Dec 2022 Final Magazine

Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants
100 Years since the General Asim Munir What We Seek is Not Charity,
Discovery of Mohenjo Daro 17th COAS of Pakistan Not Alms , Not Aid–But Justice.”
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December 2022
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CSS Times Pakistan Affairs 03
Gen Asim Munir :Pakistan's 17th COAS

General Sayed Asim Munir on 29 November 2022 took charge as the 17th Army chief of
Pakistan. The change of command ceremony took place after a gap of six years, as
General Qamar Javed Bajwa, now retired, was given a three-year extension in 2019.
Gen Asim is the first army chief who headed both the Military Intelligence (MI) and the
Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). General Ahsanul Haq was the other four-star who led
both secret agencies but he was the Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee.
General Asim joined the army in 1986 through Officer Training School (OTS) Mangla
and was awarded sword of honor. He was the number 1 in order of seniority when the
summary was sent to the PM Office for the appointment of army chief.
He also has done M. Phil in Public Policy and Strategic Security Management from the
National Defence University. The quartermaster general was also posted as a directing
staff at the Command and Staff College, Quetta, brigade major of a deployed infantry
brigade in Kel, general staff officer, grade-2, CGS secretariat and chief of staff of Mangla
corps.
The coalition government led by Prime Minister Shebhaz Sharif, who appointed Gen
Asim as army chief, hoped that the army, under his command, will no longer play a role
in politics.
Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) | Dec 2022 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com
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Pak-Afghanistan Relations
Taliban-Ruled Afghanistan Hosts Pakistan Minister

Hina Rabbani Khar For Bilateral Talks
whose Taliban rulers are not formally
recognised by foreign governments.
Since the Taliban seized power in August last
year, its ties with Islamabad have deteriorated
amid border clashes and a spike in cross-
border attacks by TTP militants. Islamabad
has repeatedly asked the Taliban to withdraw
support to such elements widely reported to
be operating freely inside the war-torn
country.
Hina Rabbani Khar and Amir Khan Muttaqi,
Pakistan's minister of state for foreign affairs
the host foreign minister, discussed security,
met Afghanistan's acting foreign minister in
among other matters, just as their respective
Kabul on Tuesday, Nov 29, 2022 the latest
delegations discussed “matters of mutual
international minister to visit the country
importance. The meeting also focused on
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Dec 2022
consultations between the two governments.
“A range of bilateral issues of common Strength and weaknesses
interest including cooperation in education, of Pak-Afghan relations
health, trade and investment, regional
connectivity, people-to-people contacts, and The relationship between Afghanistan
socioeconomic projects and Pakistan has always been difficult.
This is the first visit by any woman minister to This has been true since the time of the
Afghanistan after the Taliban took control of founding of Pakistan, when Afghanistan
the war-ravaged nation. at first had voted against admitting
Social media highlighted the fact that a Pakistan as a member of the United
woman was heading Pakistan's delegation at Nations. The contested Durand line,
a time when the United Nations and Western
drawn up by the British colonial power,
officials have called on the Taliban to change
has remained an ongoing point of
course on women's rights.
The Taliban government in Afghanistan is conflict, since Pakistan considers it its
notorious for its treatment of women and its international border, while Afghanistan
denial of women's rights. Which is why the does not recognize it. In the last
arrival of Minister of State for Foreign Affairs decades, the relationship between both
Hina Rabbani Khar for talks with the countries has remained complicated and
government proved to be such a power was often characterized by political
move. Netizens cannot help but root for Khar, confrontation. While Pakistan's
deeming it a boss move to have a woman assistance in the struggle against the
represent Pakistan, especially before a Soviet occupation was often
government like this. appreciated, what has been perceived as
The visit comes at a time of heightened "meddling in Afghan affairs" by many
security concerns in areas bordering Afghans has created difficulties and
Afghanistan after the Pakistani Taliban (TTP)
resentment. A strong anti-Pakistani
said it would no longer abide by a months-
sentiment has developed in Afghanistan
long ceasefire with the Pakistani government.
The Afghan Taliban have been facilitating as a result. On the other hand, Pakistan
peace talks between local militants and has traditionally accused Afghanistan to
Pakistan authorities since late last year. cooperate with India against Pakistan,
Minister of State Hina Rabbani Khar met with and of allowing anti-Pakistani militants
acting Afghan foreign minister Amir Khan operate from Afghan territory. Despite
Muttaqi. A statement from Afghanistan's having much in common, the bilateral
foreign ministry said Muttaqi had also relationship of both countries, therefore,
brought up accelerating trade and transit and has often been marred by disputes. At
facilities for travellers between the two the same time, the Durand Line, besides
countries as well as the release of Afghan being a symbol of both colonial
prisoners in Pakistan. arrogance and Pakistan-Afghan enmity,
Pakistan this month reopened a major Afghan also implied commonality. It was so
border crossing that was shut for trade and
contested exactly because the Pashtuns
transit after security forces from the two sides
living on both sides of the border feel a
had clashed.
Pakistan's latest round of talks with the shared history, a shared culture, and
Taliban comes just days after deadly clashes family and tribal relationships, which to
between border security forces of the two many made the border feel artificial.
countries. The tensions had prompted Commonality and enmity at this point
Islamabad to temporarily seal two out of flowed from the same source.
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several border crossings with Clearly, not in Pakistan but in Afghanistan,

Afghanistan earlier this month. both superpowers of the time, the USA and
The landlocked nation mostly relies on the USSR, remained active in their own way
Pakistani overland routes and seaports and desired to minimise the other's influence
for bilateral and international trade. in the country and so especially in the post-
World War Two phase, in comparison to
Border tensions between the two Pakistan, Afghanistan was considered a
South Asian nations are not hotbed of international politics.
uncommon along their 2,600-kilometer As Afghanistan knew this well, it took benefits
frontier. Afghanistan disputes the more of the rivalry as well as the competition
between superpowers. Although President
than a century-old boundary drawn by Ayub Khan was confident about Afghanistan's
British colonial rulers. Pakistan rejects leanings towards the USSR, the USA was not
Afghan objections and calls the in favour of being tough in regards to Kabul
demarcation an international border, only because it would provide the USSR more
and so does the rest of the world. access in Kabul, damaging US interests in the
region and Afghanistan as well, along with
Pakistani authorities have recently pushing the country near to the Kremlin. In
removed tariffs and eased visa rules to the meantime, Afghanistan allowed the USA
facilitate bilateral as well as Afghan to use Peshawar airport for its U-2 flights,
transit to address a humanitarian crisis which prompted the USSR to become ready
in the neighboring country where the for Afghan help to balance Washington's
influence in Kabul. As a result, the Kremlin
United Nations warns millions of began supporting every Afghan move to
people face acute food shortages. isolate or damage Pakistani interests.
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Restoration of full-fledged relationship
between the two resulted in the resignation
of Afghan Prime Minister Sardar Daud, a
staunch supporter of Pakhtoonistan, in March
1963, and by midyear their relations were
back to normal and the demand for separate
statehood went in the background. Since the
creation of Pakistan in 1947, it proved the
golden moment for Pak-Afghan relationship
and it improved to such an extent that during
India-Pakistan war of 1965, Kabul sided with
Pakistan which enabled it to focus on war
with no care for security of its western border.
The understanding reached in this period
gave a boost to their economic relationship
Russian strength and backing encouraged when King Zahir Shah visited Islamabad in
Afghanistan to conduct cross-border raids in 1968, followed by the tour of Pakistan's
Pakistani territories in the early 1960s and it Finance Minister to explore the possibilities of
further led to termination of Pak-Afghan increasing trade and fields of economy
relations, closure of consulates and trade between the two countries. For some time to
offices, breaking of diplomatic relations and come their mutual understanding continued
suspension of transit trade with Pakistan. The as Pakistan had disbanded its one-unit
suspension of transit trade between scheme, implemented eairlier, and
Afghanistan and Pakistan more damaged Afghanistan also remained neutral during the
Kabul economically as it was a landlocked India-Pakistan war of 1971 and refused to
country, having limited access to the world take any advantage of Pakistan's
through Iran and with India by airways. preoccupation in war.
In the new situation the USA came under The years between 1963 and 1973 in Pak-
pressure to help Afghanistan, failing which Afghan relations were too good to last and
Russia would again get an opportunity to before solving any historical dispute, it
assist and expand its power and influence in reverted back in July 1973 with Sardar Daud,
the country and region. As expected, US a committed supporter of Pakhtoonistan
pressure on Pakistan for rapprochement with replacing Zahir Shah, while he was on a
Afghanistan worked and Islamabad agreed, medical tour to Europe. He took the help of
rather unwillingly, and allowed Afghan leftist forces directly and the USSR indirectly.
tentacles across the border and also The leftist forces mainly belonged to the
consented to meet Afghan' foreign minister in Parcham wing under Babrak Karmal of the
New York. Communist People's Democratic Party (PDP).
In the talks held in September 1962, the role The new ruler eradicated monarchy in the
of mediator was performed by Tehran in country and established a republic under his
which both-Pakistan and Afghanistan agreed presidency but he accommodated pro-Soviet
to restore diplomatic relations, re-open elements in large numbers in the government
closed borders and resume trade and and higher bureaucracy. This development in
commercial ties. In addition, they also agreed Kabul was not liked either by the USA or
to solve all their problems in accordance with Pakistan and was considered as an extension
international laws and continue to work for of Soviet powers and influence in
mutual benefit, cooperation and Afghanistan. Islamabad, in particular, viewed
understanding. the event as repetition of Daud's earlier
history in Afghanistan when he used to
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inept handling of it by the Pakistan
government for long made it an issue which
over years transformed into a demand for
political autonomy.
After coming to power in Afghanistan, Daud
felt the need of Afghanistan's friendship with
Pakistan on account of the increasing power
and influence of pro-Soviet forces and he
viewed this relationship in the interest of the
Kabul as he was also fed up with Islamist
groups operating against the Afghan
government encouraged by Islamabad.
In this situation, he moved for reconciliation
and invited Pakistan's Prime Minister Zulfiqar
Ali Bhutto for a Kabul visit and gave him an
unprecedented warm welcome in course of
the tour in June 1976. and aud himself went
to Pakistan two months later in the same year
to revive earlier trust, defuse tension, and find
foment separatists of Pakistan-Pakhtoon and peaceful co-existence as well as pacific
Balochi living across the Durand Line. settlements of old disputes. These moments
Daud, the new ruler of Afghanistan, stood of good relations between Pakistan and
clearly with Baloch insurgents and announced Afghanistan did not long and the last silver
in 1974-75 that his forces would gather line of hope and expectation ended with the
around the Pak-Afghan borders a under the overthrow of the Bhutto government in July
guise of war games and it was responded by 1977 in a military coup hatched by Gen Ziaul
Pakistan by doing the same along the Haq, followed by the assassination of Daud
western border, In addition, Afghanistan also by Communist forces in April 1978. These
hosted and motivated Pashtun-Baloch events, once again, pushed both Kabul and
militants who were against Pakistan to work Islamabad into an atmosphere of political
under the leadership of National Awami Party instability as well as social unrest and chaos.
led by Abdul Wali Khan. In retaliation, By Dr Rajkumar Singh
Islamabad too harboured against Kabul and Pakistan Today
start supporting Islamic movements led by

Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, Ahmed Shah Massoud, Pakistan's relations with
both members of the Jamiat-e-Islami, along Afghanistan have been largely
with the Haqqanis, and asked them to rise characterised by mutual mistrust
against the government of Afghanistan. and devised through a narrow
It not only welcomed them in Pakistan but security prism. While it will require
also provided them training and other considerable effort to end deep-
support for attacks and incursions inside the seated animosity, both countries
Kabul and soon it prepared a group of share close ethnic, linguistic,
dissidents numbering around 5000. Another religious and economic ties.
neighbour, Iran, considered Afghan action as
a step against Pakhtuns who were living in
Longstanding Afghan migration to
their country and may rise and unite in the the territories that now compose
name of Pashtun nationalism. Although the Pakistan makes them an integral
issue of Pakhtoon and Baloch were not new, part of Pakistani society.
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CSS Times Climate Change 11
ilawal's
Big Win Biplomacy'
'Climate D What about COP27?
· At the COP 27, countries came
together to take action towards
achieving the world's collective
climate goals as agreed under
the Paris Agreement and the
Convention.
· The conference took place in
Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt.
· It is the first COP to be held in a
developing country since COP
h a t w e s e e k is 22 in Marrakech in 2016.
“W t a l m s , · It seeks to accelerate global
i t y, n o
not char
climate action through
i d – b u t j u s t i c e.” emissions reduction, scaled-up
not a hutto
adaptation efforts and
enhanced flows of appropriate
Bilawal B finance.
PPP Chairman and Foreign Minister Bilawal

