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cos - (~-8)
K A =- - - - - - - - - - - - -

COS 28.COS(8+8)lI1+ Sin(8+~).Si~(~-=-~)]2

cos(8 + 8).cos(~ - 8)

K AE = (A-A)
sin(8 + ~ ).sin( ~ _ ~ _ ~) ]2
COS\}J.COS. 28 .cos(8 + 8 + qJ) 1+
[ cos(8 + 8 + qJ).cos(~ - 8)

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h= 3 ('i-A)
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cOS(b - 0). cos(~ 8)

cos 2 +0
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cos \jf . cos - . cos (5:v -
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 References
1- UBC 97 (1997 Uniform Building Code).
2- IBC 2000 (International Building Code), International Code Council 2000 .
3- EC8 (European Code) 2000.
4- ISO 3010 (International System).
5- National Earthquake Hazards Reduction Program, (Applied Technology Council
ATC 1988).
6- Kramer, s.r., Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering Prentice-Hall, Inc. 1996.
7- Federal Emergency Mangemnt Agency (FEMA), A Hand bookfor Seismic
Evaluation of Existing Buildings. FEMA -178/ June 1989.
8- Federal Emergency Mangemnt Agency (FEMA), Techniques for, Seismically
Rehabilitating Existing Buildings (Preliminary). FEMA - 172/ May 1989.

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