| | | 10. 1 SECTION I ‘Time—35 minutes 27 Questions choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer: that is, choose the response that ‘most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet. pictures, ‘characteristics, 6 yy ao 8 ‘mutilated in many ways. The damage © ® Mos eset of mation sexed on egal uncompromised versions ofthe, ce ering te socal heed othe i euler of. ‘moon pcnres ca suisse, 1. Inthe passage, the author primarily attempts 10° provide evidence against a claim that is often ‘made in the erticism ofa particular artform establish that changing the materials used in ‘particular artform would enhance public appreciation ofthat artform. refute a commonly held view regarding the detrimental effects of criticism on a particular artform, describe a problem that is generally overlooked inthe criticism of a particular art form ‘explain why a particular artform is the target of negative criticism ‘The author distinguishes film from atleast some other art forms with regard to the (A) exten of public reliance on professional analyses causing a loss of images inition, current and evaluations (25) mass-market televisi technology is harmful @) > possibilty of creating multiple instances ofthe ‘nother ways, These intrusions same artwork that break the intended continuity, (©) susceptibility of the artwork to damage through, offi ion identifi ‘environmental factors nd aging balletins—over pars ofthe pictur, andlgpoken (©) degree of conto that a work's creator has ver (60) amouncemens over puts of te soundck by pemammers tobe sm Sonsirnon ® Seles oon pdt vise move in {iho inp mn si (05) inegey ofa ‘makes it an exactly ‘conditions, each print fact another instance of 4s) nd this is disturbing fortwo reasons. analysis, interpretation, and evaluation may filmmakers when—as is surprisingly case— they are based on a version that has already been (50) seriously altered. Second, when critics? comments are ‘the conditions ofits public presentation complexity of the methods used to provide public access to artwork GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 + aa tae a ee statements? 48) > Films shouldbe projected at precisely the speed at which they were designed tobe projected (®) Filmmakers should tat criticisms are often directed against rather than agains filmmakers. (©) Filmcritics should acknowledge that mutilations of films during distribution and public exhibition are inevitable. (D) Film commentaries should not be concerned with audience reactions to films. (B) Films should be viewed only in relatively large, darkened theaters. 4, Which one of the following would, if tue, most ‘nolbeaonofafin frauen (A) Almost all filmmakers whose work critics respect approve ofthe distribution of altered versions of their films, (8) Mass-market tet 1d Video technology ‘has recently improv ability to present films in ways that conform to the intentions of filmmakers (© Many professional cor jes on nonfilm artworks are based on lated, or otherwise altered versions of those works. (D) Almost all viewers of films are unaware ofthe professional commentaries that are written about those films. ©) Inalmost every film that has a soundtrack, all parts ofthe soundtrack are designed by the filmmaker to contribute significantly to the film's atistic valu. ud] Xkeanbe infeed the ator believes nt abot films? (When shown on television —even without having ‘been reedited and without any commercial breaks or superimposed messages—films can be artistically compromised to some extent. ‘ims are considered by many ar crits 0 uestionabe significance as atopic of oll analysis, interpretation, and eval (©) Because of echnical limitations involved inthe process of reproducing films, no reproduction of any one fim can be stity classified asthe ‘wor thatthe flmmaker intended. Even when they are distributed in omised versions lms elicit variable viewers, and tus they ean rarely ve the aesthetic impact that the thse ns in as rede ia en ely in alan ne of the following Aca ned othe sage at he hor woud recommer company should attempt to translate the film's ttle into Russian but should also make explanatory material available for audiences that know no Kalan, “The company should first make the film available tics who understand Italian and release itt the general public (©) Thesilm shouldbe sublitled in Russian, but ‘only ifthe translation is strictly faithful to the original ©) Theversion ofthe film that Russian-speaking audiences sce should not include subits. “The film should be very cautiously restructured, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.© (a9) eee nmr i es ave ing wl iain ental so lie of eran ery sock wre sustainability of ocean fisheries through ion ecological disruption. Intensive as) 20) fish farming closure of fish in a soc ulation densities are typically high, 25) eration of large amounts of waste the spread of pathogens. Habitat destructic spread of untreated waste, the escape of species not native to the farm’s region, jon by new pathogens can all G0) coastal resources (3) a ee freee = (40) milkfish, and. es aE aero ea timos rey Maher ‘Bo. Altmagh sue den of 5 mig {hn pedo eamvoer inthe wil comunesvaa (45) tore shan they we arming of such = iSeries (50) ($5) perc of wildcat A tsk ch oa ig 8 pouton 1 1 7. Which one ofthe following most accurately describes the ‘main point ofthe passage? (A) The recent dectne of ocean fishery stocks was caused by damage to ocean sulting from fish farming. Fish farming bas some potential both for increasing global fish supplies and for threatening those very supplies. Fish farming is to supply ever-larger Percentages of! ein needs. ‘The high catch rates for several types of wild- ‘caught fish overshadow the advances made by ‘ish farming, (©) Because oftheir diet, camnivorous fish are ‘more expensive and oO o (B) What sor of shellfish is most commonly raised ‘on fish farms? (© Approximately how many kilograms of fish, on average, does a wil sume during its lifetime? (©) What proportion of the fish and shellfish eaten by humans is on fish farms? ©) How long does it che markets for ‘wild-caught fish to have an appreciable effect on ‘wild populations? eptrse“eving posaon ora foe aed the pas elving pres in the middle of the first paragraph? (A) makin 3¢scacity of wild-caught fish (B) supplementing the incomes of people who make a living from ocean fishing causing fewer wild fish to be caught reducing the amount of income wo be eared from © reduc Il demand for fsh and fish GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,aL ‘The information in “ ® © © ly supports [Any further decline in ocean fishery stocks would not be eaused entirely by human activities. ‘The best way to reduce the price of wild-caught fish is to put a farmed variety of the same species on the market. If fish farming does not continue to increase, then itis unlikely that worldwide human protein needs ean be met. ‘Most consumers do not perceive a difference in taste between wild-caught and farmed varieties of the same species of fish, ‘The use of wild fish to meet the nutritional needs ‘of farmed fish could result in the overfishing of -worldwide fish stocks, les governing w ® © © ® ‘They should be employed only ifthey do not rest in major changes in consumer demand for foods produced using traditional methods. ‘They should not be employed if they will ‘ultimately result in a net decrease in food of the type produced. ‘They should be em promote diversification in the vailable for human consumption and he ‘environmental improvement ‘They should be employed only if they replace ‘other methods that have undesirable ecological effects. 12. 4. ‘The statements inthe forthe view that th ‘one of the following? (@)_ Most farmed fish are eamivorous (B) Farmed and wild fish consume the same foods. (©) Pollution is currently more damaging to wild fish ‘populations than is overfishing. (D) Market forces can either encourage or discourage overfishing of ocean fisheries. (B) The market for wild-caught fish is likely to remain a small one It is more profitable to farm species such as catfish, milkfsh, and earp than to farm. such as salmon. (©) The farming of tilapia an ‘produces as much environmer farming of cod and haddock. {@)__Acrowing numberof consumers ae choosing ‘wild-caught fish of certain species in preference to farmed fish. (©) Noncamivorous fish in the cally do not consume more food than ed ‘counterparts do. ‘The author ofthe passa swith which one ofthe fo pollution caused by fish farming? (A) Such pollution is problematic primarily because ‘of the genetic mutations it would cause in wild fish that live near fish farms. (B) Such pollution contributes to coastal degradation ‘more than any other type of pollution. (©) Such pollution is less likely to occur if fish farming enterprises do not p ive production methods. wv () Such poll snot be prevented by fish farmers alo involvement of ‘government agenc Such pollution is, however harmful, unlikely to prevent fish farming from eventually relieving the pressure on wild fishery stocks. catfish 1ge as the GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.6 a9) as) (20) @s) G0) 5) (40) (5) cccomplice witnesses (witnesses the role ‘of an alleged co-conspirator in a crime) and jailhouse informants (witnesses who provide testimony based. ‘on information obtained while incarcerated) cen mae porter conversations witht which can include a confession tothe crime. Sie tome hs idotinsenel oases situation that is highly conducive to evidence fabrication on the part of 1g witness. In fact, one recent study lying informants are have much to gain and ioe ky trying lose by testifying falsely, While courts have reco, le nature of they place to adequately protet the accu based on false testimony, These ive eros- examination of cooperating witness and enable the jy to conde a wites's motivations these safex in, ‘There are cases in which prosecutors merely imply. to cooperating witnesses that they will receive an incentive in exchange for testimon exchange prosecution hhave tobe disclosed tothe jury. I logical research on confession testimony jons obtained by investigators directly with jurors notable in cases where jurors has been offered: ion. Thi cause izing the effect that ‘treatment and/or harsher punishment) or positive pressure (promises of beter treatment and/or leniency), witnesses: jurors may presuppose that accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants offer their testimony (60) as atonement rather than deducing that external factors made it expedient to give the testimony. 