Z - score Box-and-Whisker Plots

- the number of standard 1. Draw a horizontal scale that extends

deviations that x is above or below the from the minimum data value to the
mean of the data. maximum data value.
2. Above the scale, draw a rectangle
Population: (box) with its left side at Q1 and its
right side at Q3.
3. Draw a vertical line segment across
the rectangle at the median, Q2.
4. Draw a horizontal line segment,
Sample: called a whisker, that extends from
Q1 to the minimum and another
whisker that extends from Q3 to the
maximum.

Interpretation:

1. If a z-score is zero, it’s on the mean.

2. If a z-score is positive, it’s above the
mean.
3. If a z-score is negative, it’s below the
mean.
4. If a z-score is 1, it’s 1 SD above the Normal Distribution
mean. - The graph of a normal
5. If a z-score is –2, it’s 2 SDs below the distribution is called the normal curve.
mean.

Percentiles
- A value x is called the pth
percentile of a data set, provided p% of
the data values are less than x.

Percentile of score x =
��. �� ���� ������ ���� �ℎ�� �
× 100
����� ��. �� ���� ������

Quartiles
- The three numbers Q1, Q2, and Q3 that
partition a ranked data set into four
(approximately) equal groups are called
the quartiles of the data.
- The point at which the curve changes
from curving upward to curving downard
are called inflection points.

Q1 - first quartile
- the median of the data values
less than Q2
Q2 - second quartile (median of the
data)
Q3 - third quartile
- the median of the data values
greater than Q2 - The mean gives the location of the axis
of symmetry
- the standard deviation describes the
spread of the data.

Standard Normal Distribution

 - A normal distribution with a - determines the strength of a
mean of 0 and a standard deviation of 1. linear relationship between two variables
x and y.

Interpretation:
Linear Regression
1) If r is positive the relationship has
- the relationship between positive correlation. If one variable
quantitative variables x and y via a increases the other variable also
mathematical equation. increases.
2) If r is negative the relationship has
negative correlation. If one variable
increases the other variable
decreases.
3) The closer | r | is to 1 the stronger
the linear relationship.
4) If is close to zero does not always
mean that there is low or no
relationship between variables

���� Modular Arithmetic

�� = //slope
����
Clock Arithmetic
� � = � � − �1 � � //y-intercept - the symbol ⊕ is used to denote
addition and the symbol ⊖ to denote
( �� ) ( �� )
���� = �� �� − subtraction on a 12-hour clock.
�

( �� )2
Example 1:
���� = �2� − = (� − 1)�2� Determine the time 8 hours after 9 o’clock.
�
Answer:
The regression equation that estimates When 9 + 8 = 17 is divided by 12 the
the equation of the first order linear model remainder is 5. Therefore, 9 ⊕ 8 = 5 and
is: it is 5 o’clock.

Example 2:
Note: If the time now is 3 o’clock, then 7 hours
1. �� is the intercept of the equation. It is ago the time was 8 o’clock.
not interpreted if the possible values of That is, 3 ⊝ 7 = 8
the independent variable x does not
contain 0. Day-of-the-week Arithmetic (⊞ )
2. �� is the slope of the equation. If �� is
positive (negative), then the estimate Mon =1 Example:
value in y increases (decreases) with an Tue =2 16 days after Monday is
amount equal to �� in every one unit Wed =3 Wednesday.
increase in x. Thu =4 Solution: When 1 + 16 = 17
Fri =5 is divided by 7 the remainder
Sat =6 is 3, the number associated
Sun =7 with Wednesday.
Thus, 1 ⊞ 16 = 3.

Linear Correlation coefficient (r)

Arithmetic Modulo n
 - Finding all whole number values
�−� of the variable for which the congruence is
If is an integer, when n is a natural true.
�
number, two integers a and b are said to
be congruent modulo n. Example:
The solutions of 3x + 5 ≡ 3 mod 4 are
Congruence: 2,6,10,14,18,…
� ≡ � ��� �
Additive Inverse in Modular Arithmetic
The number n is called the modulus. - The sum of a number and its
additive inverse equals the modulus.
Take note:
Any year that is evenly divisible by 4 is a Example:
leap year. (Y ≡ 0 mod 4) , unless if its last Find the additive inverse of 7 in mod 16
two digits are 00, it should be evenly arithmetic.
divisible by 400.(Y ≡ 0 mod 400) Solution: In mod 16 arithmetic, 7 + 9 = 16,
so the additive inverse of 7 is 9.
Arithmetic Operations Modulo n
Multiplicative Inverse
Addition, Subtraction, & Multiplication Solve the modular equation:
Modulo n ax ≡ 1modm for x
Note: Consider only natural numbers less
m mod n means the remainder when m is than the modulus.
divided by n.
Computing the day of the Week
Example(addition):
Evaluate: (51+72)mod3 - A function that is related to the modulo
51 + 72
Solution: = 41���������0 function is called the floor function.
3
∴(51+72)mod3 is 0 which is the - In the floor function, we determine the
quotient (ignore the remainder) when one
remainder.
is divided by another.
Example(subtraction):
Zeller’s Congruence:
Evaluate: (33-16)mod6
33 − 16
Solution: = 2���������5
6
∴(33-16)mod6 is 5 which is the
remainder. where,
d - day of the month
Example(subtraction if m is negative): m - the month where 1 starts in March
Evaluate: (14 − 27)mod 5 y - the last two digits of the year (March-
Solution: m = 14 - 27 = -13 Dec); Last two digits of the year minus 1
Find x so that -13 ≡ x mod 5; (Jan - Feb)
Find the value of x less than the c - the first two digits of the year
modulus which is 5 that will result into an x - the day of the week where Sunday is 0
integer in this case x = 2.
−(13 + 2) Applications of Modular Arithmetic
= −3
5
Therefore, (14-27)mod6 = 2 International Standard Book Number
- Every book that is cataloged in the
Example(multiplication): Library of Congress must have an ISBN.
Evaluate: (15 ∙ 23)mod11 - This is a 13-digit nuumber.
15 ∙ 23
Solution: = 31���������4 ��� = 10 − (�1 + 3�2 + �3 + 3�4 + �5 +
11
Therefore, (15 ∙23)mod11 is 4 which is the 3�6 + �7 + 3�8 + �9 + 3�10 + �11 +
remainder. 3�12 )���10
If �13 = 10, then the check digit is 0.
Solving Congruence Equations UPC - Universal Product Code
 -This number is placed on many items p ≡ (c + n)mod26 //decode
and is particularly useful in grocery stores. where,
n = 26 - m
��� = 10 − (3�1 + �2 + 3�3 + �4 + 3�5 +
�6 + 3�7 + �8 + 3�9 + �10 + 3�11 )���10
If �12 = 10, then the check digit is 0.

Credit Card Numbers

Luhn algorithm:

Cryptology
- the study of making and
breaking secret codes.

Plaintext - a message before it is coded.

Ciphertext - the message after it has
been written in code.
Encryption - (plaintext to ciphertext)
To decrypt - (ciphertext to plaintext)

Numerical Equivalents:
A - Z = 1-25; Z = 0

Shifting each letter of the plaintext

message m positions:
c ≡ (p + m)mod26 //encode

where,
p - the numerical equivalent of the
plaintext letter.
c - the numerical equivalent of the
ciphertext letter.

For the cylical code, the congruence is: