FIWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIRED TO PRODUCE CAD WINGS, SOFTWARE - OPERATING SYSTEMS, CAD SOFT. ARE PACKAGES, ¢.q. AUTOCAD, AUTOCAD/INVENTOR, CRO STATION, CATIA, PROENGINEER, SOLIDWORKS, MINIMUM SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS 9.1. What is computer aided drafting ? (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2014) is. Computer aided drafting and design can be defined as, “the use of uter systems to assist in the creation, modification, analysis Or optimization » ssi Computer aided design (CAD) is concerned with the integrated design es using a digital computer. This includes computer generation and cation of graphic images on a video display, analysis of design data, nic storage and retrieval of design information and printing these designs copy on a plotter or printer. generation of design drawings interactively by the user supplying ation to the computer via commands or with a menu driven series of is, is called computer aided drafting. 2, What are the components of a CAD system ? Basically a CAD system has following components — Hardware (ii) Operating system software Gil) Application software (iv) The designer. Ha ware — Hardware includes a central processing unit, one M ale (having input-output devices), Input devices are used to ation into the computer they include, keyboard, mouse etc., c devices are used to display the results, such as CRT, printer, Operating System Software — Operating system acts as an __ F elements can be scaled, rotated or mirror imaged. It is also possible wéa images of basic units which are to be used repeatedly, store them in men) and call them by giving just one command. The objects can be placed soreen by means of a keypad, a digitiser pad with a combination of cum menu and manual cursor contrul, and a mouse or joystick. The progr! allows line widths, styles and colours to be changed for maximum lei 3D modeling softwares have three dimensional database which an object model to be created as a 3D entity from which the standard 6%) Views are extracted, rather than asa group of only nominally related 2Dé@" views. A big advantage of this feature is that design changes can be] ‘modifying a single entity in 3D drawings, and the 2D views regene™#™" itare adopted all at once. v { f:Patis drawn 3D isometric wireframe using direct 3De008 | uot folation ofa 2D shape, 3D modeling softwares Allon speed Wireframe representation of an object pa Ctive. 3D softwares can also accept 3 : iit Tt CAD 99 polygons ellipses. charters; simple mirror imaging, dynamic dag sire PET tification, dimensional tolerancing, 3D filleting,abintne Gite ee cen as a window to be saved or printed indere oy sa lect ; dependently, wie pan and line style, colour and Sayer changes etc, . in ilitic tare the facilities that are useful for creatin ) ip wha' 1S geometric Jr in drafting system ? (R.G.PY, June 2017) ‘ans. Refer Q.9- ul. Write short note on AutoCAD. ‘AD is one of the most widely used CAD software for 2D and spdating. Iris a trademark product of Autodesk Inc., USA. AutoCAD is a Jowcost, but very effective CAD software, preferred by most of the engineers wind the world. Although AutoCAD is available fora variety of computer operating systems, majority of AutoCAD implementations are available on ipMorcompatible with personal computers using Windows operating system. frcomes with a very large number of user-selectable options to support a grat variety of commercially available display devices, digitizers, mouse, Ans. AutoC. printers and plotters. 0.12, Discuss in brief history of AutoCAD. Ans. AutoCAD was developed by Autodesk in 1982 as a CAD software for2D and 3D design and drafting. AutoCAD first released in December 1982 as one of the first CAD programs that can run on a personal computer. Before that most other CAD programs ran on mainframe computers or mini- fomputers which were connected to a graphics computer terminal for each AutoCAD was derived from a program begun in 1977 and released in called Interact CAD, also referred as MicroCAD in early Autodesk is, written prior to the formation of Autodesk. fee ch 1986, in less than four years of its introduction, AutoCAD re Most widely used design software worldwide, a position it still ™ ty. This is mainly because of the continuous efforts made by the pe add new and improved features. a.) Tleases of AutoCAD used primitive entities, such as lines, polylines, ts S and text to construct more complex objects. Since the mid- D has supported custom objects through its C++ Application (API). Later on a full set of basic solid modeling and id. AutoCAD 2007 came with improved 3D modeling, en working in 3D. The mental ray engine kes it possible to do quality renderings. functionality and mesh modeling: Since jobile and web app as well, marketed asee FOO Machine Drawing & CAD AutoCAD 360, The latest release of AutoCAD IS AMOCAD 2017 py x number of APIS for customization and automation, such 8 Auth LISP, VBA, « Net and ObjectARX. aN AutoCAD is used across a wide range of industries, by are ite managers, engineers, graphic designers and many other mrt ss some special features of AutoCAp, k widely used CAD software are — "Compatibility — AutoCAD has compatibility with mo athe designing nd modeling softwares. ESRI ArcMap 10 pe AutoCAD drawing files. Civil 3D permits export as AUtOCAD object LandXML. It also supports third-party file converters for Specific fg sesh asBentley MX GENIO Extension, PISTE Extension, ISYBAU Gan OKSTRA and Microdrainage U.K.) Evenpaf files canbe conve el accuracy may be unpredictable. * (ii) Languages ~ AutoCAD and AutoCAD sumber of languages such as English, German, French, lian, Sau inesé, Russian, Czech, Polish, Hungarian, Korean, Brazilian, and Pou The extent of localization varies from full translation ofthe pou documentation only. The AutoCAD command set is localized as aputl software localization. (iii) Extension— AutoCAD supports a number of APIs ike Au Visual LISP, VBA, ‘NET and ObjectARX for customization and auton! ObjectARX is a C++ class library, which was also the base for- LT ate availa CAD 101 circles. The data can be programmed to represent specific fines ducts used in the construction industry, or can be extracted ee ral for pricing, materials estimation and other values related tothe ta file aod c presented. , yen Give a brief introduction of any four major CAD softwares, ae widely used CAD softwares are — Ans: i) MicroStation ~ MicroStation is the platform architectural and i software package developed by Bentley System, Inc. Along with ‘ features of a CAD software, it can generate 2D/SD vector grarhics 6} (gets and elements. (i) CATIA — Catia is developed and marketed by French company pssult Systems and has CAD/CAMICAE support. It is one of the major fvare used in mechanical domain. Catia founds application in industries fie rich surface modeling is needed such as automobiles, aerospace, etc. (iii) Creo Parametric (Pro/Engineer) — Creo Joown as Pro/Engineer is developed by Parametric Tec! (10) Pro/Engineer was the first mechanical CAD softw: fare based 3 modeling. Recently it has been replac snes, whicl. has easy to use interface and powerful (iv) SolidWorks — SolidWorks is a solid m ‘sign (CAD) and computer aided engineering (C, veloped by Dassault systems. It runs on Microso Parametric formerly hnology Corporation are to bring parametric ed by Creo parametric modeling options. \odeling computer aided AE) computer Program ft Windows. 15. Give some features of MicroStation Ans. Some Specific features of MicroStation are — (a) Creating products like AutoCAD Civil 3D, Avil Aachitecture and AutoCAD Electrical, (b) Products extending AutoCAD functionality toote'# fields, (c) Creating third-party AutoCAD application. a Besides that a large number of AutoCAD plugins are also avail pplication store Autodesk Exchange Apps. jog (W) Vertical Integration — Autodesk has also Sa vertical [foun such as AutoCAD Architecture, AutoCAD CO Mechanienl, AuloCAD MEP, AutoCAD Electrical, A mach Petaling, AvloCAD Ulty Design, AutoCAD Map 3D. Ai ; 0 ID, for h el beeig’” It provides accurate materials lists for every item included in as Sequenced schedule for construction. lecks for inte ie Interference between parts, hie = Publish all drawings automatically on a public website. including ite n Provide a clientvowner a detailed model of their entire oi a Virtual operation for training and testing. ‘ ‘at Ans, The Pe of file formats are Supported Writes te file format & Variety of stand: 1 Output j (AVI), 3D by MicroStation 2 Of MicroStation is DGN, though it can also lard CAD formats such as DWG and DXF. It in such forms as rendered images (JPEG and ‘am in Virtual Reality Modeling Language ). developed to be used in the engineering and Construction drawings. But the newerKe Mwehine Drawing & CAD saions Include advanced modeling and rendering feay Alita, raytrncting and keyfrar imation. 