Chapter 4 pp.

87-96
Chapter Introduction: George Whitefield went against the Church of England s representative in south colonies (Alexander Garden) and was angry that the local clergy didn t preach Calvinist belief of salvation by predestination. they argued in public, and whitefield became first intercolonial celebrity from traveling far and wide to spread his dislike of the est. form of Protestantism. Thousands of people attracted to his claim of experience the overwhelming power of a direct connection with God. was around in middle decades of 18th century. Famous in both colonies and mainland. Rebellion and War, 1600-1713: y Restoration of Charles II and James II, who abolished local elected offices and legislatures in some colonies, and hurt the parliament, while trying to strengthen the crown. y When William and Mary came to rule, Massachusetts, New York, and Maryland all revolted, which led to to a stronger royal authority and representative legislature in the colonies. y In 1713, peace was restored after James was overthrown, and colonists now closely tied to new, powerful British empire. Royal Centralization, 1660-1688: y James II thought elected assemblies were dangerous, and did not allow them to meet except between 16821686. y Charles II appointed army officers to 90% of the governships, which was not tradition. By 1680, 60% of colonies had governors general , an army officer appointed by Charles II y This caused concern because English tradition was to seperate military from civilian authority. y Massachusetts was most resistant to british authority because the crown wanted the colony give voting rights based on property ownership, not church membershi, thus allowing Anglicans and Quakers equal rights, which the Puritans were against. y 1679, Charles II made a new royal colony New Hampshire, out of the land, and in 1684, made Massachustts a royal colony and revoked its charter, which was the foundation of the city upon the hill. y James II continued Charles II s work, and consolidated Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Rhode Island and Plymouth into one unit called the Dominion of New England. New York and Jerseys added too in 1688. There were no longer legislatures, and the army officer, Sir Edmund Andros became the governor. y Andros limited the towns to only one annual meeting, and enforced religious toleration and navigation Acts. and also told them they they had no more privileges besides not being sold for slaves

The Glorious Revolution 1688-1689 y The English Protestants feared they would have to convert to Catholicism because both Charles II and James II who had catholic leanings befriended King Louis XIV of France when France was persecuting Huguenots in 1685 y When William and mary reigned, they passed the English Bill of Rights in 1689 that required an working parliament, and giving people civil liberties. Which was created from the revolution of 1688 (Glorious Revolution) y News of William and Mary s reign, provoked Boston militia to arrest Andros and councilors. William or King William III ended the Dominion of New England, and gave back the power of electing their own governor to Connecticut and Rhode Island. y Massachusetts still had to have a governor elcted by the crown and voting requirements were determined by property pwnership, not church membership, they were also required to be religiously tolerant of all protestnats. This was all put forth under the charter in 1691 y LEislers Rebellion started when New York s militia was inspired by Boston s coup, and led by Captain Jacob Leisler, they seized harbor s main fort on May 31, 1689. Leisler took control of colony, but was arrested by English troops in 1691 and killed with his son in law when found guilty with treason for firing on royal troops.

Protestants in Maryland took over after being under catholic rule for a long time. John Coode and 3 others started the Protestant Association in which they seized the capital in July 1689, removed the catholics from office, and requested a royal governor who camee in 1691, and making the Church of England the est. religion in 1692. Catholics (1/4 of pop.) lost right to vote, and could only worship in private. The glorious revolution helped colonies regain representative government, and giving religious freedom for all protestants. This laid a foundation for an empire that was based on voluntary allegiance instead of submission to the crown who was across the ocean. The colonies gained confidence when they realized the English crown was good to them, and they felt that as long as they reigned, New England would be secure.

A Generation of War, 1689-1713: y During King William s War, New Yorkers, and New Englanders tried to invade New France in 1690 (Montreal and Quebec) but failed, and started border raids against civilians by both English and French. The Five nation Iroquois Confederacy fought the bloodiest, their English allies were not much help against the French and all their Indian allies. By 1696, French had destroyed almost all Iroquois villages. By 1700 of confederacy s warriors had been killed, captured or fled to Canada. Iroquois pop. Declined 30%. Grand Seettlement of 1701, Five Nations made peace with france and allowed the Iroquois to contol their lands, and rebuild their pop. y The war of Spanish succession of ueen anne s war in 1702 made anglo Americans realize their military weakness as towns were being destroyed in north and south, colonial vessels were being captured, and attempts to siege Franch colonies failed. y The british wars resulted in colonists realizing their depence on new formed United Kingdon of Great Britain, and also reestablished their loyalty to the crown, and identities as Britons. Colonial Economies and Societies, 1660-1750: y When peace achieved in 1713, Britain France and Spain competed economically instead of militarily. y Britain gained the most when Dutch were excluded from Atlantic trade. Mercantilist Empires in America: y Navigation Act 1651 o Purpose: required colonial trade be carried in Englaish to replace Dutch shippers with English y Navigation Act 1660 o Purpose: required certain commodities to be exported via England or Scotland to bar imports from non-english ships y Navigation Act 1663 o Purpose: required imports to colonies arrive via England, and instead of directly from another country y Navigation Act 1733 o Purpose: taxed all foreign molasses engtering mainland colonies to be a tariff to protect Britih West Indian sugar producers at expense of French rivals y Imperial trade contoled mainly by British owned ships, and helped Britain rise as foremost shipping antion, and started American shipbuilding industry y Led to quicker urbanization y Encouraged economic diversification by letting Britains afford to buy more goods from America like silk, iron, dyes and lumber. y Steady overseas demand for colonial products brought postereity.

y y

France became agruiculturally self sufficient, and exported wheat ot French Wst Indies, and fish and timber to Caribbean and France, and also maintained an army in Canada that drained royal treasury. Had wealthy colonies in West Indies producing sugar and molasses. o Lacked private investment, consumer market and manufacturing capacity of british. Spain had wealth fro conquisators and early colonists, but colonies in New MEexico, Texas and Florida did not conduct much overseas commerce England had become mercantile-commercial economy with portion of wealth in capital held by merchants who reinvested it in commercial and shipping enterprises unlike France and Spain who s wealth was controlled by Catholic Church, monarchy and nobility. Colonists were doing much better in north America than English at home, colonies income rose.6% per capita from 1650-1770, twice the pace of Britain.

European Maritime Empires, 1440-1740: y Innovation in 15th century created maritime empires Portugal, Spain, Netherlands, France then Egnland took advantage of this pattern y Americas became driving force behind this new form of imperianlism because y Spain obtained wealth from silver and gold mines in present day Mexico and Bolivia, but inflated economy and wars led to a quick loss of the riches. y Netherlands seized contol of trade linking west Africa, Americas and Europe, est. colonies in New Netherland, Brazil Cuacao and Cape colony and helped them dominate commerce in Chesapeake and Caribbean. But, when England and Grance started initiateing trade ties with Indian princes, Dutch excluded from trade with India. y English pop. In mainland and colonies multiplied, expanding trade a lot. Enacted navigation acts and three Anglo-Dutch wars to drive out Dutch fro mNew Netherland, and end their trade with North America. Now, with only rival as France, wars between 1689-1713 (apain allied france, Netherlands allied England) ended in success for Britain. By 1750, English colonies possessed everything they need to be and independent nation.