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Medicina Herbal
Medicina Herbal
for Herbal
Medicines"
Copyright © 2000 and published by Medical Economics Company, Inc. at Montvale, NJ 07645-1742. Ail rights reserved. None of the content of this
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ISBN: 1-56363-361-2
1
Contents
Foreword iv
Herbal Monographs 1
Profiles of 700 medicinal herbs, including trade names, description, actions, indications, contraindications,
precautions, adverse effects, overdosage, dosage, and literature citations.
Organized alphabetically by accepted common name, and cross-referenced by scientific name.
Glossary 849
A key to the specialized botanical nomenclature and other unfamiliar terminology employed in the herbal monographs.
Foreword
With 150,000 copies of its first edition in print, PDR ing—the findings of the German Regulatory
for Herbal Medicines has almost instantly become one Authority's herbal watchdog agency, commonly called
of the nation's leading pharmacological references. "Commission E." This agency has conducted an
The reasons for its phenomenal reception are evident. intensive assessment of the peer-reviewed literature on
Hundreds of herbal remedies now fill the shelves in some 300 common botanicals, weighing the quality of
virtually every supermarket and pharmacy, and the the clinical evidence and identifying the uses for
popularity of self-medication with "natural" supple- which the herb can reasonably be considered effective.
ments continues to rise, making the benefits—and Its conclusions represent the best expert consensus on
risks—of these preparations an ever more compelling medicinal herbs currently available.
concern.
For the herbs not considered by Commission E, PDR
Now, to better address the host of questions that still for Herbal Medicines provides the results of an
surround most herbal remedies. Physicians' Desk exhaustive literature review conducted by the respect-
Reference® is proud to present this completely revised ed PhytoPharm U.S. Institute of Phytopharmaceuticals
and updated second edition of PDR for Herbal under the direction of noted botanist, Dr. Joerg
Medicines. Significantly enhanced and expanded, this Gruenwald. These additional monographs, now some
new edition extends both the range and depth of the 400 in number, provide a detailed introduction to an
original volume. Among the many improvements array of exotic botanicals that you'll be hard pressed
you'll find: to find in any other source.
• Broader Coverage: With some 100 new entries, To make the information in the monographs as useful
the book now covers a total of 700 botanicals, includ- and accessible as possible, PDR® has echoed the struc-
ing a wide selection of popular Chinese herbs. ture of standard U.S. product labeling. Each mono-
• More Research Data: Hundreds of entries have graph contains up to ten standard sections, covering
been augmented with additional information on safety considerations ranging from description to dosage.
and efficacy. Here's a closer look at what you will find:
• Additional Adverse Effects: The entries include
new information on drug/herb interactions. The Side • Title: Each monograph begins with the herb's
Effects and Interactions indices have been enriched generally accepted common name, followed by its
and expanded scientific name. In addition, all monographs are cross-
• Available Formulations: Whenever applicable, referenced by their botanical designation.
the herbal monographs now list the names and suppli-
ers of popular commercial preparations.
• Trade Names: Listed here are common commer-
• New Indices: The index section has been enhanced
cial preparations of the herb.
with four additional indices:
— Homeopathic Indications Index
• Description: This section provides a detailed
— Asian Indications Index
— Safety Guide botanical overview of the herb, including information
— Manufacturers Index on its medicinal parts; flower and fruit; leaves, stem,
• Better Organization: In this edition, remedies and root; unique characteristics, habitat, production,
appear under their more familiar common name, related plants, and additional common names and syn-
instead of their botanical designation. All monographs onyms.
are cross-referenced by scientific name.
• Actions and Pharmacology: Here you'll find data
One important aspect of the first edition does, howev- on the active compounds or heterogeneous mixtures
er, remain constant. Because it is still extremely hard found in the plant, followed by a summary of the
to come by reliable information on the swarm of herb's clinical effects. If various parts of the plant
unregulated "dietary supplements" in today's market- possess different pharmacological activity, the parts
place, this new edition continues to provide you with are discussed individually, here and throughout the
the closest available analog to FDA-approved label- remainder of the monograph.
FOREWORD V
• Indications and Usage: Information on the uses To assist you in quickly locating the information you
of the herb is listed under five categories, as applica- require, the monographs have been indexed by name,
ble: therapeutic category, general indications, homeopathic
— Approved by Commission E indications, Asian indications, and side effects. To aid
— Unproven Uses you in evaluating potential risk, a drug/herb interac-
— Chinese Medicine tion guide and a safety guide are also included. An
— Indian Medicine index of manufacturers completes the set. Here's an
— Homeopathic overview of what each index provides: .
Approved uses are presented in list fashion. Other
uses are described with provisos as necessary regard- • Alphabetical Index: This index includes all scien-
ing route and form of administration. tific, common, and brand names found in the herbal
monographs, together with appropriate page numbers.
• Contraindications: Although most natural reme-
dies can be used under all medical circumstances, a • Therapeutic Category Index: This index lists the
few pharmacologically potent herbs must be avoided monographs and their page numbers, alphabetically by
in the presence of certain medical conditions. If any accepted common name, under appropriate therapeutic
such contraindications exist, they are summarized category headings. Herbs deemed effective by
here. Commission E are flagged with a (•) symbol at their
left. To facilitate comparison with prescription and
• Precautions and Adverse Reactions: Found in nonprescription drugs, PDR's standard therapeutic cat-
this section are any cautions or special considerations egories are used throughout.
regarding safe use of the herb, including any restric-
tions on use in pregnancy or childhood. Although • Indications Index: This index lists herbs and their
most herbal remedies are notably free of known side page numbers, alphabetically by accepted common
effects, any reported in the available literature are name, under their various indications. Herbs deemed
noted here. effective for the indication by Commission E are
flagged with a (•) symbol at their left. To help you
• Overdosage: As we all know, "natural" is not syn- quickly identify conventional alternatives, the indica-
onymous with "benign," and an overdose of many tion headings match those found in PDR's Indications
"healing" herbs can have serious—even fatal—conse- Index, which appears in the PDR Companion Guide™
quences. Whenever adverse effects of overdose have and the PDR Electronic Library ™ CD-ROM.
been found in the literature, they are reported here,
along with the appropriate medical interventions to be • Homeopathic Indications Index: Included in this
undertaken when an overdose occurs. index are only the uses found in homeopathy. Herbs,
which homeopaths typically prescribe by scientific
• Dosage: Listed here are common modes of admin- name, are listed here in the same manner, followed by
istration, forms and strengths of available commercial their accepted common name in parentheses. As in
preparations, methods for preparing the natural herb, the main indications index, headings are chosen to
and representative dosage recommendations drawn match those in the PDR Companion Guide.
from the literature. Note, however, that dosage recom-
mendations can be used only as a general guide. The • Asian Indications Index: Entries in this index are
potency of individual preparations and extracts is sub- limited to uses found in Chinese and Indian medicine.
ject to substantial variation, so the manufacturer's (Chinese entries are signified with a "C;" Indian
directions should be consulted whenever available. entries with an "I.") Herbs are listed by accepted com-
mon name. Once again, indication headings employ
• Literature: This section provides you with a the nomenclature used in the PDR Companion Guide.
unique bibliography of the technical literature.
Because German researchers have been particularly • Side Effects Index: In this index, you'll find a list
active in the herbal arena, you will find an unusual of all herbs associated with a given adverse reaction.
number of German-language citations. However, Herbs are listed alphabetically by accepted common
work in the English literature is included as well. name, with the scientific name and page number
VI PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
appended. Nomenclature employed in the side effect evidence and cannot be considered firm or final. The
headings matches that used in PDR's Side Effects publisher does not warrant that any herb will unfail-
Index, another feature of the PDR Companion Guide ingly and uniformly exhibit the properties ascribed to
and the PDR Electronic Library CD-ROM. it by Germany's Commission E or any other scientific
authority.
• Drug/Herb Interactions Guide: In this convenient
reference, each potential interaction is listed under In the United States, herbal products are marketed
both the name of the drug and the name of the interact- under the provisions of the Dietary Supplement and
ing herb. A brief description of the interaction's effect Health Education Act of 1994, which prohibits their
follows each item. sale for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of
any disease. Enumeration of specific commercial
• Safety Guide: This section lists botanicals in three preparations within an herbal monograph should not
precautionary categories: be construed as a claim or warranty of their efficacy
— Not for use during pregnancy for any purpose, by either the manufacturer or the pub-
— Not for use while nursing lisher. Furthermore, it should be understood that, just
— For use only under supervision as omission of a product does not signify rejection,
Here, the scientific, common, and brand names of all inclusion of a product does not imply endorsement,
herbs in each category are listed alphabetically, togeth- and that the publisher is not advocating the use of any
er with the appropriate page number for further infor- product or substance described herein.
mation.
Please remember, too, that dosing of herbal prepara-
• Manufacturers Index: This index provides you tions is highly dependent on a variety of factors, such
with contact information for each supplier whose prod- as cultivation and harvesting conditions, the specific
ucts appear in the herbal monographs. The names of parts of the plant to be processed, the extraction meth-
the products, together with the page number of the ods employed, and the dosage form chosen by the
monograph in which they appear, are included in each manufacturer. Since there are no official standards
manufacturer's entry. governing the production of herbal medicines in the
United States, and the potency and the purity of herbal
Following the indices, just as in PDR itself, you'll find products are subject to substantial variation, dosage
an extensive full-color identification section. The first ranges set forth in the herbal monographs must be
part of the section—the Herb Identification Guide— employed only as general guidelines.
encompasses nearly 400 of the most widely used
herbs. The second part—the Product Identification In addition, the publisher does not guarantee that
Guide—includes photos of some of the more popular every possible hazard, adverse effect, contraindication,
commercial formulations. Together, these guides pro- precaution, or consequence of overdose is included in
vide you with a truly unique reference unmatched in the summaries presented here. The publisher has per-
any other printed resource. We've also included a formed no independent verification of the data report-
brief glossary of the unfamiliar terms found in the ed herein, and expressly disclaims responsibility for
monographs. any error, whether inherent in the underlying literature
or resulting from erroneous translation, transcription,
PDR for Herbal Medicines is the product of one of the or typography.
most thorough and inclusive examinations of the
herbal literature ever undertaken. Nevertheless, it's When patients approach you—as they surely will—for
important to remember that it merely summarizes and advice on the latest herbal "discovery" to hit the night-
synthesizes key data from the underlying research ly news, we hope that PDR for Herbal Medicines will
reports, and of necessity includes neither every pub- provide you with all the facts you need to offer sound,
lished report nor every recorded fact. rational guidance firmly grounded in fact. Certainly
such counseling is the aim of every dedicated health
As in all scientific investigation, conclusions regarding care professional. And at PDR, we fully share that
the effectiveness of the herbs discussed in this com- goal.
pendium are based on the preponderance of current
1-1
Alphabetical Index
Listed here are all scientific, common, and brand names to be found in the herbal monographs.
Generally accepted common names that serve as monograph titles appear in bold type. Scientific
names are shown in italic type. Brand names are followed by the supplier's name in parentheses.
If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant or product in the
Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph.
Alcohol Free Chaste Tree Alfalfa Herbs Tablets Aloe Vera Concentrate 5000
Berry Liquid (Nature Made) 12 Capsules (Mason Vitamins) . . . . 16
(Nature's Answer) 176 Alfalfa Leaf Capsules Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant
Alcohol Free Dandelion Root (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) 12 Laxative Capsules
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .245 Alfalfa Liquid (Nature's Herbs) 16
Alcohol Free Ginger Root (McZand, Nature's Answer) .. .12 Aloe Vera Super-Strength
Fluid Extract Alfalfa Natural Tablets Liquid
(Nature's Answer) 339 (Nature's Bounty) 12 (Pharmaceutical Labs) 16
Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb Alfalfa Tablets (Apothecary, Aloe-Root 11
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . . 359 Basic Vitamins, Major, Aloysia triphylla 463
Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid Mason Vitamins,
(Nature's Answer) 409 National Vitamin, ALPINE CRANBERRY
Nature's Resource, (Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . . . . G-3, 20
Alcohol Free Kava Kava
Rexall Consumer) 12
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .443 ALPINE RAGWORT
Alfalfa Whole Juice
Alcohol Free Milk Thistle (Senecio nemorensis) 21
Concentrate Liquid
Seed Liquid
(Futurebiotics) 12 Alpine Strawberry G-23, 735
(Nature's Answer) 516 Alfamin Tablets (Key Co.) 12
Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves Alpinia officinarum 467
Liquid (Nature's Answer) 532
ALISMA Alstonia Bark 305
Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf (Alisma plantago- Alstonia constricta 305
Liquid (Nature's Answer) aquatica) G-3, 13
729 ALTERIS
Alcohol Free Passionflower Alisma plantago-aquatica . . . . G-3, 13 (Aletris farinosa) 11
Liquid (Nature's Answer) 573 ALKANET
Alcohol Free Red Raspberry Alterra Extended-Release
(Alkanna tinctoria) G-3, 13
Leaf Liquid Tablets (Upsher-Smith) 719
Alkanet Root G-3, 13 Althaea officinalis 505
(Nature's Answer) 630
Alkanna tinctoria G-3, 13 Althea 505
Alcohol Free Sage Liquid Ail-Heal
(Nature's Answer) 655 Althea Rose G-14, 398
{Valeriana officinalis) . . . .G-25, 783 Alumsroot 233
Alcohol Free White Willow All-Heal (Viscum album) . . .0-11, 291
Bark Liquid Alvita Astragalus Root
Allium cepa G-19, 557
(Nature's Answer) 807 Tea Bags (Alvita Tea) 54
Allium sativum G-12, 327
Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers Amanita muscaria G-3, 8
Allium schoenoprasum G-8, 188
Liquid (Nature's Answer) . . . .833 Amantilla G-25, 783
Allium ursinum 66
Alcohol Free Yellowdock Allseed Nine-Joints G-IS, 448 AMARANTH
Root Liquid Allspice 590 (Amaranthus
(Nature's Answer) 835 ALMOND hypochondriacus) G-3, 22
Alder Buckthorn c-12, 317
(Prunus dulcis) 15 Amaranthus
Alder Dogwood G-12, 317
Alehoof .372 Alnus glutinosa G-S, 89 hypochondriacus G-3, 22
Alerce 660 ALOE AMARGO
Aletris farinosa 11 (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe (Quassia amara) . .. .r G-3, 23
Alexandrian Senna G-22, 684 capensis; Aloe vera) G-3, ie
Amber G-23, 719
ALFALFA
Aloe 99 Gel (Lee) ie
Ambretta 533
(Medicago sativa) G-3, 12
Aloe barbadensis G-3, ie
Ambrette Seed ' 533
Aloe capensis G-3, ie
Alfalfa Capsules Aloe ferox ie Ambroise G-26, 826
(Nature's Way) 12 Aloe vera G-3, 16 AMERICAN ADDER'S TONGUE
Alfalfa Concentrate Tablets Aloe Vera Capsules (ADH, (Erythronium americanum) . . . .24
(Freeda) 12 Herbal Harvest, National
Alfalfa Fortified Tablets Vitamin, Nature's Bounty, AMERICAN BITTERSWEET
(Mason Vitamins) 12 Nature's Way) ie (Celastrus scandens) 24
1-4/ASS'S FOOT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ASS'S Foot G-9, 209 Ballota nigra G-S, 98 Bayberry (Myrica cerifera) .G-22, 705
Asthma Weed G-ief 479 Balm G-16, 46i Bayberry (Myrica gale) . . . .G-24, 745
Astragali 54 Balm of Gilead Fir 714 Bayberry Bark Capsules
(Nature's Herbs) 705
ASTRAGALUS BALMONY
Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid
(Astragalus species) 54 (Chelone glabra) G-4, 59
Extract (Nature's Answer) . . . .705
Astragalus Capsules Balsam Fir 714 Bayberry Root Capsules
(Natrol, Solaray) 54 Balsam of Peru G-24, 764 (Nature's Way) 705
Astragalus gummifer 767 Balsam of Tolu G-24, 764 Bean Herb G-23, 739
Astragalus Liquid Balsam Styracis G-23, 734
BEAN POD
(Nature's Answer) 54 Balsam Tree G-24, 764
(Phaseolus vulgaris) G-4, 65
Astragalus Root Capsules Balsam-Weed 436
(Nature's Way) 54 Bean Trifoil 452
BAMBOO
Astragalus Root Liquid Bearberry G-25, 779
(Arundinaria japonica) . . . . G-4, 60
(McZand) 54 Bearbind G-13, 367
Astragalus species 54 Banana 597 Beard Moss 778
Astragalus Vegicaps (Solgar) . . . .54 Banana Tree 597 Bearded Darnel G-24, 756
Athyrium filix-femina G-15, 454 Band Man's Plaything G-26, 833 Bear's Foot
Atractylodes japonica 430 BANEBERRY
(Alchemilla vulgaris) G-15, 456
Atractylodes lancea 706 (Actaea spicata) 60 Bear's Foot
Atropa belladonna G-4, 69 (Helleborus viridis) 368
Banisteriopsis caapi 833
August Flower 379 BEAR'S GARLIC
Bantu Tulip 7
Australian Febrifuge 305 (Allium ursinum) 66
Baptisia tinctoria G-26, 812
Australian Fever Bush 305
Barbary 487 Bear's Grape G-20, 602
Australian Pepper Tree 139
Bear's Paw Root G-17, 493
Australian Quinine 305 BARBERRY
Bear's Weed 84i
Autumn Crocus G-9, 206 (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61
Bearsgrape G-25, 779
Ava G-15, 443 Barber's Brush G-24, 757 Beaver Poison G-13, 386
Ava Pepper G-15, 443 Bardana G-7, 128 Beaver Tree 490
Avena sativa G-IS, 551
BARLEY Beccabunga G-6, 121
Avens Root G-4, 71
(Hordeum distichon) G-4, 63 Bedstraw 193
Averrhoa carambola 148
Bee Balm 562
Barley Grain Capsules
AVOCADO Bee Nettle G-25, soe
(Persea americana) 57 (ADH) 63
Beechdrops 109
Barosma betulina 691
Beeflower G-25, 792
Ayahuasca 833 Barweed 193 Beefsteak Plant 583
Ayegreen G-14, 411 Basam G-22, 672 Bees' Nest G-25, 809
Ayron G-14, 411 Basics Stinging Nettles
Azedarach G-18, 539 Capsules (Natrol) 729 BEET
(Beta vulgaris) G-4, 67
BASIL
B Beg Kei 54
(Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64
Beggar's Blanket G-IS, 532
Babul Bark . '. .3 Basil Thyme 138 Beggar's Buttons G-7, 128
Backache Root G-17, 503 Bastard Cinnamon 182 Beggarweed
Badiana G-23, 725 Bastard Jasmine 487 (Cuscuta epithymum) G-10, 254
BAEL Bastard Saffron 652 Beggarweed
(Aegle marmelos) 58 Batchelor's Buttons (Polygonum aviculare) . . G-15, 448
(Centaurea cyanus) G-9, 225 Beggary G-12, 322
Bahama Cascarilla ise
Batchelor's Buttons
Bahia Powder 352 BEHEN
(Ranunculus acris) 133
Bai-Zi-Ren seo (Moringa oleifera) 67
Bay G-15, 459
BALLOON-FLOWER Bay Laurel G-15, 459 Bei Qi 54
(Platycodon grandiflorum) 58 Bay Tree G-15, 459 Bel 58
ALPHABETICAL INDEX ASS EAR/I-3
American Cotton Plant 228 Angelica archangelica G-3, 32 Arnica Root .41
American Ginseng 346 Angelica Root Liquid Fluid ARRACH
American Ginseng Capsules Extract (Nature's Answer) 32 (Chenopodium vulvaria) 43
(Nature's Resource) 346 Angel's Wort G-3, 32
American Ginseng Root Arrow Poison 450
ANGOSTURA
Capsules (Frontier, Arrow Wood G-12, 317
(Galipea officinalis) 34
Nature's Herbs) 346 ARROWROOT
American Greek Valerian . . . . c-3, 3 ANISE (Maranta arundinacea) 43
(Pimpinella anisum) G-3, 35
AMERICAN HELLEBORE Arruda Brava G-IS, 425
(Veratrum viride) 25 Aniseed Stars G-23, 725 Arruda Do Mato G-IS, 425
Annual Wormwood Grass 83i Arryan 178
American Ipecacuanha 421 Antelaea azadirachta G-18, 539 Arsesmart 699
AMERICAN IVY Antennaria dioica G-8, 162 Artemisia absinthium G-26, 829
(Parthenocissus Anthoxanthum odoratum . . . G-24, 749 Artemisia cina 827
quinquefolia) G-3, 26 Anthyllis vulneraria G-9, 214 Artemisia dracunculus G-12, 320
AMERICAN LIVERLEAF Aphanes arvensis 570 Artemisia vulgaris G-i8, 530
(Hepatica nobilis) 26 Apium graveolens G-8, 172 Arthritica 231
Apocynum cannabinum 418
American Nightshade G-20, 602 ARTICHOKE
APPLE TREE (Cynara scolymus) G-4, 44
AMERICAN PAWPAW
(Malus domestica) G-4, 37
(Asimina triloba) 27 ARUM
BILBERRY
Bishopswort BLACK COHOSH
(Aegopodium podagraria) G-13, 361 (Cimicifitga racemosa) . . . . G-S, 92
(Vaccinium myrtillus) G-5, 7 5
Bishopswort
Bilberry Capsules (Bergen Black Cohosh Capsules
(Betonica officinalis) G-26, 825
Brunswig, Cardinal, Major, (Frontier, Herbal Harvest,
Bissy Nut 205
Mason Vitamins, Natrol, Nature's Way,
BISTORT Rexall Consumer) 92
Naturalife, Nature's
(Persicaria bistorta) G-S, 82 Black Cohosh Power
Bounty, Perrigo, Rexall
Consumer, Sundown, BITTER APPLE Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92
Zenith Goldline) 75 (Citrullus colocynthis) G-S, 83 BLACK CURRANT
Bilberry Extract Capsules Bitter Ash (Picrasma excelsa) .. 622 (Ribes nigrum) G-S, 94
(ADH, Futurebiotics, Bitter Ash (Quassia amara) . G-3, 23 Black Currant Capsules
Humco, Nature's Way) 75 Bitter Bark G-7, 153 (Health from the Sun) 94
Bilberry Herb Capsules
BITTER CANDYTUFT Black Currant Oil Capsules
(Natrol) 75
(Iberis amara) 84 (Neurovites) 94
Bilberry Leaf Capsules
Black Elder G - I I , 287
(Frontier) 75 Bitter Clover G-8, 174
Bilberry Power Capsules Bitter Cucumber G-S, 83 BLACK HAW
(Nature's Herbs) 75 I Bitter Damson 695 (Viburnum prunifolium) . . . G-S, 96
1-6/BLACK HELLEBORE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
British Tobacco . G-9, 209 Bugula G-6, 125 (Juglans cinerea) 134
BROAD BEAN
Bugwort G-5, 92 Button Snakeroot G-17, 503
(Vicia faba) 120 BULBOUS BUTTERCUP Buttonhole 38i
(Ranunculus bulbosus) 128 Buttons G-24, 754
Broad-Leafed-Laurel G-18, 528
Buxus sempervirens G-6, l i e
Broad-Leaved-Garlic 66 Bullock's Eye G-14, 411
Brook Bean G-6, 110 Bull's Eyes G-17, 503
C
BROOKLIME
Bullsfoot G-9, 209
Bupleurum Chinese 187 CABBAGE
(Veronica beccabunga) . . . G-6, 121
Burage G-6, 114 (Brassica oleracea) G-7, 134
Broom G-22, 672
BURDOCK
BROOM CORN Cabbage Rose 644
(Arctium lappa) G-7, 128
(Sorghum vulgare) 121 Cabbage Tablets (Freeda) 134
Burdock Root Capsules Cacao G-8, 199
Broomtops ...' G-22, 672 (Frontier, Nature's Herbs) . . . . 128 Caesalpinia bonducella 253
Browme G-22, 672 Burdock Root Fluid Extract Caffea G-9, 202
BROWN KELP (Nature's Answer) 128 Caffeine-Free Ginger Root
(Macrocystis pyrifera) 122 Burnet Saxifrage G-19, 591 Tea Bags (Alvita Tea) 339
Brownwort G-22, 68i BURNING BUSH CAJUPUT
Bruisewort (Dictamnus albus) G-7, 130 (Melaleuca leucadendra) . G-7, 136
(Bellis perennis) G-26, 811
Burning Bush G-25, 791 CALABAR BEAN
Bruisewort
BURR MARIGOLD (Physostigma yenenosum) 137
(Saponaria officinalis) . . . G-22, 701
Bruisewort (Bidens tripartita) . . . . . . . G-7, 131 CALAMINT
(Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212 Burr Seed G-7, 128 (Calamintha nepeta) 138
I-8/CALAMINTHA NEPETA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
^
I-10/CHICKWEED CAPSULES PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Durfa Grass G-25, 771 Echinacea Capsules (ADH, Eleutherococcus senticosus 693
Durri 121 Bergen Brunswig, Cardinal, Elfdock G-10, 266
Celestial Seasonings, ElfwOrt O-10, 266
DUSTY MILLER
Contract Pharmacal, Herbal Ellanwood 0-11, 287
(Senecio bicolor) 258
Harvest, Humco, Irwin, Ellhorn G-II, 287
Dutch Myrtle G-24, 745 Mason Vitamins,
ELM BARK
Dutch Rushes G-i4, 409 McKesson, National
(Ulmus minor) 6-10, 269
Dutchman's Breeches 775 Vitamin, Nature Made,
Nature's Bounty, Perrigo, EltTOOt G-13, 361
Dwale G-4, 69
Rexall Consumer, Rexall Elytrigig Repens G-25, 771
Dwarf Bay c-17, 515
Managed Care, Sundown, Emetic Herb G-16, 479
Dwarf Carline 151
Zenith Goldline) 261
Emetic Weed o-ie, 479
DWARF ELDER Echinacea Liquid (McZand, Enchanter's Plant G-25, 788
(Sambucus ebulus) 259 Pharmaceutical Labs) 261
Enebro G-15, 440
ENGLISH ADDER'S TONGUE
Dwarf Flax 526 ECHINACEA PALLIDA
Dwarf-Pine c-22, 674 (Echinacea pallida) 261
(Ophioglossum vulgatum) 269
Dwayberry G-4, 69 Echinacea pallida . . . 261
ENGLISH CHAMOMILE
Dyeberry G-5, 75 (Chamaemelum nobile) . . .0-10, 270
ECHINACEA PURPUREA
DYER'S BROOM (Echinacea purpurea) G-10, 261
English Cowslip 231
(Genista tinctoria) G-10, 260 English Greek Valerian . .. G-15, 427
