Machine (JVM) is a engine that provides

runtime environment to drive the Java Code or applications.

• It converts Java bytecode into machines language.

• JVM is a part of Java Run Environment (JRE).

• In other programming languages, the compiler produces

machine code for a particular system.

• However, Java compiler produces code for a Virtual Machine

known as Java Virtual Machine.
 How JVM works
• First, Java code is complied into bytecode.

• This bytecode gets interpreted on different machines

Between host system and Java source, Bytecode is an
intermediary language.

• JVM is responsible for allocating memory space.

• The JVM performs following operation:

• Loads code
• Verifies code
• Executes code
• Provides runtime environment
JVM Architecture
 JVM Architecture
1) Class Loader: The class loader is a subsystem used for
loading class files. It performs three major functions
viz. Loading, Linking, and Initialization.

2) Method Area: JVM Method Area stores class

structures like metadata and the code for methods.

3) Heap: All the Objects, their related instance variables,

and arrays are stored in the heap. This memory is
common and shared across multiple threads.
 JVM Architecture
4) JVM language Stacks : Java language Stacks store
local variables, and it’s partial results.

5) PC Registers : PC register store the address of the

Java virtual machine instruction which is currently
executing.

6) Native Method Stacks: Native method stacks hold

the instruction of native code depends on the
native library.
 JVM Architecture
7) Execution Engine: It is a type of software used to test
hardware, software, or complete systems. The test
execution engine never carries any information about
the tested product.

8) Native Method interface : The Native Method

Interface is a programming framework. It allows Java
code which is running in a JVM to call by libraries and
native applications.

9) Native Method Libraries: Native Libraries is a

collection of the Native Libraries(C, C++) which are
needed by the Execution Engine.
 JDK: Java Development Kit
• JDK is an acronym for Java Development Kit.

• The Java Development Kit (JDK) is a software

development environment which is used to
develop java applications and applets.

• It physically exists.

• It contains JRE development tools.

 JDK: Java Development Kit
• JDK is an implementation of any one of the below
given Java Platforms released by Oracle corporation:

• Standard Edition Java Platform

• Enterprise Edition Java Platform
• Micro Edition Java Platform

• The JDK contains a private Java Virtual Machine (JVM)

and a few other resources such as an
interpreter/loader (Java), a compiler (javac), an
archiver (jar), a documentation generator (Javadoc)
etc. to complete the development of a Java
Application.
Java Compiler And Interpreter
 Compiler
• A compiler is a program that reads a program
written in the high-level language and converts it
into the machine or low-level language and
reports the errors present in the program.

• The returned target code file can be run with

many different inputs, over and over.

• the compiler doesn’t need to be around for any

subsequent reruns.
Compiler stages can be grouped into two parts

• Analysis Phase of the compiler is also referred

to as the front end in which program is divided
into fundamental constituent parts and checks
grammar, semantic and syntax of the code
after which intermediate code is generated.

• Analysis phase includes lexical analyzer,

semantic analyzer, and syntax analyzer.
Compiler stages can be grouped into two parts

• Synthesis phase of the compiler is also known

as the back end in which intermediate code is
optimized, and the target code is generated.

• Synthesis phase includes code optimizer and

code generator.
PHASES OF COMPILER- Analysis Phase
• Lexical Analyzer: It scans the code as a stream of
characters, groups the sequence of characters into
lexemes and outputs a sequence of tokens with
reference to the programming language.

• Syntax Analyzer: In this phase, the tokens that are

generated in the previous stage are checked
against the grammar of programming language,
whether the expressions are syntactically correct
or not. It makes parse trees for doing so.
PHASES OF COMPILER- Analysis Phase
• Semantic Analyzer: It verifies whether the
expressions and statements generated in the
previous phase follow the rule of
programming language or not and it creates
annotated parse trees.

• Intermediate code generator: It generates an

equivalent intermediate code of the source
code.
 PHASES OF COMPILER- Synthesis phase
• Code Optimizer: It improves time and space
requirement of the program.
• For doing so, it eliminates the redundant code present
in the program.

• Code generator: This is the final phase of the compiler

in which target code for a particular machine is
generated.

• It performs operations like memory management,

Register assignment, and machine-specific
optimization.
 Interpreter
• The interpreter is an alternative for implementing
a programming language and does the same work
as a compiler.

• Interpreter performs lexing, parsing and type

checking similar to a compiler.

• But interpreter processes syntax tree directly to

access expressions and execute statement rather
than generating code from the syntax tree.
 Interpreter
• An interpreter may require processing the
same syntax tree more than once that is the
reason why interpretation is comparatively
slower than executing the compiled program.