The annual Conference of Bhutto Zardari has said that the adaptation of
a resolution on climate catastrophe in
Parties (COP) of UNFCCC Pakistan by the United Nations General
concluded its 27th edition at Assembly (UNGA) was a big achievement.
Sharm El Shiekh, Egypt. He thanked China, US and Russia for being

part of the resolution and their support of it.
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He also thanked the UN General Secretary,
UNGA President and Pakistani Mission to UN.
Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto Zardari has
floated the idea of a “Climate Bank” to
provide loans to the developing countries at
affordable rates.
The Agenda at COP 27

1. Mitigation - The world is
not on track to achieve
the Paris Agreement's
stated goal of limiting
global temperature rise
to 1.5 or 2°C.
2. Adaptation - At COP 26,
the Glasgow–Sharm el-
Sheikh (GlaSS) work
programme was
established till 2023 to
define the Global Goal
powerful remain just words unless and until
on Adaptation (GGA) and
they culminate in promising beginnings.
set up robust tracking
What transpired in Sharm Al Sheikh, Egypt, in
mechanisms
a historic first at the COP27 UN climate
3. Finance - At COP 26,
summit could not have come as a better
developed countries
occasion. That a deadlock of 30 years has
noted the US $100 billion
finally been broken with the rich North
target of climate finance,
agreeing to set up a “loss and damage” fund
first determined in 2009,
is all the evidence needed to rubberstamp
has not been delivered
that when led by determined leadership, even
and is expected to be
the smallest of players on the chessboard can
delivered only by 2023.
do wonders. Getting the initial buy-in from
4. Loss and Damage - At
the polluters of the first world is a
COP 26, the G77 and
phenomenal foundation stone using which
China negotiating bloc
Pakistan–a developing country battered by
(representing 80% of the
the unrelenting onslaught of “biblical”
world's population) had
demanded for a loss and
damage (L&D) finance
facility.
Pakistan's youngest foreign minister Bilawal

Bhutto Zardari had roared in September with
a ferocity that forced many to walk down
memory lane to the crowded jalsagahs of the
'70s. However, words, no matter how
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floods–would stand on its own feet. However,

UNFCCC if leading a group of 77 developing countries
· The UNFCCC was formed in to a breakthrough has landed as a big shiny
1994 to stabilize star on Pakistan's report card, it should also
greenhouse gas emissions be celebrated as a surprising marvel of a 33-
and to protect the earth year-old who came as a breath of fresh air,
from the threat of climate
change.
· The participants at COPs are
signatories to the UNFCCC
and have been meeting
every year since 1995.
· At present, the UNFCCC has
198 members.
· It is one of the three Rio
Conventions – Others are
Convention on Biological invested all of himself to take a shot from the
Diversity (CBD), United edge of a box and scored a landmark victory
Nations Convention to of principle in the comity of nations. Taking a
Combat Desertification step back, one can clearly see that the heart-
(UNCCD). wrenching sight of over 33 million of his
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What is COP? countrymen paying the price of greedy
industrialisation of the bigger players with
According to IPCC report 2018, CO2 their lives and livelihoods was what rattled Mr
emissions needed to be cut 45% by Bhutto-Zardari to be in the vanguard and
2030, compared to 2010 levels in order fight against international pressures from the
to meet the targets of the Paris
Agreement.
· The Conference of Parties (COP)
Loss and damage fund
is the apex decision-making Loss and Damage (L&D) –
body of the United Nations · L&D refers to impacts of climate
Climate Change Framework change that cannot be avoided
Convention (UNFCCC). either by mitigation or
Objective adaptation.
o To review the national · They include economic damage
communications and to property, loss of livelihoods
emission inventories and destruction of biodiversity
submitted by Parties. and culturally important sites.
o To assess the effects of · L&D Fund - Loss and Damage
the measures taken by Fund is a financing mechanism
Parties and the progress to compensate the most
made in achieving the vulnerable countries from
objective of the climate-linked disasters.
Convention · In the 1990s, the Alliance of
· The COP meets every year, Small Island States, began
unless the Parties decide calling for the establishment of
otherwise. a loss and damage fund.
· The first conference (COP1) was · The G-77 (India is part of the
held in 1995 in Berlin. group) and China had called for
· The COP meets in Bonn, the the immediate creation of an
seat of the secretariat, unless a L&D fund at COP 27 which was
Party offers to host the session. agreed.
· Source of funding - The fund
will initially draw on
contributions from developed
countries and other private and
public sources with an option
for other major economies to
join down the line.
· Eligibility - The fund will aid
developing countries that are
vulnerable to adverse effects of
climate change, though middle-
income countries that are
severely affected by climate
disasters are also eligible.
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What are the major take aways AWARe (Action on
from COP-27 2022 at Egypt ? Water Adaptation or Resilience)
· AWARe was launched by Egypt's
COP27 Presidency, in
partnership with World
Meteorological Organization
(WMO).
· It is an initiative that will
champion inclusive cooperation
to address water related
challenges and solutions across
climate change adaptation.
· AWARe aims at contributing to
a successful outcome at the
2023 UN Conference on
Water.
Priorities for action
· Decrease water losses
worldwide and improve
water supply
· Propose and support
policy and methods for
cooperative water-
related adaptation action
and its co-benefits
· Promote cooperation
and interlinkages
Paris Agreement between water and
climate action in order to
achieve SDG 6.
· The Paris Agreement is a
legally binding
international treaty on
climate change.
· It was adopted at COP 21
in Paris in 2015 and
entered into force in
2016.
· Its goal is to limit global
warming to well below 2,
preferably to 1.5 degrees front row. Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif,
Celsius, compared to pre- having seen him invested in making as many
bridges as deemed necessary to avert the
industrial levels.
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Infrastructure Resilience
Accelerator Fund (IRAF)
· It was launched by the
Coalition for Disaster Resilient
Infrastructure (CDRI) at the Joseph of Antigua and Barbuda, “The
agreements made at COP27 are a win for our
India Pavilion, COP27, Sharm El entire world.” Still, this part of the world
Sheikh, Egypt. would do better if it realises the endeavours
· IRAF is a multi-donor trust fund, undertaken by one of its own to ensure a
established with the support of grand victory that not only speaks to his
United Nations Development plight but aims to address many others that
Programme (UNDP) and United have been similarly wronged. Reacting to the
Nations Office for Disaster Risk development, Foreign Minister Bilawal Bhutto
Zardari said that the establishment of the
Reduction (UNDRR). Loss and Damage Fund and financial
· It will be managed by the arrangements to address the issue of climate
United Nation Multi-Partner justice, was a “major win” for Pakistan and all
Trust Fund Office (UN MPTFO), of the developing world.
New York.
· It will be supported by India, Global Shield Plan
the UK, Australia and the
European Union. · The Global Shield (GS) is a
· Objective - To support global funding mechanism that
action on disaster resilience of provides funding to countries
infrastructure systems, suffering climate disasters.
especially in developing · Coordinators - The Group of 7
countries and Small Island (G7) and the V20 group of
Developing States (SIDS). climate-vulnerable countries.
· Around 50 million dollars in Objectives
financial commitments have o To close urgent
already been announced for protection gaps in
IRAF over an initial duration of 5 countries by designing,
years. funding, and facilitating
· One of the first initiatives to be interventions.
supported by IRAF is the o To provide pre-arranged
Infrastructure for Resilient Island insurance and disaster
States (IRIS). protection funding after
events such as floods,
Damoclean sword hanging above the heads droughts and hurricanes
of his country-men in New York, also
hit
appreciated the “excellent climate
o To complement, not
democracy,” which manifested in the
replace, the progress on
acceptance of the demand for Loss and
Damage. It would be a big injustice to loss and damage.
discredit his part in bringing the longtime · Pakistan will be among the first
holdout, the US, to the deliberations table. As recipients of funding from the
quite appropriately remarked by Molwyn G7 'Global Shield' initiative.
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Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Group he added. The foreign minister also
mentioned his interactions with US Special
· The Vulnerable Twenty (V20) Presidential Envoy for Climate John Kerry
Group was established with the both in Egypt and over the phone in which he
inaugural meeting of the V20 appreciated the leadership on climate,
Ministers of Finance of the requested support for G77, and demanded
Climate Vulnerable Forum in the inclusion of financial arrangements to
tackle loss and damage which led to a
2015 at Lima, Peru.
compromise.
· Total Members - 58 Nations
(India is not a member of V20 The foreign minister paid special gratitude to
Group) all members of G-77 and China for their
continued support and trust in Pakistan's
“In monumental achievement for climate leadership. “A special shout-out to team
justice & G77 led by Pakistan, the COP27 has Pakistan at COP27. The team of the foreign
successfully concluded with loss and damage ministry and climate change ministry led by
as part of the agenda including a fund and Minister Sherry Rehman, under the leadership
financial arrangements to address this issue,” of Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif delivered a
he said, and congratulated Egypt's Foreign major win on the world stage,” he
Minister Sameh Shoukry for hosting a historic commented.
COP27. The foreign minister championed the cause of
loss and damage for developing countries
Technology Mechanism vulnerable to climate change, which was
endorsed by G77 and China Meeting of
· The UNFCCC launched the first
foreign ministers in New York chaired by him.
joint work programme of the “This is a major win for Pakistan and all of the
Technology Mechanism for developing world.” Bilawal Bhutto Zardari
2023-2027. remarked.
· The joint work programme will
focus on high-potential sectors Global Offshore Wind Alliance (GOWA)
and high-potential actions
across water, energy, food, · COP27 has seen new countries
industry, and other systems. including Germany, Japan, the
UK, the US, Australia, etc., join
The foreign minister said that having the Global Offshore Wind
experienced first-hand scale and devastation Alliance to ramp up the offshore
of Pakistan floods, they traveled to the United wind to tackle the climate and
Nations General Assembly to advocate for energy security crises.
climate justice. He recalled that the Group of
· Global Offshore Wind Alliance
77, chaired by him at the UN, unanimously
adopted Pakistan's proposal to demand loss was initiated by the
and damage be part of the COP27 agenda. International Renewable Energy
Bilawal Bhutto said that in Egypt too, Agency (IRENA), Denmark and
Pakistan's proposal as chair of G77 to include the Global Wind Energy Council
language 'loss and damage fund' on the · It will bring together
agenda had achieved consensus. Upon governments, the private sector,
conclusion of negotiations, we have sustained international organisations and other
that consensus and also included necessary stakeholders to accelerate the
language on fund and financial arrangement, deployment of offshore wind power.
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100 Years since the

Discovery of
Mohenjo Daro
· Exactly a century ago, in 1922,

humanity rediscovered Mohenjo
Daro.
About Mohenjo-daro
Location:
· Mohenjo-Daro or the “Mound
of the dead” lies in Larkana
district of Sindh, about 5 km
away from the Indus.
Contribution of discovery:
· It was discovered by
archeologist Sir John Marshall.
Significance of the site:
· It is one of the largest of the
Indus Valley Civilization sites.
· Construction marvel:
· The site is famous for its
elaborate town
planning with street
grids with brick
pavements, developed
water supply, drainage,
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Dec 2022
headquarters of
the site.
· In the lower town
were substantial
courtyard houses
indicating a
considerable
middle class.
o Relationship with
Harappa:
§ Its relationship with
Harappa, however, is
uncertain—i.e., if the two
cities were
contemporaneous
centres or if one city
succeeded the other.
and covered sewerage systems, homes with

toilets, and monumental buildings.
· Its excavations revealed
findings like the Great
Bath, Great Granary, a
large assembly hall, · Sculptures:
temple-like structure, the o Aesthetically the most notable
seal of Pashupati and a work of figurative art from the
bust of a bearded man. city is a famous bronze of a
· It is the most glaring young dancing girl, naked save
example of town for a multitude of armlets.
planning in the Harappan
civilization.
§ The city is divided into
citadel and lower city.
· It is clear that the
citadel (for such it
evidently was)
carried the
religious and
ceremonial
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o Among innumerable terra-
cottas the most expressive are
small but vigorous
representations of bulls and
buffalo.
Civilization ( 3300-1300 BCE) also known

