Lab Manual

Name
Father name
Roll No
Semester 1 st
Class MSC(IT)
Subject Database system
Submitted To Mam Nosheen
Ashraf
Submitted by

Government College
Women University Faisalabad

Lab 1
DML (DATA MANIPULATION LANGUAGE ) QUERIES.
 1- SQL> Select * from cat;

TABLE_NAME TABLE_TYPE

------------------------------ -----------

DEPT TABLE

EMP TABLE

BONUS TABLE

SALGRADE TABLE

2- SQL >Select * from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 7902 17-DEC-80 800

20

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN 7698 20-FEB-81 1600 300

30

7521 WARD SALESMAN 7698 22-FEB-81 1250 500

30
 EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7566 JONES MANAGER 7839 02-APR-81 2975

20

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 7698 28-SEP-81 1250 1400

30

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 7839 01-MAY-81 2850

30

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7782 CLARK MANAGER 7839 09-JUN-81 2450

10

7788 SCOTT ANALYST 7566 19-APR-87 3000

20

7839 KING PRESIDENT 17-NOV-81 5000

10
 EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 7698 08-SEP-81 1500 0

30

7876 ADAMS CLERK 7788 23-MAY-87 1100

20

7900 JAMES CLERK 7698 03-DEC-81 950

30

EMPNO ENAME JOB MGR HIREDATE SAL COMM

---------- ---------- --------- ---------- --------- ---------- ----------

DEPTNO

----------

7902 FORD ANALYST 7566 03-DEC-81 3000

20

7934 MILLER CLERK 7782 23-JAN-82 1300

10

14 rows selected.
 3- SQL> Describe Emp;

Name Null? Type

----------------------------------------- -------- ----------------------------

EMPNO NOT NULL NUMBER(4)

ENAME VARCHAR2(10)

JOB VARCHAR2(9)

MGR NUMBER(4)

HIREDATE DATE

SAL NUMBER(7,2)

COMM NUMBER(7,2)

DEPTNO NUMBER(2)

4- SQL> Specific column;

SP2-0734: unknown command beginning "Specific c..." - rest of line ignored.

SQL> Select empno, ename,job from emp;

EMPNO ENAME JOB

---------- ---------- ---------

7369 SMITH CLERK

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN

7521 WARD SALESMAN

7566 JONES MANAGER

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN

7698 BLAKE MANAGER

7782 CLARK MANAGER

7788 SCOTT ANALYST

 7839 KING PRESIDENT

7844 TURNER SALESMAN

7876 ADAMS CLERK

EMPNO ENAME JOB

---------- ---------- ---------

7900 JAMES CLERK

7902 FORD ANALYST

7934 MILLER CLERK

14 rows selected.

5- SQL> Select job from emp;

JOB

---------

CLERK

SALESMAN

SALESMAN

MANAGER

SALESMAN

MANAGER

MANAGER

ANALYST

PRESIDENT

SALESMAN
CLERK

JOB

---------

CLERK

ANALYST

CLERK

14 rows selected.

6- SQL> Select Distinct job from emp;

JOB

---------

CLERK

SALESMAN

PRESIDENT

MANAGER

ANALYST

7- SQL> Select empno,ename job from emp where empno=7902;

EMPNO JOB

---------- ----------

7902 FORD

SQL> Select empno,ename job from emp where ename='FORD';

EMPNO JOB
---------- ----------

7902 FORD

8- SQL> Select empno,ename job from emp where ename= 'ford';

no rows selected

Operators in SQL
Different types of operators in SQL are as follows:

1- Comparison Operator
A comparison (or relational) operator is a mathematical symbol which is used to compare two
values. Comparison operators are used in conditions that compares one expression with
another. The result of a comparison can be true or false.

SQL> select empno, sal, comm from emp where sal<=comm;

EMPNO SAL COMM

--------- ---------- ----------

7654 1250 1400

2- Between Operator
The between operator selects values within a given range. The values can be numbers, text, or
dates. Between operator is inclusive: begin and end values are included.

SQL> select empno, ename, sal from emp where sal between 1000 and 1500;

EMPNO ENAME SAL

---------- ---------- ----------

7521 WARD 1250

7654 MARTIN 1250

7844 TURNER 1500

 7876 ADAMS 1100

7934 MILLER 1300

3- IN Operator
The IN operator is used to test for values in a specified list. It can be used with any data type.

SQL> select empno, job from emp where job in ('CLERK', 'MANAGER');

EMPNO JOB

---------- ---------

7369 CLERK

7566 MANAGER

7698 MANAGER

7782 MANAGER

7876 CLERK

7900 CLERK

7934 CLERK

7 rows selected.

Logical Operator
There are three logical operators are as follows:

1- NOT Operator
 The SQL NOT condition (sometimes called the NOT Operator) is used to negate a condition in
the WHERE clause of a SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, or DELETE statement.

Query:

SQL> select empno, job from emp where job NOT in ('CLERK', 'MANAGER');
 EMPNO JOB

---------- ---------

7499 SALESMAN

7521 SALESMAN

7654 SALESMAN

7788 ANALYST

7839 PRESIDENT

7844 SALESMAN

7902 ANALYST

7 rows selected.