1 can Ure such Provig le seinanments for arehitecture, civil engineering, m; Met rappin, Pe MicroStation V8, released by Bentley in 2000 included rDNA Maital Rights and Design History ~a revision contro} ability thay wevious rev islons and 10 better support imporvexpon of, at alloys, Auttodeskes py 7 SDVG QUA What Wpes of extensions are available with Nic | more extensions can be created ? CrOStaton » Ans, Bentley Systems provide following extensions fo F eg 7 wo add certain sector specific functionaliti the: Micra () Bentley Architecture —This extension enables yj generate smart 3D BIM models, where parameters can be aa architectural element. (ii) Bentley Building Mechanical Systems — Using tis MicroStation can be used for the modeling of mechanical compose a BIM design. (iii) Bentley Building Electrical Systems ~ This exten) MicroStation facilitates the creation of automated electrical design win -Jectrical projects. This extension can also be used in conjunction ih Architecture and Bentley Mechanical Systems. (iv) Bentley Map — \t is the geospatial extension for Mine) which gives the GIS-like capabilities to CAD tools such as wen ed ay na} Sseblies information within a database or within a certain geographical wa. and publishing maps. (\) © Bentley InRoads extension for MicroStation, w drainage and sanitary networks. — tis the digital terrain and nll integrated wols for super-elevation MicroSai (vi) Bentley MXROAD — This exenSOns Bh advanced string-based modeling tool for new design vo Besides these standard extensions, Some eroated ee , ; wot) programming langunse. © (i) User Command Macros (OOS) sina C like 4, ee: | aa crometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the © CAD 103 13, Discuss he modeling technology employed in SolidWorks, c i i lid modeling i x _ golidWorks is a solid n 1g Computer aided desi Ans. which utilizes a parametric feature based approach to aay oem eter refers to constraints whose values determine the sh Here Fe model or assembly. Parameters can be ether numeric fs erat line, diameter of circle or geometric parameters lke tangent, sara bt" orizonal or vertical, etc. Numerical parameters canbe as ociated see other by using relations, which allows them to capture the design ent, i, ROW the designer of the part wants it to respond to changes, Features refer to the building blocks of the part to be designed. They are sheshapes: and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically snwith a 2D or 3D sketch of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This aapeis then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part. Operation- fused features include features like fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. For’ building a model ‘in SolidWorks, first a 2D sketch is drawn. The sketch ismade by using geometrical objects like points, lines, ares, conis (except the iperbola) and splines. Afler that dimensions are added to the sketch to define es ‘and location of the geometry. Next, relations are used to define attributes | een, spulcliom, perpendicularity and Concentricity. ‘The parametric aN uses the dimensions and relations to drive the geometry. F eos in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships pas TS pisicle or outside of the sketch. os sib drawing, SolidWorks employ mates which are analogous to lations. Just as sketch relations define conditions with respect to ideas component, thusallowing the easy consiruton of assembles. aes, Which ae. er advanced features such as gear and cam follower fe pe lied gear assemblies to accurately reproduce the Maat of an actual gear tain or cam follower meshanism. Ip geen be esate ether fom par ar assemblies, Vews ‘Benerated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and then be easily added to the drawing as per the requirement. 1 r utoCAD, viz. AutoCAD 2017 and AutoCAD i : SB of free disk space along with an additional 100 MB nporary files and swap files, plus ancther 20 will work with Microsoft Windows 7, 8 or s AutoC D 2017 works with Ineret j0< V.19 and Apple Safari V.5-mm 8.CAD ros Mecnine Drawing es that least2 GB of RAY re processor Wi ey gor 2D ing Se * 768 resolution and True Color ary ro which SUPI s at at least 8 GB of RAM, 6 GB of free dig iy For complex ‘AutoCAD installation) and a 128 Mp . S (other than that fear: Jass graphics card are required, ot 3D-capable eae 2a. Discuss various ha bat ‘Various hardware com (Computer ~ Com 3D work red for jation-c! rdware components required for Cap, ponents of a CAD system are discuss bey puter consists ofthe following main g, nents ~ Power Supply - An adapator is needed to conver, Sy D.C. output required for various components OF a comp eet cru —A central processing unit (CPU) can be cons & mputer. For running CAD software, the Processop beste nae Pentium IIt with minimum speed of about 800 Mi poe ie RAM - RAM stands for random access, Memon, | minimum of 2 GB RAM is required for using AutoCAD, j (@) Hard Disk ~ It stores the program files and dri Now-a-days 500 GB to 1 TB disks are more commonly used. AutoCAD3y requires 6 GB of disk space. () Monitor ~ Monitor is the visual display unit, jg resolution monitor having 1024 768 resolution with true color is recommen for CAD work. () CD/DVD Drive — A CD/DVD drive is required toi software on the computer from a CD/DVD. CDs can also be used to | important drawing files by using a CD writer. AC. supt (g) Ports—Ports are required to connect various compote e.g. keyboard, mouse, printer, etc. with the computer. Generally, a comp has 2serial,2 paral! and 2USE ports. (h) Keyboard—An alphanumeric keyboard is required i data in the computer. (i) Mouse ~ Mouse is used as a pointing device ot computer screen, It can be connected via serial port or USB port. iS (@)_ Network Card—A networking card is required 102% sNS Computer with a server or other computers. ” __(k) Modem Card — It is needed when work has weet ite Internet facility then this is not Flash drives or commonly i wing files. They are very compat nue ad abe » 7 CAD 105 (m) Digitizer — It is an optional input device Connected to the port of computer, (it) Printer/Ploter ~ 4 printer or plotter is jn drawings on paper. Small drawings upto A4 size can be easily printed inter. Some printers are of A3 size also, For drawings bigger than A3 lotter is required. A printer or a plotter both can print a color drawing, il an output device used yo whe P go P (iii) Scanner— A scanner is used to convert a drawing into § a digital ich can be stored in a computer. . wh (i) Digital Camera — A digital camera is also used to convert a janine into the digital form. PREPARING AND INTERPRETING CAD DRAWI ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTIONS Q.21. List the steps involved for starting a new drawing in AutoCAD. Ans. A new drawing on AutoCAD 2017 can be started in following steps — @) Launch AutoCAD 2017, either by double clicking short-cut icon sfAutoCAD 2017 on your Windows Desktop or choose it from the Start menu. (ii) The AutoCAD start tab appears showing various options to gen an existing drawing or to create a new one. Click the Start Drawing ‘umbnail in the left side of the view under “Get Started” option. (ii) The AutoCAD will open a blank default document named Dawing I.dwg. A Sheet Set Manager palette will also appear to the left of the AloCAD window, 0.22. How can we open an existing file in AutoCAD ? Ans. An existing file can be opened in following steps in AutoCAD 2017- ai) Launch AutoCAD 2017. : In the Start tab, click the Open Files option just below the Start Paving icon in the left column. A Select File dialog box will appear. This is a al Windows file dialog box with a large Preview box on the right. To the Side there is a panel known as the Places list, showing frequently used ‘ions on your computer or the Internet ni os Li. Open the Look in drop-down list in the Select File dialog box te the file you wish to open, (iv) Once the file is selected, its name will appear in the File Name low the file list and its preview will be visible in the Preview box. Now click the ‘Open button at the bottom of the Select File pen the file,108 Machine Drawing & CAD we draw orthograpaic projectic yjectios usin, CAD? icon a context menu opens which ich gives the 2.23. How can iia CAD 07 € opti wi grawing oF 10 create a ng New one in the form of new wp Pe tab, ot orthographic projections can be drawn by usin, 8 One oy My (rity UCS Heon ~ The UCS icon appear area. Thi Jser Ci aes wea. This the User Coordin WS lowerift comer of ser’s orientation in the drawing, The cm (UCS) icon, mi e and Y indicate the, cate the x ing two-dimensional orthograj i D phic vie e| 7 WS Separately. srical commands. Y Us " A three-dimensi es of the drawing. ional view of the ooject can be dr; awn fi different directions to deduc e di (ni) VewCube — ViewCulve appear inthe grea. It is primarily used for 3D modeling thre he ‘Using ViewCube tool an this view then can be vie orthographic views. looked upon from all possible angles. E/RELATIVE/POLAR COORDINATE: s, jiewport controls in the uppertet Viewport Controls ~ COMMANDS ~ ES, GRIDS, SNAPS, CIRCLE, Text iz area offer menu options o control 2D aid 3D sme of the functions of the VewCibe FEATURES, ©-G- HATCHING, DI LAYERS /LEVELS, COLOUR iMENSIONING, ual styles. They duplicate so A Navigation bar is placed along the right ic tools like Zoom, Pan and some Navigation Bar - ‘AD window. It offers