· Decline: as the Harappan Civilization, was
o The evidence suggests that extended from modern-day northeast
Mohenjo-daro suffered more Afghanistan to Pakistan and northwest
than once from devastating India.
floods of abnormal depth and o It is the oldest recorded
duration. civilisation of the Indo-Pak
o The civilization went into subcontinent.
decline in the middle of the § The civilisation was a
second millennium BC for contemporary of
reasons that are believed to Egyptian and
include catastrophic climate Mesopotamian
change. civilisations with whom it
· Legacy: had trade contacts.
o Mohenjo-daro was designated o It is often separated
a UNESCO World Heritage site into three phases:
in 1980. § The Early Harappan
Phase from 3300 to 2600
BCE,
§ The Mature Harappan
Phase from 2600 to 1900
BCE, and
§ The Late Harappan Phase
from 1900 to 1300 BCE.
· Centres of civilization:
o The Indus civilization is known
to have consisted of two large
cities, Harappa and Mohenjo-
· The Indus River Valley daro, and more than 100 towns
Civilization and villages, often of relatively
· About: small size.
o The Indus River Valley o The southern region of the
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civilization, on the Kathiawar mass production.
Peninsula and beyond, appears § Larger pots were probably
to be of later origin than the built up on a turntable.
major Indus sites. o Governance:
§ It is deduced that
Civilisation was governed
by the class of merchants.
· Trade and external contacts:
o Timber and precious woods,
ivory, lapis lazuli, gold, and luxury
goods such as carnelian beads,
pearls, and shell and bone inlays,
· Features: including the distinctly kidney
o Technology: shape, were among the goods
§ Important innovations of sent to Mesopotamia in
this civilization comprise exchange for silver, tin, woolen
standardized weights textiles, and grains and other
and measures, seal foods.
carving, and metallurgy o The wide range of crafts and
with copper, bronze, special materials employed must
lead, and tin. also have caused the
o City planning: establishment of economic
§ The Indus cities are relations with peoples living
noted for their urban outside the Harappan state.
planning, a technical · Decline of Civilization:
and political process o The IVC declined around 1800
concerned with the use BCE however the certainty behind
of land and design of the the collapse is debatable.
urban environment. o Different theories are:
§ They had baked brick § Aryans invasion of IVC led
houses, elaborate to the fall of the
drainage systems, civilisation.
water supply systems, § Several tectonic
and clusters of large, disturbances and
nonresidential changing course of the
buildings. rivers are the two major
factors cited by the
historians for the
disappearance of the
civilisation.
§ Various scholars believe
that natural factors like
o Pottery: geological and climatic
§ The pottery of the Indus reasons are behind the
cities has all the marks of decline of the IVC.
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REMs – The Most Precious Commodities

Through the ages of humanity, there has royal flush, and their necessity in electronics a
been a desire for metals to be either used as modern-day hot streak.
coinage or to showcase triumph or to hold Apart from wearable metals of gold, silver
financial reserves or to benchmark currency and copper, there are much sought-after
to a standard. high-value colour up casino chips of rare
From the crowns of the sovereigns in Europe earth metals (REMs).
to the dowry of the new matrimonial brides in What are REMs?
Africa, metals have been a preferred and REMs constitute a group of 17 elements that
prized possession. occur together in the periodic table, including
In chronicled history, conflicts have been yttrium and 15 lanthanides. The use of REMs
brawled, invasions have been steered, sieges within industrial sectors is both high stakes
have been engineered and battleships have and high wager.
been sunk to obtain them. What makes these · There are 17 rare earth elements
elements so beloved is not only their vivacity, (REE).
shimmer and allure but also their superior · It includes the 15 Lanthanides (atomic
intrinsic atomic properties and multi-purpose numbers 57 which is Lanthanum to 71
functionalities.
in the periodic table) plus Scandium
In today's high-technology life, metals are a
(atomic number 21) and Yttrium (39).
commodity worth billions of dollars to the
national exchequer. They are mined in almost · REEs are classified as light RE
every nook and cranny as their ownership elements (LREE) and heavy RE
gives a monetary bonus, their trade a political elements (HREE).
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World Reserves Pakistan's Reserves

Pakistan's total mines and mineral reserves
are estimated at over $50 trillion in situ value
in 2019, including metallic, fuel, industrial
minerals, gemstones, building stones, clays
and other resources. Exports of mineral fuels,
oils and distillation products accounted for
$500 million in 2018.
In the recent past, the government lived in a
fallacy after failure of copper-gold projects in
Saindak and Reko Diq.
Authorities made bets throughout the lease
timeframe to eventually fold in a showdown
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by handing over national assets to foreign more than 200 consumer products which
entities. The key explanations for these includes mobile phones, computer hard
failures included: drives, electric and hybrid vehicles,
· Inadequate legal and institutional semiconductors, flat screen TVs and monitors,
framework (eg, absence of a and high-end electronics.
comprehensive policy and governance · Clean energy: They are critical for
structure) developing clean energy which is the
· Limited institutional capacity (eg, need of the hour today.
regulatory and monitoring body at the · Industrial use: Traditional uses like
national level) Cerium for glass polishing and
· Sub-optimal research and lanthanum for car catalysts or optical
development facilities (eg, no lenses.
dedicated research institute) · Manufacturing of magnets:
· Low availability of resources (eg, lack neodymium, praseodymium and
of skilled workforce, latest tools and dysprosium, are crucial to the
technology) manufacture of magnets which are
· Lack of necessary infrastructure (eg, used in industries and also in wind
electricity, roads, water) turbines and Drones.
· High security risk (given remote Semi-Automated Offside Technology
locations of mines)
REMs deposits in Pakistan have been FIFA is using SAOT for offside
discovered in Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa decisions in the ongoing football
(Koga, Tarbela, Jawar), Gilgit-Baltistan world cup.
(Gilgit, Skardu), and Balochistan (Reko There are two parts to the
Diq, Chagai, Saindak). technology — a sensor inside the
Initial geochemical analysis showed that 12 match ball (Adidas's Al Rihla) that is
out of 17 REMs had been found with varying held using suspension technology,
potential. Still, the exact size is yet to be and existing tracking tools that are
determined and required an in-depth part of the VAR system.
exploration study. REMs are the most
precious commodities today and Pakistan Every time the ball is hit, data is sent
needs to place maximum bets on it to cash in in real-time (at a whopping 500
on the opportunities. Realistically, Pakistan is frames per second) to a network of
not a manufacturing or a processing country, antennae installed around the playing
hence, it should earmark the commerce field. Additionally, there are 12 Hawk-
potential with both revenue from sales and Eye cameras set up around the turf
that shadow both the ball and the
barter trade.
players, with as many as 29 separate
Why are these minerals important? /
points in the human body tracked.
Significance
· Manufacturing of Batteries: Minerals The coming together of the ball
like Cobalt, Nickel, and Lithium are sensor and the Hawk-Eye cameras is
required for batteries used in electric in effect SAOT, which allows for
decisions that are highly accurate and
vehicles.
quick. These two data sets are run
· Used in most of the consumer through artificial intelligence software
products: REEs are an essential which generates automated alerts
although often tiny component of about offsides to the match officials.
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CSS Times International Organization 29
Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

About: Peaceful Coexistence to be used
o It is a forum of 120 countries as a guide for Sino-Indian
that are not formally aligned with relations called Panchsheel
or against any major power bloc. (five restraints).
o After the United Nations, it is o These principles would later
the largest grouping of states serve as the basis of the Non-
worldwide. Aligned Movement.
§ The countries of the o The five principles were:
Non-Aligned Movement § Mutual respect for each
represent nearly two-thirds other's territorial integrity
of the United Nations' and sovereignty.
members and contain 55% § Mutual non-aggression.
of the world population. § Mutual non-interference
Establishment: in domestic affairs.
· In 1961, drawing on the § Equality and mutual
principles agreed at the benefit.
Bandung Conference of 1955, § Peaceful co-existence.
the Non-Aligned Movement Founders:
was formally established in · It was an initiative of Yugoslav
Belgrade, Yugoslavia. President Josip Broz Tito,
Five Principles of Peaceful Indian Prime Minister
Coexistence: Jawaharlal Nehru, Egyptian
o Zhou Enlai and Nehru President Gamal Abdel
described the Five Principles of Nasser, Ghanaian President
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CSS Times International Organization 31
Kwame Nkrumah, and Colombo
Indonesian President Sukarno. 6th3–9 September 1979 Cuba Host City
Accomplishment: Havana
· The international policy of non- 7th7–12 March 1983 India Host City New
alignment achieved major Delhi
successes in decolonization, 8th1–6 September 1986 Zimbabwe Host City
disarmament and opposition Harare
to racism and apartheid in 9th4–7 September 1989 Yugoslavia Host City
South Africa. Belgrade
· The movement persisted 10th1–6 September 1992Indonesia Host City
throughout the entire Cold War. Jakarta
After the cold war:
11th18–20 October 1995Colombia Host City
§ In the years since the
Cartagena
Cold War's end in 1992, it
12th2–3 September 1998South Africa Host
has focused on
City Durban
developing multilateral
13th20–25 February 2003MalaysiaHost City
ties and connections as
Kuala Lumpur
well as unity among the
14th15–16 September 2006CubaHost City
developing nations of
Havana
the world.
15th11–16 July 2009 Egypt Sharm el-Sheikh
16th26–31 August 2012 Iran Host City Tehran
17th13–18 September 2016 Venezuela Host
City Porlamar
18th25–26 October 2019 Azerbaijan Host
City Baku
19thend of 2023 Uganda
The Shanghai Cooperation
· Pakistan joined Non- Organisation (SCO):
Aligned Movement
(NAM) in 1979 It is an eight-member
Summits multilateral political-
The conference of Heads of State or
Government of the Non-Aligned Countries, economic-security
often referred to as Non-Aligned Movement organisation, established in
Summit is the main meeting within the 2001 in Shanghai, China by the
movement and are held every few years: leaders of China, Kazakhstan,
1st1–6 September 1961Yugoslavia Host City
Belgrade Kyrgyzstan, Russia, Tajikistan and
2nd5–10 October 1964 Egypt Host City Cairo Uzbekistan.
3rd8–10 September 1970 Zambia Host City In 2017, at the historic summit in
Lusaka Astana,Pakistan and India
4th5–9 September 1973 Algeria Host City officially joined SCO as full-
Algiers
5th16–19 August 1976 Sri Lanka Host City
members.
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CSS Times International Institutions 32
China-Indian Ocean Region Forum

China organized the first high-level China- About Forum
Indian Ocean Region Forum on Organiser:
Development Cooperation, with 19 countries China International Development
Cooperation Agency (CIDCA) which is
from the region. The event was quietly held
Beijing's new development aid agency
along with many other events including the Participants:
6th China-South Asia expo, and the China- o “high-level representatives”
Indian Ocean region thinktank forum in a from 19 countries, including
hybrid format in Kunming, showcasing Indonesia, Pakistan, Myanmar,
China's continuing quest for a larger presence Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, Maldives,
and role in the strategically important Indian Nepal, Afghanistan, Iran, Oman,
Ocean. South Africa, Kenya,
· Australia and Maldives did not Mozambique, Tanzania,
participate in the recently held Indian Ocean Seychelles, Madagascar,
Region Forum convened by China. Mauritius, Djibouti, and
Australia.
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o No representative from India Concerns:
was invited. · China's initiation of a new forum
Recent Proposals at Forum: for IOR countries despite the
· China has proposed to establish other successfully established
a marine disaster prevention forums is worrisome.
and mitigation cooperation · China has been relentlessly
mechanism between China and trying to ramp up political,
countries in the IOR. economic and security
Prominence of Indian Ocean Region (IOR) inroads in the region despite
in the Chinese policy framework: being geographically far from
o China's prominent role in global IOR.
supply chains, · Apparently aimed at countering
o The vast resource base of the India's strong influence in the
Indian Ocean, and region.
o The passage of strategic sea · China has often been accused
lines of communication through of engaging in “debt
the IOR. diplomacy”
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China is a dialogue partner of the IORA,
along with Russia, the US and several
European countries. In IONS too, which
brings together 24 countries in the region,
China, which is not an Indian Ocean country,
is one among several observers. However,
China has been relentlessly trying to ramp up
political, economic and security inroads in the
region despite being geographically far from
the Indian Ocean.
With China's prominent role in global China's Recent Push Toward This Region:
supply chains, the vast resource base of the China's State Councilor and Foreign Minister
Indian Ocean, and the passage of strategic Wang Yi made a whirlwind trip to five Indian
sea lines of communication through the IOR, Ocean littoral countries viz. Comoros,
the Indian Ocean littoral has gained Maldives, and Sri Lanka, Eritrea and Kenya.
prominence in the Chinese policy In his meeting with Sri Lankan counterpart G
framework and its expansive Belt and L Peiris, Wang Yi 'proposed to establish a
Road Initiative. forum for the development of Indian Ocean
island countries, according to a Chinese
Foreign Ministry statement released in
Beijing after the minister's visit. This has
highlighted Beijing's relentless drive for
influence over the Indian Ocean region.
What is the Indian Ocean Rim Association?