Echinacea purpurea G-10, 26i
ENGLISH HAWTHORN
Dyer's Bugloss 0-3, 13 Echinacea purpurea Root
Capsules (Frontier) 26i (Crataegus laevigata) . . . .0-10, 271
Dyer's Greenwood G-10, 260
Dyer's Madder G-ie, 490 Echinacea Root Capsules ENGLISH HORSEMINT
Dyer's Saffron 652 (Key Co., Major) 261 (Mentha longifolia) 0-10, 275
Dyer's Weed G-10, 260 Echinacea Root Herbal ENGLISH IVY
Dyer's Whin G-10, 260 Capsules (Apothecary) 261 (Hedera helix) 0-10, 275
Dysentery Bark 695 Echinacea Standardized
Capsules ENGLISH LAVENDER
Dysentery Weed 236 (Lavandula angustifolia) . G-10, 277
(Rexall Consumer) 26i
Eggs and Bacon 840 English Mandrake
Eggs and Collops 840 (Bryonia alba) G-25, soo
Eagle Vine 216 Eglantine Gall G-10, 254 English Mandrake
Early Fumitory 226 Egyptian Alcee 533 (Bryonia cretica) 632
Earth Gall 25 Egyptian Privet G-14, 391 English Masterwort 0-13, 36i
Earth Smoke G-12,322 Egyptian Thorn 378 English Oak 0-18, 549
Earthbank G-8, 192 Elder G-II, 287 ENGLISH PLANTAIN
Elder Flowers Capsules
East India Catarrh Root 467 (Plantago lanceolata) . .. .0-11, 278
(Frontier) 287
East India Root 467 English Sarsaparilla G-8, 192
Elderberry Flowers & Berries
East Indian Almond G-7, 157 English Watercress 384
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .287
Easter Rower 572 Ephedra o-ie, 488
Elderberry Power Capsules
Easter Giant o-s, 82 (Nature's Herbs) 287 Ephedra sinica o-ie, 488
Easter Mangiant G-5, 82 Ephedrine o-ie, 488
ELECAMPANE
Echinacea 261 Epigae repens 768
(Inula helenium) G-10, 266 Epilobium angustifolium ... .0-26, 818
ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA
Elemi 184 Epright Sumach 600
(Echinacea angustifolia) 261
Equisetum arvense 0-14, 409
ELEPHANT-EARS
Echinacea angustifolia 261
(Bergenia crassifolia) 268 ERGOT
Echinacea Angustifolia Herb (Claviceps purpurea) 280
Elettaria cardamomum G-7, 149
Capsules (Frontier) 26i
Eleuthero Ginseng Root Eriffe 193
Capsules (Frontier) 346 Erigeron canadensis 0-7, 144
ALPHABETICAL INDEX FEVERFEW/1-15
Eringo G-11, 282 European Vervain G-25, 788 Fake Saffron 652
Eriodictyon 84i EUROPEAN WATER HEMLOCK
False Bittersweet 24
Eriodictyon californicum 841 False Box G-IO, 256
(Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297
Eryngium campestre G - H , 282 False Cinnamon 182
European Wild Pansy 382 False Coltsfoot 48
ERYNGO
EuroQuality Juniper Berries False Grapes G-3, 26
(Eryngium campestre) G-11, 282
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .440 False Hellebore G-3, 5
Eryngo-Leaved Liverwort 415 EuroQuality Red Clover False Jacob's Ladder G-3, 3
Erysimum 384 Blossoms Capsules False Jasmin 838
Erysimum diffusum 365 (Nature's Herbs) 633 False Pepper 139
Erythronium 24
EVENING PRIMROSE FALSE SCHISANDRA
Erythronium americanum 24 (Oenothera biennis) G-11, 298
Erythroxylum coca 197 (Kadsura japonica) 301
Eschscholtzia californica . . . G-7, 140 Evening Primrose Capsules
FALSE UNICORN ROOT
Estragon G-12, 320 (Major) 298
(Veratrum luteum) 301
Eternal Flower 417 Evening Primrose Oil
Capsules (ADH, Bergen Featherfew 0-11, 3oe
EUCALYPTUS Brunswig, Mason Vitamins, Featherfoil G-11, 3oe
(Eucalyptus globulus) G-11, 283 National Vitamin, Natrol, Felon Herb G-IS, 530
Eucalyptus globulus . . . G-11, 283 Nature's Bounty) 298 Felonwood G-5, 88
Eugenia chequen 178 Evergreen Snakeroot 85 Felonwort G-5, 88
Eugenia unifloria 742 Everlasting 236 Feltwort G-IS, 532
Euonymus atropurpurea G-25, 791 Everlasting Friendship 193 Fenkel G-11, 302
Eupatorium cannabinum G-13, 388 Eve's CupS G-20, 596
FENNEL
Eupatorium perfoliatum G-6, 113 Ewe Daisy G-8, 192
(Foeniculum vulgare) . . . G-11, 302
Euphorbia cyparissias . . G-9, 242 Ex-Lax Maximum Strength
Euphorbia resinifera 716 (Novartis Consumer) 684 Fennel Seed Capsules
Euphrasia 300 Eye Balm G-13, 355 (Nature's Way) 302
Euphrasia officinalis 300 Eye Root G-13, 355 Fennel Seed Liquid
European Angelica G-3, 32 (Nature's Answer) 302
EYEBRIGHT
European Ash G-4, 50 (Euphrasia officinalis) 300 FENUGREEK
European Aspen 0-20, 607 (Trigonella foenum-
Eyebright
European Avens G-4, 71 graecum) G-11, 304
(Centaurium erythraea) . . . G-8, 174
European Barberry G-4, ei
Eyebright (Lobelia inflata) .G-i6, 479 Fenugreek Capsules
European Bitter Polygala 88
Eyebright Capsules (Herbal (Nature's Way) 304
European Cranberry o-s, 96
Harvest, Major, Nature's Fenugreek Seed Capsules
EUROPEAN ELDER Bounty, Nature's Herbs, (Frontier) 304
(Sambucus nigra) o-ii, 287 Nature's Resource) 300 Fern 0-17, 493
EUROPEAN FIVE-FINGER GRASS Eyebright Herb Capsules Ferula 0-23, 738
(Potentilla reptans) G-11, 289 (Frontier) 300 Ferula foetida 47
Ferula gummosa 323
EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD
Ferula sumbul G-23, 738
(Solidago virgaurea) G-11,289
Fetid Nightshade G-14, 389
Fagopyrum esculentum o-6, 124
European Larch o-is, 457
Fairy Bells 827 FEVER BARK
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE Fairy Caps (Alstonia constricta) 305
(Viscum album) .. G-11, 291 (Digitalis purpurea) 0-10, 248
Fever Plant 0-11, 298
EUROPEAN PEONY Fairy Caps (Primula veris) 231
Fever Root 220
(Paeonia officinalis) G-11, 295 Fairy Fingers G-IO, 248
Fever Tree 0-11, 283
Fairy Flax 526
EUROPEAN SANICLE Fever Twig G-5, 88
Fairy Gloves G-IO, 248
(Sanicula europaea) 296 Fairy Thimbles G-IO, 248 FEVERFEW
European Senega Snakeroot .85 Fairy-Wand 301 (Tanacetum parthenium) . G-11, 306
1-16 /FEVERFEW CAPSULES PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Golden Seal Root Capsules Gotu Kola Capsules (ADH, GREATER BINDWEED
(Bergen Brunswig, Herbal Bergen Brunswig, Frontier, (Calystegia sepium) G-13, 367
Harvest, Major, McKesson, Major, Mason Vitamins, Grecian Laurel G-15, 459
Nature's Bounty, Nature's Nature's Resource, Rexall Greek Hay Seed G-11, 304
Herbs, Nature's Way, Consumer, Sundown, Greek Nuts 15
Zenith Goldline) 355 Zenith Goldline) 359
Gotu Kola Herb Capsules GREEK SAGE
Golden Senecio 354
(McKesson) 359 (Salvia triloba) 367
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
Gotu Kola Herb Liquid Green Bean G-4, 65
(Cassia fistula) G-13, 354 (Nature's Way) 359 Green Broom G-10, 260
GOLDENSEAL Gotu Kola Liquid (McZand) . . . . 359 Green Endive 453
(Hydrastis canadensis) . G-13, 355 Gout Herb G-13, 36i Green Ginger G-26, 829
Goutberry G-6, 104
Goldenseal 563 GREEN HELLEBORE
(Conium maculatum) G-13, 386 Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .339 (Ilex aquifolium) G-14, 397
Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root Holly Bay 490
Hemlock Bark G-19, 594
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .355 Holly Thistle G-6, 107
Hemlock Gum G-19, 594
Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng
Hemlock Spruce 714 HOLLYHOCK
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .346
HEMP AGRIMONY Herbal Sure Maximum (Alcea rosea) G-14, 398
(Eupatorium Strength Ginkgo Biloba Holly-Leaved Berberis G-IS, 527
cannabinum) G-13, 388 Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .342 Holm G-14, 397
HEMPNETTLE
Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto Holme Chase G-14, 397
Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .664 Holy Herb 84i
(Galeopsis segetum) G-13, 389
Herbal Sure Valerian Root Holy Rope G-13, 388
Hen Bell G-14, 389 Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .783 Holy Tree
Herb-of-Grace (Antelaea azadirachta) . . G-18, 539
HENBANE
(Ruta graveolens) G-21, 648 Holy Tree (Ilex aquifolium) G-14, 397
(Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389
Herb-of-Grace Honey Plant G-16, 461
Hendibeh G-8, ISI (Verbena officinalis) G-25, 788 Honeybloom 418
HENNA Herbygrass G-21, 648
HONEYSUCKLE
(Lawsonia inermis) G-14, 391 Hercules Woundwort G-22, 68i
(Lonicera caprifolium) 399
Herniaria glabra G-21, eso
Henne G-14, 391
Herniary G-21, eso Hoodwort G-22, 678
Hens and Chickens G-14, 411 Hop Fruit G-10, 254
Hep Tree G-10, 254 HIBISCUS
Lemon-Scented Verbena 463 (Convallaria majalis) G-16, 475 (Lysimachia vulgaris) . . . .G-16, 481
Musquash Root G-13, 386 (Antelaea azadirachta) . . .G-IS, 539 (Morinda citrifolia) G-IS, 544
Mustard G-25, sos Neem Capsules NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
Mutton Chops 193 (Nature's Way) 539 (Zanthoxylum americanum) . . . 545
Mu-Xiang 227 Nelumbo nucifera G-16, 481
Mygrafew Tablets Norway Pine 714
NEPALESE CARDAMOM Norway Spruce 714
(Nature's Way) 306
(Amomum aromaticum) 540 Nose Bleed G-26, 833
Myosotis arvensis G-12, 316
Myrica G-22, 705 Nepeta cataria G-S, 164 NUTMEG
Myrica cerifera G-22, 705 Nerium oleander G-19, 555 (Myristica fragrans) G-IS, 545
Myrica gale G-24, 745 Neroli G-5, 86
Myristica fragrans . . . . . . . . G-IS, 545 NuVeg Black Cohosh Root
NERVE ROOT
Myrobalan 772 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92
(Cypripedium calceolus) 541
Myroxylon balsamum G-24, 764 NuVeg Eyebright Capsules
Netchweed 43 (Nature's Herbs) 300
MYRRH
Nettle G-23, 729 NuVeg Feverfew Leaf
(Commiphora molmol) . . .G-IS, 534
Nettle Capsules (McZand) 729 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 3 0 6
Myrrh Commiphora Oil Nettle Herb Capsules NuVeg Ginkgo Power
(Aura Cacia) 534 (Nature's Way) 729 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342
ALPHABETICAL INDEX PALI-MARA / I - 2 9
NuVeg Red Clover Old Man's Root G-23, 711 Oregon Grape
Combination Capsules Olea europaea G-19, 556 (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61
(Nature's Herbs) 633 Oregon Grape
OLEANDER
NuVeg Valerian Root (Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-18, 527
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 783 (Nerium oleander) G-19, 555 Oregon Grape Liquid
Olibanum 319 (Herb Pharm) 527
NUX VOMICA
Oregon Grape Root Liquid
(Strychnos nux vomica) . G-18, 547
OLIVE (Nature's Answer) 527
Nymphaea odorata G-3, 28 (Olea europaea) G-19, 556
ORIENTAL ARBORVITAE
Olive Leaf Power Capsules
(Thuja orientalis) 560
(Nature's Herbs) 556
Olivier G-19, 556 Oriental Ginseng 346
OAK
One Berry G-14, 392 Oriental Sesame 688
(Quercus robur) G-18, 549 One-A-Day Cholesterol Origano G-19, 559
Oak Fern G-IS, 454 Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327 Origanum majorana G-24, 746
One-A-Day Cold Season Origanum vulgare G-19, 559
OAK GALL
Tablets (Bayer) G-29, 261 Original Primrose for
(Quercus infectoria) 550
One-A-Day Garlic Capsules Women Capsules
Oak Lungs 484
(Bayer) G-29, 327 (Naturalife) 298
Oat Bran Chewable Tablets
One-A-Day Memory & ORRIS
(National Vitamin) 551
Concentration Tablets (Iris species) G-19, 56i
Oat Bran Tablets (Major,
(Bayer) G-29, 342
Mason Vitamins, Nature's Orthosiphon spicatus 434
One-A-Day Menopause
Bounty) 551 Oryza sativa G-21, 643
Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92
Oatmeal G - 1 8 , 551 Osier G-IO, 256
One-A-Day Prostate Health
OATS Capsules (Bayer) G-29, 664 Osterick G-S, 82
(Avena sativa) G-IS, 531 One-A-Day Tension & Mood OSWEGO TEA
Oatstraw Capsules (McZand) . . . 5 5 1 Tablets (Bayer) G-29, 719 (Monarda didyma) 562
Oatstraw Liquid (McZand) 551 ONION Our Lady's Flannel G-18, 532
Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Our Lady's Keys 231
Oderwort G-S, 82 Our Lady's Mint G-23, 709
Odorless Garlic Capsules Ononis spinosa G-23, 713
Our Lady's Tears G-IS, 475
(Nature's Herbs) 327 Onopordum acanthium G-22, 678
Owler G-5, 89
Oenanthe aquatica G-25, 796 Ophioglossum vulgatum 269
Oxadoddy 104
Oenanthe crocata 795 OPIUM ANTIDOTE Oxalis acetosella 827
Oenothera biennis 0-11, 298 (Combretum micranthum) 559 Ox-Eye G-3, 5
Ofbit G-20, 612
Oil Nut 134
Opium Poppy G-20, 609 OX-EYE DAISY
Palma Christi G-7, 158 Parsley Leaf Liquid Pellote G-19, 588
Palmers Aloe Vera Formula (Nature's Answer) 567
PENNYROYAL
Cream (E.T. Browne) 16 Parsley Piercestone 570
(Mentha pulegium) 579
Palsy Root G-17, 503 PARSLEY PIERT
Palsywort 231 Pennywort 840
(Aphanes arvensis) 570
Panama Bark G-20, 624 Peony 0-11, 295
PARSNIP
Panax ginseng 346 Pepper Bark (Drimys winteri) . . . 820
(Pastinaca sativa) G-19, 571 Pepper Bark
Panax Ginseng Capsules
(Celestial Seasonings) 346 Parson and Clerk 46 (Piper nigrum) G-6, 103
Papaver rhoeas 223 Parthenocissus quinquefolia G-3, 26 Pepper-and-Salt G-22, 690
Papaver somniferum G-20, 609 Partridge Berry 820
PEPPERMINT
PapaW G-19, 565 PASQUE FLOWER (Mentha piperita) G-19, 580
(Pulsatilla pratensis) 572
PAPAYA Perdiem Fiber Therapy
(Carica papaya) G-19, 565 Pasque Flower 824 (Novartis Consumer) G-29, 612
Passe Flower 572 Perdiem Overnight Relief
Papaya Chewable Tablets Passerina 180 (Novartis Consumer) G-29, 684
(Health Products, Marlex) . . . . 565 Passiflora incarnata G-19, 573 Pereira Brava 566
Papaya Coated Tablets
PASSION FLOWER
(Marlex) 565 PERILLA
(Passiflora incarnata) . . . .G-19, 573
Papaya Digestive Enzyme (Perilla fructescens) 583
Tablet (Apothecary) 565 Passion Flower Capsules
Papaya Enzyme Double (Frontier) 573 Perilla fructescens 583
Strength Tablet Passion Vine G-19, 573
PERIWINKLE
(Rexall Consumer) 565 Password 231 (Vinca minor) 584
Papaya Enzyme Tablet Pastinaca sativa G-19, 571
Persea americana 57
(National Vitamin, Rexall PATCHOULI Persely G-19, 567
Consumer) 565 (Pogostemon cablin) G-19, 575 Persian Berries G-12, 317
Papaya Enzyme with Papain Patchouly G-19, 575 Persicaria bistorta G-s, 82
Tablet (Mason Vitamins) 565 Patience Dock G-5, 82 Persicaria hydropiper 699
Papaya Tablets Pattens and Clogs 840 Personata G-7, 128
(Freeda, Major, Rugby) 565 Paucon 108 Peru-Apple G-IS, 436
Paperbark Tree G-7, 136 Paullinia 376 Peruvian Balsam G-24, 764
Papoose Root 109 Paullinia cupana 376 Peruvian Bark G-20, 626
Paprika G-8, ies Pausinystalia yohimbe 843 Peruvian Coca 197
Paraguay Tea G-17,508 Pauson 108 Peruvian Mastix Tree 139
Paraguaya 160 Pea Tree 452 Peruvian Pepper Tree 139
PAREIRA
Peachwood 480
PETASITES
(Chondrodendron Peagles 231
(Petasites hybridus) G-19, 585
tomentosum) 566 PEANUT
Petasites hybridus G-19, 585
(Arachis hypogaea) 575
Parietaria officinalis 578 Peter's Cress ess
Paris quadrifolia G-14, 392 PEAR Petersylinge G-19, 567
Pariswort G-4, 74 (Pyrus communis) 577 Petroselinum crispum G-19, 567
Pearl Barley G-4, 63 Pettigree G-7, 132
PARSLEY
Pedlar's Basket 840 Petty Morel G-6, 101
(Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
Peggie 231 Petty Morell G-23, 711
Parsley Breakstone 570 Petty Mugget G-IS, 455
PELLITORY
Parsley Fern G-24, 754 Petty Mulleins 231
(Anacyclus Pyrethrum) 577
Parsley Herb Capsules Petty Whin G-23, 713
(Nature's Way) 567 Pellitory of Spain 577 Peucedanum ostruthium 507
Parsley Leaf Capsules PELLITORY-OF-THE-WALL Peumus boldus G-6, 112
(Nature's Herbs) 567 (Parietaria officinalis) 578 Pewterwort G-14, 409
ALPHABETICAL INDEX POOLROOT/I-31
Poor Man's Parmacettie . . . G-22, 690 Primula veris 231 PURPLE GROMWELL
Poor Man's Treacle G-12, 327 Prince's Feather G-3, 22 (Lithospermum
Poor Man's Weatherglass . G-22, 668 Prince's Feathers G-20, 610 erytrorhizon) 619
Prince's Pine 595
POPLAR PURPLE LOOSESTRIFE
Proactive Saw Palmetto
(Populus species) .... G-20, 607 (Lythrum salicaria) G-20, 620
Capsules (Nature's Way) 664
POPPYSEED Promensil Tablets Purple Medic G-3, 12
(Papaver somniferum) G-20, 609 (Novogen) G-29, 633 Purple Medick G-3, 12
Prunella vulgaris G-22, 681 Purple Medicle G-3, 12
Populus species G-20, 607
Prunus dulcis 15 Purple Mulberry 99
Portland Arrowroot 46
Prunus laurocerasus G-8, 179 Purple Side-Saddle Flower G-20, 596
Pot G-17, 500
Prunus serotina 810 Purple Turk's Cap Lily soe
Pot Barley G-4, 63
Prunus spinosa G-22, 697 Purple Willow-Herb G-20, 620
POTENTILLA Purshiana Bark G-7, 153
Psyllion G-20, 616
(Potentilla anserina) G-20, 610
Psyllios G-20, 616 Pussywillow G-25, 807
Potentilla anserina G-20, 610 Putcha-Pat G-19, 575
PSYLLIUM
Potentilla erecta G-8, 192 Pyrethre 577
(Plantago ovata) 612
Potentilla reptans G-11, 289 PYRETHRUM
Poverty Weed 563 Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming
(Chrysanthemum
Power Herb Korean Ginseng Laxative Capsules
cinerariifolium) 621
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .346 (Nature's Way) 612
Psyllium Husk Capsules Pyrethrum 577
Prairie Dock G-9, 238
(Nature's Herbs) 612 Pyrola rotundifolia 647
Prairie Grub 790
Psyllium Husks Capsules Pyrus communis 577
Prayer Beads 435
Premium Blend Korean (Yerba Prima) 612
Q
Ginseng Capsules PSYLLIUM SEED
(Futurebiotics) 346 (Plantago afra) G-20, 616 Quack Grass G-25, 771
Premium Blend Saw Palmetto Quaker 46
Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming
Capsules (Futurebiotics) 664 Laxative Capsules Quaker Bonnet G-22, 678
Premium Cayenne Capsules (Nature's Way) 612 Quaker Button's G-18, 547
(Nature's Herbs) 165 Ptelea trifoliata 790 Quaking Aspen G-20, 607
Premium Fenugreek Seed Pterocarpus santalinus 635 Quanterra Emotional Balance
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . .304 Ptychopetalum olacoides 531 (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 719
Premium Feverfew Leaf Quanterra Mental Sharpness
Public House Plant 48
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) .. . .306 Tablets
Pudding Grass 579
PREMORSE Pudding Pipe Tree G-13, 354 (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 342
(Scabiosa succisa) G-20, 612 Quanterra Prostate
PUFF BALL
(Warner-Lambert) G-30, 664
Premorse Scaboius G-20, 612 (Lycoperdon species) 618
Quanterra Sleep
Pretty Betsy G-21, 639 Pukeweed G-16, 479 (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 461
Prick Madam 215 Pulegium 579 Quanterra Stomach Comfort
Prickly Ash 545 Pulmonaria officinalis G-16, 485 (Warner-Lambert) G-30, 339
Prickly Ash Autumn- Pulsatilla 572
Harvested Liquid QUASSIA
Pulsatilla pratensis 572
(Health from the Sun) 545 (Picrasma excelsa) 622
Pumilio Pine G-22, 674
Prickly Box t 487 Quassia G-3, 23
PUMPKIN
Prickly Lettuce 453 Quassia amara G-3, 23
(Cucurbita pepo) G-20, 618
Prickwood G-25, 791 Quassia Wood G-3, 23
Prideweed G-7, 144 Punica granatum G-20, 605
QUEBRACHO
Priest's Crown G-9, 245 Purging Cassia G-13, 354
(Aspidosperma quebracho-
Primrose 231 Purging Flax 526
bianco) 623
Primrose Oil Capsules Purple Clover G-21, 633
(Green Turtle Bay) 298 Purple Coneflower 26i Queen Ann's-Lace G-25, 809
ALPHABETICAL INDEX RHODODENDRON PONTICUM /1-33
Queen of the Meadow G-17, 511 Rattlebush G-26, 812 Red Raspberry Leaves
Queen's Delight 729 Rattleroot G-S, 92 Glycerine Extract Liquid
Quercus infectoria 550 Rattlesnake Root (Nature's Way) 630
Quercus Marina 106 (Polygala senega) 683 Red Raspberry Liquid
Quercus robur G-18, 549 Rattlesnake Root (McZand) 630
Quickgrass G-25, 771 (Trillium erectum) G-4, 74 Red Robin G-15, 448
Quick-in-the-Hand 436 Rattlesnake Violet 24 Red Root
Quillai G-20, 624 Rattleweed G-S, 92 (Ceanothus americanus) 541
QUILLAJA RAUWOLFIA
Red Root
(Quillaja saponaria) G-20, 624 (Rauwolfia serpentina) 631 (Sanguinaria canadensis) 108
Red Rot 740
Quillaja Bark G-20, 624 Rauwolfia serpentina 63i
RED SANDALWOOD
Quillaja saponaria G-20, 624 Ray-Grass G-24, 756
Red Bay 490 (Pterocarpus santalinus) 635
QUINCE
Red Bilberry G-3, 20 Red Sanderswood 635
(Cydonia oblongata) . 625
Red Saunders 635
RED BRYONY
QUININE Red Sedge 336
(Cinchona pubescens) G-20, 626 (Bryonia cretica) 632
Red Sorrel G-14, 394
Quinsy Berries G-5, 94 Red Chickweed G-22, 668 Red Thyme Oil (Aura Cacia) . . .76i
Quitch Grass G-25, 771 Red Weed G-20, 602
RED CLOVER
(Trifolium pratense) G-21, 633 Red Wine Extract Capsules
(Sundown) 362
Red Clover Blossom
Redberry Leaves G-25, 779
Rabbits 840 Capsules (Nature's Bounty) . . .633
Red-Ink Plant G-20, 602
Raccoon Berry .G-17, 510 Red Clover Herb Capsules
(Frontier) 633 RED-ROOTED SAGE
RADISH (Salvia miltiorrhiza) 636
Red Clover Herbal Capsules
(Raphanus sativus) G-20, 628 (Apothecary) 633 Red-Rooted Salvia 636
Rag Paper G-IS, 532 Red Clover Liquid (McZand) . .. 633
RED-SPUR VALERIAN
Ragged Cup G-9, 238 Red Cockscomb G-3, 22
Ragweed G-20, 629 Red Cole G-14, 408 (Centranthus ruber) G-21, 639
Red Couchgrass 336 Reed 639
RAGWORT
(Senecio jacobaea) G-20, 629 RED CURRANT REED HERB
(Ribes rubrum) G-21, 634 (Phragmites communis) 639
Ragwort 354
REHMANNIA
Rainbow Weed G-20, 620 Red Elder . G-S, 96
Ramp 46 Red Elm 697 (Rehmannia glutinosa) 640
Ramsons 66 Red Ginseng 636 Rehmannia glutinosa 640
Ramsted 840 Red Gum Remifemin Tablets
Ramsthorn G-6, 123 (Eucalyptus globulus) . .. .G-11, 283 (PhytoPharmica) G-30, 92
Ranunculus acris 133 Red Gum Reseda G-14, 391
Ranunculus bulbosus 128 (Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734 Rest-Harrow G-23, 713
Ranunculus ficaria 466 Red Legs G-S, 82 Rhamnus catharticus G-6, 123
Ranunculus sceleratus G-20, eoi RED MAPLE
Rhamnus frangula G-12, 317
Rape G-19, 554 (Acer rubrum) G-21, 635 Rhamnus purshiana G-7, 153
Rape Seed G-19, 554 Rhatania 64i
Raphanus raphanistrum . . . G-26, 814 Red Morocco G-3, 5
RHATANY
Raphanus sativus G-20, 628 Red Pepper G-8, i e s
Red Pimpernel G-22, 668 (Krameria triandra) 641
RASPBERRY
Red Poppy 223 Rheum palmatum G-8, 185
(Rubus idaeus) G-21, 630 Red Raspberry G-21, eso Rheumatism Root G-26, SI 7
Rati 435 Red Raspberry Leaves Rheumatism Weed 595
Rattle Pouches G-22, 690 Capsules Rhododendron ferrugineum eso
Rattle Snake Weed 261 (Frontier, Nature's Way) 630 Rhododendron ponticum eoe
1-34/RHUBARB PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sardian Nut 708 Saxifrage G-19, 591 (Hippophae rhamnoides) .G-22, 680
Sarracenia purpurea G-20, 596 Saxifrax G-21, 662 Sea Fennel 658
Scabiosa succisa G-20, 612 Sea Holly G - H , 282
SARSAPARILLA
Scabish G - H , 298 Sea Holme G - I I , 282
(Smilax species) G-21, 661
Scabwort G-10, 266 Sea Hulver G - I I , 282
Sarsaparilla Capsules (ADH) . . . . 66i Scaldweed G-10, 254 Sea Kelp 122
Sarsaparilla Root Capsules Scaly Dragon's Claw 220 Sea Parsley G-16, 482
(Apothecary, Frontier) 66i Scarlet Berry G-S, 88 Sea Sedge 336
Scarlet Monarda 562 Sea Wormwood 827
SASSAFRAS
(Sassafras albidum) G-21, 662 SCARLET PIMPERNEL
Sealroot G-22, 703
(Anagallis arvensis) G-22, 668 Sealwort G-22, 703
Sassafras albidum G-21, 662 Seawrack 106
Sassafrax G-21, 662 Schinus molle 139 Sedum acre 215
Satan's Apple G-17, 495 Schinus terebinthifolius 117 Segg G-19, 561
Satin Flower iso SCHISANDRA Selenicereus grandiflorus 543
Satureja hortensis G-23, 739 (Schisandra chinensis) 669 SELF-HEAL
Satyrion 657
Schisandra chinensis 669 (Prunella vulgaris) G-22, 681
Saussurea Costus 227
Schisandra sphenanthera 464 Self-Heal 296
Saussurea costus 227
Schloss Tea 505 Sempervivum tectorum G-14, 411
Savin G-21, 663
Scilla G-23, 717
SENBURI
SAVIN TOPS Scoke G-20, 602
(Juniperus sabina) G-21, 663 Scolopendrium vulgare 38i (Swertia japonica) 682
Scoparium G-22, 672 Seneca 683
Savine G-21, 663
Scopola 67i
Savory G-23, 739 SENECA SNAKEROOT
SCOPOLIA (Polygala senega) 683
SAW PALMETTO
(Scopolia carniolica) 67i Senecio aureus 354
(Serenoa repens) G-21, 6 6 4
Scopolia carniolica 671 Senecio bicolor 258
Saw Palmetto Berries Scotch Barley G-4, 63 Senecio jacobaea G-20, 629
Capsules (Frontier, Senecio nemorensis 21
SCOTCH BROOM
Futurebiotics, Nature's Senecio vulgaris 374
Herbs, Nature's Way) 664 (Cytisus scoparius) G-22, 672 Senega 683
Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid Scotch Fir G-22, 674 Senega Snakeroot 683
(Nature's Answer) 664 Seneka 683
SCOTCH PINE
Saw Palmetto Capsules Sengreen G-14, 411
(ADH, Bergen Brunswig, (Pinus species) G-22, 674 Senior Ginkgo Power
Cardinal, Celestial Scotch Quelch G-25, 771 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 342
Seasonings, Herbal Harvest,
SCOTCH THISTLE SENNA
Major, Mason Vitamins,
(Onopordum acanthium) . G-22, 678 (Cassia senna) G-22, 684
McZand, National Vitamin,
Scouring Rush G-14, 409
Natrol, Naturalife, Nature's Senna Extract Capsules
Scratweed 193
Bounty, Nature's Resource, (Nature's Herbs) 684
Scrofula Plant G - H , 311
PD-Rx, Rexall Consumer, Senna Leaf Capsules
Scrophularia nodosa G-11, 311
Zenith Goldline) 664 (Frontier) 684
Scrubby Grass G-22, 679
Saw Palmetto Extract Senokot Childrens' Syrup
Scubby Trefoil 790
Capsules (Humco) 664 (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684
Saw Palmetto Liquid SCULLCAP Senokot Granules
(McZand) 664 (Scutellaria lateriflora) . . G-22, 678 (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684
1-36 /SENOKOT TABLETS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
St. John's Wort Tablets Standardized Uva Ursi Stinking Prairie Bush 790
(Contract Pharmacal, Extract Capsules Stinking Tommy G-23, 713
Natrol, Nature Made, PD- (Nature's Way) 779 Stinkweed G-IS, 436
Rx, Vitaline) 719 Standardized Valerian Stinkwort G-IS, 436
St. John's Wort Transdermal Capsules Stitchwort iso
Patch (Zayco) 719 (Nature's Resource) 783 Stockholm Tar G-22, 674
St. Josephwort G-4, 64 Standardized White Willow 1
STONE ROOT
St. Mary's Seal G-22, 703 Bark Extract Capsules
(Collinsonia canadensis) . .G-23, 733
Stachys palustris 832 (Nature's Way) 807
Staff Vine G-5, 88 STORAX
STAR ANISE
Stagbush G-5, 96 (Liquidambar orientalis) . G-23, 734
(Illicium verum) G-23, 725
Staggerweed Storkbill G-14, 393
{Delphinium consolida) . . G-15, 458 Star Grass 11 Storksbill 233
Staggerweed Star of the Earth G-4, 71 Stramonium G-IS, 436
{Dicentra cucullaria) 775 Starbloom 594 Strangle Tare G-IO, 254
Staggerwort G-20, 629 Starchwort 46 Straw G-IS, 551
Stags Horn 196 Starweed 180
Starwort (Aletris farinosa) 11 STRAWBERRY
Stammerwort G-20, 629
Standardized Bilberry Extract Starwort {Stellaria media) iso (Fragaria vesca) G-23, 735
Capsules Starwort {Veratrum luteum) 301 Strawberry Tomato G-26, 819
(Nature's Resource) 75 Staunchweed G-26, 833 String Bean G-4, 65
Standardized Cat's Claw Staunchwort G-9, 214 String of Sovereigns G-17, 520
Extract Capsules Stave Wood 695 Stringy Bark Tree G-II, 283
(Nature's Way) 160 STAVESACRE Striped Alder G-26, 821
Standardized Chamomile (Delphinium staphisagria) 726
Strong-Scented Lettuce 453 t
Extract Capsules STROPHANTHUS
(Nature's Way) 331 Stayplough G-23, 713
Standardized Feverfew Stellaria G-15, 456 (Strophanthus kombe) 736
Extract Capsules Stellaria media iso Strophanthus 736
(Nature's Way) 306 Stemless Carlina Root 151
STROPHANTHUS GRATUS
Standardized Garlic Capsules Sterretjie 7
(Strophanthus gratus) 736
(Nature's Resource) 327 STEVIA
Strophanthus gratus 736
Standardized Ginseng, Korean (Stevia rebaudiana) 727
Strophanthus hispidus 450 .