ba in brief about the various components of AutoCAD prog ra Model and Layout tabs are provided as following components- (xi) Model and Layo the drawing area between model an he lower-left comer. Thest 2017 program window hi — In the upper! D icon displays t manage AutoCAD files: menu from earlier versions 0! Access Toolbar — Judes the basic file “The InfoCenter is bi Ans. The AutoCAD he Application menu h ‘cally the File pull dow — The command wind .dback about the yoved and (xii) Command tow the drawing area, feyare used. Comman Ipdefautit sin its docked rar — Status bar is 'd window can be Mm The Quick ‘Access toolbar at the tp handling functions. below the comt f the drawing: of the drawing arca figives the information bwoffer aid to the dral i Pls the meaning of Wes? (RGP which helps to find Ribbon — Ribbon 1s it, commonly used £20! World Coordinate i -coordinate SYSt6" oie di e tabs enable quick jo, located just ‘AutoCAD commands a5 resized as per the need. mand window pe tools in the stats June 2018) in CAD ate ~a * 106 Machine Drawing & CAD CAD 107 0.23. How can we draw orth ‘Ans. in CAD, ‘orthographic projections can be drawn b ‘ Y usi einem i "MB One of ye | rawing of to create a new one in the form of n Pion 10 open an a lew tab. i) UCS Icon ~ The UCS icon appears atthe lo wer-le ograpaic projectios using C4p ? «4! jcon a context menu opens which give es the o following (WO @ Drawing two-dimensional orthographic views separa, wil ~ - Ms . ; : LY sng ; ywing area. This is the User Coordinate System fl comer of (i A three-dimensional view of the opject can be draw, fees the user's orientation in the drawing, The vs) icon, which this view then can be viewed from different directions to deduce go an of the drawing, and Y indicate the x- © differ oh a (ol) ViewCube ~ ViewCube appears in the upper sight comer of ver of the orthographic views. song area Its primarily used for 3D modeling. Using ViewCube wCube tool an CaS NARS COORDINATES, set De looked upon from all possible angles. , SNAPS, C : s IRCLE, TEXT, (i) Viewport Controls — Th viewport controls in the of the drawing area offer menu options 10 control 2D aid et s pivisual styles. They duplicate some of the functions of the ViewCube. (a) Navigation Bar — A Navigation bar is placed along the dpotite AuloCAD window. I offers basi 0s ke Zoom, Pan and some “Ams. The AutoCAD 2017 program window has rpeced tools for viewing 3D models. o ion Menu — In the upper-left comer of the AutoCAD (xi) Model and Lavout Tabs Noel 0 rhe red AutoCAD icon displays the Application mens} ee drawing area in the lower-Ie come PE a stools io manage AuLOCAD files. It is basically he Fle put don |e db tel cade menu from earlier versions of AutoCAD. (xii) Command Window — The command window, located just oo . Por the drawing area, gives the feedback about the ‘AutoCAD commands as Quick Access ; ; wo Toolbar ~The Quick Access toolbar athe} igre used. Command ‘vindow ean be moved and resized as per the need of i i i i i the drawing area includes the basic file handling functions. ‘ sect itis in its docked position. The InfoCenter is the AutoCAD online help facili, e ‘(xili) Status Bar — Status bar is plac _ iii) iach eh ‘to find information about a topic based on a keyword. gis the information about the state of the Gi»), Ribbon ~ Ribbon is a collection of ffer aid to the drafting process: eg dram, edit, etc. on 2 draw | 025, What is the meaning of UCS and apo pctinineer ‘tools and features. Th : eer € bottom of the panel. ly used coo! jinate sy’ ‘COMMANDS — ABSOLUTE/RE! FEATURES, €-¢- LINE TYPES, HATCHING, DIMENSIONING, LAYERS /LEVELS, COLOUR 0.24. Write in’ brief about the various components of AutoCAD progran 1d Layout tabs are provided following components , These tabs enable quick ‘command window: ed below the in the status drawing. The tools it wes? (R.G.P Ve June 2016) ms in CAD are = Daye Ja Coordinate System (WCS) lteyee naman stem used by 4 oa= i | CAD 109 108 ‘Machine Drawing & CAD faces of a model using orthogonal planes of 8. How distances are specified in polar Coordinates 2 wes. difficulty can be overcome by : ease: coordinate system ns In ee to specify distances in polar coordinates following relative to WCS. Such types of coordinate ose rear are called user coordinate systems (UCS). A UCS can be defined at any position and ofientation in space using three non- collinear points. The first point defines the origin and first with second point defines the Xaxis ofthe UCS. The third point defines the XY plane of the UCS. A UCS reduces the modeling complexity. Fig. 3.1 shows a Fig. 3.1.A Component win, component withitsassociated WCS and UCS. Associated WCS and voy’ 0.26. What do you mean by absolute and relative polar coordinates) . Ans. The default coordinate system employed in AutoCAD is Wcs,,] 029 Give function of Point command in CAD. How a point can be which the lower et comer ofthe sereen i taken as origin. On right-hand | pid it a CAD system ? slagwea ki taken res ee is aes Positive in vertically upwari | Ans. Point is the most basic command used in a CAD software, e.g. direction. babe: ne eee as ied with respect to the origin, te | juoCAD. POINT command is used to specify a point or a node in the drawing. anes eee F resample, point can be used to specify the centre of a circle or end points of on Somes A —e specified relative to a previously defined pot, | ne The point co-ordinates can be input into the system in following ways — coordinates of the new point are called relative coordinates. Relie (Pointing to the location by means of cursor. ‘coordinates are prefixed with symbol @. ee i fs : (i) Entering the co-ordinates by alphanumeric keyboard. Co- in 97% Explain the method of specifying relative cartesian coordints } winates are specified in their respective order x, y and z. If value of 2 o- ere: we i stinate is not specified it is considered as the current Z level. AutoCAD relative coordinates are specified with the pre iii) By intersection of two entities. The @ symbol tls AutoCAD thatthe coordinates specified relative tothelis y MP xe Mero a point. In cartesian coordinate system distances from left to right a 030. State three methods by which lines can be draven using . Seca specified as positive values and distances from ra® | Ans. In AutoCAD Line can be drawn in following ways = top to bottom a.. specified as negative values. (i) Toolbar :DRAW / ia el eee of length 8 units as shown in fas | Gi) Menu bar: DRAW > LINE point as B. If we wish to draw a rectangle it can be dr iil) Command line : LINE “Selon steps -sltineahe (LIN) cic nN _Once this command is invoked, it prompts 0. "sof points one after the other, until the com ‘ fs ENTER or SPACEBAR. The command line sequence will be te ify first point : (Specify the starting point either by polnin® ‘tering the co-ordinate values) = y next point or [Undo] + (Specify next on int or enter ; the next poi jos (Undo) : (Sper oe Ac i i from the origin, 0 i re [is the distance igin, 0 is the angle from X-axi is height. If value of Z is not specified, it is taken as 0 by the Per . Todefine polar coordinates in relative terms, the above syntax is refi d gymbol. The @ symbol tells AutoCAD that coordinates ares cif 7 eto the last selected point. ee For example, @3 <0 tells AutoCAD, 3 is the distance from last selected si the : Specify snap spacing or choose an option ‘on both the dialog boxes. We can also choose more than one line type b pressing Ctrl key. 034. Enlist various methods of defining circle in a CAD system. Aneaisting linctype can be modified by using Modify command. Altemaivd | Ans, The CIRCLE command is used to draw a full circle. A circle may be Semone click Modify and then in the popup menu, click on Propet | kind in a number of ways some of them are as follows — the line to be changed. After that select the desired type ofl. By defining centre point and radius. 