· It was established in 1997 and is a
regional forum that seeks to build
and expand understanding and
mutually beneficial cooperation
through a consensus-based,
evolutionary and non-intrusive
Chinese Interest In The Indian Ocean: approach.
China has made substantial investments in · IORA has 23 member states and
ports and infrastructure investments in 9 Dialogue Partners.
several countries, including Pakistan and Sri o Members: Australia,
Lanka. Beijing has acquired Sri Lanka's Bangladesh, the Comoros,
Hambantota port on a 99-year lease besides France, India, Indonesia,
building the port at Pakistan's Gwadar in the Iran, Kenya, Madagascar,
Arabian Sea opposite India's western coast Malaysia, Maldives,
and infrastructure investments in the Mauritius, Mozambique,
Maldives. Oman, Seychelles,
China has often been accused of engaging in Singapore, Somalia, South
“debt diplomacy” in these countries under Africa, Sri Lanka, Tanzania,
its Belt and Road Initiative allegedly in the Thailand, the United Arab
name of infrastructure development. Since Emirates and Yemen.
2008, China has regularly deployed a o China is a dialogue
contingent of naval warships in the Gulf of partner in the IORA.
Aden and established its first foreign military · The IORA Secretariat is based in
base in Djibouti in 2017. Mauritius.
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CSS Times Health 36
3rd Global High-level

Ministerial Conference on AMR
Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is one of the treatment. The Global Action Plan to tackle
biggest threats to global public health. AMR was endorsed in the 68th session of the
Selection of resistant bacteria is driven by World Health Assembly (WHA) in Geneva in
inappropriate use of antibiotics, amongst
May 2015 by all countries including Pakistan.
other factors. COVID-19 may have
Key Highlights
exacerbated AMR due to unnecessary
antibiotic prescribing. Country-level Background:
knowledge is needed to understand options · This Conference is a follow up
for action. of two earlier high level
The World Antimicrobial Awareness Week conferences held in the
2022 concluded recently with the Muscat Netherlands in 2014 and 2019.
Ministerial Manifesto on AMR being agreed Theme of the Conference:
upon at the Third Global High-level · The AMR Pandemic: From Policy
Ministerial Conference on Antimicrobial
to One Health Action.
Resistance (AMR).
Three Global Targets:
o Reducing the total amount of
antimicrobials used in agrifood
systems by at least 30 per cent-
50 per cent by 2030.
o Preserving critically important
antimicrobials for human
medicine and ending the use of
medically important
antimicrobials for growth
promotion in animals.
o Ensuring that 'Access' group
The growing problem of Antimicrobial antibiotics (a category of
Resistance (AMR) has emerged as a major antibiotics that are affordable,
health crisis in almost all countries of the
safe and have a low AMR risk)
world including Pakistan, resulting in an
alarming increase in the burden of infections represent at least 60 percent of
due to multi-drug resistant organisms while overall antibiotic consumption
limiting the choice of Antimicrobials for in humans by 2030.
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CSS Times Health 37
Countries endorsing the manifesto: animals, food, plants and the
o The Manifesto has been environment (in water, soil and
endorsed by 34 of the 45 air).
countries that participated at o They can spread from person to
the conference. person or between people and
What is Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR)? animals, including from food of
o Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR) occurs animal origin.
when bacteria, viruses, fungi and o The main drivers of
parasites change over time and no antimicrobial resistance
longer respond to medicines making include:
infections harder to treat and § The misuse and overuse
increasing the risk of disease spread, of antimicrobials,
severe illness and death. § Lack of access to clean
o Emergence and spread of AMR: water, sanitation and
o AMR occurs naturally over time, hygiene (WASH) for both
usually through genetic humans and animals,
changes. § Poor infection and
o Antimicrobial-resistant disease prevention and
organisms are found in people, control in healthcare
facilities and farms,
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CSS Times Health 39
§ Poor access to quality, possible to obtain antibiotics without a
§ Affordable medicines, legitimate prescription, generally following a
vaccines and diagnostics, simple request without any clarification or
§ Lack of awareness and explanation. It has been suggested that in
knowledge, and some situations, such as when there is limited
access to a healthcare professional or in
§ Lack of enforcement of
resource-limited settings, OTC purchase of
legislation.
antibiotics may be needed, but self-
Antibiotic resistance is one of the major medication risks antibiotic misuse and can
health crises in Pakistan with the overall result in increasing resistance. A 2011 global
situation being grimmer than indicated in study estimated that 9% of antibiotic sales in
many studies published over the last two Pakistan took place without a prescription.
decades. A number of factors have been
contributory in this regard. These include
unnecessary large number of registered
products (approximately 50,000); unjustified
or misleading advertisements with only about
15% promotional brochures meeting WHO
criteria; self-medication in more than 50% of
the population according to different
studies/surveys; and, a high number of
quacks in the country. The highest numbers
of drugs are prescribed with more than 3
drugs per patient, and 70% of patients are
prescribed antibiotics.
National antibiotic prescribing guidelines
Pakistan is a developing country where the Considering local Pakistan guidelines for the
supply of antibiotics is regulated in principle management of CAP, AOM and ABRS, the
by well-established legislation and antibiotics Medical Microbiology Infectious Disease
should only be dispensed with a valid Society of Pakistan's (MMIDSP) Guidelines for
prescription written by a medical practitioner. Antimicrobial Use are commonly referred to.
The Drug Act of 1967 in Pakistan stated that For AOM, the MMIDSP guidelines
antibiotics are not over-the-counter (OTC) recommend as the preferred antibiotic, in
medications, and the Act made their adults amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 1 g given
availability without a prescription illegal. twice daily and in children
Despite this, throughout Pakistan it is amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 20–45 mg/kg/day
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CSS Times Health 40
every 8–12 h (the dose can be up to 2015 World Health Assembly
80–90 mg/kg). For ABRS, the preferred and committed to the
antibiotic treatment in adults is amoxicillin
500 mg given three times daily or development and implementation
amoxicillin/clavulanic acid 625 mg given three of multisectoral national action
times daily.
plans.
Various Initiatives Adopted In This Aspect
· Global Efforts: o Tripartite Joint Secretariat on
Antimicrobial Resistance:
o Global Action Plan on
Tripartite joint secretariat (FAO,
Antimicrobial Resistance
OIE and WHO) has been
(GAP): Globally, countries
committed to the framework set established and is hosted by
out in the Global Action Plan1 WHO to drive multi-stakeholder
(GAP) 2015 on AMR during the engagement in AMR.
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CSS Times Health 41
o Interagency Coordination
Group (IACG) on AMR: It was
convened by the Secretary-
General of the United Nations
after the UN High-Level
Meeting on Antimicrobial
Resistance in 2016.
§ The IACG brought
together partners across
the UN, international
organizations and
individuals with expertise
across human, animal
and plant health, as well
as the food, animal feed,
trade to formulate a plan o Global Antimicrobial
for the fight against Resistance and Use
antimicrobial resistance. Surveillance System (GLASS):
WHO launched it in 2015 to
continue filling knowledge gaps
and to inform strategies at all
levels.
§ GLASS has been
conceived to
progressively incorporate
data from surveillance of
AMR in humans,
surveillance of the use of
o World Antimicrobial antimicrobial medicines,
Awareness Week AMR in the food chain
(WAAW): WAAW was and the environment.
previously called the o Global Antibiotic
World Antibiotic Research and
Awareness Week. From Development
2020, it will be called the Partnership (GARDP): A
World Antimicrobial joint initiative of WHO
Awareness Week. and the Drugs for
Neglected Diseases
§ It is a global campaign
Initiative (DNDi), GARDP
that aims to raise encourages research and
awareness of development through
antimicrobial resistance public-private
worldwide. partnerships.
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§ By 2025, the partnership aims to
develop and deliver five new Human DNA is 8 % Virus
treatments that target drug-
resistant bacteria identified by According to new research 8 per
WHO as posing the greatest cent of our DNA consists of
threat. remnants of ancient viruses.
o Country wise initiatives: A Human Endogenous
multi-sectoral $1 billion AMR Retroviruses (HERVs):
Action Fund was launched in · HERVs are a family of
2020 to support the viruses within our genome
development of new antibiotics, with similarities to
and the U.K. is trialling a
subscription-based model for
present-day exogenous
paying for new antimicrobials retroviruses.
towards ensuring their · Like modern HIV, these
commercial viability. ancient retroviruseshad to
§ Peru's efforts on patient insert their genetic
education to reduce material into their host's
unnecessary antibiotic genome to replicate.
prescriptions. · By targeting germ cells
§ Australian regulatory (such as egg or sperm),
reforms to influence
these retroviruses became
prescriber behaviour, and
initiatives to increase the incorporated into human
use of point-of-care ancestral genomes over the
diagnostics, such as the course of millions of years.
EU-supported VALUE-Dx · Viruses insert their genomes
programme. into their hosts in the form
§ Denmark's reforms to of a provirus.
prevent the use of o A provirus is a virus
antibiotics in livestock
have not only led to a
genome that is
significant reduction in integrated into the
the prevalence of DNA of a host cell.
resistant microbes in · There are around 30
animals, but also different kinds of human
improved the efficiency endogenous retroviruses in
of farming.
people today, amounting to
over 60,000 proviruses in
the human genome.
· The effects of HERVs on
human health are still
unclear. Some are toxic to
humans, while others are
healthy.
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CSS Times General Science 44
Bluebugging, as the name suggests is a form calls, read and send messages and
of snooping into Bluetooth-enabled devices. steal and modify contacts.
It lets attackers access a device through its · It started out as a threat to laptops
discoverable Bluetooth connection. with Bluetooth capability.
Cybersecurity experts note that apps that let
users connect smartphones or laptops to
wireless earplugs can record conversations,
and are vulnerable to hacks.
· Through a process called
bluebugging, a hacker can gain
unauthorised access to these apps and
devices and control them as per their wish.
What is bluebugging?
· Background: Independent security
researcher Martin Herfurt blogged
o Later hackers used the technique to
about the threat of bluebugging as
target mobile phones and other
early as 2004. devices.
o the bug exploited a loophole in
· Threats: Bluebugging attacks work by
Bluetooth protocol, enabling it
to download phone books and exploiting Bluetooth-enabled devices.
call lists from the attacked user's o The device's Bluetooth must be
phone. in discoverable mode, which is
· It is a form of hacking that lets the default setting on most
attackers access a device devices.
through its discoverable o The hacker then tries to pair
Bluetooth connection. with the device via Bluetooth.
· Once a device or phone is Once a connection is
bluebugged, a hacker can listen to the established, hackers can use
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CSS Times General Science 45
brute force attacks to bypass hacking mechanisms prevailing
authentication. in the world.
o They can install the malware in Which devices are more
the compromised device to gain
unauthorised access to it. susceptible to such attacks?
Bluebugging can happen · Any Bluetooth-enabled device can be
whenever a Bluetooth-enabled bluebugged.
device is within a 10-meter
· Wireless earbuds are susceptible to
radius of the hacker
If a person is using a smartphone or any such hacks. Apps that enable users to
other smart device, it is vulnerable to several connect to their TWS (True Wireless
kinds of attacks which are often a result of a Stereo) devices or earbuds can record
lack of awareness. From banks to cyber conversations.
security experts, they keep warning and · The apps of these TWS devices can
requesting all users to not fall prey to random record conversations.
phone calls or messages and never click on · Once hacked, the attacker can make
any suspicious URL link. One such attack is and listen to calls, read and send
'bluebugging' where the Bluetooth-enabled messages, and modify or steal your
devices are vulnerable to attacks from contacts
hackers. After bluesnarfing or bluejacking, Prevention Techniques:
'bluebugging' is a new term that explains
· Turning off Bluetooth and
unauthorised access to all the phone's
disconnecting paired Bluetooth
features by a hacker. This, however, is limited
to the range of Bluetooth but the range can devices when not in use,
also be increased with an antenna. · Updating the device's system software
Bluebugging is one of the numerous ways to the latest version,
that hackers use to hijack your smart device. · Limited use of public Wi-Fi and
There are hundreds of media reports which · Using VPN as an additional security
explain different kinds of cyber-attack or measure.
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CSS Times Coral Reefs Ecology 47
New Species of Black Corals