15. Which one of the following most accurately expresses the ‘main point of the passage? (A) Bvidence obtained through coercion, whether that coercion resuls from positive pressure ot negative pressure, can never be regarded as reliable (B) Numerous considerations suggest thatthe courts reliance onthe testimony of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants may result in convictions based on false testimony. (©) Studios show that jurors give undue weight to confession testimony, a fact that may be ‘explained by people's general tendency to ignore situation in explaining the ‘behavior of others. (D) Traditional legal arguments offered in support ‘of permitting the testimony of accompl ‘witnesses and jailhouse informants are based on set of assumptions that numerous studies cast doubt on. © Theres substantial evidence to indicate thatthe testimony of accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants is heavily influenced by incentives offered by the prosecution, Which one of the following questions is explicitly addressed in the passage? (A) Do jurors give the same weight to confession ‘evidence provided by a cooperating witness as they do to confession evidence provided directly by the defendant? (B) Towhat extent are prosecutors and investigators limited in their ability to offer incentives to accomplice witnesses and jailhouse informants in exchange for testimony? (©) Isthe bartered testimony of an accomplice ‘witness any more or less reliable than the bartered testimony of a jailhouse informant? () How common isthe prosecution of cooperating ‘witnesses who knowingly provide false testimony? (To vit exten do jurors vary in thee ability to discern when a witness is lying? GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.17, The author would be of the following stat the testimony of eee ea aeons ad pore fe fauna oereraee ra: ama Fed pened ost (0) Bey poe vote en or Q REras yon ein te ee oe ae amneaee ora EB a sone comiaed saints eee ees = rating witnesses? 18. According tothe thi be inades ing witness's fabricated testimony because (A) current safeguards are designed to protect the rights of witnesses rather than the rights of defendants (B) current safeguards fail to recognize the unreliable nature of testimony that is obtained via coercion “© juries may not be made aware that a cooperating, witness expects to receive an incentive from the prosecution in exchange for testimony (D) jurors tend to view the testimony of cooperating ‘witnesses as more reliable than the testimony of defendants (©) prosecutors are typically ized for offering incentives to cooperating witnesses in ‘exchange for testimony se agal paragraph), the author most likely means to refer to jurors jure to properly take into account the factors ‘may lead an individual to give confession evidence (B) failure to distinguish nfession ‘evidence offered by a defendant and confession evidence offered by a witness (©) __ lack of the expertise neces (D) unwillingness to assess the veraci ‘who offers confession evidence (©) tendency to disregard confession evidence when it conflicts with other evidence presented a trial atlier nthe passage {© usta conclusion regarding jurors treatment of ‘evidence provided by cooperating witnesses (©) contrast the way i ‘evidence provided by a defendant with the ‘way jurors evaluate evidence provided by a cooperating witness 21. Which one of SSRs how the final paragraph functions inthe passage? {GYL.teatemps to explana phenomenon discussed in the previous parsaraph. (B) _Itatiempts to call into question a clsim made in the previous paragraph. (©) Itsummarizes the problems discussed in the previous two parasraphs (D) _TLoutlines potential solutions to the problems discussed in the previous four paragraphs. (E) _Itexpands upon a proposal made in the first paragraph, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1* i Passage A is adapted from a book by a music historian, ‘and passage B from an anthropology journal Passage A ‘musician ofthe Uni riot of West Africa, performers (3) perspective. ‘communities, representatives of time-honored Sioa he rosea uae coe ny [Hey EBLRRERETead atooaea nom oe ae (10) communit ies ‘museums, official documents and archives, the grio’s sna pe et meat estes (15) of personal expression, cette ie ner sree of ee, evoking tangs of esinn and nom terrible disjunction, part the traditional social fabric, the communal values, the (20) historical 's art possible i many Ways, @ 0 this = And | agedy (25) symbolic pc ‘eal ai ent for this silence 0) relationships and daily life dynamic, gave it powerful poetic expression, From this perspective, the perennial themes of blues eae aie pecan ape Passage B Fifteenth-century Porgocte ESTES OOSETETA™ stratified socal hierarchy inthe Wolof culture of Senegal, le sector (géer) and with a high-status nol low-satus caste groups (lee). Wolof elites of ranked fled in sx subcas riot. ken word. Raising one’s voice in public inappropriate fr socially prominent people, bil Fk, comdsod unmanageable ouside tr ase shouted tnd ang thir ton pases to erowds of people, Mas get eloquence ‘At community exthrngs, theirptons, vith e flow lash craton of serve “Rectng vivid istris aout he rae ee of ei oo (35) thieemplay work nd aly condi is wed 5) (40) as) (50) their music to swa ion in favor of their patrons. “Tn songs volo pei pus | ‘described their patrons” adherence to them, community stan, soe (6 Http wd guardian of norms and culture. public loudness, these performance prestige they brought their patrons required griots to be sensitive to Wolo | EE | i 22. Which one of the following isa principal purpose of each passage? (A) explain how a musical tradition can replace i official institution (©) toreveal the paradoicl nature ofthe | relationship between a culture's vals and the ants who bel perpetuate those vaes (©) twcompare two closely related musical radtons to explore the relationship between the social ‘sanding of group of musicians andthe music they produce © wenlicizea chancteriaton ofa particular ‘caltre 5) blues and the the music of Wolof ig can most reasonably 3e inferred? (A) Both types of musie were drawn from feelings of | alienation within a social structure. Each type of music was created in response to a sic served to preserve the ies {D) Both types of mus derived from earlier ‘African musical traditions. (WP Esch ype of msc is characterized by subject matter tats typically draw fom a circumscribed set of themes. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.1 24, The attitude displayed in passage A lues mu riots a) @ © ) 1 a” 27, Aiterence twain which ihe wo pssapes ste Btoward term “eriot” is that (A) passage A uses the term to refer to both musicians ‘admiration for thé musicians’ ability to represent and other performers whereas passage B uses personal str bolically the term to refer only to musicians ‘unease about the musicians’ role in preserving a ‘passage A uses the term only to refer toa type of social structure ‘musician whereas passage B also uses the term envy of the musicians’ tributions to refer to a social class approval of the musicians” role as community (C) passage A uses the term to refer to both historians ‘contemporary and historical musicians whereas respect for the musicians’ artis passage B uses the term to refer only to ein, historical musicians 25. Passage B indicates that which one ofthe following (D) passage B uses the term to refer to musicians who 26. a ae w ® © © © perform only at community gatherings whereas passage A uses the term to refer to musici ‘Who also perform for small groups (E) passage B uses the term to refer only to “They were representatives of time-honored traditions. serve identity of their ‘musicians employed by nobles whereas passage “ce 7 ‘osteo ore tmscar whe ave 8 ‘They often enjoyed great status in their ‘variety of employment arrangements communities. ‘They served a function analogous to that served by libraries in other societies. ‘Their art was made possible by the communal values of their societies. Passage B suggests that whi ‘ue of fifteen a ® © o © ‘The soci ¢ of shared communal values was beginning to unravel Public shouting and loud singing were acceptable only among lower social classes, People who served as guardians of societal norms and culture generally enjoyed high socal status. Powerful nobles relied on numerous methods to preserve their social status. ‘Only members ofthe highest social class had a Conception of comet et ond, STOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. ‘DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.“1s. SECTION IL ‘Time—35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: Each question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet 1 In situations wher it is dificult to make informed decisions about produts, consumers shoud be provided withthe relevant information. The difcuty of determining whether a food produc contained mitrtous ingredients was resolved by requiring food manufacturers ¢o print mutitonal information on their product? packaging. Sinilarly, many consumers sre interested in Conserving energy, and since thee is no easy way for consumers to determine how much energy was required to manafactare a product, Which one ofthe following most logically completes the argument? (A) consumers who are informed of the amount of ‘energy used to produce a product should choose ‘energy efficient products (B) manufacturers should use less energy while producing products (©) providing consumers with information about the energy used to produce a product would reduce the impact of fossil fuels on our lives and (D) consumers should demand products that require less energy to produce (E) manufacturers should be required to label their products with information about the amount of energy used to produce those products 2 Biologist: Some small animals will instinctively go limp, “playing dead” when caught by a predator. But it is hard to see how playing dead can have survival value in this situation. The predator means to eat the animal just the same, whether or not it plays dead, Which one ofthe following, if true, would most help to resolve the apparent paradox described by the biologist? (A) Many small animal species will play dead ‘when surprised by a loud noise or unexpected movement. (B) Predators often leave their food in hiding place rather than eating it immediately. (©) Asmall animal is more likely to play dead when ‘caught by a predator ifthe predator species is ‘common in the area, (D) © Most predators prey upon a variety of species, ‘not all of which play dead when caught (©) Many small animal species that do not play dead are capable of fighting off predators Food columnist: Only 2 percent of imported seafood is subjected to health safety inspections. So if you ‘want to increase the likelihood that the seafood ‘you buy will be safe to eat, you should buy only ‘domestic seafood The answer to which one ofthe following questions ‘would most help in evaluating the food colurmnist’s argument? (A) Do the health safety inspections detect all heath risks present in the scafood that is inspected? (B) What kinds of health risks can seafood pose? (©) What percentage of