La Excellence

Project Setu

Important
International Organisations
అంతర్జాతీయ సంసథలు
1. World Trade Organisation (WTO)
Year: 1st Jan 1995 Logo:

Charter: Marrakesh Agreement

(After Uruguay Round of Talks)

Member Countries: 164 Objectives:

1. To help trade flow smoothly, freely and
Headquarters: predictably.
Geneva, Switzerland 2. Administering trade agreements.
3. Acting as a forum for trade negotiations
Reports and Indices Released: 4. Settling trade disputes
World Trade Report 5. Reviewing national trade policies
** DG of WTO is appointed on consensus basis. 6. Building the trade capacity of developing
** All decisions of WTO are consensus based. economies
Ministerial Conference – Once in 2 years. 7. Cooperating with other international
MC 12 (2021) held in Geneva, Switzerland. organizations
 WTO Core Principles

Principles of Non-
Market Access
discrimination

National Treatment Tariffs

Prohibition of
Most Favoured Quantitative
Nation Restrictions
The Agreement on
Agriculture (AoA):
It is a World Trade
Organisation treaty
that focuses on
reducing the
agricultural support
and subsidies given
to domestic
producers by
countries.
The peace clause protects India's food procurement programmes against action from
WTO members in case the subsidy ceilings – 10 per cent of the value of food production
in the case of India and other developing countries – are breached.
 2. World Bank (WB)
Year: 1944
Charter: Brettonwoods Conference
Member Countries:
Headquarters: Washington DC
Reports and Indices Released:
1. Global Economic Prospects,
2. Ease of Doing Business (IBRD),
3. World Development Report (IBRD),
4. Global Economic Growth Forecast
Logo:
Objectives:
✓ End extreme poverty by decreasing the
percentage of people living on less than
$1.90 a day to no more than 3%.
✓ Promote shared prosperity by fostering the
income growth of the bottom 40% for
every country.
✓ It lends concessional loans to the
developing countries.
World Bank comprises of 5 institutions managed by their
member countries.
3. IMF- International Monetary Fund
Year: 1944
Charter: Brettonwoods Conference
Member Countries: 190
Headquarters: Washington DC
Reports and Indices Released:
1. Global Financial Stability Report
2. World Economic Outlook
Logo:
Objectives:
IMF focuses on fostering global monetary
cooperation, securing financial stability,
facilitating and promoting international
trade, employment, and economic growth
around the world.
The IMF is a specialized agency of
the United Nations.
IMF Quota System--
The IMF is a quota-based institution. Quotas are the building blocks of the IMF’s financial
and governance structure. An individual member country’s quota broadly reflects its relative
position in the world economy. Quotas are denominated in Special Drawing Rights (SDRs),
the IMF’s unit of account.
✓ The SDR is an international reserve
asset, created by the IMF in 1969 to
supplement its member countries’
official reserves.
✓ To date, a total of SDR 660.7 billion
(equivalent to about US$943 billion)
have been allocated. This includes the
largest-ever allocation of about SDR 456
billion approved on August 2, 2021 .
✓ This most recent allocation was to
address the long-term global need for
reserves, and help countries cope with
the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic.
✓ The value of the SDR is based on a
basket of five currencies—the U.S.
dollar, the euro, the Chinese renminbi,
the Japanese yen, and the British pound
sterling.
Reserve Position in the IMF-

✓ The reserve tranche is portion of the required

quota of currency that each International
Monetary Fund (IMF) member country must The Foreign exchange
provide to the IMF that can be utilized for its own reserves of India consists of:
purposes without a service fee. • Foreign Currency Assets
✓ In other words, it is basically an emergency • Gold
account that IMF members can access without • Special Drawing Rights
agreeing to conditions or paying a service fee. (SDRs)
✓ If the amount being sought by the member nation • Reserve Position in the
exceeds its reserve tranche position (RTP), then it IMF/ Reserve Tranche
becomes a credit tranche that must be repaid in
three years.
4. Financial Action Task Force(FATF)
Year: 1989 Logo:

Charter:

Member Countries: 37 Objectives:

✓ The inter-governmental body sets international
Headquarters: Paris, OECD Office
standards that aim to prevent these illegal activities and
the harm they cause to society.
Reports and Indices Released: ✓ FATF works to identify national-level vulnerabilities with
the aim of protecting the international financial system
Global Money Laundering Report
from misuse.
5. Asian Infrastructure and Investment Bank
Year: 2016 Logo:

Charter:
AIIB Charter
Member Countries: 103 (As on March 2022) Objectives:
By investing in sustainable infrastructure and
Headquarters: Beijing
other productive sectors today, it aims to

Other Points: connect people, services and markets that

India is the largest beneficiary under AIIB over time will impact the lives of billions and

Greece, G7 country, joined AIIB in 2019. build a better future.