Corals have a great significance due to Formation :
ecotourism and its protection is necessary to o Coral reefs are formed over a
ensure the marine life protection, sustainable process of thousands of years.
growth of environment and preserving a Each coral reef is made up of
flourishing source of employment through
colonies of tiny animals called
ecotourism
Recently, five new species of black corals were polyps.
discovered in the Great Barrier Reef and o Each polyp produces calcium
Coral Sea off the coast of Australia. carbonate, which makes up
What are Coral Reefs? their skeleton and protects
· A coral reef is an underwater corals internal bodies; similar
ecosystem characterised by reef- to how our skeleton protects
building corals. our organs.
· The coral polyps live in an
endosymbiosis relationship with
algae. Algae provides up to 90 per
cent of the coral's energy.
Temperature:
o The temperature of the water
should not be below 20°C.
o The most favourable
temperature for the growth of
the coral reefs is between 23°C
to 25°C.
o The temperature should not
exceed 35°C.
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o Soft corals: Soft corals attach
themselves to such skeletons
and older skeletons built by
their ancestors. Soft corals also
add their own skeletons to the
hard structure over the years.
These growing multiplying
structures gradually form coral
reefs.
· Bleached corals can survive
depending on the levels of bleaching
and the recovery of sea temperatures
· Salinity: Corals can survive only to normal levels.
under saline conditions with an Australia's Great Barrier Reef (GBR)
average salinity between 27% to · The reef is located in the Coral Sea, off
40% the coast of Queensland, Australia.
· Shallow Water: Coral reefs grow · This reef was selected as a World
better in shallow water having a depth Heritage Site in 1981.
less than 50 m. The depth of the water · A large part of the reef is protected by
should not exceed 200m. the Great Barrier Reef Marine Park.
Coral reefs are divided into four classes:
· Fringing reefs
· Barrier reefs
· Atolls
· Patch reefs.
Corals are of two types:
o Hard corals: Hard corals extract
calcium carbonate from
seawater to build hard, white
coral exoskeletons. Hard corals
are in a way the engineers of
reef ecosystems and measuring
the extent of hard coral is a
widely-accepted metric for Corals in Pakistan
measuring the condition of The corals are one of the most productive
coral reefs. ecosystems found thriving in scale at different
coasts around the globe. But, as far as
Pakistan is concerned the corals are found in
limited and isolated patches around 990
kilometers long coastline extending from
Sindh to Balochistan In Pakistan, corals are
found in small quantities around Churna
Island, Astola Island, Ormara (Roadrigues
Shoals), Gwadar and Jiwani in Balochistan.
Coral patches were identified along the coast
of Pakistan under the Darwin Initiative
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Dec 2022
Project. A total of 55 live coral species were Coscinaraea monile

recorded on limited areas in Pakistan, which is Dendrophyllia robusta
reportedly prone to environmental change Goniopora albiconus
and other threats, especially pollution.
Location of Coral reef Biome of Pakistan: It
is present along with coastal areas of
Pakistan. The known sites for the coral reef
biome of Pakistan include Jiwani, Ormara
(Rodrigues Shoals), Gawadar, Astola Island,
and Churna Island.
Coral species that make up the coral biome of
Pakistan are listed below.
Astola Island
Soft Coral: Paraplexaura sp., Bebryce sp., etc
Hard Corals: Favites complanata, Porites
monticulosa, Porites harrisoni, Montipora
Churna Island
molli, etc
Churna Island is a small inhabited island of
Chunra Island
Pakistan located 9km west of Hub River along
Goniopora columna
Balochistan coast in Arabian Sea. It is
Psammocora superficialis
approximately 1.2 km long and 0.5 km wide.
The average depth of the island is about
average 8 meters with clear water. It is a rocky
island, rich in aquatic resources and supports
a myriad marine life including corals. Given
the Karachi city's proximity to the island, it is
a popular tourist destination and attracts
snorkelers, scuba divers and jet skiers.
Kaio Island
Goniopora albiconus
Porites harrisoni
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Climate of Coral reef Biome of Pakistan:
The coral reef biome of Pakistan is
characterized by warm ocean temperature.
The summer temperature of the coral reef
biome ranges from 20-30 ◦C while in winters
the optimum temperature ranges from 13-
23◦C.
Biodiversity of Coral Reef Biome of
Pakistan
A diverse variety of plants inhabits coral reefs
that include seagrasses, seaweeds,
zooxanthellae, etc. Animals include organisms
that inhabit coral reefs, support the coral reef
ecosystem, etc.
Importance of Coral Reef Biome of
Pakistan
The coral reef biome of Pakistan is extremely
important because it indicates the water
quality as well people use it for their
livelihood. It supports a huge variety of
species, some of which are newly discovered
along the Karachi coast.
Special Feature of Coral Reef Biome of
Pakistan
The coral reefs found in Pakistan prefer hard
Flora: Plants/Vegetation substrate and rarely adapted to soft beds. The
Plants Common Name variety of hard substrates includes high
Gulfweed ridges, mid-slope ridges, local ridges, mesas,
Brown Seaweed upland drainage, mid-slope drainage, and
Zooxanthellae canyons.
Anemone this ecologically significant marine area.
Red Algae (Karachi Coast)
Sea lettuce
Red Algae
Seaweed
Thalloid Brown Alga
Seaweed
Fauna: Animals
Animal Common Name
Green Turtle
Hawksbill Turtle
Sandbird Octopus
Sea Anemone
Sea Urchins
Ornate spiny lobster
Bridled Seabream
Arabian carpet shark Threats to Coral Reef Biome of Pakistan
Five-lined snapper The rainforest of the marine ecosystem is
Bowmouth guitarfish widely recognized as coral reefs. The coral
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Dec 2022
reef biome has a rich biodiversity. However, What is coral bleaching?
the coral reefs are facing environmental Coral bleaching happens when corals lose
problems. their vibrant colours and turn white.
Threats to the coral reef biome of Pakistan Environmental changes such as abnormally
include human activities mainly marine warm or cool temperatures, light, or nutrients,
pollution, oil spills overfishing, industrial can cause the corals to stress out and die.
effluent discharge, agricultural runoff, coastal Corals can survive the bleaching but if the
stress is severe or persist, it can lead to coral
area development, water pollution, rising sea death.
In 2010, the PPP federal government first
observed International Reef Cleaning Day in
Pakistan, scuba divers extracted ghost nets,
old anchors, plastic debris, tobacco products
and even a knife that had been stuck into
coral.
Why does coral bleaching matter?
It matters because coral reefs are some of the
most diverse and valuable ecosystems on the
planet on which people and wildlife depend.
They support an estimated 25 percent of all
marine life. Coral reefs are also are a source of
food and new medicines.
WWF-Pakistan appealed to the relevant
surface temperature, sedimentation, etc. government departments, tourists, local
Other factors that are threatening the survival communities and citizens of Pakistan to help
of coral reefs include global warming, climate conserve this ecologically significant marine
change, and coral mining. area.
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Dec 2022
CSS Times World Constitutions 53
Indian Constitution
Comparative Study of the Constitution
of Pakistan and India
its preamble and 470 articles