White Capsules
Stevia rebaudiana 727 Strophanthus kombe 736
(Nature's Resource) 346
Stick-a-Back 193 Strychnos ignatii 416
Standardized Green Tea
Sticklewort G-3, 10 Strychnos nux vomica G-18, 547
Extract Capsules
Stickwort Stubwort 827
(Nature's Way) 369
(Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 Styrax benzoin 73
Standardized Hawthorn
Stickwort (Oxalis acetosella) . . . . 827 Styrax paralleloneurum 738
Extract Capsules
Stigmata Maydis 224 Styrax tonkinesis 692
(Nature's Way) 271
Succory G-8, 181
Standardized Horsechestnut STILLINGIA
Sugar Maple G-21, 635
Extract Capsules (Stillingia sylvatica) 729
Sugar Pods G-7, 151
(Nature's Way) 403
Stillingia sylvatica . . . 729 Sumaruba 695
Standardized Licorice
STINGING NETTLE SUMATRA BENZOIN ^
Capsules
(Nature's Resource) 469 (Urtica dioica) G-23, 729 (Styrax paralleloneurum) 738
Standardized Saw Palmetto Stingless Nettle G-25, 806 SUMBUL
ExtractCap Capsules Stinking Arrach 43 (Ferula sumbul) G-23, 738
(Nature's Way) 664 Stinking Goosefoot . . . . 43
SUMMER SAVORY
Standardized Siberian Stinking Motherwort . . . 43
Ginseng Root Capsules Stinking Nanny G-20, 629 (Satureja hortensis) G-23, 739
(Nature's Way) 346 Stinking Nightshade G-14, 389 Sun Drop G-II, 298
ALPHABETICAL INDEX TEA PLANT/1-39
Sun Rose G-12, 321 Sweet Broom G-7, 132 Sweethearts 193
Sundance Aloe Vera Gel Sweet Bugle G-6, 126 Sweet-Humlock G-24, 743
(Lee) 16 Sweet Cane G-7, 138 Sweetleaf 727
Sweet Chervil G-24, 743 Sweets G-24, 743
SUNDEW
Sweet Chestnut 708 Sweet-Scented Cactus 543
(Drosera ramentacea) 740
SWEET CICELY Sweet-Smelling Trefoil G-13, 388
SUNFLOWER Swertia chirata 187
(Myrrhis odorata) G-24, 743
(Helianthus annuus) G-23, 741
Swertia japonica 682
SWEET CLOVER
Sunkfield c-11, 289 Swine Snout G-9, 245
(Melilotus officinalis) . . . G-24, 744
Super Bilberry Plus Tablets Swinebread 240
(Action Labs) 75 Sweet Dock G-S, 82 Swine's Grass G-15, 448
Super Ginkgo Biloba Plus Sweet Elm 697 Swiss Mountain Pine G-22, 674
Tablets (Action Labs) 342 Sweet Fennel G-11, 302 Swiss Pine 802
Super Milk Thistle Plus Sweet Flag G-7, 138 Swynel Grass G-15, 448
Tablets (Action Labs) 51 e SWEET GALE Symphytum officinale G-9, 212
Super Saw Palmetto Plus (Myrica gale) G-24, 745 Symplocarpus foetidus 696
Tablets (Action Labs) 664 Synkfoyle G-11, 289
Sweet Grass G-7, 138
Super St. John's Wort Plus Syzygium aromaticum G-8, 195
Sweet Gum G-23, 734
Tablets (Action Labs) 719 Syzygium cumini 429
Sweet Herb 727
Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets
Sweet Lucerne G-24, 744
(Irwin) 843 T
Superior Chinese Astragalus SWEET MARJORAM
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 54 (Origanum majorana) . . . G-24, 746 Tag Alder G-5, 89
Surelle 827 Sweet Mary G-16, 46i Tailed Cubebs 235
SURINAM CHERRY Sweet Myrtle G-7, 138 Tailed Pepper 235
(Eugenia unifloria) 742 Tall Speedwell 104
SWEET ORANGE
Tall Veronica 104
Suterberry 545 (Citrus sinensis) G-24, 747
Tallow Shrub G-22, 705
Swallow Wort 338 Sweet Pepper G-8, 165
Swallow-Wort G-20, 598 TAMARIND
Sweet Root
Swamp Cedar G-24, 759 (Acorus calamus) G-7, i38 (Tamarindus indica) 753
Swamp Dogwood Sweet Root Tamarindus indica 753
(Cornus florida) G-10, 256 (Glycyrrhiza glabra) G-ie, 469 Tamus G-25, 800
Swamp Dogwood Sweet Rush G-7, 138 Tamus communis G-5, 90
(Ptelea trifoliata) 790 Sweet Sedge G-7, 138 Tanacetum parthenium G-11, 306
Swamp Laurel 490 Sweet Slumber ios Tanacetum vulgare G-24, 754
Swamp Maple G-21, 635
SWEET SUMACH Tanner's Bark G-18, 549
SWAMP MILKWEED
(Rhus aromatica) 748 TANSY
(Asclepias incarnata) . . . G-23, 743
Sweet Vernal G-3, 5 (Tanacetum vulgare) G-24, 754
Swamp Sassafras 490
Swamp Silkweed G-23, 743 SWEET VERNAL GRASS Tar Weed 379
r
Swamp Tea Tree G-7, 136 (Anthoxanthum Taraxacum officinale G-9, 245
odoratum) G-24, 749 Tare G-24, 756
Sweating Plant G-6, 113
Sweatroot G-3, 3 SWEET VIOLET Target-Leaved Hibiscus 533
Sweet Almond 15 (Viola odorata) G-24, 750 Tarragon G-12, 320
Sweet Bark ise Tarweed 841
Sweet Weed so*
Sweet Bay (Laurus nobilis) G-15, 459 Sweet Wood Bark ise TAUMELLOOLCH
Sweet Bay (Magnolia glauca) . . 490
SWEET WOODRUFF (Lolium temulentum) . . . . G-24, 756
Sweet Betty G-22, 701
(Galium odoratum) G-24, 751 Taxus baccata . G-26, 841
Sweet Bracken G-24, 743
Sweet Brake G-17, 493 Sweet-Cus G-24, 743 Tea G-13, 369
Sweet Brier G-IO, 254 Sweet-Fern G-24, 743 Tea Plant 487
1-40/TEA TREE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Entries in this index are organized by prescribing category, enabling you to quickly identify
botanicals with similar properties. Within each category, herbs are listed alphabetically by their
accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed
effective by the German Regulatory Authority's ''Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at
their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the
Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. The index lists herbs by general
category only. To locate botanicals considered appropriate for a specific indication, please consult
the Indications Index.
• Arnica (Arnica montana) 4i Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) . . . 575 Field Scabious (Knautia
• Brewer's Yeast Perilla (Perilla fructescens) . . . 583 arvensis) G-11, 310
(Saccharomyces • Psyllium (Plantago ovata) .. .612 Houseleek (Sempervivum
cerevisiae) 118 • Soybean (Glycine soja) . . G-22, 707 tectorum) G-14, 411
• English Plantain (Plantago Strophanthus (Strophanthus Scarlet Pimpernel
lanceolata) G-II, 278 kombe) 736 (Anagallis arvensis) . . . G-22, 668
• Fenugreek (Trigonella Strophanthus Gratus Speedwell (Veronica
foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 (Strophanthus gratus) 736 officinalis) G-23, 710
• Flax (Linum Surinam Cherry (Eugenia Sweet Gale (Myrica
usitatissimum) G-12, 313 unifloria) 742 gale) G-24, 745
• German Chamomile Vervain (Verbena
ANTIMALARIAL AGENTS
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 officinalis) G-25, 788
Barberry (Berberis
• Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . .382 Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . . 799
vulgaris) G-4, 61
• Jambolan (Syzygium Black Catnip (Phyllanthus ANTIPSORIATIC AGENTS
cumini) 429 amarus) 91 Black Nightshade (Solanum
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-IS, 549 Cayenne (Capsicum nigrum) G-6, 101
• Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551 annuum) G-8, 165 Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
• St. John's Wort Croton Seeds (Croton Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
(Hypericum tiglium) 234 species) 177
perforatum) G-23, 719 Fever Bark (Alstonia Goa Powder (Andira
• Walnut (Juglans regia) . . G-25, 793 constricta) 305 araroba) 352
ANTI-INFLAMMATORY AGENTS, Hwema Bark (Corynanthe Hogweed (Heracleum
SYSTEMIC pachyceras) 412 sphondylium) G-14, 396
Abscess Root (Polemonium Marijuana (Cannabis Mountain Grape (Mahonia
reptans) G-3, 3 sativa) G-17, 500 aquifolium) G-IS, 527
Barley (Hordeum Milk Thistle (Silybum Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
distichon) G-4, 63 marianum) G-17, 516 latifolia) G-18, 528
California Peppertree Neem (Antelaea Red Clover (Trifolium
(Schinus molle) 139 azadirachta) G-IS, 539 pratense) G-21, 633
Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox) 16 Quassia (Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622 Sarsaparilla (Smilax
German Chamomile Quinine (Cinchona species) G-21, 661
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 pubescens) G-20, 626 Sunflower (Helianthus
Jack-in-the-Pulpit Simaruba (Simaruba annuus) G-23, 741
(Arisaema atrorubens) 426 amara) 695 Teazle (Dipsacus
Jacob's Ladder Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus silvestris) G-24, 757
(Polemonium altissima) 770
ANTIRHEUMATIC AGENTS
caeruleum) G-15, 427 Tulip Tree (Liriodendron Alpine Cranberry
Quince (Cydonia tulipifera) 774
(Vaccinium vitis-idaea) . .G-3, 20
oblongata) 625 Wild Indigo (Baptisia
American Bittersweet
Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, 655 tinctoria) G-26, 812
(Celastrus scandens) 24
Strawberry (Fragaria
ANTIPANIC AGENTS • • Arnica (Arnica montana) 41
vesca) G-23, 735
Gotu Kola (Centella Barberry (Berberis
ANTILIPEMIC AGENTS asiatica) G-13, 359 vulgaris) G-4, 61
Bilberry (Vaccinium Basil (Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64
ANTIPLATELET AGENTS
myrtillus) . . . .< G-5, 7 5 Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67
Bilberry (Vaccinium
Cotton (Gossypium • Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78
myrtillus) G-5, 75
hirsutum) 228 Black Bryony (Tamus
Evening Primrose ANTIPRURITICS communis) G-5, 90
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 Butcher's Broom (Ruscus Black Currant (Ribes
• Garlic (Allium sativum) . . G-12, 327 aculeatus) G-7, 132 nigrum) G-5, 94
Guar Gum (Cyamopsis Evening Primrose Black Mustard (Brassica
tetragonoloba) 376 (Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 nigra) G-5, 100
Southern Bayberry (Myrica (Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 Wild Carrot (Daucus
cerifera) G-22, 705 Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus carota) G-25, 809
Spikenard (Aralia globulus) G-11, 283 DIETARY SUPPLEMENTS
racemosa) G-23, 711 European Five-Finger Grass Arrowroot (Maranta
• Spruce (Picea species) 714 (Potentilla reptans) . . . G-11, 289 arundinacea) 43
TEETHING REMEDIES • Stinging Nettle {Urtica Corn Silk {Zea mays) 224
Male Fern {Dryopteris dioica) G-23, 729 Cubeb {Piper cubeba) 235
filix-mas) G-17, 493 • Triticum {Agropyron Dodder {Cuscuta
repens) G-25, 771 epithymum) G-10, 254
TREMOR PREPARATIONS
• Uva-Ursi {Arctostaphylos Dog Rose {Rosa canina) G-10, 254
Cowslip {Primula veris) 231
uva-ursi) G-25, 779 Eryngo {Eryngium
URINARY ANTI-INFECTIVES
campestre) G-11, 282
URINARY TRACT AGENTS
• Angelica {Angelica Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus
archangelica) G-3, 32 Alisma (Alisma
globulus) G-11, 2 8 3
• Asparagus {Asparagus plantago-aquatica) G-3, 13
Arenaria Rubra Field Scabious {Knautia
officinalis) G-4, 52 arvensis) G-11, 310
• Bean Pod {Phaseolus {Spergularia rubra) 39
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . . G-4, 50 Flax {Linum
vulgaris) G-4, 65
Barberry {Berberis usitatissimum) G-12, 313
• Birch {Bet it la species) G-5, 78
vulgaris) G-4, 61 Fumitory {Fumaria
Canadian Fleabane
Bean Pod {Phaseolus officinalis) G-12, 322
{Erigeron canadensis) . . G-7, 144
vulgaris) G-4, 65 German Ipecac
• Canadian Golden Rod
Bilberry {Vaccinium {Cynanchum
{Solidago canadensis) 145
myrtillus) G-5, 75 vincetoxicum) 335
Chocolate Vine {Akebia
Birch (Betula species) G-5, 78 Gout weed {Aegopodium
quinata) 189
Black Currant {Ribes podagraria) G-13, 36i
Copaiba Balsam {Copaifera
nigrum) G-5, 94 Greater Bindweed
langsdorffi) 220
Black Hellebore {Calystegia sepium) . . . G-13, 367
Dandelion {Taraxacum
{Helleborus niger) G-5, 97 Hartstongue {Scolopendrium
officinale) G-9, 245
Bladderwort {Utricularia vulgare) 381
• Echinacea Purpurea
vulgaris) G-6, 105 Heather {Calluna
{Echinacea purpurea) . G-10, 261
Bog Bilberry {Vaccinium vulgaris) G-13, 383
• European Golden Rod
uliginosum) G-6, 111 Herb Robert {Geranium
{Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289
Borage {Borago robertianum) G-14, 393
• Horseradish {Armoracia
officinalis) G-6, 114 High. Mallow {Malva
rusticana) G-14, 408
British Elecampane {Inula sylvestris) G-14, 395
• Horsetail {Equisetum
arvense) G-14, 409 britannica) 119 Horsetail {Equisetum
Iporuru {Alchornea Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 arvense) G-14, 409
floribundd) 424 Brooklime {Veronica Hydrangea {Hydrangea
• Java Tea {Orthosiphon beccabungd) G-6, 121 arborescens) G-14, 413
spicatus) 434 Burning Bush {Dictamnus Jatamansi {Nardostachys
Juniper {Juniperus albus) G-7, 130 jatamansi) 433
communis) G-15, 440 Burr Marigold {Bidens Juniper {Juniperus
• Lovage {Levisticum tripartita) G-7, 131 communis) G-15, 440
officinale) G-16, 482 California Peppertree Lactucarium {Lactuca
Matico {Piper elongatum) . . . . 509 {Schinus molle) 139 virosa) 453
• Nasturtium {Tropaeolum California Poppy Levant Cotton {Gossypium
majas) G-18, 537 {Eschscholtzia herbaceum) G-16, 468
• Parsley {Petroselinum californica) G-7, 140 Lily-of-the-Valley
crispum) G-19, 567 Cleavers {Galium aparine) . . . . 193 {Convallaria majalis) . G-16, 475
Pipsissewa {Chimaphila Club Moss {Lycopodium Lungwort {Pulmonaria
umbellata) 595 clavatum) 196 officinalis) G-16, 485
» Sandalwood {Santalum Cocoa {Theobroma Madder {Rubia
album) 659 cacao) G-8, 199 tinctorum) G-ie, 490
Short Buchu {Barosma Coolwort {Tiarella Marsh Blazing Star {Liatris
betulina) 691 cordifolia) G-9, 219 spicata) G-17, 503
• Spiny Rest Harrow {Ononis Coriander {Coriandrum Marshmallow {Althaea
spinosa) G-23, 713 sativum) G-9, 221 officinalis) sos
Indications Index
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanical alternatives for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with prescription and
over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Indications
Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed alphabetically by
accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. Botanicals deemed
effective by the German Regulatory Authority's "Commission E" are marked with a (•) symbol at
their left. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the
Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on both
proven and traditional remedies, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
Cayenne (Capsicum Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 Scotch Broom (Cytisus
annuum) G-8, 165 scoparius) G-22, 672
ASCITES
European Mistletoe (Viscum Wafer Ash (Ptelea
Chocolate Vine (Akebia
album) G-11, 291 trifoliata) 790
quinata) 189
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
BITE WOUNDS
Safflower (Carthamus ASTHMA, BRONCHIAL Behen (Moringa oleifera) 67
tinctorius) 552 (See under Bronchial asthma) Matico [Piper elongatum) . . . . 509
ARTHRALGIA, TOPICAL RELIEF OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza
(See under Pain, topical Fumitory (Fumaria kurroa) 589
relief of) officinalis) G-12, 322 Quassia {Picrasma excelsa) . . . 622
ARTHRITIS
BITES, INSECT
AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
(See under Arthritis, unspecified; DISTURBANCES Echinacea Angustifolia
Rheumatoid arthritis) Jimson Weed (Datura (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
stramonium) G-15, 436 Purple Gromwell
ARTHRITIS, RHEUMATOID (Lithospermum
(See under Rheumatoid arthritis) BACKACHE erytrorhizon) 619
Hemlock (Conium Tea Tree (Melaleuca
ARTHRITIS, UNSPECIFIED
maculatum) G-13, 386 alternifolia) 757
Ash (Fraxinus excelsior) . G-4, 50
Barberry (Berberis BACKACHE, TEMPORARY RELIEF OF BITES, POISONOUS
vulgaris) G-4, 61 (See under Pain, topical Plantain (Musa
Bilberry (Vaccinium relief of) paradisiaca) 597
myrtillus) G-5, 75 BITTER TASTE
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH
Black Currant (Ribes CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR Yerba Santa (Eriodictyon
SUPPRESSION OF
nigrum) G-5, 94 californicum) 841
Dog Rose (Rosa canina) G-10, 254 (See under Infections, urinary
Feverfew (Tanacetum tract) BLEEDING ASSOCIATED WITH TOOTH
EXTRACTION
parthenium) G-11, 306 BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH (See also under Bleeding,
Fumitory (Fumaria POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR
gingival)
SUPPRESSION OF
officinalis) G-12, 322 Alpine Ragwort (Senecio
(See under Infections, urinary
Garlic (Allium sativum) . G-12, 327 nemorensis) 21
tract)
Ground Ivy (Glechoma
BLEEDING IN THE LUNGS
hederacea) 372 BEDSORES
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus European Mistletoe (Viscum
(See under Ulcers, decubitus,
hippocastanum) G-14, 403 album) G-11, 291
adjunctive therapy in)
Iporuru (Alchornea Horsetail (Equisetum
floribunda) 424 BELL'S PALSY arvense) G-14, 409
Monkshood (Aconitum Monkshood (Aconitum
BLEEDING, GASTROINTESTINAL
napellus) G-18, 521 napellus) G-IS, 521
Black Alder (Alnus
Pontian Rhododendron BERIBERI glutinosa) G-S, 89
(Rhododendron ponticum) . .. 606 Marijuana (Cannabis BLEEDING, GINGIVAL
Stinging Nettle (Urtica sativa) G-17, 500 Brooklime (Veronica
dioica) G-23, 729
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL
beccabunga) G-6, 121
Thuja (Thuja
DISSOLUTION OF Eucalyptus (Eucalyptus
occidentalis) G-24, 759
American Liverleaf globulus) G-11, 283
Vervain (Verbena
(Hepatica nobilis) 26 Groundsel (Senecio
officinalis) G-25, 788
Artichoke (Cynara vulgaris) 374
Watercress (Nasturtium
scolymus) G-4, 44 Lesser Celandine
officinale) 798
Celery (Apium (Ranunculus ficaria) 466
ASCARIASIS graveolens) G-8, 172 Purple Loosestrife (Lythrum
Black Horehound (Ballota Fringetree (Chionanthus salicaria) G-20, 620
nigra) G-5, 98 virginicus) G-12, 321 Sage (Salvia officinalis) . G-21, 655
Oats (Avena sativa) G-18, 551 Sweet Violet (Viola CRAMPS, LEG
• Onion (Allium cepa) G-19, 557 odorata) G-24, 750 (See under Leg muscle cramps)
Oregano (Origanum • Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) G-24, 761
CRAMPS, TETANIC AND EPILEPTIC
vulgare) G-19, 559 • Tolu Balsam (Myroxylon
Hemlock (Conium
Ox-Eye Daisy balsamum) G-24, 764
maculatum) G-13, 386
(Ch rysan themum Vervain (Verbena
leucanthemum) 563 officinalis) G-25, 788 CUTS, MINOR, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
• Peppermint (Mentha Water Fennel (Oenanthe (See under Pain, topical
piperita) G-19, 580 aquatica) G-25, 796 relief of)
Petasites (Petasites • Watercress (Nasturtium
CYSTITIS
hybridus) G-19, 585 officinale) 798
African Potato (Hypoxis
Picrorhiza (Picrorhiza • White Mustard (Sinapis rooperi) 7
kurroa) 589 alba) G-25, 805 Arenaria Rubra
• Pimpinella (Pimpinella • White Nettle (Lamium (Spergularia rubra) 39
major) G-19, 591 album) G-25, 806 Field Scabious (Knautia
Pleurisy Root (Asclepias Wild Cherry (Prunus arvensis) G-11, 310
tuberosa) G-20, 598 serotina) 810 Fumitory (Fumaria
Poppyseed (Papaver Wild Daisy (Bellis officinalis) G-12, 322
somniferum) G-20, 609 perennis) G-26, 811 Kava Kava (Piper
Premorse (Scabiosa
• Wild Thyme (Thymus methysticum) G-15, 443
succisa) G-20, 612
serpyllum) G-26, 815 Niauli (Melaleucea
Quillaja (Quillaja
Wood Betony (Betonica viridiflora) 542
saponaria) G-20, 624
Officinalis) G-26, 825 Night-Blooming Cereus
Quince (Cydonia (Selenicereus
oblongata) 625 COUGH, WHOOPING grandiflorus) 543
• Radish (Raphanus (See under Pertussis) Turmeric (Curcuma
SativUS) G-20, 628 domestica) 775
Ragwort (Senecio CRADLE CAP
jacobaea) G-20, 629 (See under Dermatitis, seborrheic) DANDRUFF
Burning Bush (Dictamnus • Dill {Anethum Holly {Ilex aquifolium) . . G-14, 397
albus) G-7, 130 graveolens) G-10, 252 Honeysuckle {Lonicera
Calamint {Calamintha Dragon's Blood caprifolium) 399
nepeta) 138 {Daemonorops draco) 257 • Horehound {Marrubium
Calamus {Acorus Dyer's Broom {Genista vulgare) G-14, 401
calamus) G-7, 138 tinctoria) G-10, 260 Horsemint {Monarda
Calotropis {Calotropis Elecampane {Inula punctata) 407
procera) 141 helenium) G-10, 266 Horseradish {Armoracia
• Caraway {Carum carvi) . G-7, 148 Elm Bark {Ulmus minor) G-10, 269 rusticana) G-14, 408
• Cardamom {Elettaria English Chamomile • Iceland Moss {Cetraria
cardamomum) G-7, 149 {Chamaemelum nobile) G-10, 270 islandica) 415
Carline Thistle {Carlina English Horsemint {Mentha • Immortelle {Helichrysum
acaulis) 151 longifolia) G-10, 275 arenarium) 417
Carob {Ceratonia • English Lavender Indian Nettle {Acalypha
siliqua) G-7, 151 {Lavandula indica) 419
Cascarilla {Croton eluteria) . . . 156 angustifolia) G-10, 277 Indian Physic {Gillenia
Cayenne {Capsicum Eucalyptus {Eucalyptus trifoliata) 421
annuum) G-8, 165 globulus) G-11, 283 Jambolan {Syzygium
• Centaury {Centaurium • Fennel {Foeniculum
cumini) 429
erythraea) G-8, 174 vulgare) G-11, 302
Jatamansi {Nardostachys
Cheken {Eugenia chequen) . . . 178 Feverfew {Tanacetum
jatamansi) 433
• Chicory {Cichorium parthenium) G-11, 306
Jewel Weed {Impatiens
intybus) G-8, I S I Frostwort {Helianthemum
biflora) 436
• Chinese Cinnamon canadense) G-12, 321
• Juniper {Juniperus
{Cinnamomum Galbanum {Ferula
communis) G-15, 440
aromaticum) 182 gummosa) 323
Lavender Cotton {Santolina
Chiretta {Swertia chirata) 187 Gamboge {Garcinia
chamaecyparissias) . . . G-16, 460
• Cinnamon {Cinnamomum hanburyi) G-12, 325
Lemon Verbena {Aloysia
verum) G-8, 190 Garlic {Allium sativum) . G-12, 327
triphylla) 463
Colombo {Jateorhiza German Ipecac
{Cynanchum • Lesser Galangal {Alpinia
palmata) 208
vincetoxicum) 335 officinarum) 467
• Condurango {Marsdenia
condurango) 216 Germander {Teucrium Lotus {Nelumbo
Congorosa {Maytenus chamaedrys) G-12, 337 nucifera) G-16, 481
ilicifolia) 218 Giant Milkweed {Calotropis Lovage {Levisticum
Coolwort {Tiarella gigantea) 338 officinale) G-ie, 482
cordifolia) G-9, 219 • Ginger {Zingiber Magnolia {Magnolia
• Coriander {Coriandrum officinale) G-12, 339 glauca) 490
sativum) G-9, 221 Goldthread {Coptis trifolia) . .. 358 Masterwort {Peucedanum
Corn Cockle (Agrostemma Greek Sage {Salvia triloba) . . . 367 ostruthium) 507
githago) 222 Green Tea {Camellia • Milk Thistle {Silybum
Cup Plant {Silphium sinensis) G-13, 369 marianum) G-17, 516
perfoliatum) G-9, 238 Guar Gum {Cyamopsis Mountain Avens {Dryas
• Curcuma {Curcuma tetragonoloba) 376 octopetala) 526
xanthorrhizia) G-9, 239 • Haronga {Haronga Mountain Grape {Mahonia
Cyclamen {Cyclamen madagascariensis) 380 aquifolium) G-IS, 527
europaeum) 240 Hartstongue {Scolopendrium Myrrh {Commiphora
• Dandelion {Taraxacum vulgare) 381 molmol) G-IS, 534
officinale) G-9, 245 • Henbane {Hyoscyamus Noni {Morinda citrifolia) .G-IS, 544
• Devil's Claw niger) G-14, 389 • Onion {Allium cepa) G-19, 557
{Harpagophytum Hogweed {Heracleum Opium Antidote
procumbens) 247 sphondylium) G-14, 396 {Combretum micranthum) . . .559
• Denotes r e c o m m e n d a t i o n by Commission E.