 New Development Bank Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank

Members: 5 Members: 103

HQ: Shanghai, China HQ: Beijing, China

Formed: 2014 Formed: 2016

Each member has one vote. Votes are based Votes are based on the size of each member
on the members’ shareholding. country’s economy (GDP in PPP terms).
Membership is open to all members of the
Membership is open to all UN members.
Asian Development Bank or the World Bank.
United Nations
The main organs of the UN are:
1. Each year on 24th October, the UN
celebrates its anniversary.
1. The general assembly,
2. UN Day marks the anniversary of the
2. The security council,
entry into force of the UN Charter and
3. The economic and social council,
the founding of the Organization in
4. The trusteeship council,
1945.
5. The international court of
3. The name "United Nations" was coined
justice,
by United States President Franklin D.
6. The UN secretariat.
Roosevelt.
6. UN Security Council (UNSC)
Year: 1944 Logo:

Charter: UN Charter

Member Countries: 15 Objectives:

5 Permanent Countries- USA, France, UK, ✓ To maintain international peace and
Russia, China – Have Veto Power
10 Non Permanent Countries elected for 2 security in accordance with the principles
years term- No veto power and purposes of the united nations;
Headquarters: New York
✓ To investigate any dispute or situation

Other Points: which might lead to international friction;

India is elected as Non Permanent member
for the 8th time.
7. International Court of Justice
Year: 1945 Logo:

Charter: UN Charter

Member Countries: 193 Objectives:

It settles legal disputes between States and gives
Headquarters: advisory opinions in accordance with
The Hague, Netherlands international law, on legal questions referred to it
by authorized United Nations organs and
Other Points- specialized agencies.
Unlike the six principal organs of the
United Nations, it is the only one not
located in New York (USA).
8. International Criminal Court
Year: 2002 Logo:

Charter: Rome Statute

Member Countries: 124 Objectives:

(Recently Malaysia joined)
Headquarters: The Hague
Other Points-
USA Sanctioned the members of ICC
India is not a member
USA and China are also not members.
The ICC was established as a court of last resort to
prosecute the most heinous offenses in cases
where national courts fail to act.
Unlike the International Court of Justice, which
hears disputes between states, the ICC handles
prosecutions of individuals.
Parameter ICC ICJ
Location The Hague The Hague
Case types Civil Cases- Contentious between parties,
Criminal prosecution of individuals
and advisory opinions
Subject
Maritime disputes, sovereignty, natural
matter Genocide, crimes against humanity,
resources, trade, treaty violations and
war crimes, crimes of aggression
treaty interpretations, human rights, etc.

Funding
Contribution from parties to the
Rome Statute, voluntary
contributions from the UN, from United Nations
governments, corporations,
organisations, etc.
9. International Labour Organisation
Year: 1919 Logo:

Charter:
Based of Treaty of Versailles
Member Countries: 187 Objectives:

Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland To set labor standards, develop policies

and devise programs promoting decent
Other Points:
work for all women and men.
Only tripartite agreement of UN
Oldest among UN organisations
Convention 182 – Universal ratification
The eight-core conventions of the
ILO :
1. Forced Labour Convention (No. 29)
2. Abolition of Forced Labour Convention
(No.105)
3. Equal Remuneration Convention
(No.100)
4. Discrimination (Employment Occupation)
Convention (No.111)
5. Minimum Age Convention (No.138)
6. Worst forms of Child Labour Convention
(No.182)
7. Freedom of Association and Protection of
Right to Organised Convention (No.87)
8. Right to Organise and Collective
Bargaining Convention (No.98)
India has ratified six fundamental
conventions.
India has not ratified Freedom of
Association and Protection of the
Right to Organise Convention, 1948
(No. 87) and Right to Organise and
Collective Bargaining Convention,
1949 (No. 98).
As the two conventions involve the
granting of certain rights that are
prohibited under the statutory rules
for government employees
 10. International Maritime Organisation
Year: 1948 Logo:

Charter: Convention on Maritime

Organisation
Member Countries: 174 Objectives:
It is the United Nations specialized agency
Headquarters: London, UK with responsibility for the safety and
security of shipping and the prevention of
Other Points- marine and atmospheric pollution by ships.
Plays an important role in implementation of
UNCLOS (UN Convention on Law of Seas) IMO's work supports the UN SDGs.
11. UN Human Rights Council
Year: 2006 Logo:
(Formerly known as United Nations
Commission on Human Rights)
Charter:
UN Resolution 60/251
Member Countries: 47 members with 3 year Objectives:
term. Elected from UNGA. ✓ Strengthening the promotion and
protection of human rights around the
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland globe
✓ Addressing situations of human rights
violations
Recent Issues: ✓ Make recommendations on human rights
USA has quit UNHRC violations
India is elected to UNHRC (2017-2021).
 12. World Health Organisation
Year: 1948 Logo:

Charter: Specialised Body under UN

Member Countries: 194 Objectives:
✓ To develop and implement multisectoral public
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
policies for health, integrated gender- and age-
Other Issues:
sensitive approaches that facilitate community
USA has quit WHO over the handling of
empowerment
COVID 19
✓ To promote action for health promotion, self-care
India is elected to the Executive
and health protection throughout the life course in
Committee
cooperation with the relevant national and
international partners.
 13. IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency)
Year: 1957
Charter: Atoms for Peace
Member Countries: 171
Headquarters: Vienna , Austria
Other Issues:
The IAEA’s three chief areas of
work are:
1. Safety and security
2. Science and technology
3. Safeguards and verification
** India is a member
Logo:
Objectives:
1. Promoting and assisting the research, development and
practical applications of peaceful uses of nuclear
technologies.
2. Establishing and administering safety guards to ensure
that such research/development, etc., by the IAEA is not
used for military purposes.
3. Applying, under the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
(NPT) and other international treaties, mandatory
comprehensive safeguards in non-nuclear-weapon states
(NNWS) parties to such treaties.
14. The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO)
Year: 1945 Logo:
Charter: Specialised agency -UN
Member Countries: 193 Objectives:
Headquarters: Paris, France 1. Attaining quality education for all and lifelong learning
2. Mobilizing science knowledge and policy for
Other Issues: sustainable development
1. World Heritage Convention 3. Addressing emerging social and ethical challenges
and List 4. Fostering cultural diversity, intercultural dialogue and
2. Man and the Biosphere a culture of peace
(MAB) Programme 5. Building inclusive knowledge societies through
3. International Geoscience information and communication
and Global Geoparks 6. Focuses on global priority areas - “Africa” and
Programme (IGGP) “Gender Equality”.
1.Kakatiya Rudreshwara (Ramappa) Temple
1. Built in the 13th century CE, the temple is a
Kakatiyan marvel made of sandstone.
2. The structure has decorated beams and pillars
of carved granite and dolerite with a
distinctive and pyramidal Vimana made of
lightweight porous bricks, so-called ‘floating
bricks’, which reduced the weight of the roof
structures.
2.Dholavira
1. Discovered by archaeologist Jagat Pati Joshi in
1968, Dholavira gets its name from the village
in Kutch district of Gujarat.
2. In ancient India, it has remained a commercial
and manufacturing hub for about 1,500 years
till its decline by 1500 BC.
3. It was Indus Valley Civilization’s fifth-largest
metropolis after Mohen-jo-Daro,
Ganweriwala, Harappa and Rakhigarhi.
 15. The United Nations Children’s Fund - UNICEF
Year: 1953 Logo:
Charter: Formerly known as
International Children’s
Emergency Fund (IECF)
Member Countries: 190 Objectives:
1. It also works to provide safe shelter, healthcare, nutrition,
Headquarters: New York, USA education, equality and protection from disaster and
Other Issues: conflicts.
2. Other areas the UNICEF works are providing vaccines,
It received the Nobel Prize for safe water and sanitation, HIV prevention in mothers and
Peace in 1965. babies, protecting children from violence and abuse, early
childhood development, adolescent health, etc.
3. It also works in regions embroiled in humanitarian crises,
to give relief and rehabilitation.
 16. The International Criminal Police Organization
(INTERPOL)
Year: 1923 Logo:

Charter:
Member Countries: 194
Headquarters: Lyon, France
Other Issues:
The Central Bureau of Investigation 2. Action is taken within the limits of existing laws
(CBI) is designated as the National
Central Bureau of India.
Objectives:
1. Interpol has an objective to facilitate
international police cooperation even where
diplomatic relations are not present between
certain countries.
in different countries and in the spirit of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights.
Interpol’s constitution prohibits ‘any
intervention or activities of a political, military,
religious or racial character.’
Yellow Notice- Interpol
 17. FAO- Food and Agricultural Organisation
Year: 1945
Charter: Specialised Body under UN
Member Countries: 194
Headquarters: Italy, Rome
Other Issues:
It is one of the UN food aid
organisations based in Rome (Italy).
Its sister bodies are the World Food
Programme and the International
Fund for Agricultural Development
(IFAD).
Logo:
Objectives:
Initiatives Taken:
1. Globally Important Agricultural Heritage Systems
(GIAHS).
2. Monitors the Desert Locust situation throughout
the world.
3. The Codex Alimentarius Commission or CAC is
the body responsible for all matters regarding
the implementation of the Joint FAO/WHO Food
Standards Programme.
4. The International Treaty on Plant Genetic
Resources for Food and Agriculture.
 18. UN WFP- World Food Program
Year: 1961 Logo:

Charter: FAO and UNGA

Member Countries: 88 Objectives:
Headquarters: Rome, Italy 1. WFP focuses on emergency assistance as well as
rehabilitation and development aid.
Other Issues:
India signed an agreement with the To end hunger by protecting access to food.
United Nation’s World Food
2. Improving nutrition and achieving food security.
Programme (WFP) for the distribution
of 50,000 MT of wheat that it has 3. Supporting the SDG implementation and
committed to sending Afghanistan as
partnering for its results.
part of a humanitarian assistance.
19. Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW)
Year: 1997 Logo:
Charter: Chemical Weapons
Convention
Member Countries: 193 Objectives:
1. To achieve the vision of a world free of chemical
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
weapons by implementing the provisions of the
Other Issues: Chemical Weapons Convention.
2. The OPCW is authorized to perform inspections
India’s CAG is appointed as external
to verify that signatory states are complying
auditor of OPCW. with the convention.
3. It can also perform testing of sites and victims of
suspected chemical weapons attacks.
Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), 1992
1. It is a multilateral treaty that bans chemical weapons and requires their destruction
within a specified period of time.
2. The CWC is implemented by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical
Weapons (OPCW), which is headquartered in The Hague (OPCW won the 2013 Nobel
peace prize).
3. The CWC is open to all nations and currently has 193 states-parties. Israel has signed
but has yet to ratify the convention.
4. Three states have neither signed nor ratified the convention- Egypt, North Korea and
South Sudan.
The Chemical Weapons Convention prohibits:
1. Developing, producing, acquiring, stockpiling, or retaining chemical weapons.
2. The direct or indirect transfer of chemical weapons.
3. Chemical weapons use or military preparation for use.
4. Assisting, encouraging, or inducing other states to engage in CWC-prohibited
activity.
5. The use of riot control agents “as a method of warfare.”
 20. World Economic Forum
Year: 1971
Charter: Non profit organisation
Member Countries: 193
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
REPORTS-
1. Global Competitiveness Report
2. Global Gender Gap Report
3. Global Risks Report
Logo:
Objectives:
Committed to improving the state of the world by
engaging business, political, academic, and other
leaders of society to shape global, regional, and
industry agendas.
21. World Intellectual Property Rights Organisation
Year: 1967
Charter: Specialised Body under UN
Member Countries: 191
Headquarters: Geneva, Switzerland
Other Issues:
Global Innovation Index
Logo:
Objectives:
1. Policy forum to shape balanced international IP
rules for a changing world.
2. Global services to protect IP across borders and
to resolve disputes.
3. Technical infrastructure to connect IP systems
and share knowledge.
4. Cooperation and capacity-building programs to
enable all countries to use IP for economic,
social and cultural development.
5. A world reference source for IP information.
 22. UNEP (United Nations Environment Program)
Year: 1972 Logo:
Charter: United Nations Conference on
Human Environment - Stockholm Conference