2- AND Operator
The AND operator displays a row if ALL condition listed are true.

Query

SQL> select EMPNO, ename, job, sal from emp where sal<=1500 AND job = 'CLERK';

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL

---------- ---------- --------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 800

7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100

7900 JAMES CLERK 950

7934 MILLER CLERK 1300

3- OR Operator
The OR operator displays a row if ANY of the conditions listed are true.
Query

SQL> select EMPNO, ename, job, sal from emp where sal<=1500 OR job = 'MANAGER';

EMPNO ENAME JOB SAL

---------- ---------- --------- ----------

7369 SMITH CLERK 800

7521 WARD SALESMAN 1250

7566 JONES MANAGER 2975

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN 1250

7698 BLAKE MANAGER 2850

7782 CLARK MANAGER 2450

7844 TURNER SALESMAN 1500

7876 ADAMS CLERK 1100

7900 JAMES CLERK 950

7934 MILLER CLERK 1300

10 rows selected.

LIKE Operator
The LIKE operator is used to specify a search for a pattern in a column. The character pattern
matching operation may be referred to as “Wild Card” search. Two symbols can be used to
construct the search string.

. The % symbol represents any sequence of zero or more character.

. The _ symbol represents any single character.

Query

SQL> select empno, ename, job from emp where ename Like 'A%';

EMPNO ENAME JOB

---------- ---------- ---------

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN

7876 ADAMS CLERK

SQL> select empno, ename, job from emp where ename like '%A%';

EMPNO ENAME JOB

---------- ---------- ---------

7499 ALLEN SALESMAN

7521 WARD SALESMAN

7654 MARTIN SALESMAN

7698 BLAKE MANAGER

7782 CLARK MANAGER

7876 ADAMS CLERK

7900 JAMES CLERK

Operator Precedence
Operator precedence describes the order in which operations are performed when an
expression is evaluated. Operations with a higher precedence are performed before those with
a lower precedence. Parentheses has the highest precedence and OR has the lowest.

SQL> select empno, ename, 12*sal + 100 from emp;

EMPNO ENAME 12*SAL+100

---------- ---------- ----------

7369 SMITH 9700

7499 ALLEN 19300

 7521 WARD 15100

7566 JONES 35800

7654 MARTIN 15100

7698 BLAKE 34300

7782 CLARK 29500

7788 SCOTT 36100

7839 KING 60100

7844 TURNER 18100

7876 ADAMS 13300

EMPNO ENAME 12*SAL+100

---------- ---------- ----------

7900 JAMES 11500

7902 FORD 36100

7934 MILLER 15700

14 rows selected.

Draw dependency diagram showing all functional dependenciesThe SQL ORDER BY clause is

used to sort the data in ascending or descending order, based on one or more columns. Some
databases sort the query results in an ascending order by default.

1- Descending Order
SQL> select empno, ename, deptno from emp order by deptno, sal DESC;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------

7839 KING 10
 7782 CLARK 10

7934 MILLER 10

7788 SCOTT 20

7902 FORD 20

7566 JONES 20

7876 ADAMS 20

7369 SMITH 20

7698 BLAKE 30

7499 ALLEN 30

7844 TURNER 30

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------

7654 MARTIN 30

7521 WARD 30

7900 JAMES 30

14 rows selected.

2- Ascending Order
SQL> select empno, ename, deptno from emp order by deptno, sal;

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------

7934 MILLER 10
 7782 CLARK 10

7839 KING 10

7369 SMITH 20

7876 ADAMS 20

7566 JONES 20

7788 SCOTT 20

7902 FORD 20

7900 JAMES 30

7654 MARTIN 30

7521 WARD 30

EMPNO ENAME DEPTNO

---------- ---------- ----------

7844 TURNER 30

7499 ALLEN 30

7698 BLAKE 30

14 rows selected.

Case Conversion Function

1- LOWER Case Function

The LOWER function converts all letters in the specified string to lowercase. If there are
characters in the string that are not letters, they are unaffected by this function.

SQL> select empno, sal, job, LOWER(ename) from emp where ename = 'MILLER';
 EMPNO SAL JOB LOWER(ENAM

---------- ---------- --------- ----------

7934 1300 CLERK miller

2- Upper Case Function

The SQL UPPER function converts all the letters in a string into uppercase. If you want to
convert a string to lowercase, you use the LOWER function instead.

3- INITCAP Case Function

 INITCAP  function sets the first letter of each word in uppercase, all other letters in lowercase.
Words are delimited by white space or characters that are not alphanumeric. A string whose
first character in each word will be converted to uppercase and the rest characters will be
converted to lowercase.

SQL> select empno, job, sal, INITCAP(ename) from emp where LOWER(ename) ='blake';

EMPNO JOB SAL INITCAP(EN

---------- --------- ---------- ----------

7698 MANAGER 2850 Blake

Character Manipulation Function

CONCAT

SUBSTR

Length

InSTR

RPA and LAP