INDICATIONS INDEX LIVER DISORDERS / I - 1 0 9
Milk Thistle {Silybum Yew (Taxus baccata) . .. G-26, 841 Speedwell (Veronica
marianum) G-17, 516 officinalis) G-23, 710
PREMENSTRUAL SYNDROME
Sweet Gale (Myrica
POISONING, ALCOHOL (See under Menstrual syndrome,
gale) G - 2 4 , 745
Aga {Amanita muscaria) . . G-3, 8 pre-, management of)
Vervain (Verbena
POISONING, STRYCHNINE
PROCTITIS officinalis) G-25, 788
Marijuana {Cannabis Marigold (Calendula Wheat (Triticum aestivum) . . . .799
sativa) G-17, SOO officinalis) G-17, 497
PSORIASIS
POISONING, UNSPECIFIED
PROMOTE THE NATURAL IMMUNE Black Nightshade (Solanum
Jatamansi {Nardostachys SYSTEM OF THE BODY
nigrum) G-6, 101
jatamansi) 433 Astragalus (Astragalus Burdock (Arctium lappa) . G-7, 128
POLLINOSIS species) 54 Chaulmoogra (Hydnocarpus
Mandrake {Mandragora Cat's Claw (Unicaria species) 177
officinarum) G-17, 495 tomentosd) 160 Goa Powder (Andira
POSTNASAL DRIP PROSTATE DISORDERS araroba) 352
(See under Cold, common, Eryngo (Eryngium Hogweed (Heracleum
symptomatic relief of) campestre) G-11, 282 sphondylium) G-14, 396
Pumpkin (Cucurbita Mountain Grape (Mahonia
PREGNANCY, COMPLAINTS OF
pepo) G-20, 618 aquifolium) G-i8, 527
Devil's Claw Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
Round-Leafed Wintergreen
{Harpagophytum latifolia) G-18, 528
(Pyrola rotundifolia) 647
procumbens) 247
Red Clover (Trifolium
Short Buchu (Barosma
False Unicorn Root pratense) G-21, 633
{Veratrum luteum) betulina) 691
301
Willow Herb (Epilobium Sarsaparilla (Smilax
PREGNANCY, PREVENTION OF angustifolium) G-26, sis species) G-21, eei
Burning Bush {Dictamnus Sunflower (Helianthus
PROSTATIC HYPERPLASIA, BENIGN, annuus) G-23, 741
albus) G-7, 130
SYMPTOMATIC TREATMENT
Castor Oil Plant {Ricinus African Potato (Hypoxis PULMONARY EMPHYSEMA
communis) G-7, 158 rooperi) 7 (See under Emphysema)
Cat's Claw (Unicaria European Golden Rod
tomentosd) ieo (Solidago virgaurea) . . .G-11, 289
RASH, UNSPECIFIED
• English Plantain (Plantago Rue (Ruta graveolens) . . G-21, 648 Heather (Calluna
lanceolata) 0-11, 278 Soapwort (Saponaria vulgaris) .G-13, 383
European Elder (Sambucus officinalis) G-22, 701 • Hops (Humulus lupulus) . G-14, 400
nigra) G-11, 287 Spurge (Euphorbia Jatamansi (Nardostachys
European Water Hemlock resinifera) 716 jatamansi) 433
(Cicuta virosa) G-11, 297 • St. John's Wort • Kava Kava (Piper
Evening Primrose (Hypericum methysticum) G-15, 443
(Oenothera biennis) . . . G-11, 298 perforatum) G-23, 719 Larkspur (Delphinium
• Fenugreek (Trigonella Turmeric (Curcuma consolida) G-15, 458
foenum-graecum) G-11, 304 domestica) 775 • Lemon Balm (Melissa
Field Scabious (Knautia • Walnut (Juglans regia) . . .G-25, 793 officinalis) G-ie, 461
arvensis) G-11, 310 White Lily (LiHum Lemon Verbena (Aloysia
• Flax (Linum candidum) 804 triphylla) 463
usitatissimum) G-12, 313 • White Nettle (Lamium Marijuana (Cannabis
• German Chamomile album) G-25, 806 sativa) G-17, 500
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 • Witch Hazel (Hamamelis Mugwort (Artemisia
• Heartsease (Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 virginiana) G-26, 821 vulgaris) G-IS, 530
Henna (Lawsonia SKIN, IRRITATION, MINOR, PAIN Nerve Root (Cypripedium
ASSOCIATED WITH calceolus) 541
inermis) G-14, 391
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus (See under Pain, topical Oats (Avena sativa) G-IS, 551
hippocastanum) G-14, 403 relief of) • Passion Flower (Passiflora
Indian Nettle (Acalypha SKIN, RADIATION DAMAGE, incarnata) G-IO, 573
TREATMENT OF Petasites (Petasites
indica) 419
• Jambolan (Syzygium Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae hybridus) G-19, 585
rhamnoides) G-22, 680 • Rauwolfia (Rauwolfia
cumini) 429
Labrador Tea (Ledum SLEEP DISORDERS serpentina) 631
latifolium) 451 Corn Poppy (Papaver Red-Spur Valerian
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla rhoeas) 223 (Centranthus ruber) . . . G-21, 639
vulgaris) G-15, 456 English Hawthorn Sweet Vernal Grass
Marigold (Calendula (Crataegus laevigata) . G-IO, 271 (Anthoxanthum
officinalis) G-17, 497 Male Fern (Dryopteris odoratum) G-24, 749
Marshmallow (Althaea filix-mas) G-17, 493 Sweet Violet (Viola
officinalis) 505 odorata) G-24, 750
SLEEP, INDUCTION OF
Mezereon (Daphne Sweet Woodruff (Galium
(See also under Sedation)
mezereum) G-17,515 odoratum) G-24, 751
American Hellebore
Moneywort (Lysimachia Taumelloolch (Lolium
(Veratrum viride) 25
temulentum) G-24, 756
nummularia) G-17, 520 Bitter Orange (Citrus
Tulip Tree (Liriodendron
Monkshood (Aconitum aurantium) G-5, 86
tulipifera) 774
napellus) G-18, 521 Borage (Borago
• Valerian (Valeriana
• Oak (Quercus robur) G-IS, 549 officinalis) G-e, 114
officinalis) G-25, 783
Oak Gall (Quercus • Bugleweed (Lycopus
infectoria) .. 550 virginicus) G-e, 126 SMOKING CESSATION, TEMPORARY
AID TO
• Oats (Avena sativa) . . . . .G-IS, 551 Burning Bush (Dictamnus
Tobacco (Nicotiana
Pasque Flower (Pulsatilla albus) G-7, 130
tabacum) G-24, 762
pratensis) 572 Corn Poppy (Papaver
Peanut (Arachis hypogaea)"... 575 rhoeas) 223 SNAKEBITE
Purple Loosestrife (Lyihrum • English Lavender Calotropis (Calotropis
salicaria) G-20, 620 (Lavandula procera) . 141
Red Clover (Trifolium angustifolia) G-IO, 277 Contrayerva (Dorstenia
pratense) G-21, 633 False Schisandra (Kadsura contrayerva) 218
Rosemary (Rosmarinus japonica) 301 Echinacea Angustifolia
officinalis) G-21, 645 Ginseng (Panax ginseng) 346 (Echinacea angustifolia) . . . . 261
European Golden Rod • Spruce (Picea species) 714 SWELLING AND FRACTURES
(Solidago virgaurea) . . G-11, 289 Sweet Violet (Viola Calotropis (Calotropis
Gambir (Uncaria species) . . . .324 odorata) G-24, 750 procera) 141
• German Chamomile Tea Tree (Melaleuca German Ipecac
(Matricaria recutita) . . G-12, 331 alternifolia) 757 (Cynanchum
Herb Robert (Geranium Turmeric (Curcuma vincetoxicum) 335
robertianum) G-14, 393 domestica) 775 Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
• High Mallow (Malva • Usnea (Usnea species) 778 hippocastanum) G-14, 403
sylvestris) G-14, 395 • White Nettle (Lamium Horsetail (Equisetum
Houseleek (Sempervivum album) G-25, 806 arvense) G-14, 409
tectorum) G-14, 411 Wild Indigo (Baptisia
SWOLLEN ANKLES
• Iceland Moss (Cetraria tinctorid) Q-26, 812
Lady's Bedstraw (Galium
islandica) 41s Willow Herb (Epilobium
verum) G-IS, 455
Jack-in-the-Pulpit angustifolium) G-26, 818
(Arisaema atrorubens) 426 SYNCOPE
STOMATITIS, RECURRENT APHTHOUS,
• Jambolan (Syzygium SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF Ignatius Beans (Strychnos
cumini) 429 Common Stonecrop (Sedum ignatii) 4ie
• Japanese Mint (Mentha acre) 215 Valerian (Valeriana
arvensis piperascens) 431 Water Dock (Rumex officinalis) G-25, 783
• Knotweed (Polygonum aquaticus) 795
SYPHILIS
aviculare) G-15, 448
STRANGURIA (See under T. pallidum infections)
Lady's Mantle (Alchemilla
Purple Gromwell
vulgaris) G-is, 456 T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS
(Lithospermum
• Larch (Larix decidua) . . . .G-IS, 457 Brazilian Pepper Tree
erytrorhizon) 619
• Lesser Galangal (Alpinia (Schinus terebinthifolius) . . .117
officinarum) :. . 467 STREP THROAT Calotropis (Calotropis
• Marigold (Calendula (See under Streptococci species procera) 141
officinalis) G-17, 497 upper respiratory tract Clematis (Clematis recta) .G-8, 194
Marshmallow (Althaea infections) Giant Milkweed (Calotropis
officinalis) sos gigantea) 338
STREPTOCOCCI SPECIES UPPER
• Myrrh (Commiphora RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTIONS Gotu Kola (Centella
molmoJ) G-IS, 534 Comfrey (Symphytum asiatica) G-13, 3S9
• Oak (Quercus robur) . . . G-i8, 549 officinale) G-9, 212 Guaiac (Guaiacum
• Onion (Allium cepa) G-19,557 Thuja (Thuja officinale) 37s
• Peppermint (Mentha occidentalis) G-24, 759 Indian-Hemp (Apocynum
piperita) G-19, sso cannabinum) 418
STREPTOCOCCUS TONSILLITIS
Pimpinella (Pimpinella Kava Kava (Piper
(See under Streptococci species methysticum) G-IS, 443
major) .G-19, S9i
upper respiratory tract Mountain Laurel (Kalmia
• Potentilla (Potentilla
infections) latifolia) G-18, 528
anserina) . . . . . . . . . . . . G-20, eio
• Rhatany (Krameria STROKE, ISCHEMIC New Jersey Tea
triandra) . . . . 641 Cayenne (Capsicum (Ceanothus americanus) . . 5 4 1
• Rose (Rosa centifolia) '.. 644 annuum) G-8, i e s Sassafras (Sassafras
Rue (Ruta graveolens) .. .G-21, 648 Lily-of-the-Valley albidum) ; .. .G-21, 662
• Sage (Salvia officinalis) . .G-21, ess (Convallaria majalis) . G-ie, 47s TACHYCARDIA, UNSPECIFIED
• Scotch Pine (Pinus
STYES Black Catnip (Phyllanthus
Species) G-22, 674
Eyebright (Euphrasia amarus) 91
Self-Heal (Prunella
officinalis) 300 Tree of Heaven (Ailanthus
vulgaris) G-22, 68i
altissima) 770
• Sloe (Prunus spinosa) . .. G-22, 697 SUNBURN, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
Speedwell (Veronica (See under Pain, topical TAPEWORM INFECTIONS
officinalis) G-23, 710 relief of) (See under Infections, tapeworm)
UTERINE BLEEDING
Gotu Kola (Centella VITAMIN E, DEFICIENCY OF
Canadian Fleabane asiatica) G-13, 359 Cotton (Gossypium
{Erigeron canadensis) .. o-7, 144 Grape (Vitis vinifera) ... .G-13, 362 hirsutum) 228
Horse Chestnut (Aesculus
UTERINE SPASTICITY
hippocastanum) G-14, 403 VOMITING
Valerian {Valeriana Sweet Clover {Melilotus (See also under Motion sickness)
officinalis) G-25, 783 officinalis) G-24, 744 Almond (Prunus dulcis) 15
VAGINAL ITCHING Sweet Woodruff (Galium American Pawpaw
Heartsease {Viola tricolor) . . . . 382 odoratum) G-24, 751 (Asimina triloba) 27
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanicals used by homeopaths for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with
prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in
the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed
alphabetically by scientific name, with the accepted common name shown in parentheses. If an
entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb
Identification Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these
botanicals, be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH Ruta graveolens (Rue) G-21, 648 CHOLECYSTITIS, SYMPTOMATIC
CYSTITIS, ELIMINATION OR RELIEF OF
SUPPRESSION OF Verbena officinalis
(Vervain) G-2S, 788 Erigeron canadensis
(See under Infections, urinary tract)
(Canadian Fleabane) G-7, 144
BACTERIURIA ASSOCIATED WITH BRUISES, TOPICAL RELIEF OF
POLYNEPHRITIS, ELIMINATION OR (See under Pain, topical relief of) CIRCULATORY DISORDERS
SUPPRESSION OF
Claviceps purpurea (Ergot) 280
(See under Infections, urinary tract) BULIMIA NERVOSA
Corydalis cava (Corydalis) 226 COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC
BILIARY CALCULI, CHEMICAL RELIEF OF
DISSOLUTION OF BURNS, PAIN ASSOCIATED WITH
Aralia racemosa
Chelidonium majus (See under Pain, topical relief of)
(Celandine) G-8, 169 (Spikenard) G-23, 711
CALCULOSIS Lemna minor (Duckweed) . .G-IO, 258
BLOOD PRESSURE PROBLEMS (See under Renal calculi) Mentha piperita
Cephaelis ipecacuanha (Peppermint) G-19, sso
CARDIAC ARRHYTHMIAS
(Ipecac) 423 Mercurialis annua
(See under Arrhythmias)
Crataegus laevigata (Mercury Herb) G-17, 513
(English Hawthorn) G-IO, 271 CARDIAC OUTPUT, LOW
Viscum album Asparagus officinalis COLIC, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(European Mistletoe) G-H, 291 (Asparagus) G-4, 52 Allium cepa (Onion) G-19, 557
Iberis amara Gratiola officinalis
BLOOD PURIFYING
(Bitter Candytuft) 84 (Hedge-Hyssop) G-13, 385
Lycopodium clavatum
Strophanthus gratus
(Club Moss) 196 CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE,
(Strophanthus Gratus) 736 ADJUNCT IN
BRONCHIAL ASTHMA
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS (See under Edema, adjunctive
Aralia racemosa therapy in)
Adonis vernalis (Adonis) G-3, 5
(Spikenard) G-23, 711
Apocynum cannabinum
Aspidosperma quebracho- CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED
(Indian-Hemp) 4is
bianco (Quebracho) 623 Ilex aquifolium (Holly) G-14, 397
Camellia sinensis
Betonica officinalis
(Green Tea) G-13, 369 CONSTIPATION
(Wood Betony) G-26, 825
Crataegus laevigata Achillea millefolium
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
(English Hawthorn) G-10, 271 (Yarrow) G-26, 833
(Ipecac) 423
Digitalis purpurea Collinsonia canadensis
Hypericum perforatum
(Digitalis) G-IO, 248 (Stone Root) G-23, 733
(St John's Wort) G-23, 719
Kalmia latifolia
Lobelia inflata (Lobelia) .. G-ie, 479 CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF
(Mountain Laurel) G-IS, 528
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION Leonurus cardiaca Achillea millefolium
Inula helenium (Motherwort) . . . . . . . . . . . o - i s , 524 (Yarrow) . . . . . . . . . . . . .G-26, 833
(Elecampane) ... .G-IO, 266 Prunus spinosa (Sloe) . . . . G-22, 697 Artemisia cina (Wormseed) . . . . . 827
Spigelia anthelmia Artemisia vulgaris
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE
(Wormwood Grass) 83i (Mugwort) G-IS, 530
Cephaelis ipecacuanha
Strophanthus hispidus Oenanthe crocata
(Ipecac) 423
(Kombe" Seed) 450 (Water Dropwort) 795
Cetraria islandica
Passiflpra incarnata
(Iceland Moss) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 1 5 CATHARTIC
(Passion Flower) G-19, 573
Dorema ammoniacum Quassia amara (Amargo) . . . G-3, 23
(Ammoniac Gum) .29 Verbena officinalis
CEREBROVASCULAR INSUFFICIENCY (Vervain) G-25, 788
Myroxylon balsamum
Conium maculatum
(Tolu Balsam) .G-24, 764 CORYZA, ACUTE
(Hemlock) G-13, 386
BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE Hypericum perforatum (See under Cold, common,
(See under Bronchial asthma) (St. John's Wort) G-23, 719 symptomatic relief of)
BRUISES CHEILITIS, ACTINIC COUGH, CHRONIC
Bellis perennis Marsdenia condurango Inula helenium
(Wild Daisy) G-26, 811 (Condurango) 216 (Elecampane) G-IO, 266
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX DYSPEPSIA/1-1 3 3
COUGH, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF DERMATITIS, SEBORRHEIC Allium sativum (Garlic) .. . G-12, 327
Achillea millefolium Buxus sempervirens Allium ursinum
(Yarrow) 0-26, 833 (BoXWOOd) G-6, 116 (Bear's Garlic) 66
Linum catharticum Daphne mezereum Capsicum annuum
(Mountain Flax) 526 (Mezereon) G-17, 515 (Cayenne) G-8, ies
Prunus laurocerasus Chelone glabra (Balmony) . . G-4, 59
DERMATOSES, CORTICOSTEROID-
(Cherry Laurel) G-8, 179 RESPONSIVE Cornus florida (Dogwood) G-IO, 256
COUGH, WHOOPING {See under Skin, inflammatory Gentiana lutea
{See under Pertussis) conditions) (Yellow Gentian) 836
CRADLE CAP DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
Hydrastis canadensis
{See under Dermatitis, seborrheic) Aethusa cynapium (Goldenseal) G-13, 355
(Fool's Parsley) G-12, 316 Ilex paraguariensis (Mate) G-17, sos
CRAMPS, ABDOMINAL, SYMPTOMATIC
RELIEF OF Alchemilla vulgaris Iris species (Orris) G-19, sei
Armoracia rusticana (Lady's Mantle) G-15, 456 Juniperus communis
(Horseradish) G-14, 408 Apocynum cannabinum (Juniper) G-15, 440
Artemisia absinthium (Indian-Hemp) 418 Knautia arvensis
(Wormwood) G-26, 829 Asarum europaeum (Asarum) . . . .48 (Field Scabious) G-II, 310
CRETINISM Cinchona pubescens Lycopersicon esculentum
{See under Hypothyroidism, (Quinine) G-20, 626 (Tomato) G-24, 766
INTERTRIGO
Strychnos nux vomica MIGRAINE HEADACHE
(See under Skin, inflammatory (Nux Vomica) G-IS, S47 (See under Headache, migraine)
conditions) LYMPHEDEMA MOOD SWINGS
ITCHING, SKIN Scrophularia nodosa Lycopodium clavatum
(See under Pruritus, topical (Figwort) G-11, 311 (Club MOSS) 196
relief of) MASTITIS
MORNING SICKNESS
ITCHING, SUNBURN Chimaphila umbellata Gossypium herbaceum
(See under Pruritus, topical (Pipsissewa) 595 (Levant Cotton) G-ie, 468
relief of) Oenanthe aquatica
(Water Fennel) G-25, 796 MUMPS
JOINTS, SWOLLEN Pulsatilla pratensis
Atropa belladonna MEASLES
(Pasque Flower) 572
(Belladonna) G-4, 69 Pulsatilla pratensis
(Pasque Flower) 572 MUSCLE SPASM
LACTATION, STIMULATION OF
(See under Spasticity, muscle,
Vitex agnus-castus MENINGITIS
symptomatic alleviation of)
(Chaste Tree) G-8, 176 Atropa belladonna
(Belladonna) . v . . .G-4, 69 MUSCLE TENSION
LACTOSE INTOLERANCE
Ranunculus bulbosus Abelmoschus moschatus
Aethusa cynapium
(Bulbous Buttercup) 128 (Muskmallow) 533
(Fool's Parsley) G-12, 31 e
Solanum nigrum
MYALGIA
LARYNGOTRACHEITIS (Black Nightshade) G-e, 101
(See under Pain, muscular,
Lactuca virosa (Lactucarium) . . . 453
MENOPAUSE, MANAGEMENT OF THE temporary relief of)
LEUKORRHEA MANIFESTATIONS OF
(Lady's Mantle) G-IS, 45s (Birthwort) G-S, SO (See under Pain, topical relief of)
Delphinium staphisagria MENORRHAGIA MYXEDEMA
(Stavesacre) 726 Erigeron canadensis (See under Hypothyroidism,
LIPS, DRY (Canadian Fleabane) G-7, 144 replacement or supplemental
(See under Cheilitis, actinic) therapy in)
MENSTRUAL DISORDERS
LIVER AND GALLBLADDER COMPLAINTS Caulophyllum thalictroides MYXEDEMA COMA/PRECOMA
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .G-4, ei (Blue Cohosh) 109 (See under Hypothyroidism,
Leptandra virginica Erigeron canadensis replacement or supplemental
(Black Root) .104 (Canadian Fleabane) . . . . . G - 7 , 144 therapy in)
H O M E O P A T H I C I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX PROSTATITIS / 1 - 1 3 7
PRURITUS, TOPICAL RELIEF OF Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 27s Filipendula ulmaria
Anacardium occidentale Iris species (Orris) G-19, sei (Meadowsweet) G-17, 511
(Cashew) G-7, 157 Justicia adhatoda Harpagophytum procumbens
Centella asiatica (Malabar Nut) G-17, 492 (Devil's Claw) 247
(Gotu Kola) G-13, 359 Knautia arvensis Hedera helix (English Ivy) G-IO, 275
Fagopyrum esculentum (Field Scabious) G-11, 310 Juniperus sabina
(Buckwheat) G-6, 124 Lycopodium clavatum (Savin Tops) G-21, 663
Fumaria officinalis (Club MOSS) 196 Kalmia latifolia
(Fumitory) G-12, 322 Marrubium vulgare (Mountain Laurel) G-IS, 528
Pinus species (Horehound) G-14, 401 Linum catharticum
(Scotch Pine) G-22, 674 Matricaria recutita (Mountain Flax) 526
Rhus toxicodendron (German Chamomile) .. . G-12, 331 Lycopersicon esculentum
(Poison Ivy) 600 Oenanthe aquatica (Tomato) G-24, 766
Smilax species Mercurialis annua
(Water Fennel) G-25, 796
(Sarsaparilla) G-21, 661 (Mercury Herb) G-17, 513
Phytolacca americana
Panax ginseng (Ginseng) 346
RASH, UNSPECIFIED (Poke) G-20, 602
Phytolacca americana
(See under Skin, inflammatory Pinus species
(Poke) G-20, 602
conditions) (Scotch Pine) G-22, 674
Pinus species
Pulsatilla pratensis
RENAL CALCULI (Scotch Pine) G-22, 674
Asparagus officinalis (Pasque Flower) 572 Polygonum aviculare
(Asparagus) G-4, 52 Rhus toxicodendron (Knotweed) G-IS, 448
Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) G-4, 6i (Poison Ivy) eoo Pulsatilla pratensis
Capsella bursa-pastoris Sambucus nigra (Pasque Flower) 572
(Shepherd's Purse) G-22, 690 (European Elder) G-11, 287 Ranunculus bulbosus
Galium aparine (Cleavers) 193 Sinapis alba (Bulbous Buttercup) 128
(White Mustard) G-25, 805 Ranunculus sceleratus
RENAL IMPAIRMENT
Solanum dulcamara (Poisonous Buttercup) . .. G-20, 601
Apocynum cannabinum
(Bittersweet Nightshade) .. . G-5, 88 Rhamnus purshiana
(Indian-Hemp) 418
Strychnos nux vomica (Cascara Sagrada) G-7, 153
Solidago virgaurea
(Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547 Rhododendron ferrugineum
(European Golden Rod) . G-11, 289
Teucrium scorodonia (Rust-Red Rhododendron) . . . . eso
RESPIRATORY TRACT DISORDERS (Wood Sage) G-26, 826 Rhus toxicodendron
Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . G-12, 327 Viola odorata (Poison Ivy) eoo
Armoracia rusticana (Sweet Violet) G-24, 7»o Ruta graveolens (Rue) G-21, 648
(Horseradish) G-i4, 408 Smilax species
RHEUMATIC DISORDERS, UNSPECIFIED
Aspidosperma quebracho- (Sarsaparilla) G-21, eei
bianco (Quebracho) 623 Actaea spicata (Baneberry) eo
Solanum dulcamara
Atropa belladonna Allium sativum (Garlic) . . . .G-12, 327
(Bittersweet Nightshade) . . . G-5, 88
(Belladonna) G-4, 69 Apium graveolens (Celery) . G-8, 172
Strychnos nux vomica
Brassica nigra Bellis perennis
(Nux Vomica) G-IS, 547
(Black Mustard) G-5, 100 (Wild Daisy) .0-26,811 Thuja occidentalis (Thuja) . G-24, 759
Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632 Berberis vulgaris (Barberry) .o-4> ei Viola odorata
Chelidonium majus Bryonia cretica (Red Bryony) . . . 632 (Sweet Violet) G-24, 750
(Celandine) G-S, 169 Caulophyllum thalictroides Viscum album
Cinchona pubescens (Blue Cohosh) . . . io» (European Mistletoe) . . . . .G-11, 291
(Quinine) G-20, 626 Chelidonium majus
SARCOPTES SCABIEI INFESTATIONS
Corydalis cava (Corydalis) 226 (Celandine) . . . G-8, 169
Colchicum autumnale Delphinium staphisagria
Eupatorium cannabinum
(Colchicum) G-9, 20* (Stavesacre) 726
(Hemp Agrimony) G-13, 388
Euphorbia cyparissias Corydalis cava (Corydalis) . . . . 226 SCABIES
(Cypress Spurge) G-S, 242 Delphinium staphisagria (See under Sarcoptes scabiei
Euphorbia resinifera (Spurge) . . . 71 e (Stavesacre) 726 infestations) N
HOMEOPATHIC INDICATIONS INDEX T. PALLIDUM INFECTIONS / I - 1 3 9
Entries in this index are organized by specific indication, enabling you to quickly review the
botanicals used in Asian medicine for a particular diagnosis. For ease of comparison with
prescription and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in
the Indications Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. Under each heading, herbs are listed
alphabetically by accepted common name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. An "I"
in parentheses indicates Indian usage; a "C" denotes Chinese medical applications. If an entry
lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification
Guide, the second to the herbal monograph. For more information on any of these botanicals,
be sure to check the appropriate underlying monograph.
