CHAPTER 4 Determinants CASE STUDY / PASSAGE BASED QUESTIONS ——— A company produces three products every day. Their production on certain day is 45 tons. It is found that the production of third product exceeds the production of first product by 8 tons while the total production of first and third product is twice the production of second product. Syllabus Determinant of a square matrix (up to 3x3 matrices), minors, co-factors and applications of determinants in finding the area of a triangle. Adjoint and inverse of asquare (i) If x, y and z respectively denotes the quantity (in tons) of first, second and third matrix. Solving product produced, then which of the following is true? system of linear (a) x+y+2=45 (b) x+8 (© x-2y+2=0 (d) allofthese equations in two or three variables 1117 Seal @ f}1 0 2 inverse of a matrix. ae Using the concepts of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions. —3 |, then the inverse of}1 9-1] is 1 121 @ © (d) none of these I= ole RIS aie] Loe alex] Loe ee alvin yl Gia ele ore Sie Ie ole (iii) x: y= z is equal to (a) 12:13:20 (b) 11:15:19 (©) 15:19:11 (d): 13:12:20(iv) Which of the following is not true? (a) [Al=14' (be) (ayt=(aty (©) Ais skew symmetric matrix of odd order, then || = 0 (2) |AB|= 14] + |B (v)_ Which of the following is not true in the given determinant of A, where A = [ay] 3? (a) Order of minor is less than order of the det (A). (b) Minor of an elementcan never be equal to cofactor of the same element. (©) Value of:a determinant is obtained by multiplying elements of a row or column by corresponding cofactors. (@) Order of minors and cofactors of same elements of A is same. —@—_—_—__——__ If there is a statement involving the natural number n such that (i) The statement is true for n= 1 (ii) When the statement is true for n = k (where k is some positive integer), then the statement is also true for n=k+1. ‘Then, the statement is true for all natural numbers n. Also, if A is a square matrix of order n, then A? is defined as AA. In general, A" = AA .... A (m times), where m is any positive integer. Based on the above information, answer the following questions. w) wal} = then for any positive integer mt, »_[3n -4n n [1420 40 [on 80 yp _[l+3n -4n @ ar[ “| () A’ | tan] © A’ {i “| @ a I": a 12 (ii) waste tf he were ne N, is equal to (a) 2" (b) 3" (Qn (d) 1 (uf a-{} ‘| and {, tp which of the following holds for all natural numbers n> 1? (a) A"=nA-(n-1)1 (b) A"=2"-'A-(n-1)1 (© AM=nA+(n- 11 (@) A"=2"-'A+ (n- 1 aoo (iv) Let A=]0 @ 0} and A" = [ay], , , for some positive integer n, then the cofactor of a, is 00a (a) a" (b) -a" (©) 2a" @o (¥)_IfA isa square matrix such that |A| = 2, then for any positive integer n, |A"| is equal to @o (b) 2n © 2 @ 2°Each triangular face of the Pyramid of Peace in Kazakhstan is made up of 25-smaller equilateral triangles as shown in the figure. Using the above information and concept of determinants, answer the following questions. (i) Ifthe vertices of one of the smaller equilateral triangle are (0, 0), (3, 3)and (3, —-V3), then the area of such triangle is (a) V3 sq. units (>) 2V3 sq. units (© N3 sq. units (d) none of these (i) The area of a face of the Pyramid is (a) 25V3 