Member Countries: 193 Objectives:

Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya 1. Climate change
2. Ecosystem management
Other Issues: 3. Disasters and conflicts
The UNEP’s governing body is called 4. Environmental governance
the United Nations Environment Assembly, 5. Resource efficiency
which is said to be the world’s highest 6. Chemicals and waste
decision making body on the environment. 7. Environment under review
The UNEP engages in developing global conventions on the environment and
related issues. It hosts the secretariats of various conventions such as:
1. Minamata Convention
2. United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity
3. Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES)
4. Basel Convention Major Programs of the UNEP-
5. Stockholm Convention 1. Earth Hour
6. Rotterdam Convention 2. Clean up the World
7. Montreal Protocol 3. Billion Tree Campaign
8. Vienna Convention 4. Seal the Deal
9. Convention on Migratory Species 5. Pain for the Planet
10. Tehran Convention 6. Awareness and Preparedness for
11. Bamako Convention Emergencies at Local Level
12. Carpathian Convention (APELL)
13. Climate & Clean Air Coalition (CCAC) 7. TUNZA
8. Faith for Earth
 23. United Nations Convention on Refugees
Year: 1951 Logo:
Charter: Principle of Non-refoulement

Member Countries: 193 Objectives:

1. The Convention spells out clearly who a
Headquarters: Nairobi, Kenya refugee is and what kind of assistance,
Other Issues: rights and legal protection a refugee is
India is not a member of this convention entitled to receive.
2. It also lays down the obligations of
refugees towards the host countries.
3. The Convention also specifies certain
categories of people, such as war
criminals, who do not qualify for refugee
status.
 Definition of Refugees
The 1951 convention defines a refugee as a a“person who is outside
his or her country of nationality or habitual residence; has a well-
founded fear of being persecuted because of his or her race, religion,
nationality, membership of a particular social group or political
opinion; and is unable or unwilling to avail him— or herself of the
protection of that country, or to return there, for fear of persecution.”

Refugee vs Migrant
Refugees are people who are forced to leave or flee their own
countries because of a threat of persecution or threat to life or
freedom. Migrants are however those individuals who leave their
countries voluntarily for the purpose of education, employment, etc.
and not because of persecution.
A migrant continues to enjoy the protection of his or her own
government, even when abroad.
 International Organization
World Health Organization (WHO)
IQAir
Oxfam International
UNICEF
UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade
and Development)
UNEP (United Nations Environment
Programme)
United Nations Development Programme
(UNDP)
Name of Reports
Global Nutrition Report
World Air Quality Report
Global Inequality Crisis Report
Inequality Virus Report
Levels and Trends in Child Mortality Report
World Investment Report
Actions on Air Quality
Emissions Gap Report
Global Environment Outlook
Human Development Report
 International Organization
Transparency International
UNEP and INTERPOL
UNESCO (United Nations Educational,
Scientific and Cultural Organization)
UNFPA (United Nations Population Fund)
UN-Habitat
UNODC (United Nations Office on Drugs and
Crime)
UNDRR (United Nations Office for Disaster Risk
Reduction)
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Emergency
Fund)
Name of Reports
Global Corruption Report (GCR)
Corruption Perception Index
The Rise of Environmental Crime
Global Education Monitoring Report
State of World Population
World Cities Report
World Drug Report
Global Report on Trafficking in Persons
World Wildlife Crime Report
Global Assessment Report
The State of the World’s Children reports
 International Organization Name of Reports
WEF (World Economic Forum) Global Competitiveness Report (GCR)
Global Gender Gap Report
Travel and Tourism Competitiveness Report
Global Information Technology Report

International Energy Agency World Energy Outlook (WEO)

OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting OPEC Monthly Oil Market Report
Countries) World Oil Outlook
Sustainable Development Solutions Network World Happiness Report
(SDSN) SDG Index
IAEA (International Atomic Energy Agency) Nuclear Technology Review
IMF (International Monetary Fund) Global Financial Stability Report
World Economic Outlook
 International Organization
Asian Development Bank – ADB
FATF (Financial Action Task Force)
WWF (World Wildlife Fund)
World Intellectual Property Organization
IBRD (World Bank)
ICAO (International Civil Aviation
Organization)
US-based International Food Policy Research
Institute (IFPRI), Concern Worldwide, and
Welthungerhilfe (WHH)
ILO (International Labour Organization)
Name of Reports
Asian Development Outlook
Global Money Laundering Report
The Energy Report
Living Planet Report
World Intellectual Property Report (WIPR)
Ease of Doing Business
World Development Report
Safety Reports
Global Hunger Index Report
World Social Protection Report
Global Wage Report
World of Work Report
All the best
 La Excellence
Project Setu

Major Regional Groupings

ప్రప్ంచంలోని ప్రధాన ప్రంతీయ సమూహాలు
 1. SAARC
The South Asian Association for Regional
Cooperation (SAARC) was established with
the signing of the SAARC Charter in Dhaka on
8 December 1985.
1. Afghanistan became the newest member of SAARC at
the 13th annual summit in 2005.
2. The Headquarters and Secretariat of the Association are
at Kathmandu, Nepal.
3. SAARC comprises 3% of the world's area, 21% of the
world's population and 3.8% (US$2.9 trillion) of the
global economy.
1.South Asian University (SAU) – India
SAARC
2.South Asian Regional Standards Organization
Specialized (SARSO) – Dhaka
3.SAARC Development Fund (SDF) – Bhutan
Bodies
4.SAARC Arbitration Council (SARCO) –
Pakistan
2. BIMSTEC- Bay of Bengal Initiative
for Multi Sectoral Cooperation
Recently, the External Affairs Minister of India
participated in the 5th BIMSTEC Summit in Sri Lanka.

