The Republic of Iraq

Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research

Wasit University - College of Education for Human Sciences

English section

A research submitted to the Council of the Department of Chemistry in the College of Science
as part of Requirements for obtaining a bachelor's degree in chemistry

Prepared by the student: Zainab Khudair Abbas

Supervisor: Dr. Bashar

‫م‬0202 ‫هـ‬4111
 Dedication

To whom do I prefer it over myself, and why not; You sacrificed for me

She spared no effort to always make me happy (my beloved mother).

We walk the paths of life, and those who control our minds remain in every path we take

His kind face, and good deeds. He did not hold back on me all his life (dear father).

To my friends, and all those who stood by me and helped me with whatever they had, in many

ways

I present to you this research, and I hope it will be to your satisfaction.

 Thanks and appreciation

First of all, we thank God for all the mercy to enable us to present this project in the best way

we wanted, and we would like to thank our supervisor for this project, (Dr. Bashar) for his

valuable assistance and advice to come up with this project. We thank the faculty and doctors

who gave us all the knowledge. Most of all we are all grateful to our families for their endless

love, help, support and encouragement. And to our friends for their understanding and

support for us to complete this project

Contents
 Chapter One
General Introduction
1.1 Introduction

this studies discusses the subject of tragedy in william

shakespeare's hamlet and offers with hamlet as a tragic hero. webster's
dictionary defines tragedy as a severe drama that typically describes a
warfare between a hero and a advanced pressure together with future and has an
unlucky or catastrophic end that excites pity or terror.
(websters-onlinedictionary, 2005. net) therefore, the tragic hero is the
character who suffers from one of these war and suffers catastrophically as a
result of his picks and his associated moves. the character of hamlet is a
clean illustration of the tragic hero of shakespeare, as he possesses all
the traits vital for this sort of hero.
in all his tragedies, shakespeare's hero suffers from some flaws in his
simple character. every hero is given a tragic "deadly flaw" that ultimately
ends in his death. shakespeare constructed each of his tragic heroes with a flaw in
their character, herbal or feature emotion that became taken to its
extreme, main directly to their downfall. every tragic hero has a fatal flaw,
and each deadly flaw highlights some of the darkish residences of humanity.
the tragic hero has the capability for greatness but is doomed to fall.
he is trapped in a state of affairs in which he can’t. he has a type of tragic happy,
it truly is why he fell from greatness. despite the fact that he is a fallen hero, he
nonetheless wins a ethical victory and his spirit lives on. the tragic hero need to be a
high-quality and marvelous guy in specific methods. he need to be positioned in society
in one of these way that the whole lot he does influences all members of his society. the
tragic hero must in some unspecified time in the future reach the pinnacle of the wheel
of fortune, however
reaches down at the stop of the tragedy due to the consistent exchange of
future. hamlet is a really perfect example of a tragic hero. he was courageous, sincere
and intelligent, however he became unable to move in one closing factor, ensuing in his
loss of life. he had a choice of how to deal with claudius, and just like the other
tragic hero decided. the tragic hero is liable for his own
destiny as hamlet changed into controlling his destiny when he believed the evil ghost.
hamlet's flaw of irresolution led to his destruction, and his failure to behave in
previous cases caused his loss of life. the tragic hero has the capability for
greatness however his future is failure. he is trapped in a scenario in which he
can’t win. he makes a sad defect, and this causes his fall of greatness.
additionally, the target market become capable of feel empathetic toward hamlet's
position. those qualities have made hamlet a super instance of a sad hero.
therefore, this look at starts offevolved with the definition of tragedy and tragic hero
after which it studies in info hamlet as a tragic hero in the play.