imported food other ‘than seafood is subjected to health safety inspections? (D) What percentage of domestic food otter than seafood is subjected to health safety inspections? (E) What percentage of domestic seafood is subjected to health safety inspections? GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,Dog owner: In general, large dogs need less intensive ‘exercise than smaller dogs to stay fit. A dog that {snot exercised atthe level of intensity it needs is more apt to be troublesome than one that is. So for any apartment dweller who has limited time to give a dog exercise but who wants to have a dog, a large dog is less likely to be troublesome ‘than a small one. ‘Which one of the following is an assumption the dog ‘owner's argument requires? (A) An apartment dweller who has limited time to exercise a dog is unlikely to want to own. dog. (B) Providing a dog with mote intensive exercise requires more time than providing a dog with less intensive exercise. (©) Atleast some apartment dwellers who have limited time to exercise a dog should not own a dog. (D) Of dogs owned by apartment dwellers, those tha live in large apartments are less likely to 'be woublesome than those tht live in small, apartments (E) In general, the more often a dog gets exercise, the ‘more likely its thatthe dog will stay ft (One theory concerning the importance of vitamin C in the human diet holds that vitamin C plays a erucial role {in the production and maintenance of the body's supply ‘of collagen, an important protein occurring almost ‘exclusively in connective tissue and bones. For this reason, some doctors believe that vitamin C can be useful {in treating the symptoms of some common illnesses. ‘Which one ofthe following is most strongly supported. by the information above? (A) Some doctors believe that there are illnesses that affect the state of connective tissue or bones. (B) Some doctors believe that vitamin C isthe only substance that produces and maintains collagen, (©) Some doctors believe that strengthening ‘connective tissue and bones increases the body's ability to use certain vitamins. (D) Some doctors believe that use of vitamin Cis the ‘most effective treatment for certain common iMnesses, (E) Some doctors believe that any illness that can be ameliorated with vitamin C causes deterioration of connective tissue and bones. aA 2 Principle: Ifsomeone makes an error, itis unethical for 1 coworker to use that error to his or her own, advantage Application: Because Mark used his coworker Rashmi’s clients e-mail addresses to advance his own. career, his action was unethical. Which one ofthe following, iftrue, most helps to justify the above application of the principle? (A) Mark had the e-mail addresses of Rashmi’s clients only because he had copied them from Rashmi's directory while she was at lunch. (B) —Acoworker of Rashmi and Mark had access to Rashmi's clients’ e-mail addresses and shared them with Mark. (C) Rashmi offered to help Mark develop a client ‘base by sharing her own clients’ e-mail addresses with him. (D) Mark had access to Rashmi’s clients’ e-mail addresses only because she unintentionally left them visible in an e-mail that she sent to both, ‘Mark and her clients. (E) Mark happened upon a list of many of the e-mail addresses of Rashmi’s clients while conducting market research, Kevin: My barber shop sells an herbal supplement tha, ‘according to my barber, helps prevent baldness ‘because it contains an enzyme that blocks the formation of a chemical compound that causes people to lose hair. ‘Sabine: Thats simply not true. The fact is, your barber ‘makes money by convincing people to buy that product. Sabine’s argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the ‘grounds that it (A) discounts scientifically plausible evidence merely ‘because the person offering it is nota scientist (B) takes for granted that a product will be harmful if tis sold on the basis of an unsubstantiated claim (©) rejects an explanation without proposing an alternative explanation (PD) draws.a conclusion about someone's motives for ‘making a particular claim without providing evidence that any such claim was actually made (E) rejects a claim merely because the person making the claim stands to benefit by doing s0 GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.‘Analyst: When Johnson attacked his opponent by quoting hher out of context, his campaign defended ths attack by claiming that che quote was even more politically damaging to her in context. But those who run bis ‘campaign clearly do not believe this. They have since bad plenty of chances to refer to the quote in its proper context but continue to quote it out of context, ‘Which one of the following principles, if valid, most strongly supports the analysts reesoning above? (A) __Incriticizing an opponent, political campaigns will pursue the line of attack they believe to be most politically damaging. (B) _Incriticizing an opponent, political campaigns do ‘not use techniques that they would find ‘objectionable if used against their candidate, (©) _Incriticizing an opponent, political campaigns are expected by voters to make sure thatthe quotes to ‘which these campaigns refer are not taken out of context. (D) _Incziticizing an opponent, political campaigns will not be strongly criticized as long as the words attributed to their opponent were actually said by their opponent. (E) _Incriticizing an opponent, political campaigns will ‘avoid using techniques that leave their candidate ‘open to effective counterattacks, Ellen: A group of economists and ecologists recently estimated the economic value of Earth's biosphere's “essential services,” such as climate regulation, food, and water supplies, at $33 trillion annually. ‘We should therefore make protection of the biosphere a high priority Santiago: I'm uncomfortable withthe idea of calculating the ‘iosphere's dollar value in order to justify protecting it Such an approach implies that the biosphere's ‘most important value Ties in the “services” it provides ws On the basis oftheir dialogue, it can most reasonably be concluded that Ellen and Santiago disagree over the truth ‘of which one of the following statements? (A) Estimating the dollar value ofthe biosphere’s essential services is an appropriate way of providing, a rationale for making protection ofthe biosphere a high priority (B) The biosphere"s most important value lies in something other than the services it provides to human beings. (C) Calculating the dollar value of the biosphere's ‘essential services is the most effective way to ‘ensure that protecting the biosphere is treated as a matter of urgency. (D) The idea that the dollar value ofthe biosphere’s ‘essential services can be accurately calculated is unrealistic. (E) Calculating the dollar value of the biosphere's ‘essential services implies thatthe biosphere's most important value lies in the services it provides ‘to human beings 10, Researchers have found that most people’s bodies ‘make an enzyme, CYP2A6, that plays a crucial role in climinating nicotine, the addictive drug in cigarettes, from the body. Smokers whose bodies make the most ‘common form of this enzyme tend to smoke more than those whose bodies make some other form of it, Why? Well, the faster nicotine is eliminated from one's body, the sooner one will crave another cigarette, and Which one ofthe following, iftrue, most effectively completes the explanation above? (A) the most common form of CYP2AG is the one that most rapidly eliminates nicotine from the body (B) most people whose bodies make the rarest form ‘of CYP2A6 do not smoke at all (©) ifone’s body does not make CYP2AG, nicotine will til be eliminated, although very slowly (D) the greater the quantity of CYP2AG that ‘one's body makes, the faster nicotine will be eliminated (©) helping to eliminate nicotine is not the only function that CYP2A6 serves, 1. Unlike other mechanical devices the clock did not evolve from the simple to the complex. The earliest clocks were also the most complicated. This is because early clocks ‘were used primarily to predict astronomical phenoment, though the mechanisms they used for this purpose incidentally enabled one to keep track of time. Gradually the timekeeping functions became more important and the astronomical ones diminished. ‘Which one of the following is most strongly supported by the information above? (A) Present-day clocks are of no use in the prediction of astronomical phenomena (B) The mechanisms used to predict astronomical ‘phenomena in atleast some clocks were more complicated than most more recent mechanisms used for this function. (©) Clocks used only for keeping time do not differ appreciably in their mechanical complexity (D) The mechanisms thatthe earliest clocks used to predict astronomical phenomena were more complicated than the mechanisms used for timekeeping functions in some more recent clocks. (E) Interest in predicting astronomical phenomena hhas declined steadily since the invention of the first mechanical clocks. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, 22 2, Regina: The additional revenue obtained from leasing ‘government-owned tol bridges to private investors will be allocated to the transportation ‘budget, so the leases will not be used to reduce shortfalls in other budget areas. Amal: But allocating new revenue to transportation, ‘will free up existing transportation funds for use in other areas. Thus, the new revenue will nonetheless help reduce budget shortfalls in other Regina and Amal disagree over whether (A) there will be shortfalls in budget areas other than ‘transportation (8) theamount of money currently allocated to transportation is adequate (©) new revenue from leasing government-owned toll bridges should be allocated to transportation (D) new revenue allocated to transportation will result in existing transportation funds being reallocated to other areas (E) leasing government-owned toll bridges to private ‘investors will be financially beneficial to the ‘government ‘The use of ordinary dictionaries in interpreting the law is justified in the same way that chemists use the periodic table, The periodic table is a convenient source of agreed-upon background information that can be usefully applied to the problem on which a chemist is working. In the same way, ordinary dictionaries can be useful toa [egal interpreter in resolving terminological issues. Which one ofthe following, iftrue, most seriously ‘weakens the argument? (A) The periodic table lists the properties ofthe ‘elements, and presents them in a patter to represent relations between them, while ‘an ordinary dictionary mostly just gives an alphabetical ordering tothe words it defines. (B) There is wide agreement about the data on the periodic table, while disagreements between the definitions in different ordinary dictionaries are likely to be relevant to legal