0.52 What are the various types of lines available in AutoCAD? (ii) By defining centre point and diameter. Ans. AutoCAD offers following types of lines — (iil) By defining two points on the circumference across diameter. (@ Line~ itis a simple straight continuous line. (iv) By defining three points on the circumference. aie : i (v) Maki i iti dius. (i) Polyline ~1t is 2 Tui avafeh can wélsolld or hollow ing tangential to two other already drawn entities and radius. ‘"ppearance, and parallel or taper in orientation, Tn fej ommenly used method of defining a circle is by means of a centre recente elisa isting segment of ins" 955 py ks : ae. ‘Ron-coplaner, iii" . pets various command options available for drawing Pai @ {Using Center ‘and Radius ~The command for drawing a circle wal’ ie wn ing 33()412. Machine Drawing & CAD (ii) Using Center and Diameter ~The command ig CAD 143 Command : CIRCLE 8S follons 3P/2P/TTR/ : 61,62 Diameter/ : D Ta Diameter : 74 R37 ore iy 62) k—61 Ah (b) @ ibs Explain the use of Rectangle command in Autoc, (OCA, Rectangle comi i : In AutoCAD, | mand is used el tace of LINE command. This command can te mae Tectangles “soins methods — ed by any of {Command line : RECTANGLE rh (i) Menu bar: DRAW — RECTANGLE (ii) Draw toolbar (iv) Tool palettes. » The command line sequence for creating Fig, 3.5 p, angle in AutoCAD is as follows — ig. 3.5 Rectangle Command : REC or RECTANG or RECTANGLE RECTANGLE Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/ Fillet/Thickness/Width]: (Specify first corner point by either using mouse or giving co-ordinates) Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotatel: (Specify diagonally opposite corner) 37. Discuss the function of various options available with HECTANGLE command. Ans. When we enter RECTANGLE command, the screen displeys = Fig, 3.3 (iii) Using Three given Points (3P) — The comm: circle with three known points on the aa of circle Tre aa as follows — ae Command : CIRCLE 3P/2P/TTR/ : 3P. First point : 5,30 ais Second point : 4,26 Third point : 10,25 (7,47) "Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet Thickness/Widthl: specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotatel: ctioning of various options are discussed below ~ i oki “vt Ne foe. Chamfer — This option creates @ rectangle a ee os i “3.6) by specifying the chamfer distance i pee « nfer/Elevation Filet! P) — The command fo eras ance of circle [AB ae 7 "a 114 Machine Drawing & CAD CAD 115 ay jes the effect of the chamfers or fillets on the comer: nd line sequence is as follows — ran enter area of rectangle in current units « sitive value) ulate rectangle dimension based on {Length/Width] ‘ : Enter L or W enter rectangle length : (Enter a non-zero value) Enter rectangle width + (Enter a non-zero value) specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation} (Move the cursor to display one of four possible locations for the rectangle and click the desired one) S of the Tectangle. Jn Reetngh i (Emer Calc REL Fig. 3.7 (ii) Elevation —This option creates a rectan, from the XY plane along the Z-axis. The command lint Command : RECTANGLE Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Eley; Thickness/Width] : E Specify the elevation for rectangles : 2 Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation Filey gle ata specified di © SeqUENCe iss foloy, (vii) Dimensions — This option creates a rectangle by specif ing its width. ta ocity length for rectangles : Specify width for rectangles ; Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Rotation] : ation Filey Thickness/Width]: (Move the cursor to display one of four possible locations for Specify other corner poi Al i . " the rectangle and click the desired one) ad ba rns Te (viii) Rotation — This option creates a rectangle at a specified rotation (iii) Fillet—This option makes all the four R comers rounded by specifying the fillet radius, as “specify rotation angle or [Points] : (Specify an Seow eee S, angle by entering 2 value, specifying a point, or entering P and Specify fillet radius for rectangles : (Specify a value or press Enter) The last value entered becomes the default fillet Fig:3.8 radius for subsequent RECTANGLE commands. | (iv) Thickness This option creates a rectangle that is extruded} the specified value of thickness in the Z-direction. eat I ‘Specify thickness for rectangles : (Specifyadi or pressenter) y , ast value entered becomes the’ default thickness for subsea™ specifying two points) ci ee Specify other corner point or [Area/Dimensions/Widthl: 038. Write short note on — Polygon command. 4 . Polygon command in AutoCAD is used to draw regular PON eee e ides may vary from 3 to 1024. The command line sequence = _ mand : POLYGON or POL ; umber of sides : (Specify av 1 1024 or press Enter) ra sn ter of polygon or (Edgel : (Specify «point | i alue between 3 . ee circle/circumscribed about circle] ‘c or press Enter) i i» response will be 8h re) tera value 0! ee n and size of the utoCAD draws116 Machine Drawing & CAD CAD 117 nstructed by specifyirg its centre, major axis and Iso be constructed by specifying end-points of one ips is. An“ axis aM" (b D, polygon ies, In AutoCAD, POvy! ied tocreate rectangles omar polygons such as etry triangles, squares, il hexagons and So on. A oe” yoon can either be git polyee inscribed Polygon riped in circle of circ Inscribed Circumseribed the circle. Fig, 3.13 Polygon help ofskery. | _(v)_ Line — Refer Q31. (i) Polyline (ii) Arc : (iv) Polygon fe Line i) Ellipse (vi) Donut — A donut is @ G27 Solid, fe) Dart aiype Fae poiylines which re ied end-to-end to create a circular Ans. (7 Polyline— A polyline is a connected Wo Pee 2 age donuts two Properties sequence of line and are segments created as a single width and itis closed. The width e fatonati determined by specifying object. Polylines are used for depicti i sare or depicting contour lines a Wied s. Whi for topographic, isobaric and other specific pee Sa en (neal ing Sea a eee races and Peeanictcicic.. pee iagrams, wiring di TaN eel . board layouts, etc. eee RLS Oreo @ 0) (vii) Solid — The SOLID command in ‘may be of same width as shown in fig. 3.10 (a) or Fig. 3.10 ioCAD creates two-dimensional, filled-in polygon. of different widths as shown in fig. 3.10 (b). lsdefined by using three or four points that form a (ii) Arc — ‘gular or quadrilateral shape. The first two points segment os circle, ee ae ae ARC fisone edge of the polygon. The third point i command. Usually three parameters are required to ite to the second point and the fourth draw an arc. be three points; i igonally opposite to the first point. More ao Sofi ee Peseta sedi eerste esky adding vertices. 15S When chosen edge option, the command line s Specify first endpoint of edge : Specify second endpoint of edge ; ‘quence j, 8 as oy oy, By (a) Inscribed Polygon (b) Circumscrib Fig. 39 cribed 29, Explain the following 2D drawing entities wien the centre point and end point; any of the two points Included: , -and included angle. An arc drawn by start paint sineo Viseq2 is a CAD software ? Name and explain the to0!s mach yo ‘centre and included angle is shown in fig. 3.11...__-Fig. 3.11 Are D software under Draw tool bar. (R.G-PY, Dee. ellipse is the locusofa tool bar Construction line ji) Gradient ne Revision cloud (xii) Helix.118 Machine Drawing & CAD CAD 119 : F ia , 3D polyline. A 3D polyli (i) Spline—A spline is a smooth curv: i e— This command createsa polyline e polyline This cor ASD that passes through or near a given set of points, 4 (@) Se os of straight line segments ae a a single object. 3D The spline command creates a particular type of et on-coplana however they cannot include are segments. can spline known as a non-uniform rational B-spline (NURBS) curve. Fig. 3.16 shows a spline, which passes through given points. ae ix—Helix command ij) Helix—Helix ¢ ts (a iraor 3D SPFiNg: Helix aie 5 to rd as a sweep path for (=< (ii) Polygon — Refer Q.39, section (iv). Fig, ae as command to create 4 (iii) Construction Line ~ This command creates li 1 wer ‘and circular stairways. Sie length. These lines can be used to create construction ad 2 Tine of ining fat Refer 0.39, 2.3 and for trimming boundaries. referer, 5 lng oe Fig. 3.18 (iy) Ray — Ray command creates a line th: on 5 continues to infinity. Rays can be used as references ae ai gat How cam we ad () Multiple Points —This command creates multiple oi, en YA AG es OO MEASURE and DIVIDE commands can be used to sai 4 put using, De eae ise helps to create more professional notes object. DDPTYPE command can be used to specify point size and ice eeoresronding fonts, type sizes and type styles ____ (i) Gradient — This command fills an enclosed area or see yn CAD 2017, text can be added in following steps — objects with a gradient fill. A gradient fill creates a transition between shades ; 0 Turn off the Object Snap tool in the status bar. pone co lenor between, two colors: {Inthe Annotate tab’s Test pane click the Milne Text tool or type atthe command prompt. An arrow on the side of Multiline Text tool display. noore options — Multiline and Single line text. Choose any one option as ed Let us select Multiline Text. The command prompt response will be Current text style : “Standard” Text height : 2.5000 Annotative : Yes Specify first corner : (here standard is the name of default text style) (ii) Click on screen where the text is to be displayed. A text boundary i «on cloud, Wi full appear where we can place text. An arrow near the bottom of the (ix) Revision Cloud —This command creates a revision clous, SiO ce tee | M™ indicates the direction of the text flow. apolyline. Revision clouds are used to highlight parts of a drawing that: i ty] (©) The command prompt response will be ; . zs _ a ted by dragging the curso 017 e : z fy Li ing/Rotation/ Secu ee Se oy ne pase iii ‘a revision ClO! specify opposite comer or (Height/Justify/Line spacing lidth/Columns] : th (x) Wipeout —— ‘comer on the screen. The Text Editor tab appears wit This command creates a text to our drawing in AutoCAD ? drawing is one of the most tedious drafting be done much easily in the same document lat starts from for creating ot (vii) Boundary — Boundary command creates a region ora polyie from an enclosed area. Each point specified in this command identities te surrounding objects and creates a separate region or polyline. (viii) Region — Region command converts an object that encloses area into a region object. Regions are two-dimensional