sq. units (b) 50V3 sq. units (©) 75V3 sq. units (a) 35V3 sq. units (ili) The length of a altitude of a smaller equilateral triangle is (a) 2units (b) 3 units © Bunits @ 4 units (iv) If (2, 4), (2, 6) are two vertices of a smaller equilateral triangle, then the third vertex will lie on the line represented by (a) x+y=5 (b) x=1+V3 (Q x=2+V3 (d) 2x+y=5 1 (v) Let A(a, 0), B(0, b) and C(1, 1) be three points. why |, then the three points are a b (a) vertices of an equilateral triangle (b) vertices of a right angled triangle (©) collinear (A) vertices of an isosceles triangle -¢ 10 Let A +: ‘| and U,, U, are first and second columns respectively of a2 x 2 matrix U. Also, let the column matrices U, and U, satisfying av,=[3] and AU, -(}}Based on the above information, answer the following questions. (i) The matrix U, + U; is equal to ey (ii) ‘The value of |U| is @ 2 ) 3 @ 3 (i X= [3 2]U [z fer i rte = @ 3 (b) © -5 @ 5 (iv) The minor of element at the position a,, in U is @t (b) 2 © 2 @-1 (v) IfU= [ay], , » then the value of a, ,A,, + @,,A,,, Where Ay denotes the cofactor of ay, is @1 (b) 2 © 3 (@ 3 The upward speed v(t) of a rocket at time f is approximated by v(t) = af? + bt + c, 0S < 100, where a, b and c are constants. It has been found that the speed at times f = 3, t = 6 and t = 9 seconds are respectively 64, 133 and 208 miles per second. 9 31)' 1 21 i ]36 6 1] =1)-15 24-9], thenanswer the following questions 8191 54-54 18 (i) The value of b + ¢ is (a) 20 (b) 21 (© 3/4 (@) 4/3 (ii) ‘The value of a +c is (a) 1 (b) 20 © 48 (d) none of these (iil) v(t) is given by (a) P+20¢+1 (b) ie +200+1 © @) P+t+t (iv) The speed at time f = 15 seconds is (a) 346 miles/sec (b) 356 miles/sec (©) 366 miles/sec (d) 376 miles/sec (¥) ‘The time at which the speed of rocket is 784 miles/sec is (a) 20 seconds (b) 30 seconds (© 25 seconds (@) 27 secondso——_ ‘Two schools A and B want to award their selected students on the values of Honesty, Hard work and Punctuality. ‘The school A wants to award @ x each, @ y each and 2 z each for the three respective values to its 3, 2 and 1 students respectively with a total award money of & 2200. Schoo! B wants to spend 3100 to award its 4, 1 and 3 students on the respective values (by giving the same award money to the three values as school A). The total amount of award for one prize on each value is 1200. spt Using the concept of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions. (i) What is the award money for Honesty? (a) %350 (b) % 300 (© 500 (@) %400 (ii) What is the award money for Punctuality? (a) %300 (b) % 280 (© %450 (@) %500 (ii) What is the award money for Hard work? (a) %500 (b) % 400 (© 2300 (d) %550 (iv) Ifa matrix P is both symmetric and skew-symmetric, then |P{ is equal to @ (b) -1 ©o (d) none of these (¥) If Pand Qare two matrices such that PQ = Q and QP = P, then |Q"| is equal to fa) |Q) (>) 1 1 (d) 0 ‘Three shopkeepers Salim, Vijay and Venket are using polythene bags, handmade bags (prepared by prisoners) and newspaper's envelope as carry bags. It is found that the shopkeepers Salim, Vijay and Venket are using (20, 30, 40), (30, 40, 20) and (40, 20, 30) polythene bags, handmade bags and newspaper's envelopes respectively. ‘The