interpretation, (©) Theuse of a periodic table as a reference source ‘actually came much later in history than the use of ordinary dictionaries to describe the meanings of words, (D) The periodic table contains only a relatively small amount of information that could, in theory, be memorized, while te information in ‘an ordinary dictionary is likely to be too large for any one person to know al at once. (©) — The periodic table is used primarily by chemists, while ordinary dictionaries are not used primarily by legal scholars and legal interpreters, 15. Biologists are mistaken in thinking that the fossil record provides direct evidence ofthe course of human ‘evolution. Fossils cannot be interpreted objectively: the physical characteristics by which they are classified invariably reflect the models the paleontologists wish to test, For example, classifying a pelvis as human because it supported an upright posture requires taking for granted that ipedalism distinguished early hominids from apes. Which one ofthe following most accurately expresses the overall conclusion ofthe argument? (A) No arly apes had pelvses that would support an upright posture (B) —Theclaims made by evolutionary theorists cannot be objectively tested (©) The fos emains of some early hominids are ificult to distinguish fom those of apes. (©) The fosil record doesnot directly reveal the course of human evolution, (©) Paleontologiss’ clasitiations of fossils ere always influenced by the theories that these scientists are esting ‘The better we understand the behavior and ecological niche of an endangered species, the better chance we hhave of saving it, And the more individuals of a species ‘we study, the beter we understand it, ‘Therefore, Which one of the following most reasonably completes the argument? (A) many endangered species will become extinct before we have the knowledge that is necessary tosave them (B) continued reduction of wildlife habitat will make the preservation of many endangered species impossible (©) knowledge that contributes to saving endangered species becomes harder to get as species become more endangered (D) to save endangered species itis more important, ‘to acquire the right kind of knowledge than to take action (E) the impact of human study of endangered species i sometimes mote harmful than beneficial GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.2 16. 17 Art may make the world more beautiful, but one should 18. ‘choose a career in some profession other than art. ‘Whether and how much artists get paid is determined by subjective evaluations by viewers or audiences of their ‘work. Its unacceptable for one’s pay to be determined by subjective evaluations of one’s work. The reasoning in the argument is most vulnerable to criticism on the grounds thatthe argument (A) takes for granted that people should choose careers solely on the basis of how much they pay. takes for granted that a work of art will be ‘considered beautiful either by everyone or by no overlooks the possibility that one's pay in any profession involves a certain degree of subjective evaluation overlooks the possibility that some artists are paid very well treats a criterion that must be satisfied in order for ‘career choice to be a good one as a criterion that wll ensure that a career choice is a good Critic: Vampires have traditionally been symbols of pure evil. Recently there has been a trend in entertainment of humanizing vampires. This is ‘unfortunate. The overall trend in entertainment toward moral complexity is a good thing. But evil exists in the world, and the vampire myth is one of the most powerful representations of that, ‘The claim that the overall trend in entertainment toward ‘moral complexity isa good thing plays which one of the following roles in the critic's argument? Oy @) © o ® It states a principle used to support the conclusion of the argument (B)__Ieplaces limits on how broadly the conclusion of | the argument should be generalized. (©) _Itjustitfies the need for the argument's being. given. (D) _Itprovides a hypothesis that is rejected in the conclusion of the argument. (E) This the conclusion ofthe argument, ‘Some killer whales eat fish exclusively, but others also cat seals. Different groups of killer whales “chatter” in distinct dialects, and the dialects of seal-eating killer whales are recognizably different fom those of killer whales that do not eat seals. Harbor seals use their ability ‘o distinguish between different killr-whale dialects to avoid seal-eating killer whales, Marine biologists hypothesize that young harbor seals start with an aversion ‘oall killer whales but then learn to ignore those that do not eat seals, Which one ofthe following, iftrue, provides the strongest support forthe biologists’ hypothesis? (A) Killer whales that eat seals also eat other marine ‘mammals that are similar in size to seals, Unlike harbor seals, which can hear killer-whale chatter even at great distances, most fish cannot hhear that chatter, even close at hand. When mature harbor seals frst listen to the recorded chatter of killer whales that eat only fish but whose dialect is unfamiliar, the seals rapidly swim away from the sound, Young harbor seals show no natural aversion to any seal predators other than killer whales. Ifa fsh-eating killer whale mistakenly attacks ‘harbor sea, that seal, if it survives, will subsequently avoid all killer whales that chatter inthe atacker’s dialect, but other harbor seals will not. @) © © ® GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.‘Trainer: An athlete developed lower back pain after a strenuous athletic competition. For several days, she tried to overcome the pain by daly stretching, but the pain continued. Then, onthe advice ofa friend, she used a heating pad. Within 2 few days the pain was gone. This shows that the use of heating pads is generally more effective at relieving lower back pain than stretching is. ‘The trainer's argument is vulnerable to criticism on each of the following grounds EXCEPT: (A) It fails to consider that even ifthe use of heating pads is more effective at relieving lower back pain than stretching is, it may be much less ‘effective at helping to heal the underlying injury responsible forthe pain. (B) It fails to consider the fact that lower back pain resulting from athletic competitions often disappears after several days regardless of any attempts to relieve it (C) Ie fails to consider that the athlete’s experience regarding the effectiveness of different methods of relieving lower back pain may not have been representative of that ofthe general population (D) _Itoverlooks the possibility that the effectiveness of different methods of relieving lower back pain may vary substantially depending on the underlying cause of the lower back pain. (E) _Itoverlooks the possibilty that there might be ways of stretching that are much more effective at relieving lower back pain than were the ways ‘the athlete tried. 2 2 20. Some itera thors argue tha since Heary works are expressions of ideology, itis veto view them a tinbodyng a dstne ethic vale toa greater or leer degre. But these theorists evaluat panclar trary svorksas being ideological expression that ae more or ies interesting and scesfl Therefore, these thors sum the view hey wih to undemine ‘The claim thatthe literary theorists evaluate particular literary works as being ideological expressions that are ‘more or less interesting and successful plays which one of the following roles in the argument? (A) Ttis presented as evidence for the conctusion that it is naive to view literary works as embodying a distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree (B) This presented as evidence against the claim that itis naive to view literary works as embodying distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser degree. (©) Iisa conclusion for which the claim that itis naive to maintain that literary works embody 1 distinct aesthetic value to a greater or lesser Agree is offered as evidence. (D) _Itis presented as evidence for the conclusion that the literary theorists succumb to the view they wish to undermine, (©) Itis presented as evidence against the claim that literary works are expressions of ideology. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,2 a 21. City offical: Landowners must clear the snow from the 23, Critic: Journalists should have reasonable knowledge 22, sidewalks along the edge of their property by 24 hours after the end of a snowstorm. The city has the right to clear any sidewalk that is still covered ‘more than 24 hours after a snowstorms end, and ‘whenever it does so it will bill the landowner forthe service. All landowners whose sidewalks have not been cleared within 48 hours of the end of a snowstorm will receive citations, which always result in fines unless the landowners can demonstrate extenuating circumstances. all ofthe official's statements are true, which one of the following must be true? (A) Ifthe city clears a sidewalk of snow 50 hours after the end of a snowstorm, the owner will be billed forthe service and will receive a citation, (B) _Alllandowners who fail to clear their sidewalks by 24 hours after the end ofa snowstorm will be billed by the city for snow removal (©) Allsidewalks in the city willbe cleared of snow within 50 hours ofthe end of a snowstorm. (D) Nearly all landowners who do not clear their sidewalks within 48 hours after the end of a snowstorm will be fined. (©) Landowners who can demonstrate extenuating circumstances will not be billed by the city for snow removal service, Citic: Almost all ofthe paintings from our city’s art ‘movement share two characteristics: bold ‘brushwork and a sharp contrast of light and shadow. The only ones that do not share these characteristics are abstract paintings, which— ‘because they are nonrepresentational—do not depict light or shadow. However, the most famous painting from our city—Blue Irises — ‘cannot be considered part of the city’s art movement, For while this painting displays bold brushwork, it does not exhibit a sharp contrast of light and shadow. Which one of the following is an assumption required by the ertic’s argument? (A) Inspite ofits ttle, Blue Irises is rnonrepresentational (B) Blue Irises does not depict any shadows at al. (©) Blue Irises is not an abstract painting (D) _Allof the nonrepresentational paintings ever ‘produced in the criti’s city display bold brushwork. (©) Allofthe paintings from the evtie’s city with a sharp contrast of light and shadow emerged from the city’s art movement of statistics. not, they can make errors that ‘isinform the public. For example, based on a clearly flawed interpretation of polling data, one journalist erroneously reported that a certain ‘candidate would win an election. ‘The pattern of reasoning in the eritie’s argument is most similar fo that in which one of the following arguments? (A) Before