Chaghed Prabal re Seb dehmbas: A se is 6 tallecken ol S bts. thd yeh ae cibkd « onic) eal ins be any a whatsoever, Toh 5 las algal | ot gl Ls WN we walk. aek Ua is act on ekmnt of | hy we write | phy ath Wied the ni The empky Sch is given He S mba ang is ten Calle MN ach AF exty = of a seh A is me an elenunt tm another sk 8 Kis said be be Contained in B. A is Known a a scbael of B and we wate A cB if alent one eltmantt exh j mm B whichisnak ia A y then Kiyo poyer subset a b —_ by |The nal seb is clare a one ot { star seb_ ce Two gb, A ant B, ate ca le “pe or noaely exelsie if they toxe No — elmen The lavguck oe # enCam passing sek abe tts ondey- — ty a Troy ven St taakin Vy calf tHe univer 44 et, clanslid SAN Gels ae sthahin ondir Cndidtra un) are blacks unrversil(2. Seb operating: . Equale and difftre nce. : Two sets frond B gre jual Fall clmenb in A are pret in B and all ekments a! ak om hy sg at ACB and BCA. Far equal sbs ue wits AeB. The defkrente of tuode AantB, dined A-B, is he eb containia UL elements of 4 the re nek petotnt ee ed eee + Union anal snkredean The unin of tuo &k & and B is wwten Cz AUB, Tt pte gt of all elements of A or B or beth, The tn ky detkion of us seh onl 8 is untkn a Dz ANB This Heat of all element Gmmorh bah tandB. For mofualhy exclusire gels and B, Ange 4. The unin and f ialisee oe of Nacht, nel ,2,. oy hi betwne: Ce KUALU. vO Oy D: AOA... Oye, + Con plament : vlument of 4 Seb A, danched by B isthese} ot all elements ook ia A . Ths, as Ae. Soh _ / This alae easy h deo that b= S >» S24, URS, ond ANK =o, se ‘Nacho of sels: ee Y= The comme bakive laws AnB- BOK 7 KhUBe BUA © = The cistibokie laws Se An (euc): (ANB)UCANc) UCB NC) <(huB) A (Au) a — The assucia ie law s : (Au byuc. KUCBRUC) ___t (sn g)ncs AN CBC) (AuB)= ANB | (Amb) = RuB |— 3= Probab Why mnbrodu ced through sels an lave heey The sumplu spate S of @ andum ex peeimont is dafrad a) the | sek of all poss out cames - | m7 spat can be Rik, canhably in Grill or encanbalhy an mL Sa We Gill call S$ a dismal samp space S is conbbl. We ull eal § a Cnbiwes sample x“ F Sis nok canlalle. We de Fine an event 0 a Shad of S_ | Two events of Spots ner are He cordon event, 9 uhich Cnssl of all obec ant ‘ene. clays occurs, and the vmpassible ce | nal evenk, , whch conlains ne oukGmes and hen never ods Yobabyhitico are. weber assigned Io even thal mdiacte aa likdy ibis that Hee even will 2Ccur chen an exper ment a Givrnd.. | B pobeblil, Vow fr a andom experiment is a cule Heb ass pb athe events of He enpedinurk. Ths & pela li favs is 4 Aackon thak assigns a umber to dels Cerenb). | | 7 oe 4 Lek E be arandom expeviment uiith Samp ope S + palabald Dow Sx He eoperimun t isa tule Pc bs each pe a nomber OC) called He jobablt of by thal calirhes the lhavia axioms: reo IT: PCA) 26 Axiom 1: Pcs) = 4 Axom I: TE pnbed, ten B(AuB) = PCA) +48) Axiom I: af BAL Ay oba Sey Jenteee of ens such thal be hy = Voy : Hen CO. a 20.) yo . = Anbabald as 6 relabire frequenys | Examdts An orn sali, Sls Cit, lelel 0,4, and. bh ty delulel tardy. tre He oe igre peaked liv abe idint cal imdb. ant Ny Ch) be the member of Fim in which Hy, oe oe hehe 6, Ly and 2, ropeckre ly al. lek Ha celle heen of abeme oe be fd ty : £, ln) a 5 Y Be statist sealant we mean Fal Stn) VON os olde oat ale an 6 “4 al ie, thal is: Ain, 4 (n) = a di (se) n = P(e) Could He pmbebllpah - the ob Come k).