shopkeepers Salim, Vijay and Venket spent % 250, @ 270 and % 200 on these carry bags respectively. fhUsing the concept of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions. (i) What is the cost of one polythene bag? @ %1 (b) %2 © %3 @) %5 (ii) What is the cost of one handmade bag? @ (b) 2 © 3 (d) 5 (ili) What is the cost of one newspaper envelope? @ (b) %2 © %3 (d) %5 (iv) Keeping in mind the social conditions, which shopkeeper is better? (a) Salim (©) Vijay (©) Venket (d) None of these (¥}_ Keeping in mind the environmental conditions, which shopkeeper is better? (a) Salim (b) Vijay (©) Venket (d) None of these 2 Gaurav purchased 5 pens, 3 bags and 1 instrument box and pays ® 16. From the same shop, Dheeraj purchased 2 pens, | bag and 3 instrument boxes and pays & 19, while Ankur purchased 1 pen, 2 bags and 4 instrument boxes and pays % 25. Using the concept of matrices and determinants, answer the following questions. (1) ‘The cost of one pen is @ 2 (b) %5 ou (@) 23 (i) What is the cost of one pen and one bag? (@ %3 (b) %5 © &7 (@ 8 (iii) What is the cost of one pen and one instrument box? (a) 27 (b) %6 © %8 (@) 29 (iv) Which of the following is correct? (a) Determinant is a square matrix. (b) Determinant is a number associated to a matrix. (c) Determinant is a number associated to a square matrix. (@) Allofthe above (v) From the matrix equation AB = AC, it can be concluded that B = C provided (@) Ais singular (b) Aisnon-singular (©) Ais symmetric (@) Ais square.-¢—__ ‘Area ofa triangle whose vertices are (x, y,), (tp,y) and (x, y,) is given by the determinant Since, area isa positive quantity, so we always take the absolute value of the determinant A. Also, the area of the triangle formed by three collinear points is zero. Based on the above information, answer the following questions. (i) Find the area of the triangle whose vertices are (2, 6), (3, -6) and (1, 5). (a) 30sq. units (b) 35 sq. units (©) 40sq. units (d) 15.5 sq. units (ii) Ifthe points (2, -3), (k, -1) and (0, 4) are collinear, then find the value of 4k. @4 os ov o% (iii) If the area of a triangle ABC, with vertices A(1, 3), B(0, 0) and C{k, 0) is 3 sq. units, then a value of k is (a) 2 (b) 3 o4 @ 5 (iv) Using determinants, find the equation of the line joining the points A(1, 2) and B(3, 6). (@) y=2x (b) x=3y (© y=x (d) 4x-y=5 (v) IfA=(11,7), B=(5, 5) and C= (-1, 3), then (a) AABCis scalene triangle (b) AABCis equilateral triangle (© A, Band Care collinear (@) None of these ——____ Minor of an element a, of a determinant is the determinant obtained by deleting its ** row and j® column in which element a; lies and is denoted by M,- Cofactor of an element ay, denoted by Ay, is defined by Ay = (~1)'*/ My, where My is minor of ay. Also, the determinant of a square matrix A is the sum of the products of the elements of any row (or column) with their corresponding cofactors. For example, if A = [a,]3,. » then |A|=@),A,, + 4,24, + @,3A,5. Based on the above information, answer the following questions. at (a) 2 (b) -2 4 @ 1 5 6 = (i) rateninrn et 3 1 a) fa) 3 (b) -3 (©) 39 (d) -39 (i) Find the sum of the cofactors of all the elements of(iii) In the determinant 2 3 5 6 0 4], find the value of as,-A3. 