1.1.1 tragedy
aristotle identifies tragedy as “an imitation of an movement this is
extreme, complete, and of a certain importance; in language decorated
with each kind of artistic ornament, the several kinds being discovered in
separate components of the play; in the shape of action, not of narrative; with
incidents arousing pity and worry, wherewith to perform its catharsis of
such emotions. . . . each tragedy, therefore, ought to have six components, which
elements decide its excellent—namely, plot, characters, diction, notion,
spectacle, and melody”. (aristotle poetics, 2002, p.ninety)
aristotle keeps to speak about the shape of the perfect tragic plot and
spends numerous chapters on its requirements. he says that the plot need to be
three complete with a specific starting, middle, and cease, and should be goodbye
that the spectators can recognize with out issue each its separate parts
and its normal cohesion. furthermore, the plot calls for one critical subject in
which all factors logically related to display the alternate within the hero's
fortunes, emphasizing the dramatic causation and possibility of events.
in step with aristotle, he indicates to us an appropriate tragic hero. tilak in
his book aristotle's poetics points out "he is a person of normal weakness
and virtues, like ourselves, learning greater to the facet of exact man than
evil". (aristotle poetics, 2002, p.sixty nine) aristotle defines a tragic hero as “a
person who must evoke a experience of pity and fear within the audience. he is
taken into consideration a man of misfortune that involves him through errors of
judgment.” (ibid) a sad hero’s downfall evokes feelings of pity and fear
a number of the target audience. glaringly, we experience pity and worry on the
spectacle of a man like us, suffering now not due to a few deliberate villainy, but
because of some error of judgment the tragic hero isn't evil or vicious, however he is
likewise no longer perfect and his disaster is added upon him with the aid of his very
own fault. the greek phrase used right here is “hamartia” that means “lacking the
mark”. he falls no longer because of the act of outdoor company or evil but due to
hamartia or “miscalculation” on his element. hamartia isn't always a ethical failing and it
is unlucky that it became translated as “tragic flaw”. aristotle himself distinguishes
hamartia from ethical failing. he approach by it some mistakes or judgment. he writes
that the reason of the hero’s fall ought to lie now not in depravity, but in some mistakes
or hamartia on his part. he does no longer assert or deny something approximately the
connection of hamartia with hero’s moral failings. according to aristotle, the tragic hero
need to: first, be virtuous: inside the time of aristotle, which means the man or woman
ought to be noble. it also method. that the man or woman should be capable and strong
(i.e. "heroic"), and additionally sense answerable for the guidelines of honor and ethics
which might be guided via greek culture. these features make the hero attractive and
win the target audience's sympathy. second, be defective: even as heroic, the man or
woman need to also have a tragic flaw (additionally known as hamartia) or usually
problem to human mistakes, and the flaw must lead to man or woman's fall. on the one
hand, those flaws make the private "relatable" with whom the target audience can
become aware of. Similarly crucial, the tragic flaw makes the tragedy extra powerful as
it approach that the source of this tragedy is inner to the persona rather
than merely an outside force. in the maximum a hit tragedies, the tragic
hero's flaw isn’t only a trait similarly to their heroic traits; but it's far a
trait that stems from their heroic traits - as an example, a great pursuit of
justice or fact that leads to horrible conclusions, or hubris (the conceitedness
that often accompanies greatness). in such instances, it is as if the person is
fated to destruction via his very own nature. 0.33, suffer from the mirrored image of
fortune: the character need to suffer from a horrible mirrored image of fortune, from
top to awful. the sort of reflection
doesn’t suggest dropping money or popularity. it way that the paintings should give up
with a useless man or woman or a large struggling, and to a point that exceeds
what it looks like the character deserved. aristotle defined a sad
hero instead strictly as a man of noble birth with heroic features whose
fortunes alternate due to a sad flaw or mistake (often rising from the
individual's own heroic traits) that in the end brings approximately the tragic
hero's terrible, immoderate downfall.

1.2 studies problem

the studies examines the theme of tragedy in william shakespeare's
hamlet and offers with hamlet as a tragic hero. the problem of hamlet's
tragic is his incapability to determine about the ghost and revenge, then
act to avenge the demise of his father, leads him and many others, including
his mother, polonius, laertes and ophelia, to their bloody graves. the
researchers also try to prove that having numerous choice, revenge and strength
can be very risky, and make the individual lose what is right, and lead
 him to the wrong course and subsequently fall. this turns into hamlet's greatest
weakness and contributes to his destruction. those characteristics prompt
hamlet to devote evil deeds that battle with his sense of what's proper and
what is inaccurate
1.three studies questions
the studies tries to reply the subsequent questions:
1. why is hamlet taken into consideration a sad hero?
2. how does shakespeare use tragedy in hamlet to shape his
play?
3. what are the different factors which result in the downfall of
hamlet?
1.four studies goals
the studies specializes in tragedy in hamlet and treats hamlet as a
tragic hero. first, the research attempts to show deeply that hamlet is
indeed a perfect example of tragedy consistent with aristotle and merits the
title the correct tragic hero to make his very own fall, having fallen from his property,
and having an undeserved punishment. hamlet is described as a tragic
hero, displaying his strengths, weaknesses, tragic flaws, and how external
influences have an effect on him. 2nd, the research offers with hamlet's revenge and
how this revenge has any other face, which leads him to his disastrous fall of
grace. hamlet's existence modified dramatically while his father died. revenge
makes hamlet behave blindly thru anger and ardour, not through
reason.
1.5 research importance
this research deals with hamlet as a sad hero. the significance of
the research is that it could provide data approximately shakespearean
tragedy and the way shakespeare makes hamlet his tragic hero in his hamlet.
 it may offer the library with applicable data and it could additionally be
beneficial for future research. this studies may be sensible use for newbies
who care approximately william shakespeare and his performs. the studies tries
to prove that hamlet is a sad hero, due to the fact hamlet possesses sure
traits to enable him to be a hero. he must have many top trends
including loyalty and bravery, however one horrific feature leads him to his fall.
this is why the researchers pick out this topic to observe it from specific
angles.
1.6 studies technique
the researchers accumulate the statistics via the use of essential analysis
approach. the researchers analyze the records implemented to information
the studies hassle, questions, objectives and importance, permitting the
reader to critically compare a look at’s ordinary validity and reliability. the
researchers rely upon the references, periodicals and internet web sites.
1.7 precis

this chapter gives a fashionable introduction of the tragedy in william

shakespeare’s hamlet and offers with hamlet as a sad hero. it highlights
the studies hassle, questions of the research, goals of the research, importance of the
research, research methodology used within the have a look at and
the methods where the researchers get the records of the research