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-142/ANGINA PECTORIS PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S I N D E X COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 1 4 3
Black Nightshade Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327 CARDIAC FAILURE
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . .G-6, 101 Henna (See under Congestive heart
Black Pepper (Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 failure, adjunct in)
(Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103 Indian Nettle (Acalypha
CARDIOVASCULAR DISORDERS
Cabbage (Brassica indica) (I) 419
Arjun Tree
oleracea) (I) G-7, 134 Japanese Mint (Mentha
(Terminalia arjuna) (I) 39
Camphor Tree (Cinnamomum arvensis piperascens) (I) 431
camphora) (I) G-7, 143 Jequirity CHEILITIS, ACTINIC
Costus (Abrus precatorius) (C) 435 Areca Nut
(Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon (Areca catechu) (I) G-4, 38
Garden Cress citratus) (I) G-16, 465 CHEST PAIN, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF
(Lepidium sativum) (I) . . .G-12, 326 Licorice (Glycyrrhiza Benzoin (Styrax benzoin) (C) . . . .73
Ginkgo glabra) (I) G-16, 469 Chinese Thoroughwax
(Ginkgo biloba) (C) G-12, 342 Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) G-16, 483 (Bupleurum Chinese) (C) 187
Henbane Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux Croton Seeds
(Hyoscyamus niger) (I,C) G-14, 389 vomica) (I) , G-18, 547 (Croton tiglium) (C) 234
Indian Squill Oak Gall (Quercus Green Tea
(Urginea indica) (I) 421 infectoria) (I) 550 (Camellia sinensis) (I) . . .G-13, 369
Jequirity Papaya Safflower
(Abrus precatorius) (I) 435 (Carica papaya) (I) G-19, 565 (Carthamus tinctorius) (I) . . . . 652
Jimson Weed Plantain
(Datura stramonium) (C) G-IS, 436 Sandalwood
(Musa paradisiaca) (I) 597 (Santalum album) (C) 659
Ma-Huang (Ephedra Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644
sinica) (C) G-16, 488 Siam Benzoin (Styrax
Saffron tonkinesis) (C) 692
Northern Prickly Ash (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653
(Zanthoxylum Sumatra Benzoin (Styrax
Zedoary paralleloneurum) (C) 738
americanum) (I) 545 (Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux CHOLERA
vomica) (I) G-i8, 547 BRONCHITIS, CHRONIC
Cayenne
Rose (Rosa centifolia) (I) 644 Black Nightshade (Capsicum annuum) (I) . . G-8, ies
Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 (Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101 Costus
Zedoary Indian Squill (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846 (Urginea indica) (I) 421 Lemongrass (Cymbopogon
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (C) G-ie, 483 citratus) (I) G-ie, 465
BRONCHIAL CONGESTION
Balloon-Flower (Platycodon BRONCHOSPASM, REVERSIBLE Lotus (Nelumbo
grandiflorum) (C) 58 (See under Bronchial asthma) nucifera) (I) G-16, 481
Nutmeg
BRONCHITIS, ACUTE CALCINOSIS
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . .G-18, 545
Arjun Tree (See under Renal calculi)
(Terminalia arjuna) (I) ..-. 39 CIRRHOSIS, LIVER
CARBUNCLES
Arrowroot Arjun Tree
(See under Furunculosis, (Terminalia arjuna) (I) . . . . . . . . 3 9
(Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43
symptomatic relief of) Jasmine (Jasminum
Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) .. c-4, 74
Black Nightshade CARCINOMA, BREAST officinale) (C) .G-15, 432
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 Reed Herb COLD, COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC
Coconut Palm (Phragmites communis) (C) . .. 639 RELIEF OF
(Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201 (See also under Influenza
CARCINOMA, LUNG, SMALL CELL
Date Palm syndrome, symptomatic
Astragalus
(Phoenix dactylifera) (I) . .G-10, 246 relief of)
(Astragalus species) (C) 54
Fennel (Foeniculum Bitter Orange
vulgare) (I) G-11, 302 CARCINOMA, STOMACH (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . .G-5, 86
Fenugreek (Trigonella Celandine Ginger
foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 (Chelidonium majus) (C) .G-8, 169 (Zingiber officinale) (C) . .G-12, 339
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 4 / C O L D , COMMON, SYMPTOMATIC R E L I E F O F PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . 0-3, 16 indica) (I) 419 Anemarrhena (Anemarrhena
Clove (Syzygium Kamala (Mallotus asphodeloides) (C) 31
aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 philippinensis) (I) 442 Arrowroot
Dandelion (Taraxacum Morning Glory (Maranta arundinacea) (I) 43
officinale) (I) G-9, 245 (Ipomoea hederacea) (I,C) . . . .523 Asparagus (Asparagus
Northern Prickly Ash Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux officinalis) (C) G-4, 52
(Zanthoxylum vomica) (I) G-18, 547 Bamboo (Arundinaria
americanum) (I) 545 Peanut (Arachis japonica) (C) G-4, 60
Turmeric hypogaea) (I) 575 Beet (Beta vulgaris) (I) G-4, 67
(Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 Pineapple Betel Nut (Piper betle) (I) . . G-4, 74
Walnut (Juglans regia) (I) G-25, 793 (Ananas comosus) (I) 593 Bitter Orange
Psyllium (Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612 (Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86
COLITIS
Purple Gromwell Black Nightshade
Fenugreek (Trigonella
(Lithospermum (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304
erytrorhizon) (C) 619 Black Pepper
COLONOPATHY Rehmannia (Piper nigrum) (I) G-6, 103
Rice (Oryza sativa) (I) G-21, 643 (Rehmannia glutinosa) (C) . . . . 640 Cabbage
CONGESTIVE HEART FAILURE, Senna (Cassia senna) (I) .. G-22, 684 (Brassica oleracea) (I) . . . G-7, 134
ADJUNCT IN Spurge Cane-Reed
(See also under Edema, (Euphorbia resinifera) (I) . . . . 716 (Costus speciosa) (I) 146
adjunctive therapy in) Tamarind Chocolate Vine
Astragalus (Tamarindus indica) (I) 753 (Akebia quinata) (C) 189
(Astragalus species) (C) 54 Turmeric Coconut Palm
CONJUNCTIVITIS, UNSPECIFIED (Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 (Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201
Catechu (Acacia catechu) (I) . . . 163 Walnut (Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 Coriander
Hibiscus Wheat (Triticum aestivum) (I) .. 799 (Coriandrum sativum) (I) .G-9, 221
(Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394 CONSTIPATION, HYPERTONIC SPHINCTER Costus
Turmeric Chinese Rhubarb (Saussurea costus) (I,C) 227
(Curcuma domestica) (I) 775 (Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 Cotton (Gossypium
CONSTIPATION hirsutum) (I) 228
CONTRACEPTION
Aloe (Aloe barbadensis; Aloe Cotton Tree (Cochlospermum
(See under Pregnancy, gossypium) (I) 229
capensis; Aloe vera) (I) . . . G-3, 16
prevention of) Fennel (Foeniculum
Areca Nut
(Areca catechu) (I) G-4, 38 CONVULSIVE EPISODES, CONTROL OF vulgare) (I) G-H, 302
Asa Foetida Chocolate Vine Fenugreek (Trigonella
(Ferula foetida) (I) 47 (Akebia quinata) (C) 189 foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304
Asparagus (Asparagus Croton Seeds Flax
officinalis) (C) G-4, 52 (Croton tiglium) (I) 234 (Linum usitatissimum) (I) .G-12, 313
Cassia (Cassia Henbane Giant Milkweed
angustifolia) (I) 684 (Hyoscyamus niger) (C) . .G-14, 389 (Calotropis gigantea) (I) 338
Castor Oil Plant Pellitory Ground Ivy
(Ricinus communis) (C) .. G-7, ISS (Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577 (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX DIARRHEA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F / I - 1 4 5
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 6 / D I A R R H E A , SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF O F PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX FEVER, REDUCTION O F / I - 1 4 7
DYSPNEA Bog Bean (Menyanthes Betel Nut {Piper betle) (I) .. G-4, 74
Bog Bean (Menyanth.es trifoliata) (C) G-e, 110 Fenugreek {Trigonella
trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Cayenne (Capsicum foenum-graecum) (C) . . . .G-II, 304
Ginger (Zingiber annuum) (I) G-8, 165 Nutmeg {Myristica
officinale) (C) G-12, 339 Chinese Rhubarb fragrans) (I) .G-IS, 545
Jimson Weed (Datura (Rheum palmatum) (C) . . . G-8, 185 Siberian Ginseng
stramonium) (C) G-15, 436 Coriander {Eleutherococcus
Lemon-Wood (Schisandra (Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 senticosus) (C) 693
sphenanthera) (C) 464 Duckweed Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793
Schisandra (Lemna minor) (C) G-10, 258
ERYSIPELAS
(Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 Indian Squill
(Urginea indica) (I) 421 Black Nightshade
DYSTOCIA {Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-e, 101
Japanese Atractylodes
Saffron (Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430 Duckweed
(Crocus sativus) (C) G-21, 653 Morning Glory {Lemna minor) (C) G-IO, 258
DYSURIA, SYMPTOMATIC RELIEF OF (Ipomoea hederacea) (C) 523 Ground Ivy
Black Nightshade Southern Tsangshu {Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
(Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 (Atractylodes lanced) (C) 706 Psyllium {Plantago ovata) (I) . . . 612
Coconut Palm Vervain EXHAUSTION
(Cocos nucifera) (I) G-9, 201 (Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788 Arjun Tree {Terminalia
Coriander ENTERITIS arjuna) (I) 39
(Coriandrum sativum) (I) . G-9, 221 Figs (Ficus carica) (C) . . . G-11, 310 Chinese Cinnamon
Duckweed Schisandra {Cinnamomum
(Lemna minor) (C) G-10, 258 (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 aromaticum) (C) 182
Grape (Vitis vinifera) (I) . . G-13, 362 Southern Tsangshu Japanese Atractylodes
Henna (Atractylodes lanced) (C) 706 {Atractylodes japonica) (C) . . . 430
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . G-14, 391 Lotus {Nelumbo
ENURESIS
Jambolan nucifera) (I) G-ie, 48i
(Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 Schisandra
Plantain (Schisandra chinensis) (C) . . . . 669 EYE SIGHT IMPAIRMENT
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 4 8 / F E V E R , REDUCTION OF PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Coffee (Coffea arabica) (I) . G-9, 202 (Crocus sativus) (I) G-21, 653 (See under Influenza syndrome,
Cotton (Gossypium Sandalwood symptomatic relief of)
hirsutum) (I) 228 (Santalum album) (I) 659
FURUNCULOSIS
Fenugreek (Trigonella Storax (Liquidambar
Bistort
foenum-graecum) (I) G-11, 304 orientalis) (I) G-23, 734
Tamarind (Tamarindus (Persicaria bistorta) (C) . . G-5, 82
Garlic (Allium sativum) (I) G-12, 327
indica) (I) 753 Black Nightshade
Golden Shower Tree
Zedoary (Solanum nigrum) (C) . . . G-6, 101
(Cassia fistula) (I) G-13, 354
(Curcuma zedoaria) (I) . G-26, 846 Bog Bean (Menyanthes
Green Tea
trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110
(Camellia sinensis) (I) . . G-13, 369 FLATULENCE, RELIEF OF
Burdock (Arctium
Henna Asa Foetida lappa) (C) G-7, 128
(Lawsonia inermis) (I) . . .G-14, 391 (Ferula foetida) (I) 47
Castor Oil Plant
Jambolan Black Nightshade
(Ricinus communis) (C) . . G-7, 158
(Syzygium cumini) (I) 429 (Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101
Chaulmoogra
Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Black Pepper (Piper
(Hydnocarpus species) (C) . . . . 177
citratus) (I) G-ie, 465 nigrum) (I) G-6, 103
Croton Seeds
Lotus (Nelumbo Cardamom (Elettaria
nucifera) (I) G-ie, 481 (Croton tiglium) (C) 23*
cardamomum) (C) G-7, 149
Luffa (Luffa aegyptica) (I) .G-16, 483 Ground Ivy
Chaulmoogra
Lycium Bark (Glechoma hederacea) (C) . . . . 372
(Hydnocarpus species) (I) . . . . 177
(Lycium chinense) (C) 486 Hibiscus
Clove (Syzygium
Ma-Huang aromaticum) (I) G-8, 195 (Hibiscus sabdariffa) (C) .G-14, 394
(Ephedra sinica) (C) G-16, 488 Costus (Saussurea Licorice
Neem (Antelaea costus) (C) 227 (Glycyrrhiza glabra) (C) .G-ie, 469
azadirachta) (I) 6-18,539 Dandelion (Taraxacum Myrrh (Commiphora
Northern Prickly Ash officinale) (I) G-9, 245 molmol) (C) G-18, 534
(Zanthoxylum Golden Shower Tree (Cassia Plumbago (Plumbago
americanum) (I) 545 fistula) (I) .G-13, 354 zeylanica) (C) 599
Nutmeg Jatamansi (Nardostachys Red-Rooted Sage
(Myristica fragrans) (I) . G-18,. 545 jatamansi) (I) 433 (Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636
Nux Vomica (Strychnos nux Lemongrass (Cymbopogon Vervain
vomica) (C) G-IS, 547 citratus) (I) G-16, 465 (Verbena officinalis) (C) .G-25, 788
Oak Gall (Quercus Morning Glory (Ipomoea White Nettle
infectoria) (I) 550 hederacea) (I) 523 (Lamium album) (C) G-25, 806
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX HEART FAILURE / I - 1 4 9
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 0 / H E A R T FAILURE, CONGESTIVE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX ITCHING, SUNBURN / I - 1 5 1
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-152/JAUNDICE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS/I-153
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-154/OPHTHALMIC DISORDERS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PAIN, EAR Walnut {Juglans regia) (C) G-25, 793 Japanese Mint {Mentha
Basil White Nettle arvensis piperascens) (I,C) . . . 431
{Lamium album) (C) G-25, 806 Jasmine
{Ocimum basilicum) (I) . . . G-4, 64
Black Nightshade {Jasminum officinale) (I) .G-15, 432
PAIN, MENSTRUAL
Lycium Berries {Lycium
{Solanum nigrum) (I) . . . . G-6, 101 False Schisandra
barbarum) (I) 487
Bog Bean {Menyanthes {Kadsura japonica) (C) 301 Northern Prickly Ash
trifoliata) (C) G-6, 110 Red-Rooted Sage {Zanthoxylum
Indian Nettle {Acalypha {Salvia miltiorrhiza) (C) 636 americanum) (I) 545
indica) (I) 419
PAIN, MUSCULAR, TEMPORARY Pellitory
Tobacco
RELIEF OF {Anacyclus Pyrethrum) (I) . . . . 577
{Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . G-24, 762
Camphor Tree {Cinnamomum Red Sandalwood
PAIN, EPIGASTRIC camphora) (I) G-7, 143 {Pterocarpus santalinus) (I) . . . 635
Adrue European Mistletoe Tobacco
{Cyperus articulatus) (C) . . . G-3, 6 {Viscum album) (C) G-11, 291 {Nicotiana tabacum) (I) . .G-24, 762
Bitter Orange Wild Thyme
PAIN, NEUROGENIC
{Citrus aurantium) (C) . . . . G-S, 86 {Thymus serpyllum) (C) . .G-26, S I S
Peanut
Sandalwood
{Arachis hypogaea) (I) 575 PAIN, UNSPECIFIED
{Santalum album) (C) 659
Quinine Henbane
PAIN, JOINT {Cinchona pubescens) (I) G-20, 626 {Hyoscyamus niger) (I) . . G-14, 389
Asiatic Dogwood Radish Lycium Bark
{Cornus officinalis) (C) 51 {Raphanus sativus) (I) . . G-20, 628 {Lycium chinense) (C) 486
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN I N D I C A T I O N S INDEX RECTAL PROLAPSE /I-155
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1 - 1 5 6 / R E N A L CALCULI PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX STOMATITIS / I - 1 5 7
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-158/STOMATITIS PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
ASIAN INDICATIONS INDEX WOUND CARE, ADJUNCTIVE THERAPY IN / I - 1 5 9
(I) denotes use in Indian medicine. (C) denotes use in Chinese medicine.
1-161
Presented here is an alphabetical list of every side effect cited in the herbal monographs. Under
each heading, herbs associated with the reaction are listed alphabetically by accepted common
name, with the scientific name shown in parentheses. For ease of comparison with prescription
and over-the-counter medications, the index employs the same nomenclature found in the Side
Effects Index of the PDR Companion Guide™. If an entry lists two page numbers, the first refers
to a photograph of the plant in the Herb Identification Guide, the second to the herbal
monograph.
ICTERUS
(Lycopodium clavatum) 196 Chaulmoogra
(See under Jaundice) Short Buchu (Hydnocarpus species) 177
(Barosma betulina) 691
LEGS, WEAKNESS
IMMUNOSUPPRESSION
Coca (Erythroxylum coca) 197 IRRITATION, LOCAL Ergot (Claviceps purpurea) 280
Lesser Celandine
LESIONS, GASTROINTESTINAL
IMPOTENCE (Ranunculus ficaria) 466 Comfrey
Rauwolfia
IRRITATION, SKIN (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
(Rauwolfia serpentina) 631
(See under Irritation, local) LESIONS, HEPATIC
INDIGESTION
ITCHING Comfrey
Acacia (Acacia arabica) 3
(See under Pruritus) (Symphytum officinale) . . . G-9, 212
Agrimony
(Agrimonia eupatoria) G-3, 10 LIPS, SWELLING
JAUNDICE
Rhatany (Krameria triandra) . . . 641 Asa Foetida (Ferula foetida) 47
Germander
INFECTION, SKIN AND SOFT TISSUE (Teucrium chamaedrys) . . .G-12, 337 LIVER DAMAGE
{Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) G-25, 779 Scopolia {Scopolia carniolica) . . 671 Mountain Laurel
Yohimbe Bark {Kalmia latifolia) G-18, 528
OLIGURIA
{Pausinystalia yohimbe) 843 Broad Bean {Vicia faba) 120 PERCEPTION OF TIME AND SPACE,
ALTERATIONS IN
NECROSIS, CUTANEOUS ORTHOSTATIC CIRCULATORY Marijuana
Black Mustard DISORDERS
{Cannabis sativa) G-17, 500
{Brassica nigra) G-5, 100 European Mistletoe
Mezereon {Viscum album) G-11, 291 PERSPIRATION
{Nicotiana tabacum) G-24, 762 Kava Kava {Piper {See under Sialism)
Wormwood Grass methysticum) G-15, 443
SEDATION
{Spigelia anthelmia) 831 PURPURA Henbane
POTASSIUM LOSS Tolu Balsam {Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389
{See under Hypokalemia) {Myroxylon balsamum) . . G-24, 764 SEIZURES
WHEALS XEROSTOMIA
Black Bryony Henbane Yellow Jessamine
(Tamus communis) G-S, 90 (Hyoscyamus niger) G-14, 389 (Gelsemium sempervirens) . . . . 838
4|
*
1-17
This section catalogs potentially adverse drug/herb combinations by both the generic name of
the drug or drug category and the accepted common name of the herb. Under each bold-face
drug entry you '11 find a list of the herbs with which the agent may interact. Likewise, under a
bold-face herb entry you '11 find a list of potentially interactive drugs. A description of the
interaction's effect follows each item in the list. Further information on each drug can be found
in Physicians' Desk Reference®. Information on each herb appears in the Herbal Monographs
section of this book.
effects when given simultaneously loss with chronic use of herb) (See under Lily-of-the-Valley)
with herb) Corticosteroids
CORTICOSTEROIDS
Strophanthus (Increases hypokalemic effect)
Digoxin Aloe
(Simultaneous administration with
(Herb may cause hypokalemia, (Increased potassium loss)
herb enhance both effects and side
which may increase digoxin Buckthorn
effects)
toxicity) (Increases hypokalemic effects)
Strophanthus Gratus
(Simultaneous administration with Indomethacin Cascara Sagrada
herb enhance both effects and side (Decreases therapeutic effect of (Increases hypokalemic effect)
effects) Cascara) Echinacea Angustifolia
Thiazide Diuretics (Echinacea may potentially
CAMELLIA SINENSIS
(Increases hypokalemic effect) interfere with the anti-cancer
(See under Green Tea) chemotherapeutic effect of
CASSIA SENNA
CAPSICUM ANNUUM
(See under Senna) corticosteroids)
(See under Cayenne)
CASTOR OIL PLANT CYCLOSPORINE
CARBONIC ANHYDRASE INHIBITORS St. John's Wort
Cardioactive Steroids
White Willow (Increased effect due to potassium (The herb induces the cytochrome
(Potentiates action of salicylates) loss with chronic use of herb) P450 enzyme system and will
CARDIAC GLYCOSIDES CAYENNE lower cyclosporine serum levels)
Aloe Aspirin CYTISUS SCOPARIUS
(Increases effect of cardiac (Decreased bioavailability of (See under Scotch Broom)
glycosides) aspirin)
Buckthorn DATURA STRAMONIUM
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
(Increased effect due to potassium STIMULANTS (See under Jimson Weed)
loss with chronic use of herb) Ma-Huang DIAGNOSTIC PROCEDURES USING
Cascara Sagrada (Ma-Huang has an additive effect RADIOACTIVE ISOTOPES
(Increased effect due to potassium on the CNS when combined with Bugleweed
loss with chronic use of herb) CNS stimulants) (Herb interferes with these
Chinese Rhubarb isotopes)
CHASTE TREE
(Increased effect due to potassium
loss with chronic use of herb) Dopamine Antagonists DIGITALIS
Safety Guide
Ava Pepper G-15, 443 Natrol, Nature's Way, (Rhamnus catharticus) . . . G-6, 123
Band Man's Plaything G-26, 833 Rexall Consumer) 92 Buckthorn Bark G-12, 317
Baptisia tinctoria G-26, 812 Black Cohosh Power Bugbane G-5, 92
Barbary 487 Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 Bugloss G-6, 114
Black Root G-9, 212 Bugwort G-5, 92
BARBERRY
Black Snake Root G-5, 92 Bullsfoot G-9, 209
(Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 61
Black-Tang 106 Bupleurum Chinese 187
BARLEY Blackwort G-9, 212 Burage G-6, 114
(Hordeum distichon) G-4, 63 Bladder Fucus 106 Burrage G-6, 114
Barley Grain Capsules Bladderpod G-16, 479 Butterbur G-9, 209
(ADH) 63 BLADDERWRACK
Butterfly Weed G-20, 598
Buttons G-24, 754
BASIL (Fucus vesiculosus) 106
Caffea G-9, 202
(Ocimum basilicum) G-4, 64 Bladderwrack Fluid Extract California Buckthorn G-7, 153
Bastard Cinnamon 182 (Nature's Answer) 106
CALIFORNIA POPPY
Bastard Jasmine 487 Blazing Star 301
(Eschscholtzia
Bastard Saffron 652 BLESSED THISTLE californica) G-7, 140
Bearberry G-25, 779 (Cnicus benedictus) G-6, 107
CAMPHOR TREE
Bearsgrape G-25, 779
Bee Balm 562 Blessed Thistle Capsules (Cinnamomum
Beechdrops . 109 (Frontier, Nature's Herbs, camphora) G-7, 143
Beefsteak Plant 583 Nature's Way) 107 Cana Fistula G-13, 354
Bees' Nest G-25, 809 Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol Canada Root G-20, 598
Fluid Extract Cankerroot 358
BEHEN
(Nature's Answer) 107 Canton Cassia 182
(Moringa oleifera) .67
Blindweed G-22, 690
CAPE ALOE
Ben Nut Tree 67
BLOODROOT (Aloe ferox) 16
Berberis vulgaris G-4, 6i
(Sanguinaria canadensis) 108
Berberry G-4, 61 Capsella bursa-pastoris . . . G-22, 690
Bergamot 562 BloodwOIt G-26, 833 Cardin G-6, 107
Bergenia crass ifolia 268 Blue Balm 562 Carpenter's Weed G-26, 833
SAFETY GUIDE DYER'S BROOM /1-1 93
Life of Man G-23, 711 Mother's Heart G-22, 690 One-A-Day Menopause
Lion's Ear c-is, 524 Health Tablets (Bayer) .. . G-29, 92
MOTHERWORT
Lion's Tail G-IS, 524 Orange Milkweed G-20, 598
(Leonurus cardiaca) G-i8, 524
Liver Lily G-19, 56i Orange Root G-13, 355
Liverleaf 26 Mountain Balm 562 Orange Swallow-Wort G-20, 598
Liverweed 26 Mountain Box G-25, 779 Oregon Barberry G-18, 527
Liverwort 26 Mountain Cranberry G-25, 779 Oregon Grape
LOBELIA
Mountain Flax 683 (Berberis vulgaris) G-4, 6i
Oregon Grape
(Lobelia inflata) G-ie, 479 MOUNTAIN GRAPE
(Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527
Lobelia inflata G-i6, 479 (Mahonia aquifolium) . . . G-IS, 527
Oregon Grape Liquid
LOVAGE Mountain Grape G-4, 6i (Herb Pharm) 527
(Levisticum officinale) . . . G-16, 482 Mountain Mint 562 Oregon Grape Root Liquid
Low Balm 562 Mouth Root 358 (Nature's Answer) 527
Lurk-in-the-Ditch 579 Mu Tong 189
ORRIS
Lycium barbarum 487 MUGWORT (Iris species) G-19, 561
LYCIUM BARK (Artemisia vulgaris) G-18, 530
OSWEGO TEA
(Lycium chinense) 486 Mygrafew Tablets (Monarda didyma) 562
LYCIUM BERRIES (Nature's Way) 306 Palma Christi G-7, ISS
(Lycium barbarum) 487 Myristica fragrans G-18, 545 Palmers Aloe Vera Formula
Lycium chinense 486 MYRRH Cream (E.T. Browne) ie
Mace G-IS, 545 (Commiphora molmol) . . G-is, 534 Papoose Root 109
Mahonia aquifolium G-18, 527 Pariswort G-4, 74
Myrrh Commiphora Oil
MA-HUANG PARSLEY
(Aura Cacia) 534
(Ephedra sinica) G-ie, 488 Myrrh Gum Liquid (Petroselinum crispum) . . G-19, 567
Maiden Fern 491 (Nature's Answer) 534 Parsley Fern G-24, 754
Myrtle Flower G-19, sei Parsley Herb Capsules
MAIDENHAIR
Nard 433 (Nature's Way) 567
(Adiantum capillus-veneris) . . . 491
Nardostachys jatamansi 433 Parsley Leaf Capsules
Mandrake G-17, 510 Narrow-Leaved Echinacea 433 (Nature's Herbs) 567
Marrubium G-14, 401 Nasturtium officinale 798 Parsley Leaf Liquid
Marrubium vulgare G-14, 401 Nepeta cataria G-8, 164 (Nature's Answer) 567
Matto Grosso 423 Nightshade G-4, 74 Paucon 108
MAYAPPLE Pauson 108
NORTHERN PRICKLY ASH
(Podophyllum peltatum) . .G-17, 510 Pearl Barley G-4, 63
(Zanthoxylum americanum) . .. 545
Maytenus ilicifolia 218 PENNYROYAL
Mealberry G-25, 779 Nose Bleed G-26, 833
(Mentha pulegium) 579
Mentha pulegium . 579
NUTMEG
Mexico Seed G-7, 158 Pepper-and-Salt G-22, 690
(Myristica fragrans) G-18, 545
Midsummer Daisy G-11, 306 Perdiem Overnight Relief
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root (Novartis Consumer) G-29, 684
Milfoil G-26, 833
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92
Milk Ipecac G-4, 74 PERILLA
NuVeg Feverfew Leaf
Milkwort 683 (Perilla fructescens) 583
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) . . . . 306
Monarda didyma 562
NuVeg Red Clover Perilla fructescens 583
Monarda Lutea 407
Combination Capsules Persely G-19, 567
Monarda punctata 407
(Nature's Herbs) 633 Persian Berries G-12,317
Moringa oleifera 67
Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 Peruvian Bark G-20, 626
MORNING GLORY
Oil Plant G-7, 158 Petersylinge G-19,567
(Ipomoea hederacea) 523 Old Man's Pepper G-26, 833 Petroselinum crispum G-19, 567
Mosquito Plant 579 Old Man's Root G-23, 711 Petty Morell G-23, 711
SAFETY GUIDE SNAKE LILY/I-197
Garlic Tablets (ADH, Kava Kava Liquid (McZand) . . . 443 Rheum palmatum G-8, ISS
American Pharmaceutical, Kava Kava Power Capsules Rhubarb G-8, iss
Apothecary, Basic (Nature's Herbs) 443 Richweed G-5, 92
Vitamins, Bergen Kava Kava Premium Extract Sacred Bark G-7, 153
Brunswig, Celestial Capsules (Futurebiotics) 443 Sagrada Bark G-7, 153
Seasonings, Contract Kava Kava Root Capsules Salsify G-9, 212
Pharmacal, Family (Frontier, Major, Naturalife,
Pharmacy, Freeda, Mason SENNA
Nature's Herbs, Nature's
Vitamins, Medicine (Cassia senna) G-22, 684
Way) 443
Shoppe, National Vitamin, Kavatrol Capsules (Natrol) G-29, 443 Senna Extract Capsules
Naturalife, Nature's Kawa G-15, 443 (Nature's Herbs) 684
Bounty, Perrigo, Republic, Knitback G-9, 212 Senna Leaf Capsules
Zenith Goldline) 327
Knitbone G-9, 212 (Frontier) 684
Garlicin Tablets Kwai Garlic Tablets Senokot Childrens' Syrup
(Nature's Way) 327
(Lichtwer) G-29, 327 (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684
Garlic-X Tablets
Kyolic Aged Garlic Extract Senokot Granules
(Mason Vitamins) 327
Tablets (Wakunaga) G-30, 327 (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684
Garlin Tablets (Major) 327
Leather Bergenia 268 Senokot Tablets
Garlique Enteric Coated
Marcory 729 (Purdue Frederick) G-30, 684
Tablets (Sunsource) 327
NuVeg Black Cohosh Root Senokot X (Purdue Frederick) . . 684
Garlique Tablets (Sunsource) . . . 327
Capsules (Nature's Herbs) 92 Senokot Xtra
GOLDEN SHOWER TREE
Ocimum basilicum G-4, 64 (Purdue Frederick) 684
(Cassia fistula) G-13, 354 Odorless Garlic Capsules Siberian Tea 268
Gum Plant G-9, 212 (Nature's Herbs) 327 Silver Leaf 729
Hartshorn G-6, 123 One-A-Day Cholesterol Slippery Root G-9, 212
Healing Herb G-9, 212 Health Tablets (Bayer) . . G-29, 327 Spanish Bugloss G-3, 13
High Alicin Garlic Tablets One-A-Day Garlic Capsules Squaw Root G-S, 92
(Futurebiotics) 327 (Bayer) G-29, 327 St. Josephwort G-4, 64
High Potency Garlic Oil One-A-Day Menopause Standardized Garlic Capsules
Capsules (Nature Made) 327 Health Tablets (Bayer) . . . G-29, 92 (Nature's Resource) 327
Highwaythorn G-6, 123 Perdiem Overnight Relief
India Senna G-22, 684 STILLING1A
(Novartis Consumer) G-29, 684
Indian Laburnum G-13, 354 (Stillingia sylvatica) 729
Persian Berries G-12, 317
Intoxicating Pepper G-15, 443 Piper methysticum G-15, 443 Stillingia sylvatica 729
Kava Extract Capsules Poor Man's Treacle G-12, 327 Symphytum officinale G-9, 212
(Nature's Way) 443 Pudding Pipe Tree G-13, 354 Tinnevelly Senna .G-22, 684
KAVA KAVA Purging Cassia G-13, 354 Total Gar Capsules
(Piper methysticum) G-15, 443 Purshiana Bark G-7, 153 (Mason Vitamins) 327
Kava Kava Capsules (Bergen Queen's Delight 729 Wallwort G-9, 212
Brunswig, Celestial Ramsthora G-e, 123 Waythorn G-e, 123
Seasonings, Humco, Mason Rattleroot G-5, 92 Wild Countryside Black
Vitamins, McZand, Rattleweed G-5, 92 Cohosh Root Capsules
Nature's Resource, Rexall Remifemin Tablets (Nature's Herbs) 92
Consumer, Rexall Managed (PhytoPharmica) G-30, 92 X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Care, Sundown) 443 Rhamnus catharticus G-6, 123 Liquid (Purdue Frederick) . . . . 684
Kava Kava Extract Liquid Rhamnus frangula G-12, 317 Yaw Root 729
(Rainbow Light) 443 Rhamnus purshiana G-7, 153 Yellow Bark G-7, 153
SAFETY GUIDE PIGWOOD/I-201
Manufacturers Index
This index provides you with contact information for each supplier whose products appear in the
herbal monographs. The names of the products follow the company's contact information. If an
entry lists two page numbers, the first refers to a photograph of the product in the Identification
Guide, the second to the herbal monograph in which the product appears.
Herbal Products Available: Wild Indigo Fresh Root St. John's Wort Capsules 719
Alfalfa Whole Juice Liquid 812 Valerian Root Capsules 783
Concentrate Liquid 12
Bilberry Extract Capsules 75 HEALTH PRODUCTS CORPORATION/ HUMCO
HEALTH BRAND 7400 Alumax Drive
Ginkgo Biloba Premium Health Vitamin Company, Inc. Texarkana, TX 75501
Extract Capsules 342 1060 Nepperhan Avenue Direct Inquiries to:
Yonkers, NY 10703-1432 (800) 662-3435
Ginkgo Biloba Premium
Direct Inquiries to: FAX: (903) 831-7736
Extract Tablets 342 (914) 423-2900 Herbal Products Available:
Green Tea Tablets 369 FAX: (914) 963-6001
Herbal Products Available: Bilberry Extract Capsules 75
High Alicin Garlic Tablets 327
Garlic Oil Capsules 327 Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153
Kava Kava Premium Extract
Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Cat's Claw Capsules 160
Capsules 443
Oil of Evening Primrose Cayenne Pepper Capsules 165
Premium Blend Korean
Capsules 298 Echinacea Capsules 261
Ginseng Capsules 346
Papaya Chewable Tablets 565 Feverfew Extract Capsules 306
Premium Blend Saw Palmetto
Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Capsules 664 HERB PHARM Capsules 342
Saw Palmetto Berries P.O. Box 116
Williams, OR 97544 Goldenseal Root Capsules 355
Capsules 664
Direct Inquiries to: Hawthorn Extract Capsules 271
St. John's Wort Capsules 719 (800) 599-2392 Kava Kava Capsules 443
(541) 846-6262
GLENWOOD FAX: (800) 545-7392 Korean Ginseng Extract
82 North Summit Street E-mail: Herbpharm@aol.com Capsules 346
Tenafly, NJ 07670 www.herb-pharm.com Korean White Ginseng
Direct Inquiries to: Herbal Products Available:
(800) 664-1449 Capsules 346
(732) 981-9780 Madder Whole Root Liquid . . . . 490
Milk Thistle Extract Capsules . . 516
FAX: (732) 981-9790 Oregon Grape Liquid 527
Saw Palmetto Extract
Herbal Products Available: Sheep Sorrel, Whole
Capsules 664
Yocon Tablets 843 Flowering Plant Liquid 705
St. John's Wort Extract
Thyme Leaf & Flower Liquid . . 761
THE GREEN TURTLE BAY Capsules 719
VITAMIN CO., INC. Yerba Santa Resin-Rich Leaf
Valerian Root Capsules 783
56 High Street Liquid 84i
P.O. Box 642 IRWIN NATURALS
Summit, NJ 07902 HERBAL HARVEST 10549 West Jefferson Boulevard
Direct Inquiries to: 90 Orville Drive Culver City, CA 90232
(800) 887-8535 Bohemia, NY 11716 Direct Inquiries to:
(908) 277-2240 Direct Inquiries to: (800) 841-8448
FAX: (908) 273-9116 (631) 567-9500 FAX: (310) 202-9454
E-mail: mail@energywave.com FAX: (631) 244-2136 Herbal Products Available:
www.energywave.com Herbal Products Available: Cat's Claw Capsules ieo
Herbal Products Available: Aloe Vera Capsules 16
Echinacea Capsules 261
Primrose Oil Capsules . . . . 298 Black Cohosh Capsules 92
Ginkgo Smart Capsules 342
HEALTH FROM THE SUN
Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153
Super Yohimbe-Plus Tablets . . . . 8 4 3
P.O. Box 179 Cayenne Capsules 165
Newport Beach, NH 03773 Dandelion Root Capsules 245 THE KEY COMPANY
Direct Inquiries to: 1313 W. Essex Ave.