grouped into 25 parts and 12
schedules.
· The Constitution of India was
not typeset or printed but was
handwritten and calligraphic in
both English and Hindi.
· It was entirely handcrafted by the
artists of Shantiniketan under the
guidance of Acharya Nandalal Bose,
with the calligraphy texts done by
The Constitution of India was adopted by the
Prem Behari Narain Raizada in Delhi.
Indian Constituent Assembly on November
· The original copies of the Constitution
26, 1949 for 'We the people of India'.
of India are kept in special helium-
Celebrated since:
filled cases in the Library of the
· The day began to be celebrated as
Constitution Day in 2015. Parliament of India
· In Hindi Constitution Day is known as · The Fundamental Duties of citizens
'Samvidhan Divas'. were added to the Constitution by the
· It is the longest written constitution in 42nd Amendment in 1976, upon the
the world. recommendations of the Swaran Singh
o The Constitution of India, with Committee that was constituted by the
Government.
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Key Features: brief history including the inherited
· Longest written constitution
· Federalism
· Parliamentary Form of
Government
· Separation of Powers
· Fundamental Rights
· Secularism
· Single Citizenship
· Sovereignty
Key Amendments Made:
· 1st CAA: Added Ninth Schedule
laws that cannot be challenged
in courts.
· 42nd CAA: Inserted Article 51-
A (10 FDs), Socialist, Secular and
Integrity added to the
Government of India Act 1935 adopted at the
Preamble, & new DPSPs added time of independence and three indigenous
(Article 39, 39A, 43 A, 48A) constitutions (1956, 1962 &1973). Pakistan
has also been governed without the benefit
of written constitutions, through Provisional
Constitutional Orders. Pakistan's fourth
Constitution was approved by the National
Assembly on 10 April, 1973 and became
operative on 14 August, 1973. Since then, the
country has experienced two military rules;
during these periods the 1973 Constitution
was held in abeyance twice, from 1977-1985
and 1999-2002.
The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan calls for,
Comparative study of the constitution like the Indian Constitution, federal and
parliamentary systems of government. Both
of Pakistan and India constitutions incorporate the lists of
India and Pakistan inherited the British Indian fundamental rights and directive principles.
system of governance, modified to transfer all Center - Province/ State Relations
powers to the newly elected constituent Both constitutions establish federal systems
assemblies of each state under the Indian by distributing powers between the center
Independence Act 1947. The Government of and federal units. Nevertheless, both systems
India Act 1935 was modified to serve as the show a tendency towards centralized control
interim constitutional document for each and authority, tilting the balance in favor of
country, until they pass their own the federal government. They provide for
constitutions. After three years' discussions different schemes, while following the
and debates, India adopted its Constitution in principle of division of powers. The Indian
November 1949 which came into effect on Constitution includes an elaborate scheme.
26th January, 1950. On the other hand Article 246, provides for three functional
Pakistan has had complex constitutional areas: an exclusive area of jurisdiction for the
history. It has had four constitutions in its center, the area for states and common or
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Dec 2022
concurrent areas in which both center and whereas in Pakistan any such legislation
states could legislate. However, the needs ratification from the respective
concurrent field is subject to overall provincial assembly.
supremacy of the center. The residuary Administrative Relations
powers are also vested with the Parliament, The administrative relations between the
which is authorized to legislate with respect center and provinces/states under both
to any matter, not enumerated in any of three constitutions show the tendency towards
lists. On the other hand, the Constitution of centralization. The constitutions provide that
Pakistan (1973) provides only two lists of law and order is the primary responsibility of
subjects, one deals with federal affairs on provincial/state government but if the center
which the federal government has the finds that the provincial/state government
authority to legislate; the second relates to fails to provide required security to the
concurrent affairs on which both the central people, it can intervene on the pretext of
as well as provincial legislatures can legislate,
however the supremacy of central legislation
is maintained in case of conflict. There is no
separate list, dealing specifically with
provincial jurisdiction. The residuary powers
are given to provinces. Vesting the residuary
powers to provinces does not provide a
marked difference vis-à-vis Indian
Constitution as both lists in 1973 Constitution
are so exhaustive that they left limited scope
for provinces. maintaining law and order. Moreover, the
provincial/state government is obliged to
exercise authority in such a way as to ensure
compliance with Acts of Parliament. In certain
matters, the center is entitled to direct the
provincial/state government and they are
bound to honor the directives. The center
could exercise absolute authority over
provincial/state's administration in times of
emergency. But, even otherwise, the center
can exercise considerable control over
administrative machinery of province/state
through Indian Central Services and Pakistan's
Both constitutions provide for bi-cameral Central Superior Services, who are
Legislature; whereas, 1973 Constitution of responsible to center for their actions.
Pakistan provides for the equality of units in Governor of a province/state is appointed by
the upper house (Senate), the Indian the president and is responsible to him. The
Constitution does not follow the principle of governor, under Indian Constitution does not
equality of units in its upper house (Rajya have any real executive powers and is
Sabha). Instead of parity, the distribution of considered a ceremonial position. The
seats is mainly on population basis. An position of a governor in Pakistan has been
exclusive feature of the Indian Constitution is strengthened after the passage of 17th
the center's authority to change the territorial Constitutional Amendment, which gives him
boundaries of states. The Parliament can alter the power to dissolve the provincial assembly,
or abolish the boundaries to make a new subject to adjudication by the High Court.
state without obtaining state's approval, There are provisions in both constitutions,
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dependent on the center for their
development plans. No province/state can
afford to function without the active support
of the central government. Division of
subjects contained in both constitutions is
such that center has all the important sources
of revenues under its jurisdiction. According
to Indian Constitution, the center is
empowered to levy and collect taxes on items
which are shared between the center and
states, such as income, agriculture and duties
which provide for the establishment of on excise etc. The taxes on items such as
certain institutions meant to coordinate and succession to property, terminal taxes on
regulate the relations between the goods carried by railways, airforce or navy,
provinces/states and the center. Under the transactions in stock exchange etc, are also
Indian Constitution, the president can collected by the center and are to be
establish an Inter-State Council to investigate, appropriated to states. Similarly, Pakistan's
discuss and make recommendations upon Constitution also allows the center to levy
any subject in which some or all states or the and collect all important taxes i.e. income
center have common interests. The Council is other than agriculture, mineral, oil and natural
also to make recommendations for better gas etc, and duties on customs, export and
coordination of policy and action with respect excise. The principal sources of income for
to the subject that causes disputes between the provinces are land revenue and tax on
the center and states or between two or more agricultural income, luxuries etc.
states. According to the 1973 Constitution of In both countries, the constitutions also
Pakistan, there is a provision for the incorporate the provisions to set up finance
establishment of the Council of Common commissions for allocating the resources to
Interests (CCI), consisting of all provincial states/provinces and center and fixing the
chief ministers and equal number of federal grants in aid to the state/provincial
members nominated by the prime minister. governments. The commissions are to be
The Council is to formulate policies regarding reconstituted by the central government after
the matters enumerated in the second part of regular intervals.
the federal list such as railways, minerals, oil Having considered the constitutional
and gas, industrial development etc. The provisions in relation to provincial autonomy,
Council is also entitled to consider all it is clear that both constitutions contain
disputes relating to the allocation of water centralizing tendency. However, in Pakistan
resources; any central or provincial law the issue of provincial autonomy has
concerning the irrigation issues. It may refer generated a continuing debate. It has posed
the matter to the president with the request serious challenges to its stability. The trend
that a special commission should be formed towards centralization does not hurt much if
comprising technocrats to deal with the issue it is consensual and democratic. These
in hand. The commission will submit its attributes in Pakistan, as compared to India,
report to the Council, which would decide the are lacking. Indian political system represents
matter in the light of commission's report. a continuation of democratic and
Financial Relations participatory institutions and processes. In
In financial field too, under both case of Pakistan, centralization has been
constitutions, the center is more powerful accompanied by an authoritarian and non-
than the state/province. In fact the participatory political and economic
states/provincial governments are heavily management. This deprived the provinces to
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have an effective voice in the system. The the position of the prime minister vis-à-vis
authoritative attitudes result in wide gap the president. So to speak, the executive
between constitutional structures and authority of the Indian federation is now
political practices. The institutions like Council exercised in the name of the president but on
of Common Interests (CCI) and National ground, by the cabinet led by the prime
Finance Commission (NFC) are not minister. The president, subject to the advice
constituted regularly and if constituted, they of the council of ministers is entrusted with
are not called to meet and settle the issues. various legislative, administrative and judicial
Another factor, which adversely affected the functions. He is to convene, prorogue and
federation of Pakistan, is the issue of Punjabi adjourn parliament, can dissolve the lower
domination. A clear edge of Punjab over house and all bills passed by the Parliament
other provinces in respect of education, must receive his assent. He is also
industry, human resources, and empowered to issue ordinances.
representation in civil and military services, Nevertheless, he exercises all these powers
causes resentment in the smaller provinces. only on the advice of the council of ministers.
They perceive the increase in center's Similarly, subject to the advice of the cabinet,
authority as an increase in Punjab's strength, the president is also entrusted with certain
because of Punjab's domination in civil and executive powers. The key appointments,
military bureaucracy. This sense of insecurity such as Attorney General, Comptroller
has strengthened due to frequent disruption General, Heads of Armed Forces, members of
of democratic process by military take-overs several statutory bodies and commissions are
and with the weakening of democratic and made by him. He is also empowered to
participatory institutions. proclaim emergency and suspend the state
President and Cabinet government. He can grant parden, reprieve or
In a parliamentary system, the cabinet suspend sentence passed by court, subject to
headed by the prime minister is an the advice of the cabinet.
instrument of executive power. Great Britain In Pakistan, position of the president under
served as the model for the countries, which the original 1973 Constitution was very weak.
opted for this form of government. This He, like his Indian counterpart, was a
system provides that the president's position ceremonial head of the state. Similarly, he was
as the head of the state should be one of entrusted with wide range of executive,
great authority and dignity but at the same legislative and judicial powers, subject to the
time strictly 'constitutional'. He represents the advice of the cabinet, led by the prime
nation but does not rule the nation. He is minister. The federal cabinet headed by the
generally bound by the advice of ministers. prime minister exercised the executive
The Indian Constitution follows this principle authority in his name. The prime minister was
by making the office of president strictly the chief executive and enjoyed all powers.
'constitutional'. Indian president has been But the situation drastically changed with the
endowed very wide and far-reaching powers passage of Eighth Constitutional Amendment
but at the same time, he is bound to act in in 1985.
accordance with the advice tendered by the Accordingly, the president attained certain
council of ministers. Originally, he was not discretionary powers including the power to
bound by the advice of ministers but 42nd dissolve the National Assembly, if in his
Constitutional Amendment, which was opinion; the government could not be carried
introduced by the Congress Party in 1975, on in accordance with the provisions of the
and passed by the Parliament in 1976, made constitution. He could also appoint chiefs of
it obligatory on the part of the president to armed forces in his discretion. He also had
act on the advice of the council of ministers. discretionary powers to appoint the
The Amendment was meant to strengthen provincial governors in consultation with the
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prime minister. The Amendment
compromised the spirit of parliamentary form
of government. It introduced the 'presidential
discretion' without an appropriate mechanism
for checks and balances, which resulted in
grave political instability (from 1988 to 1996,
four assemblies were dissolved by the
president). This position was changed when
the Thirteenth Constitutional Amendment
was introduced in 1997. It omitted Article
58(2) (b); inserted in the constitution by the
Eighth Amendment. Thirteenth Amendment
took away the discretionary powers to
dissolve the National Assembly from the
president, making him once again titular head face political turmoil from the very beginning.
of the state. His discretionary powers to The Muslim League did not establish itself as
appoint the chiefs of armed forces were also an organized political party at central and
taken away. However, the Seventeenth provincial levels. It could not develop a
Amendment (2003) once again made the consensus building mechanism to resolve
office of the president powerful. Under the internal conflicts. This resulted into
existing Constitution (as amended) the factionalism within the party cadres and
president regained the powers to dissolve the generated authoritarian trends in the system.
National Assembly, albeit with modification; Secondly, the Indian political history shows
now the president is required to refer his that the political parties selected only those
action to the Supreme Court of Pakistan, persons as candidates to the office of the
within fifteen days of the dissolution of the president who were politically non-ambitious
National Assembly and the Supreme Court and had no strong and long political career
will have to decide the reference within thirty behind them. In Pakistan, the office of the
days and its decision will be final. The head of the state with some exceptions
president also has the powers to appoint remained with persons who aspired to
chiefs of armed services, in consultation with become the center of power, thereby creating
the prime minister. a situation of confrontation. The supremacy
In India, the president has always acted as the of the Parliament is a cardinal principle of a
constitutional head of the state and never parliamentary system of government. The
showed any inclination to increase his powers Indian Parliament can pass any law within its
due to several reasons. From the very constitutional
beginning, this tradition was strongly
entrenched in the system. In the early days of
political governance, there were no
differences between the Congress Party that
ruled the country and the president, who had
not much to meddle in the national affairs;
the government's decisions were accepted at
all levels. The Party institutions were strong
enough not to allow anyone to disregard
Party policies and plans. The strong
constitutional traditions also help to
strengthen parliamentary norms. In Pakistan, Supremacy of Parliament
these trends were never embraced. It had to Competence and the president/executive has
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Dec 2022
a limited power to veto legislation which can has delegated to the state of Pakistan,
be overruled by the parliament. Nevertheless, through its people for being exercised within
in actual practice, the legislative initiative the limits prescribed by Him is a sacred trust”.
belongs to the cabinet and ruling party's This provision is reinforced through the
majority generally enables it to get through establishment of Federal Shariat Court. The
without much difficulty. Strict party discipline Court has the jurisdiction to examine that
does not allow the members to go against whether or not any law passed by the
the wishes of the party leadership. Its powers Parliament is repugnant to the injunctions of
are also checked by delegated legislation. the Holy Quran and Sunnah. Initially, the role
Under this system, the broad lines are laid of the Court was limited but it has extended
down by the parliament, whereas the over the years.
executive works out details. It has
strengthened the hands of bureaucracy.
Another factor that undermines the
supremacy of the Indian Parliament is the
ordinance making powers of the president.
Such an ordinance is to be laid before the
Parliament and shall cease to operate at the
expiration of six weeks from the reassembly
of the Parliament. Since the inauguration of
the Constitution, these presidential
ordinances have been promulgated several Constitutional Amendments
times. Every modern constitution provides some
In Pakistan, the parliamentary system also mechanism for its change as the maintenance
suffers from the same constraints as the of status quo results in stagnation and
president of Pakistan is empowered to degeneration. However, the procedure for
promulgate ordinances. This provision was changing the constitution is often more
basically designed to meet the needs of difficult than ordinary legislation so that the
emergencies but in Pakistan, it has become a constitution is not changed without due
rule rather than exception. The executive's considerations and consensus. This is done to
power to issue ordinances has become a ensure stability and continuity of the political
restraint on the legislative powers of the system. Both Indian and Pakistani
Parliament. It also generates apathy and Constitutions strive to provide a balance
indifferent attitude on the part of members of between the requirements of change and the
the Parliament who instead of focusing their imperatives of stability. They are semi rigid or
attention on their primary function of semi flexible constitutions. However, they
legislation for the public, have been engaged follow different methods for amendments.
in political maneuvering. It can be judged Methods of Amendments in the
from the fact that certain ordinances laid Constitution of India
before the Parliament are allowed to lapse The Indian Constitution is divided into four
and are promulgated repeatedly. sections for amendments:
Another check on the authority of the 1. Section 1 deals with important matters
Parliament stems from the Islamic identity of such as the creation of new states by altering
the state. Theoretically, Parliament in Pakistan the existing boundaries of states and
does not enjoy absolute sovereignty; the abolition of second chambers of state
Objective Resolution which has been made a legislatures. The provisions concerning these
part of the Constitution provided that matters can be amended with simple
“sovereignty over entire universe belongs to parliamentary majority and state legislature's
Allah Almighty alone and authority which He approval is required.
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however, should also be ratified (unlike India)
by the respective provincial assembly with its
two third majority.
So far, seventeen amendments have been
introduced in the Constitution of Pakistan.
The real difference between Indian and
Pakistan's system regarding amendments lies
in the implementation of a constitutional
provision. Whereas, in India, the
constitutional procedure is strictly followed in
letter and spirit, Pakistan has witnessed extra-
constitutional tampering. Theoretically
2. Section 2 deals primarily with fundamental speaking, no individual is entitled to amend
rights enumerated in the Constitution. It can the constitution. But Pakistan's constitutional
be amended by two third majority of the history narrates different story. Since the
Parliament. inauguration of 1973 Constitution, the
3. Section 3 deals with the fundamentals of country has experienced two military
government such as the office of the
president, prime minister and the powers of
Supreme Court etc. Amendments to this
Section require not only two third majority of
the Parliament but also need ratification from
majority of states' legislatures.
4. Section 4 states that the state assembly has
also a power to amend certain constitutional
provisions by simple majority, which primarily
relates to salaries and allowances of ministers,
speaker, deputy speaker etc of that state's
legislature.
In each of the aforesaid cases, the
amendments can be initiated only by an
introduction of a bill in either house of the
Parliament and must receive the assent of the
president. Since the inauguration of the
Indian Constitution, eighty-six amendments
have been introduced.
Methods of Amendments in the governments and under these regimes, the
Constitution of Pakistan Constitution was held in abeyance. Before
Under the 1973 Constitution, the proposal to reviving it the military governments enforced
amend the constitution can be initiated in any the constitutional packages, making extensive
house and should be approved by two third changes in the original text of the
majority of both houses of the Parliament. It Constitution without following the procedure
is then, presented to the president for his for amendment as laid down in it. Two most
assent, who within 30 days must give his important amendments (8th &17th) that have
assent or send it back to the Parliament. affected the substance and spirit of the
Neverthless, this partial veto can be parliamentary form of governance were
overcome by a simple majority of the introduced to legitimize far reaching
Parliament in a joint session. Any bill, which is constitutional changes by the respective
to alter the boundaries of a province, military rulers. These changes were made on
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Dec 2022
the plea that Supreme Court gave them the opposition group the ARD stayed away from
right to amend the constitution under the the dialogue and the agreement. In
doctrine of necessity. These amendments are accordance with the government-MMA
briefly discussed below. agreement, 17th Constitutional Amendment
Eighth Amendment was passed by the Parliament on December
On March 02, 1985, General Zia-ul-Haq (then 29, 2003. It is worth noting that opposition's
President and Chief Martial Law demand and argument that LFO must receive
Administrator) issued an ordinance, known as parliamentary endorsement before it was
the Revival of the Constitution 1973 Order made the part of the Constitution was not
(RCO), which made fundamental changes, accepted. The 17th amendment bill
making significant departures from the proceeded 'from the premise that LFO had
original concepts of the Constitution. The become the part of the Constitution already
RCO was made a part of the Constitution, and the presented bill only modified certain
which was later passed by the Parliament with provisions of LFO'. The passage of the 17th
some changes in November 1985. It gave Amendment Bill represents that MMA
protection to the presidential orders issued accepted the LFO as part of the Constitution
during 1977 to 1985, while the Constitution even without the formal approval by the
was in abeyance. It changed the Parliament in exchange of some changes in it
parliamentary nature of the Constitution by through 17th Amendment. No such example
giving certain discretionary powers to the is found in Indian constitutional history.
president. 18th Constitutional Amendment
Seventeenth Amendment After the marathon consultation in 77
Similarly, General Pervez Musharaf (President meetings, CRC under the Chairmanship of
and Chief Executive of the Military Senator Raza Rabbani presented report of the
Government) issued a decree, entitled 'the Committee on 18th Amendment in the
Legal Framework Order (LFO) in August 2002; Constitution to the Speaker National
introducing significant changes in the existing Assembly on March 31, 2010. The historic
Constitution. LFO elevated the status of the 18th Constitutional Amendment was
president by giving him powers to dissolve presented and passed by the National
the National Assembly and appoint the chiefs Assembly on April 8, 2010 and Senate on
of armed forces. The issue of LFO, however, April 15, 2010 respectively. After the assent of
generated heated controversy. The main the President on April 19, 2010, 18th
stream opposition political parties, PPP and Amendments became part of Constitution of
PML (N) in the Parliament joined hands on the Islamic Republic of Pakistan.
the opposition of LFO. They questioned the 18th constitutional amendment under the
legitimacy of president's authority to amend leadership of visionary former President Asif
the Constitution in his discretion. They Ali Zardari was in fact, a true manifest of pro-
demanded the Parliament's endorsement of masses exercise for the restoration of real
the amendment before it became a part of people's democracy in Pakistan. 18th
the Constitution. They argued that even RCO amendment had restored the true spirit of
introduced by General Zia had to seek the unanimously approved 1973 constitution.
Parliament's approval before becoming a part 19th Amendment was passed by the National
of the Constitution through the 8th Assembly on December 22, 2010 and Senate
Amendment. The MMA initially also pursued on December 30, 2010 respectively. 19th
a hard line policy but afterwards agreed to Amendment became part of the Constitution
compromise. After long drawn negotiations after the assent of the President Asif Ali
between the government and MMA on the Zardari on January 1, 2011. 20th Amendment
LFO, an agreement to resolve the LFO was passed unanimously by National
controversy was signed. Another leading Assembly and Senate on February 20, 2012.
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CSS Times Wind Energy 67
The Wind Sector