areas, which cant created from closed shapes or loops. Closed polylines, lines and curves cant: used for this purpose. Curves include circular arcs, circles, elliptical arcs, ellis and splines. Several regions can also be combined into a single complex rez over the area selected. ‘ and start typing. The words as appear in the ey ap| the drawing. : ext Editor. The text will start t0CAD 121 : sodas Drow SCAD ern iS need to be aligned with the area to be fil vie pal ed leave the 0.42. What is the utility of HATCH comraand in HT value at ‘ ore “ . " AutoCay » qnele VAlUe © the Properties panel, and click the Double button. Th Ans. Using graphic elements that represent types of na P7(iv) EXPAN ttern to run both horizontally and vertically : regions or textures the appearance of a design can be theft a Speci se the hatch fe ove the cursor over the different Parts of our dra extent. For that purpose AutoCAD provides hatch patterns. ! gag Ja) Now ri pattern. will appear i < . a a HATCH command fills an area defined by lines, arcs, Circles, oy jew OF ie inside the area need to be hatched. The hatch patter will be with either a predefined pattern, a user defined pattern, of 4 <1" Obing Ji (vi) Clic non-associative hatch pattern. Boundaries of a hatch can teen Ne of the following methods — Pecified b (@ Specify a point in an area that is enclosed by objects (ii) Select objects that enclose an area. : (iii) Drag a hatch pattern into an enclosed area from a tool or design center. Palete 0.43. Discuss the use of Hatch pattern in AutoCAD. IMple ay select Enter in the popup menu to exit the itl: pioht-click and select Enter in the popup exit the Y Ong (vii) Rig! d, or press the Enter key. i i rib the funcionsof arows buon in th Hach and Gradient 9g BOX d Gradient dialog box is mainly used to create and edit radient dialog ans. The pa a Hatoh and Gradient dialog box click the Hatch too in ree, panel, and then click the Hatch Settings tool nthe right joe 12D Sr amel title bar. Click on the arrow in the lower-right comer ia oe re wea more options, as shown in fig. 3.20. In this dialog box iis dialoy Hatch and Gradient. Click on the Hatch tab. Creation Ribbon tab to create hatch Ans. The hatch patterns should be placed in a different layer so that they can be removed when not desired. Afier setting up the layer for the hatch pattern, they can be placed in the drawing in following steps — @ Onthe Home tab’s Draw panel, click the Hatch tool or type H at the Command prompt. The Hatch Creation Ribbon tab appears as shown in fig. 3.19. (ii) From the Pattern drop-down list box of the Properties panel, select User Defined. This option allows us to define a simple crosshatch fae are two tabs — een Cet reer ‘Mae Spacing Mate Pater Sea Seat ct ae Fig, 3.20 Hatch and Gradient vialog eRe drop-menu offers type of patter, let it be pox 3 tern com! lect a predefined pattern, click arrow eo ues dolCAD 123 122 Machine Drawing & CAD Horizontal Linear The Custom Pattern combo box is used to specif pattern. This option becomes available only if the Te ™™€ of os Custom. © TyPe Of pattem m In the Angle and Scale combo boxes we can se al scale of hatching. = Next we can specify the origin for hatching, we origin or specify’ a new one. : To select boundaries for hatchin, ; ing, there are two Points or Add : Select Objects. When Add : Pick See ri the dialog box disappears and we can click anywhere in where hatching is required. If Add : Select Objects butt need to select all the objects forming a boundary by clicki one. After making the selection press the Enter key. Other options available in this dialog box are whether to make hat (AmnotativestAssociative’and Create separate hatches. We can ot ve, As . 0038 appropriate option. We can also choose the Layer for the hatch pattem ald - 8) Diameter t the © Values for an ee “| can either Use th "Cte Add : Dutton is 4 closed bounie ‘On is choosen,» Ng on them one oe Fig. 3.21 dimension ? ements, viz. dimension text, What are he various elements Of is. Dimensions hi Jon lines, arrowhe fext isa text string tI ave several distinct e! cis and extension lines. hat usually indicates the measurement value Transparency of the layer. i More options panel of this dialog box offers options like Islar Fan ind De clude prefixes, pimension and Boundary Retention. ec erticranced One ghee Aree |At the bottom-left comer of the Hatch and Gradient dialog box isthe Prev dimension line indicates the F al bincniee on and extent of a dimension. c | Line Extevsion bution. When this button is pressed, hatching is displayed in the specified bounday At this stage we can modify the Scale of hatching and set an Angle value to roa the hatch pattern. If satisfied, then click the OK button at the bottom. Jn case we need to fill the closed boundary by a color, then in the 483 Imyheads, also called symbols Pattern Palette dialog box click Other Predefined tab and choose Soli; nino, are displayed at each Q.45. Write short note on ~ Dimensioning in AutoCAD. dimension line, Arrowheads stem OC. Lao Ans. While drawings are the means of communication in computer er t hapes and sizes are aes: dimensioning is their language. Dimensioning is the process cof adding meus se from, ig. 3.2 : annotation to a drawing. Dimensions show the measurements of O° A ‘or projection lines, extend from the feature to the dimensi distances or angles between objects, or the distance Se ee way ‘commands to create horizontal dimension using ‘AutoCAD constructs the dimensions in a semi-aul hs. seas construct the dimensioning lines ‘and measure the distances bY ee i Pee farionnal dimension in a drawing — basie information from the user. AutoCAD provides many ways (OC ons eet tao inetsion ae ; sae P can crea! ension jimension toolbar or en! objects and many ways to format dimensions. We variety of objects (such as | c Line jon line.124 Machine Drawing & CAD (iv) The next prompt will be - ‘ . m Specify dimension line location or [Mtext /Text/a, oh circle to place the dimension. See fig. 3.24 (b Vertical/Rotated] : @ 4'<0 ncan also be placed outside the circle by nota This will draw the dimension line at 4 pee ee. Se Fie. 3:24 (0 Fo Location of dimension lin i ae n line can also be i) Radius Dimensioning — Choose Radius Dimension tool on th di est procedure is same as for diameter dimensioning. CAD 125 ove the cursor the dimension moves alon ig the circle . Select Ngle/Ho ey to the right of the last poi i See fixed by picking a point through cursor. Dimension of the line measured will sen PO Bere concept of layers in AutoCAD, salt he ed iain the co : NON xe natically be given by AutoCAD. -— 200 me | 0 BP CAD, a layer is a transparent imagit Ct we can also add text to the Dinca 0 Aut : , iginary plane on which a jimension. ine "is created. Fig. 3.23 ani tool for organi we 3ae is an important tool for organizing our work in AutoCAD. Laye 0.48. Write steps with commands to dimension arcs and circles, valent of the overlays used in paper based drafting. They are oad function and to enforce linetype, color and other Ans. Three Sey ‘ ins. Three types of dimensioning can be done for ares and cir information by @ _Dimensioning the angle of an arc es pre creating layers, we can associate similar types of objects by 2 See gas OY the same layer. For example inthe floor plan of room ie Gi). Radius dimensioning. Pe an for walls, electrical wring and furniture i ferent yes and (@ Dimensioning the Angle of an Arc ~ Goplay them individually or combine. (a) Click Angular Dimension t ees Jomechanical drawings, outline may bein one layer, dimensioning in second, enter Dan on Command imo ior tre, Dimensiontinsiaag n third, text in fourth and so on, AutoCAD allows an unlimited (®) The command line response will be ve layers. When all layers are superimposed, they appear as fit sone Select arc, circle, line or : Select the arc Ed aie ee (c) The next prompt will be Specify dimension arc line location or [Mtext/Text/Angle] : See! the location for the dimension line AutoCAD will place the angular dimension as shown in fig. 3.24 (a). erate each Prob.1. Write commands to draw line by ~ Using absolute co-ordinates 52. Using relative co-ordinates i) Using potar co-ordinates. CAD whose end points are SUL Let we have to draw a straight line in Aut : _ Land (8, 2). This line can be drawn in various co-ordinae systems point = 2, 2 xt point or [Undol: 8, 2 i int Press Enter key toesitihe iee ee Pehle US Telags, IVE cox i will be (8 - 2, 2-2) = (6, 0). Specify next point or[Undo]: Press Enter (iii) Using Polar Co-ordinates — [Assuming current location of mouse pointer at (0, 0), fi viz. (2, 2) can be specified in following format r : Specify the rotation angle of the block cgecify 10" be inserted in the drawing. Tiption about the blo tS Broup and then ci seblock will 5S. Discuss the method of inserting a block in Autocap raving Ans. A predefined block can be added to a new AutoCAD gn See el ue ifvir inds used in AutoCAD. (@ Click the Insert tool in the Block ribbon panel. A flyout willayal 8% Name some of the ava oe eee eens aa wiih icons of the created blocks. Any of these blocks can be inserted ff is A drawing may be modified either during its