Echinacea Capsules 26i P.O. Box 220370
(800) 447-2249
FAX: (603) 763-9159 Eyebright Capsules 300 St. Louis, MO 63122
www.hfts.com Feverfew Extract Capsules 306 Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 325-9592
Herbal Products Available: Ginger Root Capsules 339 (314) 965-6699
Bio-EFA Black Currant Ginkgo Biloba Extract FAX: (314) 965-7629
Capsules . .94 Tablets 342 Herbal Products Available:
Black Currant Capsules . . . . . .94 Ginseng Complex Capsules 346 Alfamin Tablets 12
Curcu Caps Capsules .132 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Echinacea Root Capsules 26i
Prickly Ash Autumn- Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271 Garlic Capsules 327
Harvested Liquid .545 Korean Ginseng Capsules 346 Goldenseal Plus Capsules 355
Turmeric Whole Rhizome Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Linum-20 Capsules 313
Liquid .846 Siberian Ginseng Tablets 346 St. John's Wort Capsules 719
MANUFACTURERS INDEX MCZAND HERBAL, INC. / I - 2 0 7
Cayenne Capsules 165 Herbal Products Available: Cat's Claw Bark Capsules 160
Chamomile Liquid 331 Alfalfa Tablets 12 Dr. Masquelier's Authentic
Dandelion Liquid 245 Aloe Vera Capsules 16 OPC's Tablets 362
Echinacea Liquid 261 Cat's Claw Capsules ieo Feverfew Leaf Capsules 306
Feverfew Capsules 306 Chantal Aloe Vera Cream 16 Garlic Tablets 327
Ginger Liquid 339 Echinacea Capsules 261 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342
Ginkgo Capsules 342 Evening Primrose Oil Ginseng Capsules 346
Ginkgo Liquid 342 Capsules 298 Hawthorn Tablets 271
Ginseng American Liquid 346 Garlic Capsules 327 Kava Kava Root Capsules 443
Ginseng Chinese Liquid 346 Garlic Tablets 327 Milk Thistle Capsules 516
Ginseng Siberian Liquid 346 Ginkgo Biloba Extract Original Primrose for
Goldenseal Liquid 355 Capsules 342 Women Capsules 298
Gotu Kola Liquid 359 Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664
Hawthorn Capsules 271 Golden Seal Capsules 355 St. John's Wort Capsules 719
Hawthorn Liquid 271 Guarana Tablets 376 Vitex Capsules 176
Horsetail Liquid 409 Kelp Tablets 122
Oat Bran Chewable Tablets 551 NATURE MADE
Kava Kava Capsules 443 1150 Aviation Place
Kava Kava Liquid 443 Papaya Enzyme Tablet 565 San Fernando, CA 91340
Licorice Liquid 469 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664
Direct Inquiries to:
Milk Thistle Capsules 516 St. John's Wort Extract (800) 276-2878
Capsules 719 www.naturemade.com
Milk Thistle Liquid 516
Nettle Capsules 729 Valerian Root Capsules 783 Herbal Products Available:
Nettle Liquid 729 Watercress Capsules 798 Alfalfa Herbs Tablets 12
Oatstraw Capsules 551 NATROL
Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Oatstraw Liquid 551 2 l 4 l l Prairie Street Capsules 346
Chatsworth, CA 91311 Chinese Red Panax Ginseng
Red Clover Liquid 633
Direct Inquiries to: Tablets 346
Red Raspberry Liquid 630 (800) 326-1520
Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Echinacea Capsules 261
www.natrol.com
Saw Palmetto Liquid 664 Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil Capsules 327
Valerian Liquid 783 Astragalus Capsules 54 Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342
Basics Stinging Nettles Goldenseal Root Capsules 355
THE MEDICINE SHOPPE Capsules 729 High Potency Garlic Oil
ll 00 North Lindbergh
St. Louis, MO 63132 Bilberry Herb Capsules 75 Capsules 327
Direct Inquiries to: Black Cohosh Capsules 92 St. John's Wort Tablets 719
(800) 325-1397 Blackcurrant Seed Oil
(314) 993-6000 NATURE'S ANSWER
Capsules 94 320 Oser Avenue
FAX: (314) 872-5500
Evening Primrose Oil Hauppauge, NY 11788
Herbal Products Available:
Capsules 298 Direct Inquiries to:
Garlic Oil Capsules 327 (800) 439-2324
Ginkgo Biloba Extract 342
Garlic Tablets 327 (516) 231-7492
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342 FAX: (516) 951-2499
MERICON INDUSTRIES, INC. Green Tea Capsules 369 www.naturesanswer.com
8819 N. Pioneer Road Guarana Capsules 376
Peoria, IL 61615-1561 Herbal Products Available:
Kavatrol Capsules G-29, 443 Alcohol Free Black Walnut
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 242-6464 Mood Support Capsules 719 Green Hulls Fluid Extract . . . . 134
FAX: (309) 693-2158 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Alcohol Free Chaste Tree
E-mail: monocal@aol.com
St. John's Wort Tablets 719 Berry Liquid 176
Herbal Products Available:
NATURALIFE CORPORATION Alcohol Free Dandelion Root
Ginkgo Tablets 342
10 Mountain Springs Parkway Liquid 245
NATIONAL VITAMIN COMPANY, INC.
Springville, UT 84663 Alcohol Free Ginger Root
2075 West Scranton Avenue Direct Inquiries to: Fluid Extract 339
Porterville, CA 93257-8358 (800) 531-3233
FAX: (800) 489-3302 Alcohol Free Gotu Kola Herb
Direct Inquiries to:
(800) 538-5828 Herbal Products Available: Liquid 359
FAX: (209) 781-8878 Bilberry Capsules 75 Alcohol Free Horsetail Liquid . . 409
MANUFACTURERS INDEX NATURE'S HERBS / I - 2 0 9
Alcohol Free Kava Kava Rosemary Leaf Liquid 645 Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
Liquid 443 Saw Palmetto Berries Liquid . . . 664 Capsules 355
Alcohol Free Milk Thistle St. John's Wort Liquid 719 Herbal Sure Korean Ginseng
Seed Liquid 516 Thyme Herb Liquid 76i Capsules 346
Alcohol Free Mullein Leaves Valerian Root Alcohol Free Herbal Sure Maximum
Liquid 532 Liquid 783 Strength Ginkgo Biloba
Alcohol Free Nettles Leaf Wild Indigo Root, Alcohol Capsules 342
Liquid 729 Free Liquid 812 Herbal Sure Saw Palmetto
Alcohol Free Passionflower Wild Yam Liquid 817 Capsules 664
Liquid 573 Witch Hazel Leaf Liquid 821 Herbal Sure Valerian Root
Alcohol Free Red Raspberry Wood Betony Herb Liquid 825 Capsules 783
Leaf Liquid 630 Licorice Root Capsules 469
NATURE'S BOUNTY, INC.
Alcohol Free Sage Liquid 655 90 Orville Drive Manchurian Ginseng Capsules . . 346
Alcohol Free White Willow Bohemia. NY 11716 Manchurian Ginseng Tablets . . . . 346
Bark Liquid 807 Direct Inquiries to: Milk Thistle Capsules 516
Alcohol Free Yarrow Flowers (631) 567-9500 Natural Ginkgo Biloba
FAX: (631) 244-2136 Tablets 342
Liquid 33
Herbal Products Available: Oat Bran Tablets 551
Alcohol Free Yellowdock
Alfalfa Natural Tablets 12 Red Clover Blossom
Root Liquid 835
Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Capsules 633
Alfalfa Liquid 12
Bilberry Capsules 75 Royal Brittany Evening
Angelica Root Liquid Fluid
Cat's Claw Capsules 160 Primrose Oil Capsules 298
Extract 32
Cayenne Capsules 165 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664
Astragalus Liquid 54
Dandelion Root Capsules 245 Silymarin Milk Thistle
Bayberry Bark Liquid Fluid
Deodorized Garlic Tablets 327 Capsules 516
Extract 705
Echinacea Capsules 261 Valerian Root Capsules 783
Bladderwrack Fluid Extract 106
Evening Primrose Oil Yohimbie Bark Tablets 843
Blessed Thistle Low Alcohol
Capsules 298
Fluid Extract 107 NATURE'S HERBS
Eyebright Capsules 300
Blue Cohosh Root Liquid 109 150 Motor Parkway
Feverfew Capsules 306 Hauppauge, NY 11788
Burdock Root Fluid Extract . 1 2 8 Garlic Oil Capsules 327
Catnip Herb Liquid Fluid Direct Inquiries to:
Garlic Tablets 327 (516) 467-3140
Extract 164 Ginger Root Capsules 339 www.naturesherbs.com
Catnip Liquid 164 Ginkgo Biloba Extract Herbal Products Available:
Cat's Claw Bark Liquid ieo Tablets 342 Alfalfa Leaf Capsules 12
Celery Liquid Fluid Extract 172 Ginseng Complex Capsules 346 Aloe Vera Mild Stimulant
Chickweed Herb Liquid iso Ginseng Korean Capsules 346 Laxative Capsules 16
Cinnamon Bark Fluid Extract . . . 190 Ginseng Manchurian Capsules .. 346 American Ginseng Root
Cleavers, Alcohol-Free Liquid . . 193 Ginseng Siberian Tablets 346 Capsules 346
Damiana Leaf Fluid Extract . . . . 244 Ginseng Up Capsules 346 Bayberry Bark Capsules 705
Fennel Seed Liquid 302 Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Bilberry Power Capsules 75
Ginger Kid Liquid 339 Grapeseed Extract Capsules 362 Black Cohosh Power
Goldenseal Root Alcohol Hawthorne Berries Capsules . . . . 271 Capsules 92
Free Liquid 355 Herbal Sure Aloe Vera Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . . 134
Green Tea Leaf, Alcohol Softgels 16 Blessed Thistle Capsules 107
Free Liquid 369 Herbal Sure Chinese Red Burdock Root Capsules 128
Guarana Seed Liquid 376 Ginseng Capsules 346 Butcher's Broom Root
Juniper Berry Liquid 440 Herbal Sure Extracts Capsules 132
Kid Chamomile Liquid 331 Capsules 75 Cascara Sagrada Bark Mild
Marshmallow Root Liquid 505 Herbal Sure Feverfew Stimulant Laxative
Myrrh Gum Liquid 534 Capsules 3oe Capsules 153
Oregon Grape Root Liquid 527 Herbal Sure Ginger Root Cat's Claw Capsules 160
Parsley Leaf Liquid 567 I Capsules 339 I Cat's Claw Power Capsules . . . . 160
1-210/NATURE'S HERBS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Saw Palmetto Capsules 664 Melissa Lemon Balm Herb Wild American Scullcap
St. John's Wort Capsules 719 Capsules 461 Herb Capsules 678
Standardized Bilberry Extract Mullein Leaves Liquid 532 Wild Yam Extract Liquid si 7
Capsules 7s Mygrafew Tablets 306 Wild Yam Root Capsules 817
Standardized Garlic Capsules . 3 2 7 Nature's Root Nighttime Yarrow Extract Liquid 33
Standardized Ginseng, Korean Tablets 783 Yellow Dock Root Capsules . . . 835
White Capsules 346 Neem Capsules 539 NEUROVITES
Standardized Licorice Nettle Herb Capsules 729 P.O. Box 180
Capsules 469 Rockaway Beach, OR 97136
Parsley Herb Capsules 567
Standardized Valerian Direct Inquiries to:
Proactive Saw Palmetto (503) 228-4119
Capsules 783 Capsules 664 FAX: (503) 228-4119
Valerian Capsules 783 Herbal Products Available:
Psyllium Husk Bulk-Forming
Laxative Capsules 612 Black Currant Oil Capsules 94
NATURE'S WAY
10 Mountain Springs Parkway Ginkgo Biloba Extract
Psyllium Seed Bulk-Forming
Springville, UT 84663 Capsules 342
Laxative Capsules 612
Direct Inquiries to: Red Raspberry Leaves NOVARTIS CONSUMER HEALTH, INC.
(800) 962-8873 560 Morris Avenue
FAX: (801) 489-1700 Capsules 630
Summit, NJ 07901-1312
www.naturesway.com Red Raspberry Leaves Direct Inquiries to:
Herbal Products Available: Glycerine Extract Liquid 630 (800) 452-0051
FAX: (800) 635-2801
Alfalfa Capsules 12 Saw Palmetto Berries
Herbal Products Available:
Aloe Vera Capsules 16 Capsules 664
Ex-Lax Maximum Strength 684
Astragalus Root Capsules 54 Siberian Ginseng Capsules 346
Perdiem Fiber Therapy G-29, 612
Bayberry Root Capsules 705 St. John's Wort Capsules 719 Perdiem Overnight Relief . G-29, 684
Bilberry Extract Capsules 75 St. John's Wort Herb Liquid . . . 719
NOVOGEN, INC.
Black Cohosh Capsules 92 Standardized Cat's Claw 1 Landmark Square, 2nd Floor
Black Walnut Hulls Capsules . . 134 Extract Capsules ieo Stamford, CT 06901-2628
Blessed Thistle Capsules 107 Standardized Chamomile Direct Inquiries to:
(888) NOVOGEN
Butcher's Broom Root Extract Capsules 331 E-mail: info@novogen.com
Capsules 132 Standardized Feverfew www.novogen.com
Cascara Sagrada Capsules 153 Extract Capsules 306 Herbal Products Available:
Catnip Herb Capsules 164 Promensil Tablets G-29, 633
Standardized Green Tea
Cat's Claw Capsules 160 PD-RX PHARMACEUTiCALS INC.
Extract Capsules 369
Dandelion Capsules 245 727 North Ann Arbor Avenue
Standardized Hawthorn
Devil's Claw Secondary Root Oklahoma City, OK 73127
Extract Capsules 271 Direct Inquiries to:
Capsules 247
Standardized Horsechestnut (800) 299-7379
Fennel Seed Capsules 302 FAX: (405) 942-5471
Extract Capsules 403
Fenugreek Capsules 304 Herbal Products Available:
Standardized Saw Palmetto
Garlicin Tablets 327 Saw Palmetto Capsules 664
ExtractCap Capsules 664
Ginger Root Capsules 339 St. John's Wort Tablets 719
Standardized Siberian
Ginkgold Tablets 342 PERRIGO
Golden Seal Root Capsules 355 Ginseng Root Capsules 346
117 Water Street
Gotu Kola Herb Liquid 359 Standardized Uva Ursi Allegan, MI 49010
Hawthorn Berries Capsules 271 Extract Capsules 779 Direct Inquiries to:
Standardized White Willow (800) 827-2296
Hawthorn Berries Liquid 271 FAX: (616) 673-9122
HeartCare Hawthorn Extract Bark Extract Capsules 807 Herbal Products Available:
Tablets 271 Thisilyn Standardized Milk Bilberry Capsules 7S
Herbal Eyebright Capsules 300 Thistle Extract Capsules sie Cayenne Capsules ies
Horsetail Grass Capsules 409 Turmeric Extract Capsules 846 Echinacea Capsules 26i
Hyssop Herb Capsules 414 Uva Ursi Leaves Capsules 779 Feverfew Capsules 306
Kava Extract Capsules 443 Valerian Root Capsules 783 Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327
Kava Kava Root Capsules 443 Vitex Capsules 176 Garlic Oil Capsules 327
Licorice Root Capsules 469 White Willow Bark Capsules . . . 807 Garlic Tablets 327
1-212/PERRIGO PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Ginger Root Capsules 339 Direct Inquiries to: Direct Inquiries to:
(877) 376-6762 (800) 828-7444
Ginseng Capsules 346 (503) 682-1415 FAX: (716) 874-6060
Goldenseal Root Capsules 355 FAX: (503) 682-0845
E-mail: pnc@nfformulas.com Herbal Products Available:
Milk Thistle Capsules 516
Herbal Products Available: Garlic Oil 1000 Capsules 327
Valerian Root Capsules 783
St. John's Wort Capsules 719 Garlic Tablets 327
PHARMACEUTICAL St. John's Wort Liquid 719
LABORATORIES, INC.
1170 Corporate Drive W. REXALL CONSUMER PRODUCTS
PROCTER & GAMBLE
Suite 102 P.O. Box 5516 Div. of Rexall Sundown, Inc.
Arlington, TX 76006-6813 Cincinnati, OH 45201 6111 Broken Sound Parkway, NW
Direct Inquiries to: Boca Raton, FL 33487-3693
Direct Inquiries to:
(817) 633-1461 (800) 358-8707 Direct Inquiries to:
FAX: (817) 633-8146 (513) 558-4422 (800) 255-7399
Herbal Products Available: Herbal Products Available: FAX: (561) 995-6881
Aloe Vera Super-Strength Metamucil G-30, 612 www.rexallsundown.com
Liquid 16
THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY Herbal Products Available:
Echinacea Liquid 26i 100 Connecticut Avenue Alfalfa Tablets 12
Ginkgo Biloba Liquid 342 Norwalk, CT 06850-3590
Direct Inquiries to: Bilberry Capsules 75
Ginseng Liquid 346
(800) 877-5666 Black Cohosh Capsules 92
St. John's Wort Liquid 719 FAX: (800) 877-3210 Cat's Claw Capsules 160
PHARMANEX, INC. Herbal Products Available:
Echinacea Capsules 261
625 Cochran Street Senokot Childrens' Syrup . G-30, 684
Simi Valley, CA 93065-1939 Echinacea Standardized
Senokot Granules G-30, 684
Direct Inquiries to: Capsules 261
(800) 999-6229 Senokot Tablets G-30, 684
Feverfew Capsules 306
FAX: (805) 582-9301 Senokot X 684
Garlic Enteric Coated Tablets . . . 327
Herbal Products Available: Senokot Xtra 684
Garlic Oil Natural Capsules . . . 327
BioGinkgo Extra Strength X-Prep Bowel Evacuant
Ginger Root Capsules 339
Tablets G-29, 342 Liquid 684
BioGinkgo Tablets 342 Ginkgo Biloba Capsules 342
RAINBOW LIGHT NUTRITIONAL
Tegreen Capsules 369 SYSTEMS Ginkgo Biloba Standardized
125 McPherson Street Capsules G-30, 342
PHARMATON NATURAL HEALTH Santa Cruz, CA 95060
PRODUCTS Ginseng Complex Capsules 346
Direct Inquiries to:
900 Ridgebury Road (800) 635-1233 Ginseng Korean Standardized
P.O. Box 368 (831) 429-9089
Ridgefield, CT 06877 Capsules 346
FAX: (831) 429-0189 Ginseng Root Tablets 346
Direct Inquiries to:
(203) 798-4157 Herbal Products Available:
Ginseng Siberian Capsules 346
FAX: (203) 798-5771 Kava Kava Extract Liquid 443
Goldenseal Root Capsules 3ss
Herbal Products Available: Milk Thistle Extract Liquid sie
Gotu Kola Capsules 359
Ginkoba Tablets G-29, 342 Milk Thistle Plus Tablets sie
Grape Seed Extract Capsules . . . 362
Ginsana Capsules G-29, 346 Milk Thistle SuperComplex
Horse Chestnut Standardized
Ginsana Chewable Tablets . G-29, 346 Tablets sie
Capsules 403
Movana Tablets G-30, 719 REESE PHARMACEUTICAL COMPANY
Kava Kava Capsules 443
Venastat Capsules G-30, 403 10617 Frank Ave.
P.O. Box 1957 Milk Thistle Complex
PHYTOPHARMICA Cleveland, OH 44106 Capsules G-30, s i e
825 Challenger Drive Direct Inquiries to:
Green Bay, WI 54311 Papaya Enzyme Double
(800) 321-7178
Direct Inquiries to: FAX: (216) 231-6444 Strength Tablet ses
(800) 553-2370 (Doctors and E-mail: reese@apk.net Papaya Enzyme Tablet ses
Pharmacists) w w w .reesechemical. com
Saw Palmetto Capsules 664
(800) 644-0799 (Consumers) Herbal Products Available:
Herbal Products Available: Saw Palmetto Standardized
Ginkgo Biloba Tablets 342
Remifemin Tablets G-30, 92 St. John's Wort Preferred Capsules G-30, 664
PNC, PHARMACISTS' NUTRITION Capsules 719 St. John's Wort Capsules . . G-30, 719
CENTER Valerian Root Capsules 783
9775 SW Commerce Circle REPUBLIC DRUG COMPANY, INC.
Suite C4 175 Great Arrow Valerian Root Standardized
Wilsonville, OR 97070-9602 Buffalo, NY 14207 Capsules 783
MANUFACTURERS INDEX YERBA PRIMA / I - 2 1 3
In this full-color photo section, you'll find hundreds of Following these photos is a Product Identification
pictures of herbs and leading commercial preparations. Guide in which you'll find a representative selection of
popular commercial formulations. The pictures on
The first part of the section is an Herb Identification these pages are arranged alphabetically by manufactur-
er and product name.
Guide with photos of over 380 common medicinal
plants. Each herb is labeled with its generally accepted
Please note that the plants are not reproduced in actual
common name immediately above the photo, and its size, and that the scale of the photos varies. For the
scientific name immediately below. The pictures are average dimensions of the plant and its component
arranged alphabetically by common name. structures, please check the Description section of the
corresponding herbal monograph.
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-3
G-4/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
BENNET'S ROOT
BLACK ALDER
G-6/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lavandula angustifolia
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-11
G-12/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION G U I D E / G - 1 3
GOLDENSEAL
LADY'S MANTLE
G-16/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-17
G-18/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-19
& AS
Glycine soja
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-23
L^-V-A^;
Spinacia oleracea
G-24/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
HERB IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-25
G-26/PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
G-27
Shown here are selected herbal preparations and their manufacturer and brand name. The company's name
Wf packaging. The photos are arranged alphabetically by appears above the product; its brand name below.
PRODUCT IDENTIFICATION GUIDE/G-29
Ginkar
, ^ „ 3n>c..J3>
Strength
^ e^PHARHANEX
Kira
100% Natural
Daily Fiber Source
Standardized St. John's Wort Extract available in 2 5 0 gm
To Maintain a Healthy Emotional Balance and 40 mg
Weil-Being
NOVOGEN
«. Ginsana •+
promensil"
Clinically Proven To
Lower Cholesterol* midlife as nature intended
i»fiff ?*"f. *' *"
I Guaranteed Odor Free ^
promensi
Standardized and Tested
Specialized Nutritional Supplements Q A Concentrated
y \ ) Garlic Tablets
TO DOUBLE-CHECK
SAFETY:
- F E E L your
BEST:
Take a quick glance at the
Safety Guide, which lists
ONEADAY
herbs to be avoided while
pregnant and nursing, and
Ginsana'
those to be used only under 5 0 mg
'•BSofleels (jMTlML Chewy Squares
supervision.
PURDUE FREDERICK
THE PURDUE FREDERICK COMPANY
Qpanterria
C K ^ # ^
Senokot Quanterra
VENASTAI
LEG HEALTH DIETARY SUPPLEMENT
Senokot
Senolibt
5Ptiyt°FWi*=*.
"WlAlsUPPtlKf"' 2JL ^ «L
6 0 and 1 2 0 tablets
Natural support for menopause. Aged Garlic Extract"
Also available in Remifemin™ Plus,
with St. John's Wort.
Remifemin 7 Ginkgo Biloba Kyolic* Quanterra™ Sleep
REXALL SUNDOWN WARNER-LAMBERT CONSUMER HEALTHCARE
• w**'
Qiianterra
^v*
yuanterra
WHITEHALL-ROBINS
WHITEHALL-ROBINS
S' CUIIITIWI If
SIRBALSJ
'IBMttlWUUllWMUT s q u i r t j
1
helps support
immune system
function and the bodi's
natural!defenses*
defenses ; A
<8^T
9$ 1
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hralf to
t JereJs 2nd
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blood pressure* ? |
3tCUS.USM».*UOi
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f o g g g B C S S - . : - —. a
Echinacea, Garlic,
Ginkgo Biloba, Ginseng,
Saw Palmetto, St. John's Wort
Centrum 6 Herbals
*
1
Herbal Monographs
This section contains comprehensive profiles of some • Title: Each monograph begins with the herb's gener-
700 medicinal herbs, including the findings of the ally accepted common name, followed by its scientific
German Regulatory Authority's herbal watchdog agen- name. In addition, all monographs* are cross-refer-
cy, commonly called "Commission E." This agency enced by their botanical designation.
has conducted an intensive assessment of the peer-
reviewed literature on some 300 common botanicals, • Trade Names: Listed here are common commercial
weighing the quality of the clinical evidence and identi- preparations of the herb.
fying the uses for which the herb can reasonably be
considered effective. Its conclusions represent the best • Description: This section provides a detailed botan-
expert consensus on medicinal herbs currently to be ical overview of the herb, including information on its
medicinal parts; flower and fruit; leaves, stem, and
found.
root; unique characteristics, habitat, production, related
plants, and additional common names and synonyms.
For those herbs not considered by Commission E,
Physicians' Desk Reference has augmented this section • Actions and Pharmacology: Here you'll find data
with the results of an exhaustive literature review con- on the active compounds or heterogeneous mixtures
ducted by the respected PhytoPharm U.S. Institute of found in the plant, followed by a summary of the herb's
Phytopharmaceuticals under the direction of noted clinical effects. If various parts of the plant possess
botanist, Dr. Joerg Gruenwald. These monographs, different pharmacological activity, the parts are dis-
r
some 400 in number, provide a detailed introduction to cussed individually, here and throughout the remainder
an array of exotic botanicals that you'll be hard pressed of the monograph.
to find in any other source.
• Indications and Usage: Information on the uses of
To make the information in the monographs as useful the herb is listed under five categories, as applicable:
and accessible as possible, PDR has echoed the struc- — Approved by Commission E
ture of standard U.S. product labeling. Each mono- — Unproven Uses
graph contains up to ten standard sections, covering — Chinese Medicine
considerations ranging from description to dosage. — Indian Medicine
Specifically, here's what you will find: — Homeopathic
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Approved uses are presented in list fashion. Other uses As in all scientific investigation, conclusions regarding
are described with provisos as necessary regarding the effectiveness of the herbs discussed in this com-
route and form of administration. pendium are based on the preponderance of current evi-
dence and cannot be considered firm or final. The pub-
• Contraindications: Although most natural reme- lisher does not warrant that any herb will unfailingly
dies can be used under all medical circumstances, a few and uniformly exhibit the properties ascribed to it by
pharmacologically potent herbs must be avoided in the
Germany's Commission E or any other scientific
presence of certain medical conditions. If any such
authority.
contraindications exist, they are summarized here.
• Precautions and Adverse Reactions: Found in In the United States, herbal products are marketed
this section are any cautions or special considerations under the provisions of the Dietary Supplement and
regarding safe use of the herb, including any restric- Health Education Act of 1994, which prohibits their
tions on use in pregnancy or childhood. Although most sale for the diagnosis, treatment, cure, or prevention of
herbal remedies are notably free of known side effects, any disease. Enumeration of specific commercial
any reported in the available literature are noted here. preparations within an herbal monograph should not be
construed as a claim or warranty of their efficacy for
• Overdosage: As we all know, "natural" is not syn- any purpose, by either the manufacturer or the publish-
onymous with "benign," and an overdose of many
er. Furthermore, it should be understood that, just as
"healing" herbs can have serious—even fatal—conse-
quences. Whenever adverse effects of overdose have omission of a product does not signify rejection, inclu-
been found in the literature, they are reported here, sion of a product does not imply endorsement, and that
along with the appropriate medical interventions to be the publisher is not advocating the use of any product
undertaken when an overdose occurs. or substance described herein.
• Dosage: Listed here are common modes of admin- Please remember, too, that dosing of herbal prepara-
istration, forms and strengths of available commercial tions is highly dependent on a variety of factors, such
preparations, methods for preparing the natural herb,
as cultivation and harvesting conditions, the specific
and representative dosage recommendations drawn
from the literature. Note, however, that dosage recom- parts of the plant to be processed, the extraction meth-
mendations can be used only as a general guide. The ods employed, and the dosage form chosen by the man-
potency of individual preparations and extracts is sub- ufacturer. Since there are no official standards govern-
ject to substantial variation, so the manufacturer's ing the production of herbal medicines in the United
directions should be consulted whenever available. States, and the potency and the purity of herbal prod-
ucts are subject to substantial variation, dosage ranges
• Literature: This section provides you with a unique set forth in the herbal monographs must be employed
bibliography of the technical literature. Because only as general guidelines.