being issued a driver's license, an applicant should demonstrate an understanding ‘of the environmental effects of driving a fossil fuel-powered car and be aware ofthe steps ‘that drivers can take to lessen that impact. ‘Otherwise, there will be an unlimited increase in the amount of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere. (B)Allelementary schools should have recess time. Otherwise, children can incur health risks due 1 insuficient exercise, As a casein point, in ‘school that had eliminated recess in favor of increased academic hours, the students were less physically ft than before the elimination of (C) International travelers should have to be processed through border security at each frontier they cross. The inconvenience this ‘might cause is something travelers must tolerate Otherwise, safety would be sacrificed for mere (D) All public officials should study ethics prior to or ‘while holding their official position. The study of ethics would enable officials to anticipate the ‘moral pitfalls that characterize public service as ‘well as to withstand the tendency to use public service for private gain. (E) Toy manufacturers should be required to record the place and date a toy was made on the toy itself. Otherwise, ifthe information is recorded on the package only, the purchaser can easily discard the package, thus losing this information, which would make it impossible to respond to manufacturer recalls, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAG24, Editorialist: Landis, one of this city’s top elected officials, recently spent $10,000 to redecorate his office. Many people believe that if Landis used city funds, then he misused public money, thereby violating his official duties, But Landis is gui of such violation regardless ofthe money's source. Spending $10,000 so frivolously is clearly immoral when so many people in our city live in poverty. ‘The editorialist’s conclusion follows logically if which one of the following is assumed? (A) The money Landis used was not his own money, (B) tis immoral to spend money on luxury items when there are people who lack basic necessities. (C) Landis knew about or participated in the decision toredecorate his office. (D) Every public official has an official duty never to perform immoral actions, (B) Had Landis not spent the money redecorating the office, it would have been used to help alleviate poverty in the city 25, Katelin says that we will be hit by a major snowstorm tomorrow. So she probably believes that tomorrow's antique car show will be canceled, for it will certainly not be held if we are hit by a major snowstorm. ‘The questionable pattern of reasoning in the argument above is most closely parallel to that in which one of the following? (A) Jorge says that given today’s pollution levels, ‘many species of migratory birds will become extinct. Thus, he probably believes tha the extinctions will occur, since it is widely known that pollution might not be reduced at al (8) Bo says that the soil in his backyard is poorly drained, and since raspberry bushes will not ‘grow well in soil that is poorly drained, Bo probably believes that raspberry bushes will not ‘prow well in his backyard. (©) Wanda says that no form of coercive force is ever Justified. Thus, since most people who say this believe that government should be abolished, ‘Wanda probably believes that government should be abolished. (D) My chemistry professor says that most chemists are good at math, So, my chemistry professor ‘might believe that most chemists are good at chess, since most people who are good at math are also good at chess. (&) Dr. Bowder says that eating garlic increases one’s alertness. So, since she knows that whatever improves one’s circulation increases one’s ‘leriness, Dr. Bowder probably believes that ‘eating garlic increases one’s circulation, 26, 2 People should patronize businesses that meet high ethical standards, and the news media should help them 10 patronize those businesses. Therefore, when a business performs a notably ethical action, the news media should publicize that fact, for hearing of a business's ethical conduct is often enough to motivate people to patronize that business. Which one ofthe following, iftrue, most seriously ‘weakens the argument? (A) Some businesses that have high ethical standards ‘do not actually meet those standards (B) Meeting high ethical standards is primarily a matter of refraining from unethical behavior (©) this relatively easy fora business to meet its ethical standards ift does not set them very high. (D) The news media is more likely to publicize ‘business's unethical conduct than itis to publicize a business’s ethical conduct. (©) Some businesses that meet high ethical standards ‘would not do so if they could not remain profitable while meeting those standards Ot IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.SECTION IIL Time—35 minutes 26 Questions Directions: Each question in this section is based on the reasoning presented in a brief passage. In answering the questions, you should not make assumptions that are by commonsense standards implausible, superfluous, or incompatible with the passage. For some questions, more than one of the choices could conceivably answer the question. However, you are to choose the best answer; that is, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet 1. Minh: This film director's newest works are very 3. Columnist: Although itis our civic duty to protect the predictable. He's pillaging his own catalog, but ‘with diminishing returns. Each film is simply a ‘repetition of his earlier ones. ‘Natalie: You mistake the films’ startling sameness for ‘evidence ofa lack of creativity. It would be more accurate to say that he ultimately creates strong new works from the same core elements, and these works are thus original ‘The dialogue most strongly supports the claim that Mink and Natalie agree on the truth of which one of the following statements about the director’s newest works? (A) They share many features with his earlier films. (B) They constitute evidence that he is pillaging his own catalog, (©) They are nothing more than repetitions ofthe director's earlier films. (D) They are less original than his earlier films. (E) They provide evidence of the director's creativity. 2. Campaign manager: In campaign speeches, our candidate has been reluctant to reveal al the unpleasant consequences of the policies he endorses, but this lapse can be justified. There is no way to get elected while being fully candid. And itis vitally {important that our eandidate get a chance to help ‘implement a political agenda that is very positive. ‘Which one of the following prineiples, if valid, most helps to justify the reasoning in the campaign manager's argument? (A) Etbically questionable acts can sometimes be justified by their good consequences. (B) tis better to fail while behaving ethically than to succeed by resorting o unethical measures. (©) Legitimate ends obtained through illegitimate ‘means become illegitimate. (D) Iris possible to accomplish one’s agenda even if ‘one is not trusted. (E) Voters can best be trusted to make good decisions ‘when they are fully informed, population against hazards to public health, we should not reroute high-tension power lines away from heavily populated areas, This is because our limited resources should be devoted to protecting. the population only against well-substantiated threats to public health, The conclusion ofthe columnists argument can be properly drawn if which one of the following is assumed? (A) Public health would be damaged by the loss of electric power. (B) Proponents of expensive safety measures with respect to high-tension power lines ignore economic realities. (© Scientific evidence exists for causal links between various modem practices and threats to public health (©) No investigation ofthe effects of high-tension power lines has established any health threat to people (©) Rerouting high-tension power lines away from heavily populated areas would hinder our ability to study the effects of power lines on people. GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE,> Be -& ‘The coat pattems of large cat species correspond to the habitats in which those species live and hunt. Species with spotted coats are at home in tees and dappled forests, while species living inthe open plains, such as lions, have plain coats. The only anomaly isthe cheetah, ‘ spotted cat that lives in the open savannah, ‘Which one ofthe following, if true, most helps to explain the anomaly described above? (A) Unlike all other large cat species, cheetahs? hunting strategy does not rely on stealth but instead relies purely on speed. (B) _ Ofall the large cat species, cheetahs most often have their prey stolen from them by larger predators (©) Because they have wide paws with semiretractable claws, cheetahs are not able to climb upright trees (D) Unlike lions, cheetahs are typically solitary hunters (©) Unlike all other large eat species, cheetahs are ‘unable to roar. ‘As the current information explosion forces the print media, television, and the Internet to compete for public attention and for advertiser and subscriber dollars, Journalistic standards are lowered. Consequently, we ‘are increasingly bombarded with inaccurate and trivial information, Which one ofthe following most accurately expresses the conclusion of the argument? (A) The drawbacks ofthe information explosion now ‘outweigh its benefits (B) People are more and more subjected to insignificant and unreliable information. (©) Journalistic standards have fallen in recent years. (D) One result ofthe current information explosion is fierce competition among the print media, television, and the Internet for both money and public attention, (E) Af journalists retuned to earlier journalistic standards, the significance and reliability of news slories would increase. ‘The best way to increase the blood supply in the city of Pulaski isto encourage more donations by people who are regular blood donors. A study conducted in two other cities Moorestown and Fredricksburg—indicates that itis dificult and expensive to attrac first-time blood donors, and that many sporadic donors are reluctant {give more often, But officials in those cities had considerable success convineing many of their cities’ regular donors to increase their donation frequency. ‘Which one of the following, iftrue, would do most to undermine the conclusion of the argument above? (A) Increasing blood donation by regular donors in Moorestown and Fredricksburg produced a significant increase in the blood supply in those cities. (B) The pool of potential blood donors in “Moorestown and Fredricksburg contained proportionally fewer frequent blood donors than does the pool of potential donors inthe ety of| Pulaski (© Afollow-up study in Moorestown and Fredricksburg showed that