Objectives:
1. Creating an enabling environment for the
rapid economic development of the sub-
region.
2. Encouraging the spirit of equality and
partnership.
3. Promoting active collaboration and mutual
assistance in the areas of common interests of
the member countries.
4. Accelerating support for each other in the
fields of education, science, and technology,
etc.
Outcomes of 5th Summit-
1. BIMSTEC Charter: The signing of
the BIMSTEC Charter was the main
outcome of this summit. Under this
Charter, the members were
expected to meet once every two
years.
With the Charter, the BIMSTEC now
has an international personality. It
has an emblem, it has a flag.
2. Master Plan for Transport
Connectivity: The summit saw the
declaration of the Master Plan for
Transport Connectivity that would
provide a framework for regional
and domestic connectivity.
Gujral Doctrine:
The Gujral Doctrine is a set of five principles to guide the
conduct of foreign relations with India’s immediate neighbours.
1. With neighbours like Bangladesh, Bhutan, Maldives,
Nepal and Sri Lanka, India does not ask for
reciprocity but gives and accommodates what it can in
good faith and trust.
2. No South Asian country should allow its territory to be
used against the interest of another country of the
region.
3. No country should interfere in the internal affairs of
another.
4. All South Asian countries must respect each other’s
territorial integrity and sovereignty.
5. They should settle all their disputes through peaceful
bilateral negotiations.
 3. ASEAN
1. The Association of Southeast Asian
Nations is a regional organization
which was established to promote
political and social stability amid
rising tensions among the Asia-
Pacific’s post-colonial states.
2. 1967 – ASEAN was established with
the signing of the ASEAN
Declaration (Bangkok Declaration)
by its founding fathers.
3. The motto of ASEAN is “One Vision,
One Identity, One Community”.
4. 8th August is observed as ASEAN
Day. 18th Indo- ASEAN Summit
5. ASEAN Secretariat – Indonesia, Ind-Pacific Oceans Initiative (IPOI)
Jakarta.
Principles of ASEAN-
1. The ASEAN fundamental principles, as
contained in the Treaty of Amity and
Cooperation in Southeast Asia (TAC) of
1976
2. Mutual respect for the independence,
sovereignty, equality, territorial integrity,
and national identity of all nations.
3. The right of every State to lead its
national existence free from external
interference, subversion or coercion.
4. Non-interference in the internal affairs of
one another.
5. Settlement of differences or disputes by
peaceful manner.
6. Renunciation of the threat or use of
force.
7. Effective cooperation among themselves.
India and ASEAN
1. India's relationship with ASEAN is a key pillar of
her foreign policy and the foundation of Act East
Policy.
2. India has a separate Mission to ASEAN and the EAS
(East Asian Summit) in Jakarta.
Economic Cooperation:
1. ASEAN is India's fourth largest trading partner.
2. India's trade with ASEAN stands at approx.
10.6% of India's overall trade.
3. India's export to ASEAN stands at 11.28% of
our total exports. The ASEAN-India Free Trade
Area has been completed.
4. ASEAN India-Business Council (AIBC) was set
up in 2003 to bring key private sector players
from India and the ASEAN countries on a
single platform.
5. ASEAN is necessary for the success of the Security
And Growth for All in the Region (SAGAR) Vision.
 Connectivity Projects: India and Southeast Asia
1. India-Myanmar-Thailand Trilateral Highway:
One of the flagship projects for land connectivity between ASEAN and India.
Connecting the three countries from Moreh in India to Mae Sot in Thailand to Bagan in
Myanmar, was first proposed in 2002.

2. Kaladan Multi-Modal Transit Transport Project (KMMTTP):

To develop connectivity through water, ASEAN and India are working on KMMTTP.
Initiated by the Indian government in 2008 and is entirely funded by India.
To seek an alternative route through Myanmar for the transportation of goods to the northeast
region of India. Connects Kolkata in India to Sittwe and Paletwa in Myanmar by sea and river
respectively.

3. Mekong-India Economic Corridor (MIEC):

Involves the integration of four Mekong countries – Vietnam, Myanmar, Thailand, and Cambodia
- along with India, connecting Ho Chi Minh City, Dawei, Bangkok, and Phnom Penh with Chennai.
4. BRICS Grouping
Brazil- Russia- India- China- South Africa