German researchers have been particularly active in the
herbal arena, you will find an unusual number of
In addition, the publisher does not guarantee that every
German-language citations. However, work in the
English literature is included as well. possible hazard, adverse effect, contraindication, pre-
caution, or consequence of overdose is included in the
PDR for Herbal Medicines is the product of one of the summaries presented here. The publisher has per-
most thorough and inclusive examinations of the herbal formed no independent verification of the data reported
literature ever undertaken. Nevertheless, it's important herein, and expressly disclaims responsibility for any
to remember that it merely summarizes and synthesizes error, whether inherent in the underlying literature or
key data from the underlying research reports, and of resulting from erroneous translation, transcription, or
necessity includes neither every published report nor typography.
every recorded fact.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ACACIA/3
Abrus precatorius
See Jequirity Acacia
Acacia arabica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark, the gum
Abscess Root and the fruit of the plant.
Polemonium rep tans
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow and sweetly
DESCRIPTION scented. Two to 6 inflorescence peduncles with capitula-like
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root. inflorescences grow from the axils of the upper leaflets. The
flowers have short calyces with numerous overlapping
Flower and Fruit: The hanging blue flowers are in loose sepals. The completely fused petals are almost twice as large
^^ terminal, glandular-haired panicles. as the sepals. The fruit is a 12 to 16 cm long and 1.5 cm wide
pod. The pod is straight or lightly curved, flat to convex, and
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to about 25 cm. It
pinched in to create segments. It is matte-black to dark-red.
has creeping roots and a thin rhizome, which produces
The seeds are 7 x 6 mm and the same color as the pod.
numerous stems and numerous pale, thin, glabrous and
brittle roots. The glabrous stems are heavily branched and Leaves, Stem and Root: Acacia arabica is a 6 m high tree
bear alternate or opposite, pinnatifid leaves with 6 or 7 pairs with a compact, round to flat crown. Older branches are bare,
of leaflets. younger ones measuring 15 to 20 mm in diameter are
covered in hairy down. The bark is black and fissured; the
Habitat: The plant is found in the U.S.
coloring in the fissure changes to red-brown. There are
Production: Abscess Root is the rhizome of Polemonium stipule thorns at the nodes. The leaflets of the double-pinnate
reptans. leaves are in 3 to 12 pairs on the bare to downy petiole,
which is covered with glands The leaflets are oblong, blunt,
Not to be Confused With: The plant is known as False and bare or thinly ciliate.
Jacob's Ladder because it has an astringent action similar to
true Jacob's Ladder. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Nile area, Ethiopia,
East Africa, Angola, Mozambique, South Africa, Arabia,
Other Names: American Greek Valerian, Blue Bells, False Iran, Afghanistan and India.
Jacob's Ladder, Sweatroot
Production: The bark is collected from plants that are at least
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY 7 years old and then left to mature for a year.
gL COMPOUNDS
Not to be Confused With: The bark of the Australian species
Triterpene saponins Acacia decurrens, which is commercially available under the
EFFECTS same name.
Abscess root has astringent, diaphoretic and expectorant Other Names: Acacia Bark, Babul Bark, Wattle Bark, Indian
effects. Gum, Black Wattle
INDICATIONS AND USAGE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for febrile and inflammato- COMPOUNDS
ry disorders. Tannins
4 /ACACIA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
EFFECTS
The drug has an astringent effect. Achillea millefolium
See Yarrow
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a decoction for gum
disease and inflammations of the mucous membrane of the
mouth and throat (rarely used today).
Achillea ptarmica
Indian Medicine: Acacia is used as a decoction in the See Sneezewort
treatment of diarrhea and vaginal secretions, and as an
enema for hemorrhoids.
Acacia arabica
See Acacia
Adam's Needle
Yucca filamentosa
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and the
Acacia catechu roots of non-flowering plants.
See Catechu
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are ivory-colored and located
in nodding, many-blossomed terminal panicles. The perigone
is simple, campanulate, tinged greenish on the outside, with
6 tepals. The flower has 6 stamens, and the stigma is 3-
Acacia Senegal sectioned.
See Gum Arabic
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 120 to 240 cm in height.
The leaves are in a basal rosette. They are sword-shaped and
erect with a recurved tip. They are short-thorned, broadly
grooved and. covered on the margin with long, twisted,
Acalypha indica whitish or yellowish threads.
See Indian Nettle
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the southern United
States and is cultivated mainly as an ornamental plant in
Europe.
Acer rubrum Production: Adam's Needle leaves are the leaves of Yucca
See Red Maple filamentosa.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ADONIS/5
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 40 cm high with a
COMPOUNDS sturdy, black-brown rhizome. The stem is erect, undivided,
Steroid saponins (from the roots; the saponins from the covered with scales at the base, vertically grooved and
leaves remain uninvestigated): protoyuccoside C, yuccoside succulent. There are few branches. The leaves have many
B, yuccoside E, yuccoside C, aglycones including sarsapoge- slits and a curved, glabrous or sparsely haired tip. The
nin, tigogenin middle leaves are half-clasping.
EFFECTS Characteristics: Adonis is a poisonous plant.
No information is available.
Habitat: This Siberian/east European plant is found in the
INDICATIONS AND USAGE north as far as the central Urals and southwest Sweden. In
Unproven Uses: The plant is used for liver and gallbladder central Europe, it is limited to the basins of the Weichsel and
disorders. the Oder as far as the Main and Rhine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Production: The drug is gathered in forests and should be
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction dried quickly.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Intake can lead to stomach complaints because of Not to be Confused With: Other Adonis species may be
the saponin content. added to Adonidis herba.
DOSAGE Other Names: False Hellebore, Yellow Pheasant's Eye, Ox-
Mode of Administration: Adam's Needle is available in eye, Sweet Vernal, Pheasant's Eye, Red Morocco, Rose-a-
ground form and in extracts. Rubie
LITERATURE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der COMPOUNDS
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag Cardioactive steroid gylcosides (cardenolids): including
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
adonitoxin, k-strophanthoside, k-strophanthoside-{3 and
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, cymarin
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Flavonoids: including vitexin and luteolin
EFFECTS
Adiantum capillus-veneris Adonis has a positive inotropic effect. Animal tests demon-
strated a tonic effect on the veins. The adonitoxin component
See Maidenhair is slightly more toxic than coumarin.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS extract and of the flavone Linarin of Buddleia cordata. In: PM
General: Despite the strong efficacy of the drug's cardioac- 62:137-140. 1996.
tive steroid gylcosides in parenteral application, serious Reinhard KH, Uncaria tomentosa (WILLD.) DC. - Cat's claw,
poisoning in the course of per oral administration is hardly to Una de gato oder Katzenkralle Protrait einer Arzneipflanze. In:
be expected due to the low resorption rate. ZPT 18(2): 112-121. 1997.
Drug Interactions: Enhancement of efficacy, and thus also of Sandberg F, Thorsen R, (1962) Lloydia 25(3):201.
side effects, with simultaneous administration of quinidine, Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
digoxin, calcium, saluretics, laxatives and extended therapy Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997.
with glucocorticoids. Winkler C and Wichtel M, (1985) Pharm Acta Helv 60(9/10):
OVERDOSAGE
234.
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of Further information in:
poisonings see Digitalis folium. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
DOSAGE Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and preparations Ges Stuttgart 1997.
thereof for internal use. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 0.5 gm of (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
standardized Adonis powder. The maximum single dose is 1994.
1.0 gm; maximum daily dose is 3.0 gm.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Homeopathic Dosage: From D2: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
to 10 globules, 1 to 3 times daily; Injection solution: 1 ml Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
once a week sc. From D4: Injection solution: 1 ml twice Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
weekly sc.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Storage: Adonis herb and powder should be stored carefully. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Adonis powder should be stored away from light in tightly Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
sealed containers. Heidelberg 1996.
LITERATURE Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Brevoort P, Der Heilpflanzenmarkt der USA - Ein Uberblick. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
In: ZPT 18(3): 155-162. 1997. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
ESCOP-Monographs. In: ESCOP-Monographs Fascicule I and Stuttgart 1997.
II. 1996.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Hiller KO, Rahlfs V, Therapeutische Aquivalenz eines Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
hochdosierten Phytopharmakons mit Amytriptylin bei angstlich-
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
depressiven Versimmungen - Reanalyse einer randomisierten
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Studie unter besonderer Beachtung biometrischer und klinischer
York 1995.
Aspekte. In: Forsch.
Karrer W, (1950) Helv Chim Acta.33:433.
Lee MK, et al., Antihepatotoxic activity of Icariin, a major
constituent of Epimedium koreanum. In: PM 61(6):523-526.
1995.
Adonis vernalis
See Adonis
Loew, Buch. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N: Phytopharmaka II:
Forschung und klinische Anwendung, Steinkopff Verlag,
Darmstadt, 1996.
Loew DA, Loew AD, Pharmakokinetik von herzglykosidhaltigen
Pflanzenextrakten. In: ZPT 15(4): 197-202. 1994.
Adrue
Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):92-
Cyperus articulatus
96. 1997. DESCRIPTION
Martinez-Vazquez M, Ramirez Apan TO, Hidemi Aguilar M, Medicinal Parts: Adrue root is used in the West Indies for its
Bye R, Analgesic and antipyretic activities of an aqueous anti-emetic properties.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS AFRICAN POTATO/7
Flower and Fruit: The tubers are blackish and ,top-shaped, plants from the Peruvian Amazon region. Rev Argent
with bristly remains of former leaves. The plant is sometimes Microbiol, 27:199-203. 1995 Oct-Dec
connected in twos or threes by narrow underground stems. Pinder AR, (1976) Tetrahedron 23:2172.
The transverse section is pale, showing a central column
with darker vascular bundles. -
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- The intake of more than 10 g of the fresh mushroom can lead
1994. to coordination disorders, confusion, illusions and manic
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS AGAR/9
attacks. Higher dosages (over, 100 g of fresh mushrooms) Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Pacific coasts of
lead to unconsciousness, asphyxiation, coma and death. Japan and China, Sri Lanka and also the South African
coasts.
The treatment of poisoning includes emptying the gastroin-
testinal tract and the use of sedatives. In case of shock, a Production: Agar, or Agar-Agar, is the purified and bleached
, plasma volume expander should be used. Artificial respira- gel derived from algae mucilage of the Rhodophyceae
tion should be administered for respiratory arrest. Gelidium amansii (Lamour), which has been dried and cut
into thread-like strips. An aqueous extract is obtained from
DOSAGE the algae through autoclaving (pressure-cooking), using
Mode of Administration: In homeopathy, dilutions of the over-heated steam. It is then chilled in ice cells and cooled
mother tincture are used. into ice-blocks, which are crushed and thawed. Water
separates from the gel during the thawing process. The gel
LITERATURE
mass is dried using warm air.
Hastings MH, et al.. Brain Res 360:248. 1985.
Hatfield GM, Brady LR, JNP 38:36, 1975. Other Names: Agar-Agar, Japanese Isinglass
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Marmo E, Med Res Rev 8:441. 1988.
COMPOUNDS
Schwarz B, Ein Mannlein steht im Walde. In: PZ 139(13): 1040.
1994. Heteropolysaccharides: made up of D-galactose- and 3,6-
anhydro-L-galactose- components, partially bearing sulfate
Further information in: or pyruvic acid residues, low-sulfate fraction designated
Benjamin DR, Mushroom poisoning in infants and children: the agarose
Amanita pantherina/muscaria group. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol,
EFFECTS
256:13-22, 1992
The drug has a laxative effect due to its ability, similar to
Bresinsky A. Bresl H, Giftpilze. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker, that of cellulose, to absorb and retain large quantities of
Arzte und Biologen, Wiss. Verlagsges. mbH. Stuttgart 1885. water and swell in the intestine. The mucilaginous sub-
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug stances cause an increase in the bulk of the content of the
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. intestine that stimulates the intestinal muscles, thereby aiding
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, peristalsis.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a mild laxative.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
EFFECTS
Agropyron repens
Agrimony is an astringent. See Triticum
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ALETRIS/11
Ailanthus altissima Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are erect-oblong,
lanceolate and 2 to 20 cm long. The rhizome is brownish-
See Tree of Heaven gray, flattened and has a diameter of up to 1 cm, but usually
measures less. The upper part is covered in leaf bases and
stem scars. The fracture is floury and white.
Ajuga chamaepitys Characteristics: The plant has a sweet taste, becoming bitter
and soapy. The odor is mild.
See Ground Pine
Habitat: The plant is found in the northeast U.S., south to
Gulf of Mexico, southern Canada.
Production: Aletris root is the rhizome of Aletris farinosa. It
Ajuga reptans is gathered in the wild and air-dried in the shade.
See Bugle
Other Names: Star Grass, Colic-Root, Starwort, Blazing
Star, Ague-Root, Aloe-Root, Ague Grass, Black-Root, Bitter
Grass, Crow Corn, Bettie Grass, Devil's Bit, True Unicorn
Akebia quinata Star-Grass, True Unicorn Root
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
%>• See Chocolate Vine (Mu-Tong)
COMPOUNDS
Saponins
Volatile oil
Alcea rosea Resins
See Hollyhock
Bitter principles
Starch
See Lady's Mantle The active agents increase motility and act as a tonic. There
may be an estrogenic principle but a possible estrogenic
effect has not been sufficiently researched.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Alchornea floribunda Unproven Uses: In the U.S., the plant is used for gynecologi-
See Iporuru cal disorders or "female complaints," in particular dysme-
norrhea, amenorrhea and complaints associated with
prolapses vaginae.
Preparations of Aletris are also used for loss of appetite,
Aletris venous dyspepsia, flatulence and nervous digestive com-
Aletris farinosa plaints. In Argentina, it is used to treat chronic bronchitis.
DESCRIPTION Homeopathic Uses: Prolapsed uterus, gastrointestinal
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried Aletris complaints.
farinosa rhizome with roots. Fresh underground parts dug up PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
after flowering are also used. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous white, tubular- with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
oblong, campanulate flowers. The flowers, with a few small dosages.
12/ALETRIS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Larher F et al., (1983) Plant Sci Lett 29(2/3):315. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ascending and glandular. The basal leaves are 6 to 15 cm by characteristics and its uncertain efficacy." Alkannin and
0.7 to 1.5 cm, linear-lanceolate; the lower ones are cauline, extracts of the root are used externally in pharmacy.
oblong-linear and cordate at base. The bracts are slightly
Preparations: Extractum alcannae: almost black, green
longer than calyx and oblong-lanceolate. The neck of the
glistening mass (no extraction information).
root is covered with the remains of leaves and the stems. The
root is spindle-shaped, curved, up to 25 cm long and 1.5 cm Histoplastin Red® Ointment: The ointment approved in
thick, with purplish root bark. Greece, contains 76.5 gm loosely defined ethereal oily
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southeastern Europe and Alkanet root extract with lipophil ointment base (beeswax,
some parts of Turkey and Hungary. It is cultivated in other mastic rubber and olive oil q.s. ad 100 gm).
parts of Europe, Britain and northern Africa. Daily Dosage: Maximum 0.1 meg pyrrolizidine alkaloids
Production: Alkanna rhizomes are the dried roots and with 1.2 unsaturated necin framework and their N-oxides.
rhizomes of Alkanna tinctoria Tausch. LITERATURE
Other Names: Anchusa, Dyer's Bugloss, Spanish Bugloss, Majlathova L, (1971) Nahrung 15:505.
Alkanet Root, Alkanna Papageorgiou VP, (1980) Planta Med 38(3): 193-203.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Papageorgiou VP, PM 31:390-394. 1977.
COMPOUNDS
Papageorgiou VP, Digenis GA, PM 39:81-84. 1980.
Naphthazarine derivatives: including the ester of the (-)- Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
alkannin (stained red) 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids Roder E, et al., PH 23:2125-2126. 1984.
Tannins Wiedenfield H et al.. (1985) Arch Pharm 318(4):294.
Further information in:
EFFECTS
Antimicrobial action: In the agar diffusion test, Alkanet root Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
extracts and Alkannin esters impaired the growth of Staphy- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
lococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis, however (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Alkannin worked only against Candida albicans.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Healing action for wounds: In a double-blind study, 72 Stuttgart.
patients suffering from ulcers of the leg (Ulcus cruris) caused
by varicose veins, were treated with Histoplastin Red® over
a period of three years. After 5 to 6 weeks of daily
administration, 80% of the patients' ulcers had healed or
were considerably reduced in size.
Alkanna tinctoria
See Alkanet
The results are difficult to assess, as details concerning the
patients, the treatment pattern and control groups are
unavailable.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Allium cepa
Unproven Uses: Used by the ancient Greeks to heal wounds; See Onion
also for skin diseases and diarrhea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hepatotoxicity and carcinogenity are expected, due to the
pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent Allium sativum
substances in its makeup. Alkanna should not be taken See Garlic
internally for this reason and is recommended for external
use only.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Seldom used as a drug. Internal Allium schoenoprasum
administration is not recommended, due to the drugs toxic See Chives
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ALMOND/15
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are very short-petioled in SWEET ALMONDS
pairs and appear before the leaves. The petals are 19 to 20 Unproven Uses: Sweet Almonds are used topically in skin
mm long, pale pink to whitish with dark veins. The fruit is care and liniments.
oblong-ovoid, compressed. 3.5 to 4.6 cm long by 2.5 to 3 cm PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
wide, gray-green, velvet-downy and pubescent. The nut shell BITTER A L M O N D S
is yellow, hard, compressed, broad- and sharp-edged, punc- To be used only under the supervision of an expert qualified
tate externally with irregular grooves, smooth and glossy in the appropriate use of this substance.
inside and thick- or thin-skinned. The seed is cinnamon
brown, flattened, and 2 cm long by 1.2 to 1.5 cm wide. SWEET ALMONDS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is of medium height, with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
seldom reaching 12 m. It is a tree or shrub with mildly red- topical dosages.
^ tinged branches, thorny in its wild form but not in the
cultivated form. The leaves have a 1.2 to 1.5 cm long, OVERDOSAGE
glandular petiole and glabrous, oblong-lanceolate-acuminate BITTER ALMONDS
or serrate, tough, glossy, dark green blades. 10 bitter almonds are said to be fatal for a child, 60 for an
adult (a fatal dosage would presumably be already reached at
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to Western Asia and is a lower level, given disadvantageous conditions - higher
extensively cultivated in many regions. cyanide level in the almonds, intensive chewing). Recom-
Production: Bitter almonds are the fruits of Prunus dulcis mended antidotes include injection of solutions of dicobalt-
var. amara (also of Prunus armeniaca). EDTA or thiosulfates or else application of methemoglobin-
forming substances, such as amyl nitrite. At the same time,
Sweet almonds are the fruits of Prunus amygdalus var. vomiting should be induced or the stomach emptied.
dulcis.
Circulation support measures and/or artificial respiration
Other Names: Greek Nuts, Jordan Almond, Bitter Almond,
may be required.
and Sweet Almond
DOSAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
BITTER ALMONDS
COMPOUNDS: BITTER ALMONDS
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete and no longer
Cyanogenic glycosides, amygdalin, 0.2 to 8.5% (correspond-
used.
ing to 12 to 500 mg prussic acid per 100 gm)
SWEET ALMONDS
Fatty oil (non-dehydrating, 38 to 60%): chief fatty acids
Mode of Administration: Sweet Almonds fatty oil is used as
m oleic acid (77%) and linoleic acid (17 to 20%)
an ointment base and in the production of natural cosmetics.
Mucilages (3 to 3%): arabinogalactans
LITERATURE
Proteic substances (25 to 35%) BITTER ALMONDS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is dried
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag juice of the leaves.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is forked once or twice
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, and is 60 to 90 cm high. The raceme is dense, cylindrical and
Nachdruck, Georg Olms. narrows toward the top. The terminal raceme is up to 40 cm
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer high while the lower ones are somewhat shorter. The bracts
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. are almost white, and the flowers are yellow, orange or red,
and are 3 cm long.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Leaves, Stem and Root: The lily-like succulent-leafed rosette
SWEET ALMONDS shrub either does not have a stem or has a 25 cm stem. The
stem has about 25 leaves in an upright dense rosette. The
Fincke H, Z Untersuch Lebensm 52:423. 1926.
lanceolate leaf is thick and fleshy, 40 to 50 cm long and 6 to
Le Quesne PW et al., JNP 48:496. 1985. 7 cm wide at the base. The upper surface is concave, gray-
Opdyke DLJ, (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 14. green, often with a reddish tinge, which sometimes appears
Rosenthaler L, Ber Pharm Ges 30:13. 1920. in patches in the young plants. The leaf margin has a pale
pink edge and 2 mm long pale teeth.
Salvo F et al., Riv Ital Sostanze Grasse 57:24. 1980.
Saura-Calixto F et al., Fette. Seifen, Anstrichm 87:4. 1985. Habitat: Aloe is thought to have originated in the Sudan and
the Arabian Peninsula. Today the species is cultivated and
Sommer W, Dissertation Albrechts-Universitat Kiel. 1984. found in the wild in northern Africa, the Near East, Asia, and
Further information in: in the southern Mediterranean region. The plant is cultivated
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir in subtropical regions of the United States and Mexico, and
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- on the Dutch Antilles, as well as coastal regions of
Ges Stuttgart 1997. Venezuela.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Production: Curacao Aloe consists of the dried latex of the
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
leaves of Aloe barbadensis (syn. Aloe vera), as well as its
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
preparations. Aloe is harvested from August until October.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug The juice is dried using various methods.
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion sometimes arises with
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Agave americana, known as American Aloe, which is not a
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
true Aloe.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: ALOE BARBADENSIS
Anthracene derivatives: particularly anthrone-10-C-glyco-
syls, including aloin A, aloin B, 7-hydroxyaloins A and B,
Alnus glutinosa and 1,8-dihydroxy ions, including aloe-emodin, and
6'cinnamic acid esters of these compounds
See Black Alder
2-alkylchromones: including aloe resins B, C and D
Flavonoids
human intestinal bacterium capable of tranforming barbaloin to Sigers C, von Hertzberg-Lottin E, Otte M, Schneider B.
Aloe-emodin anthrone. In: PM 57:15. 1991. Anthranoid laxative abuse—a risk for colorectal cancer? Gut
Chithra P, Sajithlal GB, Chandrakasan G, Influence of Aloe 1993 Aug;34(8): 1099-101.
vera on collagen turnover in healing of dermal wounds in rats. Schorkhuber M, Richter M, Dutter A, et al. Effect of
Indian J Exp Biol 1998 Sep;36(9):896-901. anthraquinone-laxatives on the proliferation and urokinase
secretion of normal, premalignant and malignant colonic
& Davis RH, Parker WL, Samson RT, Murdoch DP, Isolation of
epithelial cells. Eur J Cancer 1998 Jun;34(7): 1091-8.
a stimulatory system in an Aloe extract. J Am Podiatr Med
Assoc 1991 Sep;81(9):473-8. Strickland FM, Darvill A, Albersheim P et al., Inhibition of
UV-induced immune suppression and interleukin-10 production
Friedman RN, Si K, Initial characterization of the effects of
by plant oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Photochem
Aloe vera at a crayfish neuromuscul junction. Phytother Res
Photobiol 1999 Feb;69(2): 141-7.
1999 Nov;13(7):580-583.
Sydiskis RJ, Owen DG, Lohr JL et al., Inactivation of
Fujita K, Ito S, Teradaira R, Beppu H, Properties of a
enveloped viruses by anthraquinones extracted from plants.
carboxypeptidase from aloe. Biochem Pharmacol 1979 Apr
Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1991 Dec;35(12):2463-6.
1;28(7):I261.
Syed TA, Ahmad SA, Holt AH et al., Management of psoriasis
Hatano T, Uebayashi H, Ito H et al.-, Phenolic constituents of
with Aloe vera extract in a hydrophilic cream: a placebo-
Cassia seeds and antibacterial effect of some naphthalenes and
controlled, double-blind study. Trop Med Int Health 1996
anthraquinones on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus.
Aug;l(4):505-9.
Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 1999 Aug;47(8): 1121-7.
Tzavella K, Riepl RL, Klauser AG et al., Decreased substance
Heggers JP, Robson MC, Manavalen K et al.. Experimental and
P levels in rectal biopsies from patients with slow transit
clinical observations on frostbite. Ann Emerg Med 1987
constipation. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996 Dec;8(12):1207-
Sep; 16(9): 1056-62.
1211.
Hutter JA et al.. Anti-inflammatory C-glucosyl chromone from
Tzeng SH, Ko WC, Ko FN, Teng CM, Inhibition of platelet
j^ Aloe barbadensis. In: JNP 59(5):541-543. 1996.
W aggregation by some flavonoids. In: Thromobosis Res 64:91.
Izzo AA, Sautebin L, Borrelli F et al.. The role of nitric oxide 1991.
in aloe-induced diarrhoea in the rat. Eur J Pharmacol 1999 Feb Vazquez B, Avila G, Segura D, Escalante B, Anti-inflammatory
26;368(l):43-8. activity of extracts from Aloe vera gel. J Ethnopharmacol 1996
Klein AD, Penneys NS, Aloe vera. J Am Acad Dermatol 1988 Dec;55(l):69-75.
Apr; 18(4 Pt 1):714-20.
Wang HH, Chung JG, Ho CC, Wu LT, Chang SH. Aloe-
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fur emodin effects on arylamine N-acetyltransferase activity in the
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In: bacterium Helicobacter pylori. Planta Med 1998 Mar;64(2):176-
PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997. 178.
Koch A, Investigations on the laxative action of aloin in the Westendorf J, Phytotherapie: Anthranoide in Arzneipflanzen. In:
human colon. In: PM 59(7)89. 1993. DAZ 133(25):2345. 1993.
Koch A, Metabolisierung von Aloin. Korrelation zwischen In- Williams MS, Burk M, Loprinzi CL et al., Phase III double-
vitro- und in-vivo-Versuchen. In: DAZ 135(13): 1150-1152. blind evaluation of an aloe vera gel as a prophylactic agent for
1995. radiation-induced skin toxicity, nt J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys
Lee CK, Han SS, Shin YK et al.. Prevention of ultraviolet 1996 Sep l;36(2):345-9.
radiation-induced suppression of contact hypersensitivity by Yoig A, Egusa T, Arase M, Tanabe M, Tsujitt, Isolation and
Aloe vera gel components. Int J Immunopharmacol 1999 characterization of the glycoprotein fraction with proliferation-
May;21(5):303-10. promotory activity on human and hamster cells in vitro. In: PM
Morrow D, Rapaport M, Strick R. Hypersensitivity to aloe. 63:18-21. 1997.
Arch Dermatol 1980 Sep; 116(9): 1064-5. Zhang L, Tizard IR, Activation of a mouse macrophage cell
4p Mueller S, Stopper H. Characterization of the genotoxicity of line by acemannan: the major carbohydrate fraction from Aloe
anthraquinones in mammalian cells. Biochim Biophys Acta vera gel. Immunopharmacology 1996 Nov;35(2): 119-28.
1999 Aug 5;1428(2-3):406-14. Further information in:
Park MK et al., Neoaloesin A: A new C-glucofuranosyl Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
chromone from Aloe barbadensis. In: PM 62(4):363-365. 1996. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Schmidt JM, Greenspoon JS, Aloe vera dermal wound gel is (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
associated with a delay in wound healing. Obstet Gynecol 1991 1994.
Jul;78(l): 115-7. Hausen BM, Allergiepflanzen - Pflanzenallergene, Ecomed
Shida T et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(3):273. Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1988.
20 /ALOE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W. regions (Scandinavia, England). The leaves are dried in the
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York. open air.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Other Names: Cowberry, Red Bilberry, Whortleberry
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (3-5%), pyroside (6'-ace-
Stuttgart 1997. tyl-arbutin), hydroquinone gentiobioside, 2-O-caffeoyl
arbutin
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Tannins (10-20%): chiefly condensed tannins, proantho-
York 1995. cyainidine
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Flavonoids: including among others, avicularin, hyperoside,
quercitrin, isoquercitrin
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a low shrub up to 30 cm Because the urine-disinfecting effect of the hydroquinonesr
high with scaly underground runners. The shoots sprout from released in the urinary tract only occurs in an alkali
the axillary buds of the runners. The sprouts are downy when environment, the simultaneous administration of medication
young and later become glabrous. The leaves are alternate, and food that increases uric acid concentration in the bladder
short-petioled, obovate and coriaceous. The upper surface is should be avoided.
dark green and the under surface pale green and covered in
DOSAGE
glandular hairs.
Mode of Administration: Available as whole, cut, and
Habitat: The plant is common in the Northern Hemisphere. powdered drug.
Production: Cranberry leaves are die foliage leaves of Daily Dose: The internal dose is 2 gm as a single dose; as a
Vaccinium vitis-ideae. Collection takes place in uncultivated decoction, the concentration is 2 gm per cup.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ALPINE R A G W O R T /21
Storage: Store the drug in a tightly sealed container and ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
protect it from light. COMPOUNDS
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.01-0.1%): including among others,
LITERATURE
senecionine, fuchsisencionine. 7-angeloylretronecin, bul-
Friedrich H, Naturwissenschaften 48:304. 1961.
garsenine, nemorensin, platyphyllin, sarracin
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Sesquiterpenes of the eremophilane-type: including among
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. others, nemosenine A-D
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Flavonoids: including among others, rutin, quercitrin
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Hydroxycoumarins: including among odiers, esculetin
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Volatile oil (0.1%)
Sticher O et al., PM 35:253. 1979. EFFECTS
Thieme H et al., PA 24:236. 1969. The drug is hemostyptic and hypoglycemic. The pyrrolizi-
dine alkaloids are hepatotoxic and carcinogenic.
Thieme H, Winkler HJ, PA 21:182. 1966.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses of Life Root have
Stuttgart 1997.
included diabetes mellitus, hemorrhage, high blood pressure,
Thompson RS et al.. J Chem Soc Perkin Tarns 1:1387. 1972. spasms and as a uterine stimulant. The drug is also used in
bleeding as a result of tooth extraction.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Life Root should not be taken internally. Hepatotoxicity and
* Alpine Ragwort carcinogenicity are possible due to the presence of pyrrolizi-
Senecio nemorensis dine alkaloids with 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. Mode of Administration: Internal use is not recommended.