1S =i (a) 27 (b) -110 (© 110 (d) -27 3 (iy) A= 0 1, then write the minor ofa,,. 1 2 (@ -10 () 7 (9 10 (@7 23 5 () IA=|6 0 4}, then find the value of |A\. 1 5 = (a) 26 (b) 28 © 72 (d) 46 HINTS & EXPLANATIONS 1. (i) (d): According to given condition, we have the 230 1 fas following system of linear equations. = xsuyse4t2 0 -2]l- xtytza45 J. 3 ilo 90-24] [66] far 111 90 =4 90 |=15 (ii) (©): LetA=]1 © -2 | then we have, 90+24 4] [19 1 aim Thus, x:y:2= 11:15:19 ai 2 2 (iv) (4) : Clearly, [AB] = |] - |B] A =a? o 3 12 ™) () y 344 Now, (A’)t = (Al 2. (i (b): Wehave, fa fs 2 326 “8 _ 725 Left a SHE apes on 3 3 a= = 142n —4n 392 6 obtained from A” x 1 for n=2. (iii) (b) : The above system of equations can be written, 12 in matrix form as. (ii) (d) : We have, A =| AX = B, where, o1 1 1 x 45 2 JAR a= 0 -1|X=|y]and B=|-8 1 1-2 a z o Also, |A"| a A(n times)| = ||F n= 1 all options are true. enh TE AES (a), we get A? =3A - 21 “HES AB, THE SPs fenoe Al other options are different from A® = 34 ~ 21 for 3, 00 (iv) (d) : We have, A= = e soo ees con o8 eno s aoe Similarly, A"=|0 a" 0 0 0 a” Now, cofactor of a5 =(-'*3|° @ (v) (©): We have, |A| = 2 and |A"|=|A- A... A(n-times)| = [Al [A]... [Al(n-times) = |4|" i mY 3. ((©):Areaoftriangleisgivenby tix, yt) ts Ys (ii) (©) = Since a face of the Pyramid consist of 25 smaller equilateral triangles. Required area =25.3/3 =75/5 9, units Sia (iii) (b) : Area of equilateral triangle “7° * niet 3 @=12 3 a=W3 Let h be the length of altitude of a smaller equilateral, triangle. Then, prasexheight = 343 ~ povixh=ni = h=3units (iv) (©) : Let the third vertex be (x, y), then we get i? 4 ap 6 yas ky u $12(6~ y)—42—2) +10y~60)]= 2/5 u 12-2y-8+4x+2y-6x=46V3 = 4-2x=26/3 = I-x=tW3 = x=24N3 0 ” wrmmatunceb 6 } 1a yl = fae-1)-0+10-b) = 1 (ab-a-b)=0 2 2 [: Points A, Band C are collinear. =1ab+a=ab| + worwemeaa[, | siamo 7 PARE Tossed ieEEE « |p 2c+d} [3 => c=2and2c+d=3 = c=2andd=3-4=-1 mmscnel | -L3 (i) (©: crn -| 213 (iii) (4): Weave, x=[3 Bie > 2k =B af, este l= (iv) (a) : a) in U is -1 and its minor is 1. (8) (d) Since, the sum of products of elements of any row (or column) with their corresponding cofactors is equal to the value of determinant. My Ay + 2A yz = |U]=3 5. Since v(3) = 64, v(6) = 133 and (9) = 208, we get the following system of linear equations 9a + 3b+c=64 36a + 6b + 81a+9b +c ‘This can be written in matrix form as 9 3 IIa of 36 6 1|}b) =] 133 81 9 Ife 208 or AX=B 1 21 Since, A™ A5 “479 4 S418 a 1 2 1ye X=|b/= = 1 as 24 -9 9133 ‘54-54 18 208 64-266+208 7 3 -960+3192~1872 3456—7182+3744 Thus, @=5, b= 20ande=1 @ ©) Wi) © (ii) (b)2( =>? +20041 3 (iv) (d) : Clearly, required speed = (15) = }xa0s+20x15+1 = 75 + 300 + 1 = 376 miles per second (¥) (@): Consider, v(t) =784 = je 2041-784 = P+ 60t=2349 = P+(87-27)t-2349=0 = tt +87) -27(t+87)=0 = 6 (t-27)(t+ 87)=0 t= 27 seconds ‘Three equations are formed from the given ; Time can't be negative] 1200 Converting the system of equations in matrix form, i eo whereP=|4 1 3), X=ly | ana a= sien 1200 |P)=3(1 -3) -2(4-3) + 14-1) =-6-2+3=-540 => X=P'Q provided P* exists. 