= PCA) +P(B) - PUAUE) PLasu8) = PCN)HHB) - 2UAN 8) < PG) 4008) ~ The tndibonel Prob ab kt B hwo occured is dehnud b O(AIB) = # anettnt A ifinen dd even “an fy WB)>0- P(8) TE Kant & ot ovoboally exclyire 5 ANB 4, Hen PAM oo. Ts con be San from He tacked! pobalil 7 th shal: (ANB) = PCAIB) 98) : Simlad\y iF cam be Shan thab P&B) = PCBIA) 1G) Eseumpls: LAY ~ Toll pala, 4 Let ba Baga by be malvally extlsic ererls sobre S. BUBBLY. UBL i ry erent A can be repreanled 00 the unuin_of mula axclgire even’ tn the Slhaing way: Ae ANS Q dnc pts} VANS) Net poeSina He evens ANB, Gre mufaathy exclusive 5 app bing. | oxi 3, we hives 4 GAY. PCAs) = PCO Canga)) 24 PCAMB) 4 PCANB)4--- + HANES) =ZP CAN Ba) soe Th Aestem on bol polabils, is gicenbey: _| | PCA) = PLAYS) PCB) + PCAB )¥CB.) 4- --+ PCA) IB) = Ss PAI) PCBn) | - Bayes! Them: - Oo a Using Phe om pl of imditiod| polabill, one dorm of Bayes Heorem is chlained by euctag the bes Crpmotians: 2CBalK) = eantsh a _| DAI) Me) © ZR) HB) Ney 5 | Exam gle 4.2 a a __| | 2. Tndesendent evens: a We call Yo events adtisLeally in dep endanls ite pel of oCWrren& of one event is nok cede the ocirren@ of te other event. Mathemat cally, thin shtement ;s equal| ho ae a an MCRL BY 2 PCA) aa | Be Sakstialh indeent ere. We alto have: | | FBLA). PCB) | Sr shaksticell independence dn pee ae hare | = PCANB)= PCALB) PCB) an br shkally undkeptndent evenly y the qbore beds: po Pn’) = PCA) PL) |. Remarks PCAnB) = PCR) PCB) 14 and Base stbshalh, | indepn dant otents - | PNB) 2 sith fr and & are mal, ex cline ctenb. J | Thee hve, vo evenly con net be beth maa exclinre and | en Hen, m order for hwo events hohe | indpendbst Ex ample \.S.) - - | | = Mubhple cienby: Tn He cae of three even Ay, by , and, they ate said le be vadpendnt if, antl oly if, “they are. ind pede by all i pairs and gre also inc pene Wo 4 triple 5 thal is, They mush sukisty He for equabins: = | (ANA) = PCA) PCA) PCAN As) 2 PCA.) PCRS) Hay musk hae ah in krack un ANG 4d,PCAL DAs) = 2 Ch) PCAs) PCA A, DAZ) = PCR) POR) 203) We can goualec the idea fo Hae cae of mae than three events , — no perkie ak: independent evenfs: Tor hwo inclepenclun dt evens 4, aud 4, 1} wouls Hal Ay is | tndependet? of A, Ay is independent of By and Ay is | inde fancnl of hy. Fur three sadupentlenl events Ky Ry and he any ane is imped of He ink oCluren@ of th. ote hwo. ter example. PL ACh Ag}: PCA PCR) PAs) = PER PCAs) with similar slalemenls possible &y the other cuare Ky CAMs) onl Ay OCA, M Aa). Amy one event is als depend ofa usm ot He hue too. For example PLA MCAU Ad]: PCA) PCA VAs) |G. Combined eg evi monte, bg —— Rembined expert ment amsist oF Ayming 4 Sihale ecpaind ob sulably clini indivichal e imenls | ech eck al doorperiments Recall He} «in experiment is defined| by sect Hree quanbilan- They Gre: 7 - The ‘sample pate = The ek dafnadd on He Sam ple S pie and - The probabil tts of ta even’. Whe slur} by delim g