long-term frequency ‘of blood donation among regular donors remained higher after the promotional campaign than it had been before the campaign. (D) Inthe city of Pulaski the number of sporadic ‘blood donors is significantly greater than the ‘numberof regular blood donors (E) Almost all ofthe regular blood donors inthe ety ‘f Pulaski are already giving blood as frequently as is medically sae. Advertisement: Honey Oat Puffs cereal is made with ‘whole-grain oats. Health experts agree that ‘whole-grain oats are among the most healthful foods, far more healthful than most of the foods ina typical diet. So most people would have ‘more healthful diets if they ate Honey Oat Puffs for breakfast ‘The reasoning in the advertisement’s argument is most ‘vulnerable to criticism on the grounds that the argument (A) infers that food will have a certain property simply because one of the food’s ingredients has that property (B) treats a property that is suficient to make a food ‘healthful asa property that a food must have in ‘order to be healthful (©) confuses two distinct meanings of the word “healthful” (D) concludes that a food contributes to health simply because that food tends to be part ofthe diets of healthy people (E) contains a premise that presupposes the truth of the conclusion GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,Astronomer: Conditions in our solar system have probably favored the emergence of life more than ‘conditions in most other solar systems of similar age. Any conceivable form of life depends on the presence of adequate amounts of chemical ‘elements heavier than hydrogen and helium, and ‘our sun has an unusually high abundance of these heavier elements for its age. Which one ofthe following most accurately describes the role played in the astronomer's argument by the claim that any conceivable form of life depends on chemical elements heavier than hydrogen and helium? (A) Ttis statement for which no evidence is provided and that is part of the evidence offered for the argument’s only conclusion. (B) risa statement for which no evidence is provided and that is offered as support for ‘another statement that in turn is offered as support for the conclusion ofthe argument as a whole, (©) _Trisastatement for which some evidence is ‘provided and that itself offered as support for the conclusion ofthe argument as a whole. (D) tis the conclusion of the argument as a whole and is supported by another statement for which support is offered (E) _Itis one of two conclusions inthe argument, neither of which is offered as support forthe other. Political organizer: Our group needs to assemble at least 30 volunteers if Marcia Garson isto have a chance of winning the election, since she will ‘win only ifthe public is fully informed about her record. To fully inform the public, atleast 30 of | ‘our people must campaign for her, but we simply ‘cannot afford to pay people for this work. ‘Which one ofthe following most accurately expresses, the conclusion drawn in the political organizer's argument? (A) Marcia Garson will probably not be elected. {B) The political organizer's group cannot afford to pay people to campaign for Marcia Garson, (©) Ifswinning the election is to be a possibility for ‘Mareia Garson, the political organizer’s group needs to bring together at least 30 volunteers (D) Ifthe public is not fully informed about Marcia ‘Garson’s record, she will not win the election. (E) Atleast 30 people from the political organizer's group need to campaign for Marcia Garson in ‘order to fully inform the public about her record > BB 10. Giant ground sloths began disappearing from the Americas about 10,000 years ago, around the time that the last ice age ended, and are now extinet worldwide Scientists had thought that these slots failed to adapt to climate changes, but they are now coming to believe ‘that it was the arrival of human beings shortly before that ice age ended that was responsible forthe sloths" disappearance, Which one of the following, iftrue, provides the most support forthe scientists’ new belief? (A) Scientists have not found any physical evidence to support the idea that giant ground sloths were fnunted to extinction. (B) Species of smaller tree-dwelling sloths continue to live throughout South and Central America. (©) Their large size made the giant ground sloths less ‘adaptable than most other ground mammals. (D) Giant ground sloths are not the only large ‘mammals that began to disappear from the Americas around 10,000 years ago. (E) One type of giant ground sloth survived on isolated islands until human beings arrived there ‘well ater the last ice age GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE,> Be & ‘Studies have shown that those who take daily doses of ‘The Discourses, a work attributed tothe ancient Stoic vitamin C are less likely to contract colds than are those philosopher Epictetus, is believed to have been compiled ‘who do not. Thus, ifa person contracts a cold, he or she from Epictetus's lectures by his student Arrian. Some probably does not take daily doses of vitamin C. claim that Arrian himself authored The Discourses and falsely attributed authorship to Epictetus. That is, however, highly unlikely. Epictetus’s views were well known by his contemporaries in Roman society; if Arian tried to pass off his own views as Epictetus's, this ‘deception would soon be exposed, ‘The questionable reasoning in the argument above most closely parallels that in which one of the following? (A) Tobe classified asa hurricane, a tropical storm in the Atlantic Ocean must have sustained wind speeds of over 74 miles (119 kilometers) per hour. So tropical storms with sustained wind speeds at about that level are not hurricanes. (B) Everyone who ate the tuna salad prepared inthe i) Which one ofthe following, iftrue, most strengthens the argument? The Discourses would have received very litle ‘cafeteria has contracted botulism. So those who ate other dishes prepared inthe cafeteria will attention in Roman society if that work had not been attributed to Epictetus, probably also get this disease (8) Some ofthe philosophy that moder scholars (©) Laboratory rats given an extremely low-calorie believe Arian subscribed to can be found in The diet ive up t 20 percent longer than do those Discourses given a more ordinary det. So most people (©) Arran in some ways modeled himself onthe Could extend their life spans by cating a great historian Xenophon, who had writ works that dea less than they usally do te falsely attributed to the philosopher Socrates. (D) People who tan diligently to play poker ean (©) Arian had high status in Roman societs, which achieve a certain level of proficiency, 0 those he knew would be undermined ihe Were shown players owe ther success to hard work alone tobe dishonest (©) Automobile engines tha undergo regula it (©) During his long carer, Arian was a soldier @ changes are more likely to be problem free consul of Rome, and a governor in Turkey. than are those that do not. So automobiles with engine problems probably have not had regular 1B. oil changes, A study tested the performance of 70 pilots, half of ‘whom chose to go on a reduced-calorie diet. Those who did not diet performed well, while pilots who were dicting performed worse, although they had performed ‘well before they started their diets. The average level ‘of impairment for the dieters was approximately equal to that caused by consuming two alcoholic drinks on an. empty stomach. Each of the following, if true, contributes to an ‘explanation ofthe study results described above EXCEPT: (A) Dieters often become preoccupied with worries shout their weight losses and caloric intakes, (B) Many ofthe pilots, including both dieters and nondieters, consumed aleohol before the tests, and dieting increases vulnerability to aleohol's effets (©) Reduced-catori dieting makes most people more vulnerable to irritability and fatigue. (D) Many of the pilots chose to go on the diet ‘because they were curious about whether one’s ‘weight affects one's piloting skills. (E) Whereas alcoho! has no effect on the level of ‘glucose (a nutrient vital to brain function) in the bloodstream, dieting lowers the glucose level. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,3 30- 14. Guam has 40 times more spiders than nearby islands have. Biologists argue that this is a consequence of the accidental 1940s introduction into Guam of the brown, tree snake, which by the 1980s had eliminated ten of twelve native bird species. The biologists attribute the spider population's increase to the loss of bird species, because many birds prey on spiders and some use spiderwebs in constructing nests. ‘Which one of the following, iftrue, most strengthens the biologists’ conclusion? (A) Birds compete with spiders for insect prey. (B) The biologists counted spiderwebs as a means of estimating the spider population (©) Spiderwebs are more prevalent on Guam than on nearby islands. (D) _Thertwo bird species remaining on Guam have proliferated since the arival ofthe brown tree snakes. (E) Brown tree snakes have proven dificult to eradicate on Guam. 15. Ifthe glee club pays cash today to rent the equipment it needs for next Saturday's party, its usual rental agency ‘will accept a much Ipwer price than the club would pay for renting the equipment next Saturday. The club’s party ‘committee knows the costs involved but nonetheless will ‘wait until next Saturday to pay. The committee clearly cares little about saving money. ‘Which one of the following assumptions is required by the argument above? (A) Atleast some influential members ofthe club's party committee are interested in the savings available by renting the equipment today rather than renting it next Saturday. (B) Most members ofthe club's party committee are ‘aware ofthe glee club's financial situation (©) Atleast one rental agency will not accept a lower price for equipment rental today than it would ‘accept next Saturday. (D) The club's party committee has a number of responsibilities that take priority over saving money. (&) There is enough cash available to the glee club today to pay for the equipment rental st today's lower price, 16, > B&B fa novelist is popular he or she can vividly imagine large numbers of characters, each witha personality and attitudes that are completely differen from those of the ‘others and from those ofthe novelist. Such a writer also ‘will be capable of empathizing with people who have goals completely different from his or her own and so ‘will have some doubts about the genuine value of his or her own desires, Ifthe statements above are true then each of the following could also be true EXCEPT: (A) Some novelists who can vividly imagine lange ‘numbers of characters with attitudes and ‘personalities completely different from those of the others are not popular (B) Some novelists are incapable of empathizing with people whose goals are completely different from their own, (Some people who lack the ability to empathize ‘with those who have goals completely different from their own are popular novelists. (D) _Nopeople who have doubts about the value of ‘their own desires are incapable of empathizing with people who have goals that are completely different from their own. (©) Most writers who have doubts about the value of ‘what they desire are popular novelists GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.3 > Bb & 17. After monitoring blood levels of lycopene (@ nutrient found in some fruits and vegetables) in 1,000 middle- aged study participants over a 12-year period, researchers found that participants with low levels of lycopene were more than twice as likely as those with high levels ‘to have a stroke during that period. Cleary, lycopene reduces the risk of stroke. Which one of the following, iftrue, most weakens the argument? (A) Most fruits and vegetables that are rich in lycopene also contain high levels of several ‘other nutrients that are thought likely to reduce the risk of stoke. (B) Countries in which people consume substantial ‘quantities of lycopene-rich fuits and vegetables generally have lower rates of stroke than other countries, (©) Middle-aged people typically have lower lycopene levels than young adults. (D) Study participants with high levels of lycopene ‘consumed, on average, twiee the quantity of ‘ruts and vegetables as those with low levels of lycopene. (E) There was wide variation in lycopene levels ‘among study participants. 