2-105 1 5 2 5 152 1-5] 2200 1-2 5 4}3100 31 5} [1200, 4400+3100-6000 ] [3001 =+} 2200-6200+6000 | =| 400 -6600+3100 +6000 = x= 300,y=400 and 2 = 500 Hence the money awarded for Honesty, Hardwork and Punctuality are® 300, % 400 and % 500 respectively. a) () i) () (iii) (b) (iv) (©); Ifa matrix P is both symmetric and skew- symmetric then it will be a zero matrix. So, [P| = 0. (v)_ (a): We have, Q = QQ = Q(PQ) =(QP)Q=PQ=Q + I@l=1Q) 7. Let the cost of a polythene bag =@ x, the cost of a handmade bag = @ y and the cost of a newspaper bag = % z According to question, 20x + 30y + 402 = 250, 30x + 40y + 202 = 270 40x + 20y + 302 = 200 ‘This system can be written as AX = B, where 20 30 40 250 A=|30 40 20], X=] y| and B=| 270 40 20 30 200 20 30 Ja|=[30 40 2 140 20 = 20(1200 - 400) ~ 30(900 - 800) + 40(600 ~ 1600) = 20(800) - 30(100) + 40(—1000) = 16000 - 3000 - 40000 = -27000 + 0 So, A“ exists and system has a solution given by X=a" 800 100-1000 Now, adjA=] -100 1000 800 1000 800-100 800-100-1000 =| -100 -1000 800 1000 800 = -100 800 =-100 -1000 aA =100 1000 800 1000 800-100 ~-(bal = 22 sisters Hence, cost of a polythene bag, a handmade bag and a newspaper envelope is 1, 8 5 and 2 respectively. 9 @ DM GO) (iv) (b) : Vijay investing most of the money on hand -made bags. (¥) (a) : Salim investing less amount of money on polythene bags. 8. Let the cost of 1 pet the cost of 1 bag = y, and the cost of 1 instrument box = z According to the question, we have Sxt3y+2=16,2x+y43e=19,x42y +4 ‘This system ferme can be written as A. =f Ee [A] =5(4- en 3)+1(4-1) 10 - 3(5) + 3=-2240 Av exists. tx, Now, X= A“'B, where A~ 2-45 Here, adjA=|-10 19 -7]} =|-5 19 -13 8 -B3 -1 3 7 -1 2-0 8 at 5 19-13 “BEE 32-190 +200 2] fi 80+ 361-325 -3 —4 |= 48—133-25 -u10} [5 x=ly= 22-5 Hence, cost of one pen, one bag and an instrument box is® 1, % Zand @ 5 respectively.(i) (©): Cost of one pen is 1 (ii) (a) : Cost of one pen and one bag =2 (1 + 2)=3 (iii) (b) : Cost of one pen and one instrument box =E(1+5)=%6 (iv) (©) : According to the definition of determinant, determinant isa number associated to a square matrix. (¥) (b): Given matrix equation is AB = AC Pre-multiplying by A~' on both sides, we get A‘AB=A'AC = (4'A) B=(A“A)C (raat =ATA=D Since A~ exists only if A is non-singular. For B = C, A should be non-singular. 9. (i) (d) : Let A be the area of the triangle then, 26 | 3-6 15 =4}2-6-5)-63- +105+6] [Expanding along R,] = a=3h8- 12|=15.5sq. units (ii) (4) : The given points are collinear. 2-3 || Ik -1 =o jo 4 1 2| Expanding along R,, we get 2(-1 - 4) + 3(k) + 1(4K) =0 10 = 7k-10=0 > k=> = k= 7 7 (iii) (a) : Area of AABC = 3 sq. units [Given] aft 3 4 13 =-0 0 l=43 = |0 0 ll=+6 2k o | ko => 1(0-0)-3(0-k)+1(@-0)=26 = 3k=46 = k=22. (iv) (@) : Let Q(x, y) be any point on the line joining A(1, 2) and B(3, 6). Then, area of AABQ = 0 tha doe = +3 6 I y => 1(6-y)-2(3-x) +1 Gy-6x)=0 > 6-y-6+2x+3y-6x=0 = -4x=-2y => Ix=y. (¥) (©): Area of ABC is given by 7 = slus =3)-75 +1) +105+5)] a 2 35 (ili) (©): Let A= 0 4 aos 3 Clearly, a and A, = cofactor of a,, in A = ort 1 = (-1) (8 - 30) = 22 yyAyy = 5x 22= 110 Is (iv) (d): Here, af 1 is Minor of a, = i 3°65 (v) (b):Here,A=|6 0 4 15 4 ayecome aneenrat As=colf q = 130-0) = 30 = 1(0 - 20) = -20, 4 4 = -1(-42- 4) = 46, Aq ay Ay +0702 + 4434)3 = 2(-20) -3(46) + 5(30) = -28 = l=28