preparation or during the clicking the corresponding icon in the flyout. sof design In AUioCAD, Fig. 3.31 Modify Panel sealable in the Modify panei of AutoCAD 2017 are shown in Fig. 3.30 ae we flyout, eo penis Bert thy see open tl” Explain the use of COPY command in AutoCAD. re woee chee eae ena this dialog box, te 0 RSUSRE COPYeommand we can draw one or more duplicate copies ee aaipohowine ee ae Pe ing entities at another location without erasing the original moa wa Ree Sow list to display alist ofthe av land can be invoked by clicking the Copy tool in the Home ye ? } ©r by typing COPY at the command prompt. n Prompt Sequence will be as follows — id: COPY Y ts ¢ Select an object to be copied aCAD 135 nes are automatically trimmed mode is set to No 434 Machine Drawing & CAD intersecting lines are at 2 dius. If the Trim lected lines. prompt and press Enter. Jecte ante the specified ra init oe without trimming the se! it radius, © Rat command oF aes can be specified. a po yo radius produces sharp corners. le examples explain the following transforma ons — (ii) Seale (iii) Rotate (») Copy Select objects : Select another object or press Enter to finish selection bi Specify base point or [Displacement/ mOde] : Click any reference point of an object, like end point or centre, ete. Second point of displacement Specify the other point where a copy is required Second point of displacement : Specify another point, if multiple copies are required othenwise press Enter to exit the command. Q.58. Discuss the use of MOVE command. Ans. The MOVE command moves one or more existing draw eu ooe location in the drawing to another. To invoke Move conmesnt} Move from the Home tab’s Modify panel or type MOVE at the a prompt At the Select objects prompt, select objects to be moved, il ‘At the Specify base point or [Displacement] choose a point on the screen as base point. CALE The next command prompt response will be + (Select objects) se point : (Specify a point) Second point of displacement : At this point, if you move the cursor slowly, you will observe that th yecity scale factor OF [Copy/Refere! selected object(s) also move as if the selected base point is attached toit. Af specifying the second point of displacement command ends automaticaly. 0.59, Describe the use of filet command. Hov do yu change te fl sand with zero radius ? i i woe Original Gy (vi) Mirror (R.G.P.V., Dec. 2015) (move - Refer Q58. E - This command is used to enlarge or reduce selected (1 SA evoked by selecting Scale tool from Modify poporionel Menubar, or by typing SCALE on the command line amd ine Sequence wil be a8 f10Ws — nce]: (Specify a scale or enter an option) Iie various options of SCALE command are discussed below — __(a)Scale Factor — This is the default option of SCALE command. sfator between 0 and I shrinks the objects while a scale factor greater radius ? What is the effect of using this comm 1 (R. June 2014 the objects [fig. 3.34 (a)]}. ‘Ans. The FILLET command is used to connect two lines, ares or cir Wy For Scale agers with a smooth arc of specified radius. Fillet adjust the lengths of a 7 - , ‘New Point arc. Fi lines or arcs in such a way that they end exactly on the fillet shows the use of FILLET command. The fillet value once specified remains in force until itis replaced by another value. Filleting can also be done to two circles, a line and an arc, a line and a circle, a circle and an are.136 Machine Drawing & CAD ny Specify new length or [Points] : (s,., or enter option) PeCitY anew gi, (c) Copy — Copy option is used to retain the = to create a copy of that on an enlarged or reduced scale. Current Object (iii) ROTATE — This command is used to rotate the ; of it around a base point. dra Rotate command can be invoked by selecting Rotate (bu toolba. or from Modify Menubar or by typing ROTATE in the "Moai CAD 43 st point of mirror line : (Specify a point int of mirror line : (Specify another point) 5 ? [Yes/No] : (Enter ¥ or N, or press ENTER) ify fit " eh second pol ba source ovject ta iy FILLET ~ Refer Q.59. in he usage of any five edit commands used in CAD. sol (R.G.P¥., June 2011) NING oF apa The following command prompt appears in the comman| wings lel peter Q.60- : ROTATI > ; Command : ROTATE — wna is computer aided drafting ? Explain five edit commands Current positive angle is UCS : ANGDIR ge. (R.G.PV., Dec. 2013) = counterclock, ‘drafting. AN! = Wise ja IGBASE = 0 4 es Refer Q.1 and Q.60. a. State use of fillet and chamfer tool in 3D draf-ing software. (R.G.P¥,, June 2014) is FILLET — Refer Q.59. AMFER - The CHAMFER command connects to intersecting lines line at a given distance from their intersection. By setting Select objects : (Select objects) < =, base point : (Specify the base point about which the object Specify rotaticn angle or [Copy/Reference] : (Speci an angle or Enter an option) The second line shows the default settings. Here the settings show tha the unit for angle measurement is the degree, reference is taken from X-nig™MODE variable to 1, it can also trim the lines from the bevel edge and sind positive angle will tur the object counterclockwise. These default seine the rimmed ends with a new line. If the specified lines do not intersect, can be changed with the help of UNITS commands. AME R command will extend Rotate command erases the selected object and redraws it in a speci ilthey do and then chamfered a Chamfer can only be applied ona ntwo line segments and not on () OF FSET—OFFSET command creates 2 parallel et objects. Fig. 3.. 2 = copy of'a drawing entity at a specified offset distance. Lines. | onset Pes: 36 shows an Fig. 3.36 Chamfering of an Object ares, circles, ellipse and elliptical arcs, 2D polylines, Point es , / J i construction lines and rays can be offset. Each offset M Diseuss various options available with AutoCAD ERASE creates 2 new entity with the same linetype, colour and Dims layer settings. For offsetting an object, we need to specify either the offset distance and the side to offset, or the point through which the object need to be offsetied. Using ERASE command a'single entity or a group of entities can b the drawing screen. It is used exactly in the same way 2° 7 nual drafting to remove unwanted portion of @ drawing. To restore _ (®) COPY - Refer Q.57. a “lately erased entity, OOPS command is used. ot (vi) MIRROI i fbn _ Object Picking —In this option a single object (entity) is select a ‘command creates a mirror COPY ° c c in this option a single obj is eee a a se sed for drawing SY, olf slected erin touching the entity. A small box is marked oro fo Mi wn in ig 33700) ; 1 h ‘A single entity or a group of entities 4 rectang band like window.CA 1 138 Machine Drawing & CAD rn ion — o es the previous sel Window Option AutoCAD saves the previo lection Opposite Corner i a by using the Previous option. c P sele ‘ion — This option lets us select objects to be (R) Opt ff el iting selection set and not from the drawing. Suppose 3s e Pefecic d for erasure and if we do not want to erase object a eo id i, ‘t from the selection set by using Remove option. ‘a Fig. 3.37 ) an pp (A) option — This option lets us add entity (or entities) to inthis method entities 1 105 which lies completely inside the w (i) ger we have used Cs 2 the window undo (y) Option — ‘This option undoes or reverses the last = selection operation. scieta (as shown by doted lines), while the entities 6,7 : seer partially or fully outside the window are not Sand 8 wich caret using Window option with ERASE command i The rong Command : ERASE Select objects : W First corner : (select the first corner) Other corner : (select the opposite corner) Select objects : ii) Grossing (©) Option — It works like Window but selects all entities within the window (I, 2, 3,4 and 5) or touching the window boundari 6 and 8) as shown in fig. 3.37 (©). () Last (L) Option - This option selects the most rece ‘object that is visible on the screen. Only one object is selected at a time. 7 command prompt sequence is given below and results so obtained are sho in fig. 3.38. NX Xe SO a= First Line Fir. ~ ine pees: (0) (0) oO yn, Bach U undoes one (WP) Option - WPolygon option is similar to ‘can define a window that consists of an irregular hould be completely enclosed inside the mn. | (x) CPolygon (CP) Option — CPolygon option is similar to except that it also selects those objects which do not completely inside the polygon- (xi) ALL (ALL) Option — ALL opti le screen to ERASE or MOVE or any mn, Objects v-hich are on frozen or loc! jon is used to select all the objects other command requiring object ked layers are not selected using antly dra (xii) FENCE Option - FENCE option open polyline fence (F) passing through or objects to be selected, as shown in object touched by the fence line is is is similar to CPolygon option, Fig. 3.39 ind inputs required to (R.G.PV, June 2009) polar array (pattern) command ai tware system. is used to make multiple copies in the polar or invokes a Array dialog box as shown in yn is selected from the top line of apolar array are given below — tton and pick the objectscae ts CAD 144 140 Machine Drawing & CAD using pixels which are integers, theref + fore, every tim e en on the formed from the floating point values to the integer val values, be f ae al ye? is called regeneration. The REGEN command regenerat Sie cone ip current vie POT oe Selected W_ The AutoCAD saves the integer screen coordi inates generation process and can replay them very quickl ic ly RAW. command. 