thee thee quark kite below- Cami Sam! Consider only hat schol firsk, Lek S, and S. (be te vot spalto whol Solder and let _ | So re the eliments of | S. and Sy cheely. ae s rec called te Combined spit Cals cabled hen protlech Tne whee elemnk are eee ordgied pairs | ds. ye). Thus 4 S hay M elemeak and S, hto Welemanls Hon & call hone MVelamenls, The combined samale sy As danclec| | 3. SxSe Examplesl.C-| «tea = _Evenbs on He Combined spat, = 4 | Cunsidie bus so Sheperi iments with Spl. Spates S, and Ss _ lek K be any evenk dehied on S, ant B be any eval dala obey Hon mn AXB isan event dehtnel on S ne of all pe CS 80 sucht geh of eB Tb can be shown that | AxB = (AxS:) 1 (5,48) Example \G.- 3, = Pbabliihieo: : To compli. The Afinkin of a Conbrud eYptviment we mast 4 potable, fo He evens on the civbined Samgle spate g| ve 5shah Cinyidir He coe thee - PCA BR) =P) 2B) Sche>yermenls bor chich Hae above egy holds are called inbpetl experinenk_ secu To! dee thal! clemenb of S Cone spol by elamenls of Aand B a we mud b sihskbh S, Gr B or 9 Sr A in Hedbste | egal, Hal s: ae | P(AxS2) = PCA) PCS) = POS) PGi xB) = PCS )PCB) 2 PB) = ermularins : ee crimcals often tinvele mule Anal in which obcumeo aie elemals — of a Fim, sams spe and they gre nst rela atl cack bil. for c elenun berg drawn , the number of pasile Sevenlin of e elements fran the original nis denoted by pn anf is fiver b 4 Ord ot relemenls taken fram n= nas) (4-2) Greed) Cn-r)) = PP rch teen hich sepraenh the number of pecmulatuns o depentin, cf t elemenh faleen from n elemenl chen ordir of occurente % tn por bank = Combinakions : LF He ordir oF elomunls in adepente is nck Unporlank, we.readin thd thee aie now fuer possible sequen of celemens taken from n clemunls witha i placomant. THe tslting member of dequentio hve _ordir is nak imporhat is called the Somber of bubinckns ofr Things taken fam n Things. 5 dave biel bys eel The nambers (t) are called binomel weffivienls because Hoyare — onbal fo He expansion of fhe binomial (s+y)" 4a dehied by: | Cory)ts 20%) xy Ff Bernoulli nals; OO _| - This kekt nveluto amy expen warn Ok hoje ate. only hoo | | possible ob ump en any bral, Examples of Sch an experinentare numero: Flipping a Gn y pesnng o- fasleny an exam, reCLANg. Ove at ma bit Shewm, or winning or losing ‘™ «game of chunte ate pk «fe. a _| For Inn if expertmaah, Wwe lek t be He elaheahary ccttnt having | ore of Ha hoo pairble abomus w ib eloman}. Rist oly otter possible dummhry eek, § o-hials, we Shull repeal He basic expert N chines and mine He probabil Luk te is obsirved — exacthy K tinwo ok of He N tale. Such cpa coeimenl are ate teal a Za | —— Asome Hak elementary evn are shikshelly indpendint dr evtre trial, Lek euenh A ne oH any Given dal ‘ais iMA) = The evnt Athen hao pk PCA) ‘= |- Mle ® Maly of He basic egeriount, one parkcular seqvene of orem hoo & ectuigg Bind Slowed by A ocasring (\-) timp, Bectue of assumed shitstial induendena af bial ho. palalait, of thin om spent is moe POR) Pom... PCA} fC) PUA)... PUB), = p*Cl-p) k terms (Nk) terms Thaefie y we Ch orp thet Wooweoge N k Wk PCA ocours exatty k timp ) = Ck)» Cl-p) Example: \ 4.1