The theme for the 13th BRICS Summit was 'BRICS@15: Intra-BRICS cooperation for
continuity, consolidation and consensus’. India Chaired the summit.
BRICS- During the Sixth BRICS
1. BRICS is an acronym for the grouping of the Summit in Fortaleza (Brazil) in
world’s leading emerging economies,
namely Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South 2014, the leaders signed the
Africa. Agreement establishing
2. In 2001, the British Economist Jim O’Neill coined
the term BRIC to describe the four emerging the New Development
economies of Brazil, Russia, India, and China.
Bank (NDB - Shanghai,
3. The grouping was formalised during the first
meeting of BRIC Foreign Ministers’ in 2006. China).
4. South Africa was invited to join BRIC in
December 2010, after which the group adopted They also signed the BRICS
the acronym BRICS. Contingent Reserve
5. The BRICS brings together five of the largest
developing countries of the world, representing Arrangement to provide
41% of the global population, 24% of the global short-term liquidity support
GDP and 16% of the global trade.
to the members.
5. SCO- Shanghai Cooperation Organisation
1. The 21st Summit of Background- Members-
the Shanghai Cooperation 1. It is a permanent
intergovernmental international 1.Kazakhstan
Organisation (SCO) Council
of Heads of State was held organisation. It was created in 2.China
via video Conferencing 2001.
2. The SCO Charter was signed in 3.Kyrgyzstan
in Dushanbe, Tajikistan.
2. At the meet the focus was 2002, and entered into force in 4.Russia
primarily on 2003.
3. It’s a Eurasian political, economic 5.Tajikistan
the ground situation in
Afghanistan and its global and military organisation aiming to
6.Uzbekistan
maintain peace, security and
repercussions.
stability in the region. 7.India
3. Iran has been accepted as
4. It was preceded by the Shanghai
the ninth full member of 8.Pakistan
Five mechanism.
the organisation.
5. The SCO’s official languages are 9.Iran
Russian and Chinese
6. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries
1. OPEC stands for Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries.
2. It is a permanent, intergovernmental organization, created at the Baghdad Conference
in 1960, by Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela.
3. It is headquartered in Vienna, Austria.

OPEC membership is open to any

country that is a substantial exporter
of oil and which shares the ideals of
the organization.
It aims to manage the supply of oil in
an effort to set the price of oil in the
world market, in order to avoid
fluctuations that might affect the
economies of both producing and
purchasing countries.
OPEC +
1. The non-OPEC countries which export crude oil along with the 14 OPECs are termed as
OPEC plus countries.
2. OPEC plus countries include Azerbaijan, Bahrain, Brunei, Kazakhstan, Malaysia, Mexico,
Oman, Russia, South Sudan and Sudan.
3. Saudi and Russia, both have been at the heart of a three-year alliance of oil producers
known as OPEC Plus — which now includes 11 OPEC members and 10 non-OPEC nations
— that aims to shore up oil prices with production cuts.
 7. Ganga Mekong Cooperation
The MGC, is a sub-regional cooperation
organisation comprising India and five
ASEAN countries, namely, Cambodia,
Laos, Myanmar, Thailand and Vietnam.
MGC was launched in 2000 at Laos
capital Vientiane.
MGC takes its name from the Ganga and
the Mekong, the two civilisational rivers
in Southeast Asia.
The MGC aims at facilitating closer
contacts among the people inhabiting
these two major river basins and
enhancing cooperation in tourism,
culture, education, transport and
communications.
 8. Indian Ocean RIM Association
1. Indian Ocean Rim Association or commonly Priority Areas to Focus as Identified by
known as IORA was previously known as the IORA:
Indian Ocean Rim Association for regional 1. Promotion of tourism and cultural
cooperation.
2. It was established in March 1997. exchange.
3. There are 22 member countries. 2. Disaster risk reduction.
4. Latest Member to join is Maldives (2018).
5. The IORA is a regional forum, tripartite in 3. Cooperation in the field of science
nature, bringing together representatives of and academy.
Government, Business and Academia, for
promoting co-operation and closer interaction 4. Management of fisheries.
among them. 5. Facilitation of business and

In March 2020, India became one of the Indian investment.

Ocean Commission members 6. Maritime security.
India, Australia, Iran, Indonesia, Thailand, Malaysia, South Africa, Mozambique, Kenya, Sri Lanka,
Tanzania, Bangladesh, Singapore, Mauritius, Madagascar, UAE, Yemen, Seychelles, Somalia,
Comoros , Maldives and Oman are among the members of IORA.
Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and New Zealand are not the members.
 9. Gulf Cooperation Council
Recently, Gulf states signed a ‘solidarity and stability’ deal at the 41st Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC) summit held in Al Ula, Saudi Arabia.

Solidarity and Stability Deal:

• Members of the GCC signed a deal in AlUla,
Saudi Arabia to remove all the sanctions
over Qatar and re-open their land, sea and
air borders to Qatar.
• To unite efforts to promote the Gulf region
and to confront challenges that surround
them, especially the threats posed by
the Iranian regime’s nuclear and ballistic
missile programme and its plans for
sabotage and destruction.
Gulf Cooperation Council-

1. GCC is a political, economic, social, and

regional organisation which
was established by an agreement
concluded in 1981 among Bahrain,
Kuwait, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia and
UAE in view of their special relations,
geographic proximity, similar political
systems based on Islamic beliefs, joint
destiny and common objectives.
2. The structure of the GCC consists of
the Supreme Council (the highest
authority), the Ministerial Council and
the Secretariat General. The Secretariat
is located in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
10. OIC
Recently, the Ministry of External Affairs rejected
the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation’s (OIC) proposal
to assist a dialogue between India and Pakistan.
Earlier in December 2020, India also rejected the criticism
of its Kashmir policy by the OIC.
Organisation of Islamic Cooperation
1. It is the second largest intergovernmental
organization after the United Nations (UN) with a
membership of 57 states.
2. It is the collective voice of the Muslim world. It
endeavors to safeguard and protect the interests of
the Muslim world in the spirit of promoting
international peace and harmony among various
people of the world.
3. India is not a member of the OIC.
4. It was established upon a decision of the historical
summit which took place in Rabat, Kingdom of
Morocco in September 1969.
5. Headquarters: Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
 11. Eastern Economic Forum
Recently, the Prime Minister of India (PM) addressed the plenary session of the 6th Eastern
Economic Forum (EEF) via video-conferencing.
1. EEF was established by the decree of
the President of the Russian
Federation in the year 2015.
2. It takes place each year in
Vladivostok, a city in Russia.
3. It serves as a platform for
the discussion of key issues in the
world economy, regional integration,
and the development of new industrial
and technological sectors, as well as of
the global challenges facing Russia and
other nations.
12. G20
1. It is an informal group of 19 countries and the European Union, with representatives
of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
2. The G20 membership comprises a mix of the world’s largest advanced and emerging
economies, representing about two-thirds of the world’s population, 85% of global
gross domestic product, 80% of global investment and over 75% of global trade.