90M - Refer Q.50. _ In AutoCAD, the ‘CAL’ command acts not onl ut also as a geometric calculator, in which we es oa 1us modes of object snap (OSNAP). For exam ia hose centre point is the geometric mean ace (i) CAL sjecaleulator b v cin terms of Vario Petro draw a circle WI at of the three sides, we can use the CALCULATOR jt ey e341) command in nd : CIRCLE pap/TTR/:'CAL (mid + mid + mid)/3 Ps. " 2 Fig. 3.40 Polar Array Dialog Box >> expressiol (iii) Method —This setting controls th > select entity for MID point: ‘pick p,” oe Me pick for specifying values. e Method and Value fields avaiabg»> select entity for MID point: “pick re (a) Total Number of Items — Speci >> select entity for MID point: ‘pick p3” s — Specify the number of objects td . 2 “pick p3 be created. Entering 4 means, we want three copies plus the ea rate ponof; en eee ~ Specify the included angle between the basi earner 0.49. 4 r elements in the array. It can also be done by (67. What are the ads “ bation associated with i. Default value of this angle i nbs foe ; vantages of CAD ? Explain five utility commands | ‘AutoCAD will copy the objects so that they are spaced evenly over a 36/'s (R.G.PV., June 2015) | (©) Angle between Items — Speci i —— ; — Specify the included angle between fe of the srayed objects and the centre ofthe array or use pick — eee opie ~IF itis required to rotate the tems created, check this box. ee waa is CAD ? Explain utility command used in ap . aT od ae PV, June we Ans. CAD ~ Refer * (RGRL: ean check the properties of drawn objects in AutoCAD ? A 5 ; id ity often need to determine the properties of the drawn : ify them, In AutoCAD, there are number of tools available | your drawing, which can be selected depending geometry. For information like length, Use dimensioning tools. For more detailed es palette. For determining properties of the blank space and select Pr Fig. 3.41 RPRET — UST, Riertie rns PROPERTIES OF DRAWN OBJECTS, 10 PRODUCE 2D ae AREA, VOLUME, USE CAD SOFTWARE 3D ASSEMBLY DRAWINGS AND VIEWS allae 142 Machine Drawing & CAD Properties command can also be invoked CAD 143 : ° : Delta Z coordinat tt Properties panel or by typing PROPERTIES at the, packing the Ho % Dele eae pation Ta me ace ; i may ints. : led. The distanc The Properties palette provides a more complet aad Prompy ne select the command window as shown in fig. 3.43 istance properties, it also allows to change these properties, © View of the z) EAN 7 ; ra 7 0.69. Discuss the use of AutoCAD List t rer een treo pemecy fool to determing nee ee Oa obas Ra Ouse ae rope c Ans. Using List tool, we can determine the Propertie: S Of a form ofa text file. To view the properties of a d: Object in rawn object sa the List tool from the Home tab’s expanded Properties pane| mt aN ate, eg determine the distance between multiple points in the drawing area, Prompt response Select objects : click the arc and press f tthe coy Distance tool and select first point in the drawing. Then choose The AutoCAD command window will expand as a text wi om ih Ts option on the command line. Now click on the second, third the information about the are, as shown in fig. 3.42 This wie 3 ply secutive points. Press Enter at the end of selection, the AutoCAD f: r indow general information about the ditawing at the top and Shows thal jay the distances between all such points above the command line. shows the arc’s properties, es foward the bottom j 11. Give the use of following AutoCAD’ tools ~ () Radius (ii) Angle. Space: Model space Radius — Radius tool is used to find the radius of a circle or LAYER Linetype : “CONTINUOUS: aren tool choose Radius from the Measure flyout. To use it from und line type MEA and select radius from the command line options. select the circle or arc whose radius is to be determined. The resultant sand diameter will be displayed above the command line. (i) Angle — Angle tool is used to find the angle between two drawing To use this tool select Angle from the Measure flyout of the Utilities e.To use it from command line type MEA and select Angle from the mand line options. Now select two lines, between which angle is to be Theangle value will be displayed above the command line. oo oo Grea 0,00 square in. (0.0000 square ft.) mage length 4’ atpoint X=263'-4 1/32" Y=138'-7 1/2" D? aah : ts Area Command — Most of the engineering applications require ination of the drawing area. Architects and facilities planners often ‘AutoCAD Te s70¥ the area ofa room ora section ofa building. A structural engine Window appears with the lis i fj it window fff 0d the cross-sectional area of a beam to determine its strength. AutoCAD Text ee ae ae 4 Saal the use of Area command, let us consider a sample floor plan ee iE int ee sioces ne Sest fe. Hoi The area of any room (say room ‘A) can be determined in 70, Write in brief about the Distance too! of AutoCAD. eas X the Measure : tab’s Utilities panel, click the Areatool on the rand prompt and then choose Area option. e room using Endpoint osnap Fig. 3.42 Use of List Tool Command window is in its docked position, theB ieee 144 Machine Drawing & CAD a al e Volume command in AutoCAD is used to »ometries- This command ‘can be invoked by e Measure flyout of the utilities panel on Home mand prompt and then choosing Volume option. mpt to Specify the first corner point. ints, select the Object option from the ng comer Pe which volume is need to be determines object will be displayed above the command line. (tes jmilar to Area command can also be used to calculate ; seo py using Add Volume or Subtract Volume options mul line. can we create, part tify all the components ofan assembly with a careful COPY command and then using selection window part. Window should be created from left corner to eaeral comer. The parts which are partially cut by the window selected. After making selection, press Enter key. Entities can be so in the selection set. It should be remembered that for le window should be used and not the crossing cond corner on the left apart only simp! ihvig first comer on the right side and se artially covered by the tool the com! drawings from assembly drewings ? 3, How First of all ide Now use es Area tool can also be used to find the area of multi jects i Itiple objects ina d : of . V ~ comple let we need to find the total area of all the Socins stoem ie a cherie the lines which are even P: 44, For that select the Area tool from Utilities panel again and click on Add ee mia Sa a citable bas point and when prompted selecting the part, se poi .en promp Area from the command line. Now select four comers of a room and pre ie . Enter. Similarly select the four comers of all the rooms. Total area of 6 pont af displacement, click where the part is to be placed. Now selected rooms along with the combined parameter will be displayed above th Key or Erase ‘command remove unwanted lines which do not belong command line. a peas pean the above mentioned procedure identify all the parts and ‘ Area tool can also Be wed 0 calculate the area pes md Sear Dor subtracting the area from another object. Let us Describe the method to create an assem! i peniiafoe fig. 3.45 in which we need to determine Ee as ea he be area of the rectangle ABCD after removing the can be created from part drawings in the Fig. 345 "First select the Area tool from the Specify t a first point : prompt instead Sains tons area cl ‘the part drawing as Block using WBlock command. ‘Add Area from the command line and then click on the Object 0" tre Jeet the complete part as a block. Carefully ‘conamnaind thacloienhh St Ail: onan este) « ® lock dialog box, we also need yutton, and then click146 Machine Drawing & CAD (iv) In the Insert dialo; the original size of the part. {¥)_ Inthe insertion Poi ‘On-screen option. With this opti Point and rotation angle of the bl. the Insert dialog box. The part g box, set X, y and z Scales x Sas), int and i jon ned on gOS lock on screen after i - will be inserted along with (¥) Ina simitar way insert all parts at popes nS (vii) Shift the dimensions Which interfere w Pet locations ith each Other AG te Prob.6. How will you create the 3D mod. Software ? Write down all the steps involved, Fig. 3.46 (R.G.RM, June 200 Sol. To draw given 3D model, first select SW Isometric vi Menubar, as shown below View — 3D Views > SW Isometric jiew Now given figure can be drawn by using line command in following ss Command : LINE Specify first point : 0,0, 0 Specify next point or [Undo] : 0, 36,0 c fo] : 0, 36, 40 e/Undo} : 0, 12,40 1:0, 12,24 ‘on CAN specify yee clicking the gr lel shown in fig. 3.46 CAD 147 int or [Close/Undo] : 0, 0, 12 to se point or [Close/Undo] : 0, 0,0 F next point or [{Close/Undo] : 72.0,0 ey point or (Close/Undo] : 72, 0, 24 OF fy next point OF [Close/Undo] : 48, 0, 24 wey next point or {Close/Undo] : 48, -12, 24 gy next point OF [Close/Undo] : 0, -12, 24 , next point or [Close/Undo] : Esc “Sei