in Pakistan needs
An Overhaul
Wind energy has seen rapid adoption in

Pakistan from the beginning of the last
decade, primarily due to the increasing
renewable energy mix mandate by the
government and improvements in wind
energy technology, leading to higher
efficiencies and lowered costs.
What is Wind Energy?
· Wind energy is the kinetic energy
associated with the movement of
atmospheric air.
· Wind turbines transform the energy
in the wind into mechanical power,
further converting it to electric power
to generate electricity.
Pakistan's Potential for wind energy:
Pakistan has huge solar resource potential:
According to a recent World Bank study,
utilizing just 0.071 percent of the country's
area for solar PV would meet Pakistan's
current electricity demand! Of course
Pakistanis already know this due to the long,
hot summers, which until recently were
accompanied by regular power cuts due to
insufficient supply. Pakistan also has some
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
excellent wind resource potential in the south significant natural resources and more under
and west of the country, as highlighted by the discovery are likely to drive the market during
Global Wind Atlas. the forecast period.
Wind data, provided by Pakistan's Upcoming Projects and Government
Meteorological Department, measures Policies to Propel the Market
Pakistan's coastal belt at 60km (Gharo-Keti Pakistan has abundant resources of
Bandar) and 180km long, with an exploitable renewable energy potential, but so far, this
potential of 50,000MW of electricity potential remains under-utilized except for
generation through wind turbines. Currently large hydroelectric projects.
there are 26 private wind projects operating, To harness the renewable energy potential,
producing approximately 1335MW. the Pakistani government formally approved
the Alternative and Renewable Energy Policy
According to the International Renewable 2019 in August 2020. The policy aims to
Energy Agency (IRENA), onshore wind energy boost the share of electricity generated from
is one of the cheapest sources of electricity renewable sources from around 5% in 2020 to
generation globally compared with other 20% by 2025 and a further 30% by 2030.
sources of renewable energy. In 2020, the In March 2022, the Pakistani government
average cost of electricity generation globally showcased potential investment
through onshore wind energy was USD opportunities in the energy sector, among
0.039/kWh. others, in a Pakistan-Austria Investors meet-
up to encourage foreign investors with more
facilities and tax breaks. The opportunities in
the energy sector include wind energy, too, as
the country enjoys a favorable geographic
location for harnessing wind energy.
Furthermore, as of 2022, Pakistan had 26
operational wind power projects of 1335 MW
cumulative capacity connected to the national
grid, and a further ten wind power projects of
510 MW capacity are under construction.
Pakistan has abundant natural resources to
Thus, owing to the above points, it is likely
harness wind energy in the form of consistent
and suitable wind velocity corridors. that the new government policies and
upcoming projects are expected to drive the
For example, the Gharo-Jhimpir wind corridor country's wind energy market during the
in Sindh covers an area of 9700 sq. km., with a forecast period.
gross wind power potential of 43000 MW. As
of January 2022, phase 2 of the renewable
energy mapping project is underway to
identify new corridors where wind energy can
be harnessed
Furthermore, in March 2022, Din Energy Pvt.
Limited started commercial operations at
Jhimpir wind power station. The power plant Competitive Landscape
has the capacity to produce 50 MW of The Pakistani wind energy market is partially
electricity, and the total cost of the project fragmented. Some of the major companies
was USD 65 million. include Vestas Wind Systems AS, China Three
Thus, improvements in technology, which are Gorges Corp., General Electric Company,
leading to lowering of wind energy costs and Goldwind International Holdings Ltd, and
increased efficiency, and the presence of United Energy Group Limited, among others.
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Dec 2022
Recent Developments
In March 2022, Din Energy Pvt. Limited
inaugurated a 50 MW wind power station in
Jhimpir, Pakistan, constructed with a cost of
USD 65 million. This is one of the cheapest
power projects in the country as it would cost
USD 0.047/unit.
In September 2020, Siemens Gamesa secured
orders for eight new wind farms in Pakistan,
totaling 410 MW. The company supplied,
installed, and commissioned a total of 205
units of Siemens Gamesa 2.X turbines for
eight projects.
In June 2020, Goldwind secured a 50 MW
wind turbine order in Pakistan. The company
supplied 20 units of GW 121-2.5 MW high-
temperature model turbines for the ACTII optimally sited, considering the resource
project located in Sindh province. potential, transmission system capacity, and
Most recent study, “Variable Renewable constraints such as agriculture, terrain, and
Energy Locational Study,” goes on to show population centers. Three conclusions
where all this solar and wind would be emerge:
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· Reaching the 20% target for solar and
wind can be largely achieved by
carefully siting solar and wind projects
to make use of surplus substation
capacity in the existing system—this is
best thought of as "low hanging fruit";
· Getting to 30% will require more
significant investment, including
development of hybrid solar and wind
parks which help to make better use of
Frequently Asked Questions
dedicated transmission lines; What is the study period of this market?
· While every province should see The Pakistan Wind Energy Market market is
significant solar and wind studied from 2019 - 2027.
development, Balochistan stands out What is the growth rate of Pakistan Wind
as the country's "golden goose." Due Energy Market?
to the excellent solar, but especially The Pakistan Wind Energy Market is growing
at a CAGR of >5% over the next 5 years.
wind resources in the west of the
Who are the key players in Pakistan Wind
province, it makes economic sense to Energy Market?
develop large solar-wind farms and Vestas Wind Systems A/S, China Three Gorges
construct a high-voltage DC line over Corp, United Energy Group Limited ,
1,000 kilometers to bring power to the Goldwind International Holdings Ltd, General
rest of the country. Electric Company are the major companies
operating in Pakistan Wind Energy Market.
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
CSS Times CURRENT AFFAIRS MCQs 72
National & International

MCQs
Publishers
CURRENT
Nov
2022
1. Which word has been declared as the 2. Who has been named Pakistan's new
'Word of the Year 2022 by Collins Army Chief?
Dictionary'? a) Lt. Gen Asim Munir
a) Pandemic b) Lt Gen Sahir Shamshad Mirza
b) Lockdown c) Lt Gen Azhar Abbas
c) Permacrisis d) Lt Gen Faiz Hameed
d) Vaccine Answer: (a)
Answer: © Explanatory Note: Lieutenant General Asim
Munir has been appointed as the new Chief
of Army Staff of Pakistan after weeks of
speculation and political tussle in the country.
The Pakistan Government had confirmed
earlier that it had received the summary from
the Ministry of Defence with a panel of names
for the appointment of a new Chief of Army
Staff.
Explanatory Note: Permacrisis has been

chosen as the Collin Dictionary's Word of the
Year 2022. The word describes the feeling of
living through a period of war, inflation, and
political instability. As per the heads of Collins
Learning, the word sums up just how truly
awful 2022 has been for so many people.
Monthly HSM CSS Times (E Magazine) |Dec 2022 | For Free Download: www.hsmpublishers.com
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3. Anwar Ibrahim has become the Prime d) November 25
Minister of which country? Answer: (b)
a) Malaysia
b) Indonesia Explanatory Note: The International Day of
c) Vietnam Solidarity with Palestinian People is observed
d) Singapore every year on November 29 to encourage the
member states to continue to give the widest
Answer: (a) support and solidarity and publicity to the
observance of the Day of Solidarity. On the
same date in 1947, the United Nations
General Assembly had adopted the resolution
on the partition of Palestine.
5. Mauna Loa, the world's largest active
volcano, is in which State of the United
States?
a) Hawaii
b) California
c) Florida
Explanatory Note: Malaysia's King has
named Pakatan Harapan (PH) Chief Anwar d) Georgia
Ibrahim as the new Prime Minister of the Answer: (a)
country. The decision was taken after the king
held discussions with other rulers in a special
meeting of the nation's nine state monarchs.
The 75-year-old Anwar Ibrahim has time and
again been denied the premiership despite
getting within striking distance over the
years.
4. When is the International Day of
Solidarity with the Palestinian People
observed?
Explanatory Note: The world's largest active
a) November 27
volcano, Mauna Loa in Hawaii, United States
b) November 29 has erupted for the first time since 1984. It
c) November 30 ended its longest quiet period in recorded
history. Mauna Loa volcano in Hawaii had last
erupted in March and April of 1984 and had
sent a flow of lava within 5 miles (8.05 km) of
Hilo, Hawaii's largest city.
6. When is the International Day for the
Elimination of Violence against Women
observed?
a) November 24
b) November 20
c) November 25
d) November 30
Answer: (c)
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8. Which country will host the inaugural
Olympic E-sports Week in 2023?
a) Japan
b) Australia
c) Singapore
d) Italy
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: The International Day for