18, Inonderto cut costs and thereby maximize his profit, Mr Kapp used inferior materials in constructing the library ‘Whether legal or not, it was clearly wrong for him to do 0, For, as an experienced and knowledgeable builder, ‘he must have realized tht his action would put people at serious risk ‘The argument’s conclusion is properly drawn if which ‘one ofthe following is assumed? (A) Any knowledgeable and experienced builder ‘would realize that using the inferior construction ‘materials that Mr. Kapp used would put people at serious risk (B) —_Anaction can be wrong from a moral standpoint ‘without necessarily being illegal (©) Mr. Kapp made a large profit from the construction and sale ofthe building (D) tis wrong to knowingly put people at serious risk forthe sake of profit () Mr. Kapp either knew or ought to have known that using the inferior materials he used to build the library would put people at serious risk, 19, Most movie critics believe that sentimentality detracts from aesthetic value. But these erties are wrong, since ‘the reason they hold this belief is that sentimentality pervades so many movies tht its absence makes a movie ‘more interesting to frequent movie-goers like themselves. Its like someone wiaose food is usually prepared with a certain type of flavoring concluding that the flavoring. itself detracts from the quality of the food. ‘The reasoning in the argument is flawed in that the argument (A) is based solely on an inappropriate appeal to authority (B) rejects a position merely on the grounds that someone who argues for it has an ulterior motive (©) takes a necessary condition for a movie’s being of high aesthetic value tobe a sufficient condition for this (D) concludes that a view is false merely on the ‘grounds of how people came to believe it (©) takes whatis sufficient for diminishing the quality of a work to be necessary for doing so GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE3 om 20. Business owner: Although allowing coal mining in our region would create new jobs, we can expect the ‘number of jobs in the region to decrease overall if it is permitted, Many local businesses depend ‘on our region's natural beauty, andthe heavy industrial activity of coal mining would force ‘most of them to close, Which one ofthe following most accurately describes the role played in the business owner's argument by the claim that many local businesses depend on the region's natural beauty? (A) Itis given as direct evidence fora statement ‘that is used to support the argument's overall conclusion. {B) _Itis a premise that is offered as direct support for the overall conclusion of the argument (© Tris an intermediate conclusion offered as direct support for the argument's main conclusion. () tis the overall conclusion drawn in the argument. (E)__Itis ahypothesis for which evidence is explicitly offered, but itis not itself intended to support the argument’s overall conclusion. 21, Columnist: Obviously, money helps one satisfy one’s desires, However, people become less happy as they become more wealthy. For though wealth allows one to satisfy desires one would not ‘otherwise be able to, it invariably creates an ‘even greater number of desires that will not be satisfied. Which one of the following, if true, most strengthens the columnists argument? (A) Extreme wealth impedes the attainment ofthe highest level of happiness. (B) The fewer unfulfilled desires one has, the happier (C)__ One's happiness tends not to increase each time a desire is satisfied, (D) There are very few wealthy people who would not prefer to be wealthier. (E) Satisfying one’s desires isnot the only relevant factor to one’s happiness 23 Laurie: Ina democracy, public art should bring people together ether by expressing @ consensus on & subject or by helping people to reconcile their differences and to recognize that no single ‘opinion is definitive. Since contemporary public tart creates only acrimony, it has failed in its task Elsa If people hold radically different opinions, public art should emphasize that. No artform ean do the {mpossible, which is what you are asking for. Laurie's and Elsa's statements provide the most support for holding that they disagree about (A) what types of public art are most characteristic of ‘contemporary democracies (B) whether itis possible in a democracy to create ‘public art that people with radically different opinions ean enjoy and support (©) what the criterion of success for public art in a democracy should be (D) whether contemporary publi art creates only acrimony (E) whether it is wise for contemporary public art to help achieve a consensus on a subject Environmental ethicist: Since whooping cranes, unlike sandhill eranes, are endangered as a species, the survival of any one whooping crane is much ‘more important tothe preservation of its species than the survival of any one sandhill rane isto the preservation of its species. Hence, we have ‘a greater duty to protect the life of an individual ‘whooping crane than we do to protect the life of ‘an individual sandhill crane. ‘The environmental ethicists reasoning conforms most closely to which one of the following principles? (A) Any duty t protect the life of an individual ‘organism is entirely independent of the duty to protect the species to whieh that organism belongs. (B) The more important the survival of individual ‘members is to the preservation of a species, the greater the duty to protect the lives of that species’ individual members. (©) The fewer species an endangered species is closely related t, the greater the duty to protect that species. (D) There is a greater duty to protect a species as a Whole than thee i to proteet any individual ‘member of that species. (E) There is a greater duty to protect one individual organism over another only ifthe former organism is a member of an endangered species and the latter organism is not GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,3 > Bb Bb 24, All ofthe one-way streets in the city have dedicated bike lanes. City buses do not travel on any street with a dedicated bike lane, Parking is allowed only on streets that do not have a dedicated bike lane. City bus number nine travels the full length of Batchelder Avenue. Ifthe statements above are true, which one of the following must also be true? (A) Batchelder Avenue is a one-way street (B) Batchelder Avenue is not a one-way street. (©) Parking is allowed on Batchelder Avenue. (D) Parking is not allowed on Batchelder Avenue. (©) Parking is not allowed on any street on which ‘buses do not travel 25, Evological terms like “invasive species” invoke human ‘cultural standards like belonging, citizenship, fur play, and morality and apply them to the natural world, These terms can influence ecologists’ opinions of certain organisms before any data is gathered about their ecological impact. To prevent this, they should avoid using such terms. ‘Which one ofthe following conforms most closely tothe principle illustrated above? (A) Police should not use terms like “thief” when talking to suspects no matter how strong the evidence oftheir guilt, since suspects are offically innocent until they have been convicted by a court. (B) Environmental regulators should not argue publily that particular substances are harmful, since the government’ decisions about which substances are harmful should be made by legislators, (©) Opinion writers should avoid using overly ‘unflattering language to describe their ‘opponents’ views on controversial issues, since such language often leads readers simply 10 discount the views of the writer that uses it (D) Software developers should refrain from using ‘psychological terms to describe the performance of their programs, since this could influence their expectations about how those programs will handle unanticipated inputs (©) People should be careful when attributing ‘motives to another person in order to explain that person’s behavior, ince psychological studies suggest that such attributions are frequently incorrect. Employee: Vernon's behavior in last month’s incident was certainly unprofessional enough that our ‘company was justified in fring him. But several higher-ranking employees whose behavior in the incident was just as unprofessional haven't ‘boon fred and are treated as employees in good standing. So forthe sake of consistency, the ‘company must give Vernon his job back. Which one ofthe following most accurately describes a flaw in the employee's argument? (A) illicitly using a key term in different senses ‘during the course ofthe argument (B) confusing behavior that i sufficient to justify an action with behavior that is required to justify that action (©) offering as its primary evidence a premise that is equivalent to the argument’s conclusion (D) treating behavior that can sometimes result in ‘ certain consequence as behavior that always. results in that consequence (©) inferring that one specific response to a problem is necessary without considering another equally supported response STOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON TH DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN Th EST.rs @ 6 6 6 SECTION IV ‘Time—35 minutes 23 Questions Directions: Each set of questions in this section is based on a scenario with a set of conditions. The questions are