eminate the Fine command) a. 12, 24 specify first pol ; 48, -12, , 7 2 “speci joint or [Undo] : 48, -12, 12 ee I ify next point or [Undo] : 0, pe next point or [Close/Undo] : Esc ’ {Theline joining points (48, -12, 12) and (0,12, 12) will not be visible as te line, as in 3D view it will coincide with line joining points (0, 0, 0) (0, 0, 0) Command : LINE Specify first point : 72, 0, 24 Specify next point or [Undo] : 72, 36, 24 “Specify next point or [Undo] : 48, 36, 24 _ Specify next point or [Close/Undo] : 48, 36, 40 next point or [Close/Undo] : 0, 36, 40 next point or [Close/Undo] : Esc points (48, 36, 24) and (48, 36, 40) will not be visible in joining points (72, 36, 24) and (48, 36, 24) will be visible from Vi int or [Undo] : 48, 12, 24 or [Close/Undo] : 0, 12, 24148 Machine Drawing & CAD Prob.7. The orthographic views of a block T are shown in fig. 3.47. Discuss the steps to draw | 24 them on AutoCAD. ‘Sol. Given orthographic views of the block can be drawn on AutoCAD in following steps — Drawing Front View (i) Draw rectangle for the front view using RECTANG command. The command ISOMETRIC 3D MODELS sequence will be Command : RECTANG FRONT, SIDE, Specify first corner point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/Thickness/ Width] : Select a suitable point Specify other corner point or [Dimensions] : @60, 50 (ii) Using LINE command, locate mid-point of vertical sides of the rectangle to draw horizontal centre line. Similarly, draw vertical centerline (ii) Now type CIRCLE at the command prompt. (iv) At the Specify center point for circle or [3P/2P/Ttr(tan tan radius)]: prompt, pick the intersection points of horizontal and vertical Fig. 3.47 Qi. Give advantages of creating 3D drawings. ow-a-days more and more emphasis is e following advantages — giving on creating 3D ans. Ni ing of objects because of th () 3D drawings give a true sense of the actual shape and form of bobject. (i) 3D drawings help in cor a decisions. ___ i) Using 3D drawings, their orthographic 2D views (i.e. top, front side views) can be derived easily using AutoCAD commands. me 3D drawings help to communicate design idea in a much better to the persons who are not familiar with orthographic views. nceptualization, which results in better centre lines. (v) At the Specify radius of circle or [Diameter] : prompt enter D and at the next prompt enter 15(the diameter of smaller circle). (vi) Ina similar way draw another circle of diameter 24 units. Drawing Top View _@, Draw rectangle for the top view using RE The position of the top view can be located using From object snap method. Specify lower left corner of the front view as base point and then offset distance from that corner as @ 0, -40. Press F3 to turn off the object snap- The command sequence will be Command : RECTANG Specify first corner poi ion/Fillet/Thiokness! Width}: From Point or [Chamfer/Elevation/Fillet/T Base point ; : @0, 40 a other corner point or [Dimensions] : @60,-9 the top view can be completed using LINE command. — $ Odell Bie} 1hloc mt yroe e Oe AoetriU pe traog cxort YH oegt t a atebAL IC Iréoq Seer? VP jand.. CTANG command: I] 82. How can we create a 3D drawing in AutoCAD ? Ans, resin pa two types of 3D workspaces or environments for is workspace co ea 3D Modeling and 3D Basics workspace. The 3D ions. Wie sis ao minimum 3D tools needed to perform 3D IaceAD nn eEeling workspace gives various set of ribbon panels in eck ipports complex 3D modeling functions. x new 3D modeling file in AutoCAD, click New in the Quick Select Template dialog box. In this dialog box Open. ‘Switching tool in the status bar at the bottom menu select 3D modeling. This will cause wing area displays the workspace as @ \ Styles has been set to Realistic3D Environment 151 150 Machine Drawing & CAD .3. Give some distinguishing features of AutoCAD 3p Ans. In AutoCAD’s 3D environment, the drawing a workspace 488 perspective view supplemented win re a called Visual Styles has been set to Realistic, Which wi Solid objects. Various special tool pal The tool palette and Ribbon Il show the added tothe , : Wo Ribbon along yr lettes and ribbons als also changes. The devoted to 3D modeling such a Coordinates, View and Selection. which offer more sets of tools di AutoCAD 3D Modeling worl which contains a graphical list of surface materials objects in our drawing. We can also apply lighting a There are some special panels through which w AutoCAD illuminates the model, they include Ligk other additi esigned for 3D modeling, kspace also offers a Fig. 4.1 Materials Browser pate, ect another diagonal corner of the rectangle. Let us select that can be applied io 3p) Sel ieieto0/200 nid shadows to the objects ae cor whe rectangle, will be fixed and on moving the cursor, ts Sun anda oS MMMM bel bomnct onthe sere, , ns San and Locion, a. ns TTo create a box of height 4 units, enter 4 at the prompt. Height 24. What are the different types of 3D objects ava ae also be fixed by using mouse. Ans, AutoCAD offers three ty (viii) A 3D box as shown in fig. 4.2 will be created. mesh objects. ‘Thus, we can see a 3D box ——— ; be created using only three i steps, viz, select one corner tablish a location for the box, st another corner to fix the size and then finally select the can create other 3D Ves using a similar set more rounded and organic looking object. Doings ee 0 draw a @5. Discuss the method of creating a 3D solid in AutoCAD. id primitives Ans, In AutoCAD’s 3D. Modeling workspace various 3D solid primiti A |, For can be created using Solids flyout of the Home tab’s Modeling par example, we can create a lable in AutoCAD? Pes of 3D objects, viz. solids, surfaces and Solid objects can be treated as solid materials. While surfaces are used to Sreate complex surface shapes by building on lines, arcs or polylines, A mesh object is made up of edges, faces and vertices. Using mesh objects we can create a series of Square or triangular areas to define a three- dimension form. Mesh objects do not have mass properties like sate they can be altered through free-form modeling techniques. We can also more edges, faces and vertices toa mesh object to alter its level of smoothness and create a a >< >< a Fig. 4.2 obtain 2D orthogonal and 3D isometric views of a 3D { asses ofa 3D model, click 3D Navigation on >wn list will open offering a set of options Back. Using these options, we can model. > ee, using Home tab’s View ast Isom Southwest Isometric,3D Environment 153 182. Machine Drawing & CAD ination the Destinat @.7. Discuss the use of Orbit tool in AutoCap @ Fon yu want to fion yor Ans, Sometimes orthogonal and is, ° Piawing: If Insert as using these views model can be vie 4 10 be rest he option is selected you view a model from a non-conventional Ae YEW pein leer ect an insertion Orbit tool is explained below — the Orbit too) Ley il epaed otation. If Replace (i) First ofall zoom out, to get an Overall view of the eng = en isselected, then A seroake ye tOm the Orbit yout OF the View tabs Kyte entre drawing egBbekoPe to be replaced eS Orbit tool. Alternatively enter 3dorbit at command Prompt and thee! Selec nee se Export and select other Navigation Modes then rightctigy pe ae. fees iected: its, File optiol > Constrained Orbit. STAs revolving ms need to Be specified. sometric Views foun ‘wed only from fi: Point we can use Gai) Click and drag in the drawing area. The view around the model with the mouse dragging. (iv) After finding the desired view, ight-cli Hf) Selectcolorand linetype ae Tightclick ark choose Exit i esi and obscured lines, [ If there are more than one objects in the drawing, then first sel pions donot suit you. After object which is need to be revolved and after that click the Orbit mon gk Cee button tool, - . o view will ; ‘ogonal views from a 3 drawing inh nis eaadblas ae Fig, 4.4 view, as shown in fig. 4.4. After creating all the required views we Ans. 3D AutoCAD models are used to have a d them to a different location in the drawing to create a set of layout view of the design. But conventionally EB) Hh We can also place the orthogonal views block on a separate layer. we also need to draw 2D orthogonal + views showing separate top, front and right-side views of an object. In AutoCAD, these views can be created 9.8. How can we create 2D orth AutoCAD ? letailed and comprehensive Q. What are the various options available with the Flatshot tool ? their functions, 4ns. Various options available with the Flashshot tool and their functions very easily using Flatshot tool. Using cussed below Flatshot, we can generate the standard Funchon top, front and right-side orthogonal Projection views, which can be further enhanced by using dimensions, hatch _| Inserts the 2D views in the same drawing as a Patterns and other 2D drawing features. | new block. Insertion point, scale and rotation Use of Flatshot tool is explained below— a __ | Of the block are need to be defined. 1 i it Replaces an existing block with a block of the (i) Inthe given 3D drawing | 2D view. file, open the 3D Navigation drop- : FReplace Existing Block option is selected, you down list in the in-canvas View 7 jpted to select a block to be replaced. ocation for the export file. ‘ibid