• A compiler is comparatively faster than

Interpreter as the compiler take the whole
program at one go whereas interpreters
compile each line of code after the other.
• The Compiler of java called as javac converts source
code into an Intermediate file known as Bytecode file.

• The Bytecode file is unique for all types of OS means

bytecode is platform-independent.

• The Interpreter of java (java) converts Bytecode into

the specific OS-compatible machine code.

• This code will vary according to OS.

 Java Applications
• Mobile Applications.
• Desktop GUI Applications.
• Web-based Applications.
• Enterprise Applications.
• Scientific Applications.
• Gaming Applications.
• Big Data technologies.
• Business Applications.
 Java Mobile Applications
• Android OS is closely based on Java

• most mobile app developers call Java their

official programming language.

• Java is compatible with app designing

software such as Kotlin and Android Studio.
 Java Desktop GUI Applications
• GUI stands for Graphic User Interface, and Java
enables GUI development through resources like
Abstract Windowing Toolkit (AWT), JavaFX, and
Swing.

• AWT features several pre-made components such as

button, list, menu, and several third-party
components.

• JavaFX is composed of a set of graphics and media

packages, providing Swing interoperability and 3D
graphics features.
 Java Desktop GUI Applications

• Swing is a GUI widget that offers advanced

elements such as lists, scroll panes, tables,
tabbed panels, and trees.

• with these tools, programmers can develop

any desktop application.
 Java Web-based Applications
• Java provides high security and simple coding,
two elements that attract web application
developers.

• Servlets and JSPs give effective support to web

applications and offer the potential to develop
whatever kind of programs needed.
Java Web Servers and Application Servers

• The robust Java ecosystem has given rise to

numerous Java web and application servers.

• Web server space is home to servlets like Apache

Tomcat, Project Jigsaw, and Rimfaxe Web Server
(RWS).

• Meanwhile, servlets like WebLogic, WebSphere,

and JBoss EAP have a firm foothold in commercial
application server space.
 Java Enterprise Applications
• Java Enterprise Edition (Java EE) is a popular platform
that offers API and runtime environments for scripting
tasks, including web services and network
applications, to name a couple.

• According to Oracle, Java runs on 97% of

enterprise-owned computers.

• Java is also recognized as being the foundation for

many banking applications that use Java in their entire
process, from front-end users to back-end servers.
 Java Scientific Applications
• Science-related mathematical operations and
calculations require developing apps that are
extremely fast, highly secure, easily maintained,
and highly portable.

• Java fills this need nicely.

• Powerful scientific applications like MATLAB rely

on Java as part of the core system and interacting
user interfaces.
 Java Gaming Applications
• Java and the gaming industry are a match made in
heaven.

• Java supports the jMonkey engine, one of the most

potent 3D engines available today.

• And 2D games are a snap too; just couple Java with

CSS, and you’re good to go.

• So, no matter what kind of games developers are

designing, Java has them covered.
 Java Big Data Technologies
• Hadoop, arguably the most well-known and
well-used big data platform, is written in Java.

• Additionally, Scala, a competing programming

language, owes its origins to Java.

• Scala was created to address some of Java’s

drawbacks.
 Java Business Applications
• Big enterprises turn to the Java EE platform to
develop large-scale, multi-tiered network
applications that are scalable, reliable, and secure.

• Java offers features that deliver a powerful app

that is less complex by providing tools like a
development model, API, and runtime
environment.

• These features free up developers to concentrate

more on the app’s functionality.
 Java Distributed Applications
• Distributed applications are programs that run on
multiple computers linked to the same network.

• For example, Internet Explorer is a distributed

application.

• These applications are split into two separate

programs: client software and server software.
• Distributed applications bring their unique challenges
due to their distributed characteristics and the
dynamic quality of the servers and systems that run
them.

• The Java Intelligent Networking Infrastructure, or JINI

for short, represents an infrastructure that provides,
registers, and finds distributed services by their
specifications.

• JavaSpaces, a JINI component, supports distribution,

persistence, and object migration within a network.
 Java Cloud-based Applications
• Cloud computing is defined as using off-site servers via the
internet for processing, managing, and storing data.

• It’s a pay-as-you-go model and replaces local, in-house networks.

• Cloud computing is often used for distributed computing systems.

• There are many Java Cloud development tools available, such as

the Oracle Java Cloud Service.

• It serves as a platform for easily creating and configuring Oracle

WebLogic servers and their application environments.