to be answered on the basis of what can be logically inferred from the scenario and conditions. For each question, choose the response that most accurately and completely answers the question and mark that response on your answer sheet, Questions 1-5 1. Which one ofthe following could be the order in which the six groups are evaluated? The participants in an experiment designed to evaluate the persuasive impact of expert witness testimony will be divided into six groups, according to occupation—judges, lawyers, (A) judges, police officers, teachers, medical doctors, nurses lawyers ‘medical doctors, nurses, police officers, and teachers. The (B) judges, teachers, medical doctors, lawyers, police six groups will be evaluated separately, oe after the other, in officers, nurses accordance with the following conditions (©) medical doctors, judges, police officers, nurses, The teachers must be evaluated at some time before the teachers, lawyers medical doctors and at some time before the nurses (D) teachers, lawyer, police officers, nurses, medical ‘The medical doctors must be evaluated a some time doctors, judges before the lawyers (B) teachers, medical doctors, judges, police officers, ‘The nurses must be evaluated either immediately before nurses, lawyers or immediately after the police officer. ‘The police officers must be evaluated at some time 2. Which one of the following groups could be evaluated ‘between the judges and the lawyers, regardless of sixth? ‘whether the judges are evaluated before the lawyers or (A) jodgea after. (B) medical doctors © nurses (D) _ police officers (©) teachers GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,4 3. the lawyers are evaluated at some time before the judges, which one ofthe following could be true? a) B © o ® The judges are evaluated third ‘The medical doctors are evaluated fi, “The nurses are evaluated third. ‘The police officers are evaluated fourth, ‘The teachers are evaluated sevond, [Ff the police officers are evaluated fith, which one of the following must be true? “ (B) © © ® ‘The judges are evaluated third ‘The lawyers are evaluated sixth. ‘The medical doctors are evaluated second. ‘The nurses are evaluated fourth, ‘The teachers are evaluated fist ‘What isthe minimum number of groups that must be ‘evaluated after the teachers? “ (B) oO @) ® five four three two o -4 GO ONTO THE NEXT PAGE.= e 6 Questions 6-10 A television station must determine the order in which five commercials, each advertising a single product—fast food, granola, pizza, sportswear, or trucks—are to be aired during the five slots available in a commercial break. The order of the commercials i subject to the following constraints: ‘The pizza commercial must be aired earlier than the granola commercial, ‘The sportswear commercial must be aired earlier than the tuck commercial ‘The fast-food and sportswear commercials must be aired ‘consecutively. How many of the commercials are there any one of which could be aired last? fve ®) four © three D) wo (E) one Ifthe truck commercial is aired earlier than the granola ‘commercial, then which one of the following CANNOT. be true? (A) The fast-food commercial is aired second, (B) The granola commerci (©) The pizza commercial is aired fist. (D) The sportswear commercial is aire firs. (E) — The truck commercial is aired fourth GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.6 e 6 @ 4 If the pizza commercial is aired immediately before the 10, Ifthe granola and truck commercials are not aired ‘ruck commercial, then which one of the following could consecutively, then which one ofthe following could be be true? true? (A) The truck commercial is aired third (A) The fast-food commercial is aired last. (B) The sportswear commercial is aired third. (B) The granola commercial is aired fourth. (©) The pizza commercial is aired frst. (©) The pizza commercial is aired third. (D) The granola commercial is aired fourth. (D) The sportswear commercial is aired second. (E) The fast-food commercial is aired second, (E) The truck commercial is aired fourth How many of the commercials are there any one of which could be aired second? (A) five (®) four (©) thee GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE. ©) wo ©) oneOver the course of four consecutive weeks, a gallery is going to show three oil paintings —Gold, Hanbok, and Thex-—and three watercolor paintings—Ping, Roil, and Sails. Each painting will be showa in atleast ane week, with exactly one oil painting and one watercolor painting shown per week, subject tothe follawing conditions: 'No painting ean be shown in two consecutive weeks. Gold cannot be shown in any week in which Ping is shown. Hanbok must be shown in any week in which Sails is shown. -Hanbok cannot be shown earlier than the third week unless /bex is shown inthe first week iL ‘Which one ofthe following could be the schedule of the ‘paintings shown in the four weeks, listed in order from ‘the first week tothe fourth? (A) Gold and Roil; Hanbok and Sails; Ibex and Ping; Gold and Roil (B) Gold and Roil; Ibex and Sails; Hanbok and Ping: Gold and Roit (©) Ther and Ping; Gold and Roit; Hanbok and Sails; Gold and Roil (D) Ibex and Ping; Hanbok and Sails; Gold and Pings Hanbok and Roil (©) Ter and Ping; Hanbok and Sails; Hanbok and Ping; Gold and Roil GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE,13. 14 [Sails is shown inthe second week, then any of the following could be shown inthe third week EXCEPT: (a) Gold (B)— Hanbok (©) ex ©) Ping © Roil Which one ofthe following must be false? (A) Sails is shown in the first week. (B)—_Hanbok is shown in the second week (C)Roifis shown in the third week. (D) Teri shown in the fourth week, (E) Ping is shown in the fourth week. If Gold is shown in the frst week, which one of the following could be true? (A) Ibex is shown inthe third week. (B) Ping is shown in the third week. (©) Roil is shown in the second week, () — Roil is shown in the fourth week. (E) Sails is shown in the second week. 16. eo 6 4 ‘The schedule ofthe paintings shown inthe four Weeks is, completely determined if which one ofthe following is true? (A) Golds shown ive (B)—Hanbokis shown vice. (©) Pingis shown twice (D) Rodis shown twice. ©) Sails shown twice If Roilis shown in both the second and fourth weeks, \which one of the following could be true? (A) Gold is shown in the first week, {B) _Hanbok is shown in the second week. (©) —Hanbok is shown in the fourth week. (D) _fbexis shown in the second week. (E) _Thevis shown in the fourth week. ‘Which one of the following, if substituted forthe condition that Gold cannot be shown in any week in ‘which Png is shown, would have the same effect in determining the schedule ofthe paintings shown in the four weeks? (A) Roil must be shown in any week in which Gold is shown. (8) Gold must be shown in any week in which Roit is shown. (©) 1FPing isnot shown in the first week, then Sails ‘must be shawn no earlier than the third week. (D) If Ping is shown in the first week, then Mbex must ‘also be shown in the first week. () —_Hanbok cannot be shown in any week in which oil is shown, GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE.4 40. Questions 18-23 ‘A charity is assigning volunteers to work at its booth at a fair : Thursday, Friday, and Saturday. Five volunteers are being assigned: Lentz, Morse, Nuiiez, Pang, and Quinn. On each day, exactly three ofthe volunteers will ‘work at the booth. The assignment of volunteers to days must ‘meet the following conditions ‘No volunteer works every day. (On any day that Morse works, Lentz also works. ‘Nutlez works on Friday. Pang does not work on Saturday. 18, Which one ofthe following could be the assignment of -voluntees for Friday and Saturday? Cy) ® Friday: Lentz, Morse, Nuliez Saturday: Lentz, Morse, Nullez Friday: Lentz, Morse, Pang, Saturday: Lentz, Morse, Quinn (©) Friday: Nufiez, Pang, Quinn Saturday: Lentz, Morse, Nutiez () Friday: Nufiez, Pang, Quinn ‘Saturday: Lentz, Morse, Pang, (©) Friday: Nuftez, Pang, Quinn Saturday: Morse, Nuflez, Quinn IfPang works on Friday, then any of the following could be true EXCEPT: (A) Lentz works on Friday. (B) Morse works on Thursday. (©) Morse works on Friday. (D) _Nuez works on Thursday. (E)—_Nufiez works on Saturday. GO ON TO THE NEXT PAGE, 44 @ 0 e @ «4 20, If Pang works on only one day, which one ofthe 22, If Morse works on Thursday, which one ofthe following following must be true? ‘must be true? eee ee | (B) Morse works on Saturday (B) Morse works on Saturday. (©) Nuiez works on Thursday. (©) Nuiiez works on Saturday. (D) Pang works on Friday. (D) Pang works on Thursday. (©) Quinn works on Saturday (©) Quinn works on Friday 21, The assignment of volunters to days is completely 23, Morse works on only one day, which one ofthe determined if which one ofthe following is true? following must be true? (A) Lentz works on Thursday. (A) Lentz works on Friday. (B) Morse works on Friday (B) Morse works on Saturday. (©) Nutiez works on Thursday. (©) Natiez works on Saturday (D) Pang works on Friday. (©) Pang works on Thursday. (©) Quinn works on Saturday. (©) Quinn works on Friday. STOP IF YOU FINISH BEFORE TIME IS CALLED, YOU MAY CHECK YOUR WORK ON THIS SECTION ONLY. DO NOT WORK ON ANY OTHER SECTION IN THE TEST.Serer eee ere eee tee SeTe See EeEEEeEETEEEEETE EEE as COMPUTING YOUR SCORE A TA I Direction: Conversion Chart 1. Use the Answer Key on the next page to check For Converting Raw Score to the 120-180 LSAT your answers. LSAT Form OLSA131 2. Use the Scoring Worksheet below to compute Reported Raw Score your raw sccve, Scare Lowest Highest 180 100 12 3. Use the Score Conversion Chart to convert your a eo i raw score into the 120-180 scale. 7 6 98 178 a7 o 15 4 : it 6 98 13 5 35 ie rf 38 ‘Scoring Worksheet iv 3 % 70 2 2 1. Enter the number of questions you answered correctly 19 30 31 168 89 20 in each section. = ae i 108 86 28 Number 165 4 85 Correct 108 3 53 163 a & 162 2 80 SECTION! — 1 7 SECTION I 180 15 8 59, 8 a SECTION Ill 158 n 2 157 88 0 SECTION IV ee iS i ee 185 8 eo 2, Enterthe sum here; ist 6 5 7” 153 62 6 This is your Raw Score. ms 7 151 38 59 10 56 a 49 54 5 148 a 5 ur 50 51 6 “ 0 15 a 4 as % « 3 “ “ waa 2 o wi a a 40 2 «o 1393 3 38 138 3% a 137 35 35 136, 3 4 85 2 2 136 3 3 13 30 30 132 2 2 i 28 Fs 190 2 7 23 2 28 128 2 2 ar Et 4 128, : * 1 28 2 26 2 2 1% . ° tz 2 21 421 20 20 120 0 9 "Taree aw sore hat wl proce this scaled sore fortis fom me err SSE SSS ETEANSWER KEY 2 SS SED SECTION! 1D & Dd 15.8 20 2 8 9 ¢ 16.0 BE a8 10. E WE 24. & ae nc 18. 25.¢ 5A 12D 19.4 26.8 ec 13.D 20. C 27.8 78 14, C 2 SECTION I Le BOA 15.C 22. AG aA 16.C 23.8 3 E 10. A 7.8 24, D 48 1. 18. C 25. B aa 12D 9A 26.8 6 D 13.8 20D OE 14.0 2A SECTION I bts BA 15. E 2c 28 % ¢ 16.C 23.8 2.0 10. 7A 24, B 48 11. 18D 25.0 5B 12D 19.0 2. BE 13D 2.A aA aA 21. B SECTION IV Le aE 15. E 2E 24 ac 16.E 2.0 ay 10. D 7A 4D ine 18.C 5. B 12.8 9c 6 D 13.4 20.8 728 14. D 2B 4