the Elimination of Violence against Women is
observed every year on November 25. The
United Nations aims to raise awareness about
gender-based violence against women. The
2022 theme of International Day for the
elimination of Violence against women is
Explanatory Note: The International Olympic
'UNITE! Activism to End Violence against
Committee has confirmed that Singapore will
Women and Girls'.
host its first-ever E-Sports week in 2023. As
7. Which footballer has become the first per the IOC, the four-day event will take place
player to score in 5 World Cups? between June 22 and June 25, 2023. It will be
a) Lionel Messi conducted as joint collaboration between the
b) Cristiano Ronaldo Ministry of Culture, Community and Youth,
c) Antony Sport Singapore, and the Singapore National
d) Neymar Olympic Committee.
Answer: (b) 9. International Student's Day is observed
every year on?
a) November 15
b) November 14
c) November 17
d) November 20
Answer: (c)
Explanatory Note: Cristiano Ronaldo has

become the first player in football history to
score in five different World Cups. His penalty
helped Portugal register a 3-2 thrilling victory
over Ghana in the ongoing FIFA World Cup in
Qatar. The Portugal Captain achieved this
milestone after he converted a penalty in the
65th minute of the game against Ghana.
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
Explanatory Note: International Student's b) Abu Dhabi
Day is observed every year on November 17 c) Tokyo
to encourage the youth to protect their d) Paris
rights. The aim of International Student's Day Answer: (b)
is not only to make students aware of the
right to education but also to make them
understand the significance of raising their
voices for their rights.
10. According to the United Nations
estimates, what is the global population,
as of November 2022?
a) 7 billion
b) 10 billion
c) 8 billion
d) 6 billion
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: The first edition of the
Global Media Congress opened in Abu Dhabi
and is taking place between November 15 to
November 17, 2022. The three-day event sees
the participation of more than 1,200 media
sector pioneers, influencers, and specialists
from six continents in the globe.
12. Moon Rocket 'Artemis 1' has been
launched by which country?
a) United States
b) Russia
c) China
d) Pakistan
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: As per the United Nations

estimates, the world's population reached 8
billion on November 15, 2022. The latest
projections by the global body suggested
that the global population could grow to
around 8.5 billion in 2030, 9.7 billion in 2050,
and 10.4 billion in 2100. According to the
report, the global population is growing at its Explanatory Note: National Aeronautics and
slowest rate since 1950, having fallen to less Space Administration (NASA) launched the
than one percent in 2020. most powerful rocket ever built on a journey
11. The first edition of the Global Media to the Moon in a spectacular blaze of light
Congress is taking place in which city? and sound. The step marks the start of the US
a) New York Space Agency's new flagship program,
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
Artemis. The launch of Artemis 1 came Explanatory Note: World Science Day for
despite the technical issues that occurred Peace and Development is celebrated on
during the two-hour launch window. November 10 to highlight the significant role
13. International Day for Tolerance is of science in society and the need to engage
observed every year on? the wider public in debates on emerging
a) November 16 scientific issues. The day also underlines the
b) November 20 significance of and relevance of science in our
c) November 18 daily lives.
d) November 17 15. Which of the following organization
Answer: (a) has said that at least 15k died of hot
weather in Europe in 2022?
a) UNEP
b) WHO
c) FAO
d) WMO
Answer: (b)
Explanatory Note: International Day for

Tolerance is observed every year on
November 16 to raise awareness about the
significance of tolerance in society. The day is
also recognized to educate people about the
harmful consequences of an intolerant society
and its impact on the nation.
14. World Science Day for Peace and
Development is observed on? Explanatory Note: World Health
a) November 10 Organisation (WHO) has said that at least
b) November 5 15,000 people have died in Europe because
c) November 11 of the hot weather in 2022 so far. WHO's
d) November 14 Regional Director for Europe said that nearly
Answer: (a) 4,000 deaths in Spain, more than 1,000 in
Portugal, more than 3,200 in the UK, and
around 4,500 deaths in Germany were
reported by the health authorities during 3
months of summer.
16. 'State of the Global Climate 2022'
Report has been released by?
a) UNEP
b) International Maritime Organisation
c) Food and Agriculture Organisation
d) World Meteorological Organisation
Answer: (d)
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18. Which city is hosting the World Travel
Market from Nov 7 to Nov 9, 2022?
a) London
b) Rome
c) Paris
d) Geneva
Answer: (a)
Explanatory Note: Report titled 'WMO

Provisional State of the Global Climate 2022'
released by the World Meteorological
Organisation has stated that the rate of sea
level rise has doubled since 1993. The report
was released at the 27th Conference of
Parties at UNFCCC. WMO is a specialized
agency of the UN. It is responsible for
promoting international cooperation in
atmospheric science, climatology, hydrology,
and geophysics.
Explanatory Note: London is hosting the
17. Which country has operated the World Travel Market 2022. It is being
'World's longest Passenger Train'? organized from November 7 to November 9,
a) Japan 2022. India is also set to participate in the
b) China event to showcase itself as a preferred
c) Australia destination for tourism. The theme of World
d) Switzerland Travel Market 2022 is 'The Future of Travel
Answer: (d) Starts Now'.
19. Who has been elected as the Prime
Minister of Israel?
a) Yair Lapid
b) Benny Gantz
c) Benjamin Netanyahu
d) Aryeh Deri
Answer: (c)
Explanatory Note: Switzerland has created a

world record by operating the world's longest
passenger train. The train is designed to
commemorate the 175th anniversary of the
country's first train system. The longest
passenger train in Switzerland ran in the Swiss
Alps with 100 coaches.
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
Explanatory Note: Benjamin Netanyahu has
been elected as the Prime Minister of Israel.
The former Prime Minister of Israel Benjamin
Netanyahu made a stunning comeback to
power as his Likud Party and its far-right and
religious allies emerged victorious in the
recently held Israel Elections 2022.
20. Which renowned Footballer has
announced retirement from the game?
a) Sergio Busquets Burgos
b) Jordi Alma Ramos
c) Marcos Alonso after verified badge. He further added that
d) Gerard Pique the price of the blue tick mark on Twitter will
be adjusted by country proportionate to
Answer: (d)
purchasing power parity.
22. Who has become the first G7 Leader to
visit China in 3 years?
a) Justin Trudeau
b) Olaf Scholz
c) Giorgia Meloni
d) Fumio Kishida
Answer: (b)
Explanatory Note: Legendary Footballer

from Spain Gerard Pique on November 3,
2022, announced his retirement from the
sport after Barcelona's next La Liga Match.
Arriving at Camp Nou at the age of 10,
Gerard Pique left his home city for
Manchester United's academy in 2004. He
won his first Champions League Trophy under Explanatory Note: German Chancellor Olaf
then Manager Alex Ferguson in 2008. Scholz will be visiting China on November 4,
21. Which of the below-mentioned social 2022. He has become the first leader from the
media platform has announced charges for Group of Seven (G7) to land in China in about
verified accounts? 3 years. He is expected to meet with the
a) Twitter Chinese leader Xi Jinping and Premier Li
b) Instagram Keqiang in Beijing. The visit comes against
c) Facebook the backdrop of a shortage of
d) WhatsApp semiconductors across the world.
Answer: (a) 23. Which country has launched demining
training project in Ukraine?
Explanatory Note: The new boss Elon Musk a) Germany
has announced that Twitter Inc. will charge $8 b) United States
for its Blue Service, which includes its sought-
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
c) France 25. International Day to end impunity for
d) Australia crimes against journalists is observed on?
Answer: (b) a) November 4
b) November 7
c) November 2
d) November 1
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: The United States has

launched a demining training project in
Ukraine amid the Russia-Ukraine war. The
project has been launched to provide urgent
humanitarian demining assistance to Ukraine Explanatory Note: The International Day to
in the face of Russia's brutal war of end impunity for crimes against Journalists is
aggression. observed every year on November 2. Ending
24. Who has been conferred with the impunity for crimes against journalists is one
'Friends of Liberation War' honour of the most pressing issues to guarantee the
posthumously by Bangladesh? freedom of expression and access to
a) Edward M Kennedy information for all citizens.
b) Johnny Isakson 26. Australia recently witnessed which
c) Harry Reid disaster that killed many lives and caused
d) Bob Dole huge destruction?
Answer: (a) a) Flood
b) Cyclone
c) Wild fires
d) Tsunami
Answer: ©
Explanatory Note: Prime Minister of

Bangladesh Sheikh Hasina has conferred the
prestigious 'Friends of Liberation War' honour
on former US Senator Edward M Kennedy Explanatory Note: Australia recently
posthumously for his contribution to the witnessed severe wild fires that killed nearly
liberation of Dhaka. The honour was handed 25 people and destroyed several homes
over to his son Edward M ted Kennedy Junior.
Monthly
HSM
Dec 2022
across the country. More than hundred bush
fires were burning in New South Wales and
they could not be controlled. Several million
animals are also reported to be killed by the
severity of bush fires. Scientists have cited
Global warming to be the reason of this early
and devastating wild fires.
27 The Court of which country ordered the
government to impose a ban on single use withdraw from the UN resolution on post-war
plastic? accountability and reconciliation.
a) Thailand The UNHRC adopted a consensus resolution,
b) Vietnam asking Sri Lanka to probe allegations of
c) Nepal human rights abuses in 2015, six years after
d) Bangladesh the civil war with the Tamil separatists. The
resolution was co-sponsored by Sri Lanka,
Answer: (d) which asked for an extension for two more
years in 2017. Last year, the Council approved
another two years for Sri Lanka to carry out a
credible prob
29. World Health Organization (WHO)
declared Covid-19 as a pandemic. Which
disease was previously declared as
pandemic by WHO?
a) H1N1 influenza
b) HIV
c) Swine Flu
d) Spanish Flu
Explanatory Note: The Bangladesh High
Answer: (a)
Court recently ordered the Government to
impose a ban on single use plastic in the
country's coastal areas and hotels.
Polythene has been banned in the country
since 2002, but the usage of polythene could
not be controlled in the country. Hence the
court ordered to enforce the ban in a strict
manner across the nation within one year
from the order.
28. Which country recently withdrew from
the UN Human Right Council resolution on Explanatory Note: World Health
post-war accountability? Organization (WHO) declared Covid-19 as a
a) Iran pandemic. The last time the WHO declared a
b) Sri Lanka pandemic was for the H1N1 influenza
outbreak in 2009.
c) Afghanistan Pandemic is the term when epidemics are
d) Chile growing in multiple countries and continents
Answer: (b) at the same time, whereas an endemic
describes the outbreak that has grown out of
Explanatory Note: Sri Lanka recently notified control yet is limited to just one country or
the UN Human Right Council that it is to location.
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Pakistan’s First Monthly E-Magazine for Civil Services Aspirants

Pak- Afghan Relations

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

Gen Asim Munir :Pakistan's 17th COAS

Taliban-Ruled Afghanistan Hosts Pakistan Minister

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

several border crossings with Clearly, not in Pakistan but in Afghanistan,

Islamabad too harboured against Kabul and Pakistan Today

start supporting Islamic movements led by

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i d – b u t j u s t i c e.” emissions reduction, scaled-up

PPP Chairman and Foreign Minister Bilawal

Sharm El Shiekh, Egypt. He thanked China, US and Russia for being

The Agenda at COP 27

Pakistan's youngest foreign minister Bilawal

ﬂoods–would stand on its own feet. However,

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100 Years since the

· Exactly a century ago, in 1922,

and covered sewerage systems, homes with

Civilization ( 3300-1300 BCE) also known

REMs – The Most Precious Commodities

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

World Reserves Pakistan's Reserves

Non-Aligned Movement (NAM)

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China-Indian Ocean Region Forum

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What is the Indian Ocean Rim Association?

3rd Global High-level

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New Species of Black Corals

Project. A total of 55 live coral species were Coscinaraea monile

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its preamble and 470 articles

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

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HEAD OFFICE: ISLAMABAD OUTLET: RAWALPINDI BRANCHES:

The Wind Sector

Wind energy has seen rapid adoption in

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