Members: Argentina, Australia, Brazil,

Canada, China, France, Germany, India,
Indonesia, Italy, Japan, Republic of Korea,
Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, South
Africa, Turkey, United Kingdom, United
States, and the European Union.
13. G7
Group of Seven (G7)
Indian Prime Minister addressed the 47th G7 Summit 2021 through 1. It is an intergovernmental
video conferencing. organisation that was formed
Earlier, the Finance Ministers from the G7 nations reached a landmark in 1975.
accord setting a Global Minimum Corporate Tax Rate (GMCTR). 2. The bloc meets annually to
Key Points- discuss issues of common
Build Back Better for the World Project: interest like global economic
It is aimed squarely at competing with China’s trillion-dollar Belt and governance, international
Road infrastructure initiative, which has been widely criticised for security and energy policy.
saddling small countries with unmanageable debt but has included even 3. The G7 countries are the UK,
G7 member Italy since launching in 2013. Canada, France, Germany,
Democracies 11: Italy, Japan and the US.
Signed off on a joint statement (Democracies 11) by G-7 and guest 4. All the G7 countries and India
countries on “open societies” that reaffirm and encourage the values are a part of G20.
of freedom of expression, both online and offline, as a freedom that 5. The G7 does not have a formal
safeguards democracy and helps people live free from fear and constitution or a fixed
oppression. headquarters. The decisions
Carbis Bay Declaration: taken by leaders during annual
The G7 signed the Carbis Bay Declaration. It is aimed at preventing summits are non-binding.
future pandemics.
 14. NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty
Organization (NATO), also called the North
Atlantic Alliance, is an intergovernmental
military alliance based on the North
Atlantic Treaty which was signed on 4 April
1949.
The organization constitutes a system of
collective defence whereby its member
states agree to mutual defense in response
to an attack by any external party. NATO’s
headquarters are located in Haren,
Brussels.
 15. Quad – Freedom of Navigation of Operations
1. Quadrilateral Security Dialogue (Quad) is the informal strategic dialogue between India, India’s Exclusive
USA, Japan and Australia with a shared objective to ensure and support a “free, open Economic Zone Act of
and prosperous” Indo-Pacific region.
1976-
2. The idea of Quad was first mooted by Japanese Prime Minister Shinzo Abe in 2007.
However, the idea couldn’t move ahead with Australia pulling out of it, apparently due
In this act, India legally
to Chinese pressure. defined the concept of
3. In December 2012, Shinzo Abe again floated the concept of Asia’s “Democratic Security EEZ and also regarding
Diamond” involving Australia, India, Japan and the US to safeguard the maritime the passage of vehicles.
commons from the Indian Ocean to the western Pacific. Section 4(2) of this act
4. In November 2017, India, the US, Australia and Japan gave shape to the long-pending allows foreign warships
"Quad" Coalition to develop a new strategy to keep the critical sea routes in the Indo- including submarines to
Pacific free of any influence (especially China). enter or pass through
UN Conference on Law of the Seas (UNCLOS) 1982 the territorial waters.
UNCLOS came into force in 1994. About 168 nations including India ratified the convention. However, it requires
But the US never signed and ratified. prior notice to the
Freedom of Navigation Operation or FONOPs Central Government.
1. The US Navy conducts such operations in the exclusive territorial waters of coastal nations. They are also required
2. These operations denote that the US does not agree to the exclusive maritime claims of to navigate on the
coastal nations. Thus, it prevents those claims from becoming accepted in international surface and show their
law. flags.
16. Formation of AUKUS
The heads of government of Australia, the UK and
US announced the formation of a trilateral security
pact, to be known by the acronym, AUKUS, the
nuclear coalition.

1. The UK, US and Australia have announced a historic

security pact in the Asia-Pacific, in what's seen as
an effort to counter China.
2. It will let Australia build nuclear-powered submarines for
the first time, using technology provided by the US.
3. However, the three nations are already allied to each
other, in more ways than one — the US and UK are NATO
allies, and Australia, New Zealand and the US are linked
by the ANZUS pact.
4. All three are also members of the “Five Eyes”
intelligence alliance.
17. African Union
1. The African Union (AU) is a continental union consisting of 55
countries of the continent of Africa, with exception of various
territories of European possessions located in Africa.
2. The bloc was founded on 26 May 2001 in Addis Ababa,
Ethiopia and launched on 9 July 2002 in South Africa.
3. The intention of the AU is to replace the Organisation of
African Unity (OAU), established on 25 May 1963 in Addis
Ababa by 32 signatory governments.
4. The most important decisions of the AU are made by the
Assembly of the African Union, a semi-annual meeting of the
heads of state and government of its member states.
5. The AU’s secretariat, the African Union Commission, is based
in Addis Ababa.
6. Key objectives: To achieve greater unity and solidarity
between the African countries and Africans. To defend the
sovereignty, territorial integrity and independence of its
Member States. To accelerate the political and social-
economic integration of the continent.
18. European Union
It is a group of 27 countries that
operate as a cohesive economic and
political block.
The EU has often been described as a
sui generis political entity (without
precedent or comparison).
 European Union – Decision-Making Bodies
1.European Parliament
2.European Council
No, the Euro is the 3.European Commission
Is Euro an official
official currency for 4.Council of the European Union
currency of all the 27 5.Court of Justice of the European Union
19 of the 27 EU
members of the EU? 6.European Central Bank
member countries
7.European Court of Auditors.
19. Arctic Council
Recently, the Ministry of Earth Science has
unveiled India's Arctic Policy, titled 'India and the Arctic:
building a partnership for sustainable development'.
1. The Arctic Council is an intergovernmental
body that promotes research and facilitates
cooperation among Arctic countries on issues
related to the environmental protection and
sustainable development of the Arctic region.
2. The Arctic Council was established on 19
September 1996 when the governments
of Canada, the Kingdom of Denmark, Finland,
Iceland, Norway, the Russian Federation,
Sweden, and the United States signed the
Ottawa Declaration.
India and Arctic Council-
1. India holds one of the 13
positions as the Observer in
the Arctic Council.
2. India's engagement with the
Arctic began when it signed
the Svalbard Treaty in 1920 in
Paris between Norway, the US,
Denmark, France, Italy, Japan,
the Netherlands, Great Britain,
and Ireland, and the British
overseas Dominions and
Sweden concerning Spitsbergen.
3. Spitsbergen is the largest island
of the Svalbard archipelago, part
of Norway, in the Arctic Ocean.
Himadri – India’s Research Station in the
Arctic-
1.Himadri is India’s first research station located at the
International Arctic Research base in Norway.
2.India is the 11th country after Britain, Germany,
France, Italy, China, Japan, South Korea, The
Netherlands, Sweden and Norway to set up a permanent
research station in Ny-Ålesund (Town in Oscar II Land on
the island of Spitsbergen in Svalbard, Norway.)
3.It is located at a distance of 1,200 kilometres from the
North Pole.
4.The research station Himadri carries out studies in
disciplines like Glaciology, Atmospheric sciences &
Biological sciences, etc.
5.The National Centre for Polar and Ocean Research
(NCPOR) (previously known as National Centre for
Antarctic and Ocean Research – NCAOR) is a nodal
agency that makes sure the availability of the requisite
facilities at the Himadri.
 India’s Antarctic Missions
1. India officially acceded to the Antarctic Treaty System
on 1st August 1983. On 12 September 1983, she
became the fifteenth Consultative Member of the
Antarctic Treaty.
2. India is expanding its infrastructure development in
Antarctica.
3. The newest base commissioned in 2015 is Bharati.
4. India is rebuilding its station, Maitri, to make it bigger
and last for at least 30 more years.
5. Dakshin Gangotri, the first Indian base established in
1984, has weakened and become just a supply base.
20. RECP- Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership
It consists of 10 Association of Southeast Asian
Nations (ASEAN) members, as well as South Korea, Economic Market
China, Japan, Australia and New Zealand.
Common Market

Customs Union

Comprehensive Economic
Partnership

Free Trade Agreement

Preferential Trade Agreement

 Unfavorable IMPLICATIONS? Implications
Trade on India
Balance
Service
Data Sector is kept
Exclusivity out of the Positive Negative
Provisions present
negotiation

Reasons 1. Checks on China’s 1. Reduces India’s linkages

dumping of goods to Global Supply chain in
No 2. Protection of Manufacturing
Lack of
Acceptance domestic industry 2. Might affect India’s Act
consensus on
of Auto from cheap East Policy
Rules of
Trigger imports 3. Set a negative precedent
Origin Protection of 3. Reduces China’s on India’s global
Mechanism
Domestic influence in India’s leadership and
Industry- neighborhood globalization goals.
Dumping of 4. Incase of rejoin we have
Chinese to accept the terms that
Goods are already set.
21. Trans-Atlantic Alliance - Comprehensive and
Progressive Agreement for Trans Pacific Partnership
Recently, United Kingdom announced to apply
for joining Comprehensive and Progressive
Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP)
- a free trade block of Asia- Pacific Countries.
CPTPP is a free trade agreement between 11
countries in the Asia-Pacific region.
CPTPP was formerly known as the Trans-Pacific
Partnership (TPP). After U.S. withdrawal from
TPP, remaining members renamed it CPTPP.
 Treaties Associated with Nuclear Weapons
1. Partial Test Ban Treaty (PTBT), 1963 - It prohibits testing of nuclear weapons in the
atmosphere, in outer space, under water, or in any area within a state’s territory that would
cause radioactive fallout outside the state's territory.
2. Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons (NPT), 1970 - It seeks to prevent the
spread of nuclear weapons, to promote peaceful uses of nuclear energy and to move towards
nuclear disarmament. It is the only binding commitment in a multilateral treaty to the goal of
disarmament by the nuclear-weapon States.
3. Comprehensive Nuclear-Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) - an international treaty that bans all nuclear
explosions in all environments. It opened for signature in 1996 but has not yet entered into
force.
4. Treaty on the Prohibition of nuclear weapons (TPNW) - It is a legally binding instrument to
prohibit nuclear weapons, leading towards their total elimination. It includes a comprehensive
set of prohibitions on participating in any nuclear weapon activities which include
undertakings to develop, test, produce, acquire, possess, stockpile, use or threaten to use
nuclear weapons. It entered into force recently in 2020.
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