Flower and Fruit: The composite flower heads are in a How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa-
dense, usually heavily blossomed corymb. The involucre rations include drops.
bracts are grass- or olive-green and often tinged greenish- Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour boiling water over 1
black at the tips. The florets are yellow. The fruit is 4 mm teaspoonful (approximately 1 g) of finely cut drug, steep for
long, long-stemmed and glabrous. During flowering, the 5 to 10 minutes, then strain.
pappus is only as long as the disc florets. By the time the
fruit ripens, the pappus is 3 times as long as the fruit. Daily Dosage: A cup of the tea may be taken several times a
day. (See precautions and adverse reactions).
Leaves, Stem and Root: This geophytic perennial has runners
LITERATURE
that are fleshy, 20 cm long and 5 cm thick. The stem is erect, Gottlieb R et al., DAZ 130:285. 1990.
40 to 140 cm high with rounded ribs. The stem is green or, in
Roder E et al., PH 16:1462. 1977.
particularly sunny locations, reddish-brown. The stem is
glabrous to sparsely pubescent or short-downy. The foliage Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
leaves are lanceolate-ovate, oblong-elliptic to oblong-lanceo- 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
late, acute or acuminate and serrate to double-serrate-dentate. Wiedenfeld H et al., Arch Pharm 315:165. 1982.
4| The upper cauline leaves are usually petiolate, almost Wiedenfeld H et al., Arch Pharm 318:294. 1985.
glabrous above to sparsely pubescent. The lower surface of Wiedenfeld H et al., PH 18:1083. 1979.
the leaf is sparsely or moderately scattered and appressed
pubescent. Wiedenfeld H et al., PM 41:124. 1981.
Wiedenfeld H et al., PM 46:426. 1986.
Habitat: The plant grows in many regions of southern and Wiedenfeld H et al., Sci Pharm 57:97. 1989.
western Europe and is cultivated in some eastern European
Further information in:
countries.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Other Names: Squaw Weed, Life Root Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
*
PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
2 2 / A L P I N E RAGWO"RT
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- versely dehiscing capsule. Seeds are lentil-shaped, erect,
1994. circular, smooth and usually black.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tall, glabrous annual,
occasionally perennial, and grows up to 2 m tall. It is erect,
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
glabrous or sparsely pubescent above. The leaves are
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
rhomboid-ovate and alternate, with occasionally undulating
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und or ruffled margins.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995. Habitat: Amaranth is common in temperate and warm
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. climates.
Stuttgart 1997.
Production: Amaranth is the complete plant in flower of
Amaranthus hypochondriacus.
Protoalkaloids
Althaea officinalis EFFECTS
See Marshmallow The drug is said to have an astringent effect (possibly due to
the saponins, betacyans and protoalkaloids). There are no
studies available on efficacy.
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The entire plant is used medicinally Mode of Administration: Amaranth is administered orally as
a liquid extract.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is bifurcated, solitary
and oblong-spicate in dense spike-like terminal clusters with LITERATURE
very short internodes, often composed of twigs. In some Martindale. The Extra Pharmacopoeia, 27th Ed. Pub. The
species they are all in the leaf axils. The plant is monoecious, Pharmaceutical Press (1977) UK.
dioecious or mixed. Bracteoles are 4 to 6 mm, ovate, with a
mucro that is about twice as long as the perianth. The
perianth segments are narrowly ovate, usually acute and
about as long as the fruit. The segments are dry-skinned,
whitish- or reddish-green to red. The ovary is ovate. The Amaranthus hypochondriacus
fruit is one-seeded, ovate, dry-skinned, and forms a trans- See Amaranth
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS AMARGO/23
Habitat: The plant grows in Jamaica Storage: Quassia should be protected from light and kept
dry.
Production: Quassia Wood is the wood of Quassia amara or
LITERATURE
Picrasma excelsa.
Barbetti P et ah, Quassinoids from Quassia amara. In: PH
(p Not to be Confused With: The wood of Rhus metopium 32:1007. 1993.
Bray DH et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1 (1):22.
Other Names: Bitter Wood, Jamaica Quassia, Surinam
Quassia, Japanese Quassia, Bitter Ash Geissmann T, (1964) Ann Rev Pharmacol 4:305.
Kupchan SM, Streelman DR, (1976) J Org Chem 41:3481.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Murae T et al., (1973) Tetrahedron 29:1515.
COMPOUNDS
Triterpenes: decanor-triterpenes (picrasan derivatives, quas- Murae T et al., (1975) Chem Pharm Bull 23 (9):2191.
sinoids, simaroubolides) chief components quassin (nigaki- Njar VCO et al., 2-Methoxycanthin-6-on: a new alkaloid from
lactone D, 0.1 to 0.2%), isoquassin (picrasmine), neoquassin the stem wood of Quassia amara. In: PM 59(3):259. 1992.
and 18-hydroxyquassin Njar VCO et al., Antifertility activity of Quassia amara:
Quassin inhibits the steroidgenesis in rat Leydig cells in vitro.
Indole alkaloids of:
In: PM 61(2):180-182. 1995.
-beta-carboline type, including l-vinyl-4,8-dimethoxy-beta- Ohmoto T, Koike K. (1983) Chem Pharm Bull 31:3198.
carboline Polonsky J, (1973) Fortschr. Chem Org Naturst 30. 101.
-canthinone type, including 2-methoxy-6-one, 3-methylcan- Wagner H et al., (1979) Planta Med 36:113.
thine-5,6-dione Wagner H et al., (1980) Planta Med 38:204.
EFFECTS
Further information in:
The amaroid drug (quassinoids) stimulates secretion of Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
£r gastric juices, increases appetite and aids digestion. It may Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
also have a choleretic effect. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969 (unter Pirola rotundifolia).
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Homeopathic Uses: Quassia amara is used for gallbladder York 1980.
complaints, as bitter tonic, purgative and as anthelmintic (for
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
ascarid and threadworms).
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Contraindicated in pregnancy. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
24/AMARGO PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
LITERATURE
American Adder's Tongue Cavallito CJ, Haskell TR (1946) J Am Chem Soc 66:2332.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Erythronium americanum Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
DESCRIPTION Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
tubers. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are terminal, large, hanging, Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
lily-like and are 2.5 cm in diameter. The bracts of the
involucre are sharply revolute, bright yellow and often tinged
purple and sprinkled at the base. There are 6 stamens. The
fruit is a fusiform nodule about 2 cm long. American Bittersweet
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from a small, ovate Celastrus scandens
fern-colored corm to between 2 and 2.5 cm long. It is
DESCRIPTION
perennial with a bulbous light brown root. The stem is thin
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the
and about 25 cm high. There are only 2 leaves which are
bark of the plant.
lanceolate, and pale green. They have purplish or brownish
spots, are about 6 cm long by 2 to 3 cm wide, minutely Flower and Fruit: The twining shrub is up to 8 m tall. The
wrinkled and with parallel veins. The petioles are 5 to 7.5 cm leaves are 5 to 12.5 cm long, ovate to ovate-lanceolate and
long. serrate. There are numerous very small greenish flowers on
terminal racemes 10 cm long. The orange-yellow seed
Characteristics: The fresh leaves have emollient and anti- capsules are 1 cm in diameter.
scrofulous properties when applied as a poultice.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
Habitat: The plant grows in the eastern U.S. as far south as
Florida and as far north and west as Ontario and Arkansas. Production: American Bittersweet root and bark are the root
and bark of Celastrus scandens.
Production: American Adder's Tongue leaves are the fresh
leaves of Erythronium americanum. Other Names: Waxwork, False Bittersweet
Leaves, Stem and Root: The species are perennial herbs with OVERDOSAGE
strong leafy stems. The leaves are spiralled, broadly elliptical The first symptoms of poisoning are sneezing, lacrimation,
to linear-lanceolate, heavily ribbed and drawn together in a salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, burning sensation in the
broad sheath. The leaves of Veratrum viride are oval to mouth and pharyngeal space, and inability to swallow; then,
linear. following resorption: paresthesia, vertigo, possible blindness,
paralysis of the limbs; also mild convulsions, lowering of
Characteristics: Characteristics of the species Veratrum cardiac frequency, cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension.
viride is very similar to Veratrum album. Death occurs either through systolic cardiac arrest or through
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to the swamps and moist asphyxiation. The alkaloids can also be absorbed through
0> ground from Canada to Georgia and westward to Minnesota. uninjured skin.
Production: American Hellebore root is the rhizome of Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit-
Veratrum viride. ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
manganate solution, sodium sulphate), installation of
Not to be Confused With: The rhizome from Symplocarpus
activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (appropriate body
foetidus is thicker than that of Veratrum viride and more
position, quiet, warmth), the therapy for poisoning consists
porous.
of treating spasms with diazepam or certain barbiturates
Other Names: Bugbane, Devil's Bite, Earth Gall, Indian (i.v.), bradycardia with atropine and hypotension wim
Poke, Itchweed, Tickleweed peripherally active circulatory medications. Electrolyte sub-
2 6 / A M E R I C A N HELLEBORE
stitution may be necessary and possible cases of acidosis Production: American Ivy bark is the bark of the trunk and
should be treated with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intuba- branches of Parthenocissus quinquefolia.
tion and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
Other Names: American Woodbine, Creeper, False Grapes,
DOSAGE Five Leaves, Ivy, Virginia Creeper, Wild Woodbine, Wild
Mode of Administration: The herb can be found in whole and Woodvine, Woody Climber
powdered forms.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daily Dose: The daily dose is 100 mg. COMPOUNDS
Storage: The drug should be clearly labeled as "poisonous" Up to 2% oxalic acid is contained in the berries, however
and stored in a safe place. there is no information available on the constituents of the
rind.
LITERATURE
-Brossi, B, In: Brossi A, Cordell GA (Eds), The Alkaloids. Vol. EFFECTS
41. Academic Press, 1250 Sixth Avenue, San Diego, CA The plant is diaphoretic, astringent and tonic.
92101. 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Unproven Uses: American Ivy is used for digestive
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. disorders.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag The berries are considered poisonous, however no health
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the
Kupchan, S M et al., (1961) Lloydia 24(1): 17. proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Older scientific literature describes the death of a child
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. following intake of the berries (Lewin, 1992).
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, DOSAGE
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Mode of Administration: The drug is ground for use as an
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, infusion.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
American Ivy Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Parthenocissus quinquefolia Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
DESCRIPTION Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark, the 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
branch tips, the fresh leaves, the berries and the resin.
o
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are fairly small and
appear in yellowish-green racemes. They produce dark- American Liverleaf
purple, pea-sized berries; the seeds are cordate.
Hepatica nobilis
Leaves, Stem and Root: American Ivy is a high-climbing
shrub with dark green branches, which sometimes develop DESCRIPTION
adventitious roots. The flowering branches turn into regular, Medicinal Parts: The drug is the herb, without roots,
double-rowed creepers, which diminish toward the top. The harvested at flowering season.
leaves are long-petioled and divided into 5 elliptical, ovate or
Flower and Fruit: The flowering stems are axillary, numer-
obovate, roughly serrate or dentate leaflets. The leaflets have
ous, pubescent and erect. They are usually reddish and have
broad, suddenly acuminate and usually somewhat rounded-
3 entire-margined, ovate, unpetiolate, calyx-like bracts, up to
off teeth. The upper surface is dark green, and the
1 cm long, directly under the upright flower. The 6 to 8
undersurface is whitish-green and matte.
bracts are sky blue, paler on the outside, occasionally pink or
Habitat: Parthenocissus quinquefolia originated in North white, narrow-ovate, entire-margined and dropping. There
America and is cultivated worldwide. are no nectaries. The stamens are almost white with red
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS AMERICAN PAWPAW / 27
connective. The stigma is head-like. The fruit is oblong with Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised
a short beak fitted into the semi-globular receptacle. plant can lead to blister formation and cauterizations mat are
difficult to heal due to the resulting protoanemonine, which
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb is a 7 to 15 cm high, hardy is severely irritating to the skin and mucous membranes. If
perennial with a short, fibrous, dark brown rhizome. The taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract,
•^t numerous leaves are basal, long-petioled, coriaceous, green combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the
above and usually more or less violet beneath. They are urinary drainage passages, are possible.
cordate and 3-lobed at the base, deeply indented, broadly
ovate, with blunt to acute lobes. The young leaves, including Symptomatic treatment for external contact consists of
the stems, are densely covered in silky white hairs. The mucilaginosa, following irrigation with diluted potassium
leaves later become glabrous and appear after flowering. permanganate solution. In case of internal contact, adminis-
Liverwort is a protected species in Germany, Austria, tration of activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage.
Switzerland, Italy, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and DOSAGE
Hungary. Mode of Administration: The drug can be taken internally or
used externally as a rinse.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe
except the Atlantic regions, Denmark and northwest Germa- Preparation: To make a rinse, a cataplasm can be made of
ny. It is also indigenous to Korea, Japan and temperate North the squeezed fresh plant; alcohol can be used if necessary. A
America. liniment can be made with added fats, oils or alcohol.
Production: American Liverleaf consists of the fresh or dried Daily Dosage: When used internally, a single dose consists
above-ground parts of Hepatica nobilis. The herb is harvest- of 2 to 4 gm as an infusion, or 2 to 3 cups from a 3 to 6%
ed when in bloom and air-dried in the shade. The roots must infusion. The daily dosage is 4 teaspoonfuls, or 3.8 gm drug.
be left in the ground because they are a protected species. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Other Names: Herb Trinity, Kidneywort, Liverleaf, Liver- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
weed, Round-Leaved Hepatica, Trefoil (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Protoanemonine-fonning agents (0.07% in the freshly har- Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
vested plant, based on weight): presumably, the glycoside Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
ranunculin changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachveriag Landsberg Lech 1993.
small pieces (and probably also during dehydration) into the Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
pungent, volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
anemonine. Once dried, the plant is not capable of protoane- Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
monine formation.
The main active agents are lactone-forming glycosides, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds, bark and
flavo-glycosides and anthocyane. The fresh plant contains leaves.
K* protoanemonine, which causes skin irritation. Flower and Fruit: The axillary flowers are dull purple and
solitary. They are about 3.5 cm wide. The petals are round,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ovate and marbled. The outer ones are almost circular and 3
Unproven Uses: Preparations of American Liverleaf herb are
to 4 times as long as the sepals. The fruit is yellowish,
used for liver ailments, liver diseases of all origins, jaundice,
oblong-ovoid. The fleshy pods are about 7.5 by 2.5 cm and
gallstones and gravel.
contain 3 flat, brown seeds. The seeds are slightly polished
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS with darker brown lines on the surface. They are oblong-
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- oval, with a grayish hilum at one end. The taste and smell are
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. resinous.
28/AMERICAN PAWPAW PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Leaves, Stem and Root: The American Pawpaw grows up to Ratnayake S, Rupprecht JK, Potter WM, McLaughlin JL,
6 m in height. The young shoots and leaves are covered in Evaluation of various parts of the paw paw tree Asimina triloba
rust-colored down and later become glabrous. The leaves are (Annonaceae) as commercial sources of the pesticidal
thin (20-25 cm long and 7 cm wide), smooth, entire, ovate annonaceous acetogenins. J Econ Entomol, 55:2353-6, 1992.
and acuminate. The plant's leaves and flowers appear Woo MH, Cho KY, Zhang Y, Zeng L, Gu ZM, McLaughlin
simultaneously. JL, Asimilobin and cis- and trans-murisolinones novel bioactive
Annonaceous acetogenins from the seeds of Asimina triloba. J
Characteristics: The fruit has an unpleasant smell when Nat Prod, 4:1533-42, 1995.
unripe, but when it ripens after a frost, it smells, faintly of
custard. This characteristic gives rise to one of its common Zhao G, Hui Y, Rupprecht JK, McLaughlin JL, Wood KV,
Additional bioactive compounds and trilobacin a novel highly
names—Custard Apple.
cytotoxic acetogenin from the bark of Asimina triloba. J Nat
Habitat: The plant is found in the west, south and central Prod, 55:347-56, 1992.
U.S., also India and parts of Asia and Africa. Zhao GX, Chao JF, Zeng L, McLaughlin JL, (24-cis)-
Production: American Pawpaw seeds are the seeds of asimicinone and (24-trans)-asimicinone: two novel bioactive
Asimina triloba. ketolactone acetogenins from Asimina triloba (Annonaceae). Nat
Toxins, 4:128-34, 1996.
Other Names: Custard Apple
Zhao GX, Chao JF, Zeng L, Rieser MJ, McLaughlin JL, The
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY absolute configuration of adjacent bis-THF acetogenins and
COMPOUNDS asiminocin a novel highly potent asimicin isomer from Asimina
Benzyl isoquinoline alkaloids: including anolobine triloba. Bioorg Med Chem, 4:25-32, 1996.
Fatty oil
EFFECTS
American White Pond Lily
No information is available. Nymphaea odorata
INDICATIONS AND USAGE DESCRIPTION
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, American Pawpaw is Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cut and dried
used in the treatment of scarlet fever, fevers and vomiting, as rhizome, the fresh rhizome and the rhizome with the roots.
well as for mouth and throat inflammation.
Flower and Fruit: The androgynous flowers are solitary, 7 to
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS 15 cm across and radial-symmetrical. They grow from the
The drug has a nauseant effect. Allergic individuals may be rhizome and extend above the water by means of a long
susceptible to severe urticaria. stem. The 4 sepals are almost free, oblong-ovate, pale green
DOSAGE on the outside and greenish-white on the inside. The pure
Mode of Administration: The mother tincture is used in white 23 to 32 petals are free, elliptical-lanceolate, narrower
homeopathic dilutions. than the sepals and arranged on the axis like a screw. The
numerous carpels are sunk into the beaker-shaped axis in a
LITERATURE ring and are partially fused with it. The fruit is a berry-like
He K, Shi G, Zhao GX, Zeng L, Ye Q, Schwedler JT, Wood capsule, which ripens under water. The seeds are small,
KV, McLaughlin JL, Three new adjacent bis-tetrahydrofuran
ovate, approximately 2.5 mm long, smooth and have an aril.
acetogenins with four hydroxyl groups from Asimina triloba. J
The flowers open as the sun rises, close a few hours later
Nat-Prod, 59:1029-34, 1996.
(before the intense midday heat) and remain closed until the
He K, Zhao GX, Shi G, Zeng L, Chao JF, McLaughlin JL, next morning. The size of the plant varies according to depth
Additional bioactive annonaceous acetogenins from Asimina
of water.
triloba (Annonaceae). Bioorg Med Chem, 5:501-6, 1997.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Leaves, Stem and Root: The fragrant water lily is an aquatic
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag plant with a strong horizontal rhizome, which grows under
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. water. The leaves are swimming, alternate, long-petioled and
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug have 4 air channels in the petiole. The lamina is oval-
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. orbicular, large (15-30 cm long) and has a wedge-shaped
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, deep indentation at the base. It is entire-margined, coria-
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986. ceous, green above and purple-brown beneath. The petiole is
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS AMMONIAC GUM 29
greenish and is usifally purple-tinged. The stipules are Preparation: The fluid extract is produced by percolation:
triangular to reniform. 1:1 using ethanol 25%.
Characteristics: The flowers have a sweet fragrance. Daily Dosage: Internally: in a single dose of 1 to 2 g drug as
an infusion; 1 to 4 ml of liquid extract.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern part of North
America. It is found as far south as Mexico, El Salvador and Homeopathic Dosages: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
the West Indies, and has been naturalized in parts of western 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic):
Europe. parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
Production: American White Pond Lily root is the rhizome a day (HAB1).
of Nymphaea odorata and other varieties. The drug is LITERATURE
derived from the cut and dried rhizome and, in powdered Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
form, is yellowish to gray-brown. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
Other Names: Water Cabbage, Cow Cabbage, Water Lily, 1994.
Water Nymph
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-5.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Odinstsova NV, (1960) Farmakol i Toxicol 23:132.
Tannins (gallotannins, ellagitannins)
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte.
Only a very small amount of research work has been carried 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
out on the drug, but American White Pond Lily root is
Su KL et al., (1983) Lloydia 36:72 and 80.
known to contain large amounts of gallic and ellagic tannins.
EFFECTS
The astringent and antiseptic effects of the American White
Pond Lily can be attributed to the high tannin content. Only Ammi Visnaga
limited amounts of research have been carried out on the
See Bishop's Weed
drug.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chronic diarrhea is a common internal
application. Externally, the plant has been used in the Ammoniac Gum
treatment of vaginal conditions and as a gargle in the
Dorema ammoniacum
treatment of diseases of the mouth and throat. Traditional
folk medicine uses also included dysentery, gonorrhea and DESCRIPTION
leukorrhea, and the leaves and roots were applied as a mash Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is a resin
poultice for boils, tumors, scrofulous sores and inflamed exuded from the flowers and stems.
skin.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an umbel which
Homeopathic Uses: Morning diarrhea is one use in grows from the axils of the upper leaves. Because of the very
homeopathy. short flower stems, the individual inflorescences appear very
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
globular. The flower structures are in fives, the flowers radial
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction and small, the calyx teeth indistinct, the petals white with
revolute tips. There are 5 stamens. The ovary is inferior, 2-
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
chambered, densely haired, witfi a conical style cushion with
dosages.
2 styles. The fruit is double achene.
OVERDOSAGE
No poisonings have yet been observed among humans but Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up
animal experiments have been performed with fatal results. to 2.5 m high. The leaves are arranged in spirals, with clearly
Even though very high dosages were used with the animals, developed sheaths, and the lamina is often only rudimentary.
these results should be taken as a warning to exercise care. The stem is hollow, gnarled, blue-striped, and up to 5 cm
thick. The taproot is tuberous.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: As a decoction or liquid extract Habitat: The plant is found growing in areas from Iran to
used for washes, poultices and gargles or taken internally. southern Siberia.
3 0 / A M M O N I A C GUM PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Production: Ammoniac gum is the naturally-exuding gum fogned. It is then pressed through linen and evaporated until
resin latex of Dorema ammoniacum hardened in the air and a few drops can be worked in the hand without becoming
collected in the wild. sticky.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion may occur with North Combination — Ammoniac emulsion: toluene: distilled
African and Cyrenian ammoniac. water; 1:2:30
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daily Dosage: 0.3 to 1 g drug
COMPOUNDS
Resin (60 to 709c): chief component ammoresinol Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Water-soluble polysaccharides (10 to 20%)
parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once a
Volatile oil (0.1 to 0.3%): chief components linalool, linalyl day (HAB1); special doses for children
acetate, citronellyl acetate
Storage: The drug should be stored over chalk in a container
EFFECTS that protects it from light.
The drug is credited with being mildly diuretic, sudorific,
LITERATURE
spasmolytic, expectorate and menstruation-promoting in its
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
effect, although research data regarding these effects is not
Schneider G (Eds) Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
available. Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Heidelberg 1998.
Unproven Uses: Uses dating back to ancient times include
ingestion for its expectorant effect in chronic bronchitis,
especially in the elderly. Because of the resin's purported
diuretic, antispasmodic and stimulant properties, it was often Amomum aromaticum
employed internally as a diaphoretic and emmenagogue as See Nepalese Cardamom
well as externally as a plaster for swellings of the joints and
indolent tumors. In the late 19th century, it was used as an
expectorant for chronic catarrh and externally in plasters to
relieve hyperadenosis and in compresses for abscesses. More
recently, internal folk medicine uses include chronic bron-
Anacardium occidentale
chitis, asthma, sciatica and joint pain as well as conditions of See Cashew
the liver and spleen. Among external uses are treatment of
wounds and abscesses as well as lymph node swelling.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include bronchitis.
Anacyclus Pyrethrum
CONTRAINDICATIONS
See Pellitory
The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy due to the
existence of indications of a menstruation-inducing effect.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
According to older sources, repeated visual disorders and Anagallis arvensis
glaucoma-like states appeared following ingestion of the
See Scarlet Pimpernel
drug, however no health hazards have been verified in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE Anamirta cocculus
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal and
See Fish Berry
external use
Preparation:
Ammoniacum depuratum — 1000 parts coarse ammoniac
powder are heated with 1500 parts ethanol 60% in a steam
Ananas comosus
bath while being constantly stirred until an emulsion is See Pineapple
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ANEMARRHENA (ZHI-MU)/31
Leaves, Stem and Root: Anemarrhena asphodeloides is a Storage: Should be stored in a dry and well-aired place.
herbaceous perennial, and extends up to 60 cm high. The LITERATURE
leaves are grass-like and clustered at the base. Dong JX, Han GY, A new active steroidal saponin from
Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Planta Med, 57:460-2, 1991 Oct.
Habitat: The plant is native to northern China, Korea and
Japan. Dong JX, Han GY, Studies on the active constituents of
Anemarrhena asphodeloides bunge. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao,
Production: Zhi-Mu is the dried rhizome of Anemarrhena 27:26-32, 1992.
asphodeloides. It is best harvested in the third year of
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
cultivation in spring or autumn. The rhizome is then air- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
dried. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1994.
COMPOUNDS Li PM, Zhong JL, Chen RQ, Zhang XK, Ho KL, Chiu JF,
Steroid saponins (6%): aglycones sarsapogenin, markogenin, Huang DP, Zhi-mu saponin inhibits alpha-fetoprotein gene
neogitonin, particularly sarsapogenin-3-timobioside and mar- expression in developing rat liver. Int J Biochem, 21:15-22,
kogenin-3-timobioside 1989.
Liu JQ, Wu DW, 32 cases of postoperative osteogenic sarcoma
Water-soluble polysaccharides: anemarans A to D treated by chemotherapy combined with Chinese medicinal
Lignans: hinoki resinol, among others herbs. Planta Med, 21: 1997.
Ma B, Wang B, Dong J, Yan X, Zhang H, Tu A, New
W Xanthones: mangiferin (1.3%)
spirostanol glycosides from Anemarrhena asphodeloides. Letter
EFFECTS Planta Med, 63:376-9, 1997 Aug.
A variety of experiments have been able to demonstrate Miura T, Kako M, Ishihara E, Usami M, Yano H, Tanigawa K,
antipyretic and cortisone-like effects for the drug with its Sudo K, Seino Y, Antidiabetic effect of seishin-kanro-to in KK-
steroid saponin content. In addition, inhibitions of platelet Ay mice. Planta Med, 21:320-2, 1997 Aug.
aggregation, of Na, K-ATP-ase and of DNA-polymerase Nakashima N, Kimura I, Kimura M, Matsuura H, Isolation of
were observed. The timosaponin A-III isolated from the drug pseudoprototimosaponin AIII from rhizomes of Anemarrhena
reduced the serum levels of a 1-fetoprotein in animal asphodeloides and its hypoglycemic activity in streptozotocin-
experiments. induced diabetic mice. J Nat Prod, 57:Kimura I, Matsuura H.
32/ANEMARRHENA (ZHI-MU) PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Takahashi M, Konno C, Hikino H, Isolation and hypoglycemic drying in the air or in ovens, the umbels are threshed to
activity of anemarans A, B, C and D, glycans of Anemarrhena separate the seeds. Angelica herb consists of the above-
asphodeloides rhizomes. Planta Med, 57:100-2, 1985 Apr. ground parts of Angelica archangelica. Angelica root is the
dried root and rhizome of Angelica archangelica.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are greenish-white to COMPOUNDS: ANGELICA LEAVES
yellowish and are arranged in 20 to 40 rayed compact Volatile Oil (0.015 to 0.1%): chief constituents myrcene (17
umbels without an involucre. The tiny epicalyx has numer- to 29%), p-cymene, limonene, cis-and trans-ocimene, alpha-
ous sepals with minute tips. The petals have an indented, phellandrene, beta-phellandrene, alpha-pinene
indistinguishable tip. The elliptic fruit is 7 mm long by 4 mm
Furanocoumarins: including angelicin, bergaptene, impera-
wide and winged. The outer fruit membrane separates from
torin, isoimperatorin, oxypeucedanin, archangelicin
the inner one.
EFFECTS: ANGELICA LEAVES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 50 to 250 cm tall. The
The essential oils and furanocoumarins from the leaves have
rhizome is short, strong, fleshy and has long fibrous roots.
a strong irritant effect on the skin and mucous membranes
The stem is erect, often as thick as an arm at the base. It is
(angelica dermatitis). The spasmolytic, gastric juice-stimulat-
round, finely grooved, hollow and tinged reddish below. The
ing and cholagogic effect of the herb could be explained by
leaves are very large, 60 to 90 cm and tri-pinnate with a
the aromatic-amaroid structure.
hollow petiole. Leaflets are ovate and unevenly serrate. The
leaf sheaths are large and swollen. COMPOUNDS: ANGELICA ROOT
Volatile oil: chief components are alpha- and beta-phellan-
Characteristics: The plant has a strong tangy odor. The taste
drenes, alpha-pinenes, macrocyclic lactones, including pen-
is sweetish to burning tangy.
ta- and heptadecanolide
Habitat: Angelica is thought by some botanists to be
indigenous to Syria, Holland or Poland. Today it is found Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene, xanthotoxin, sco-
growing in the wild on the coasts of the North and Baltic poletin, umbelliferone
Seas as far north as Lapland. It is a protected species in Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Iceland, and is cultivated in other regions. Other species are
found in America (A. atropurpurea), in Europe (A. sylves- Flavonoids
tris) and in China/Asia (A. sinensis).
EFFECTS: ANGELICA ROOT
Production: Angelica seed consists of the fruit of Angelica The root acts as an antispasmodic, cholagogue and stimulato-
archangelica, which is harvested from July onward. After ry for secretion of gastric juices.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ANGELICA/33
Further information in: Characteristics: The flowers have a strong scent, which
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed initially resembles that of tobacco. The taste is bitter.
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Habitat: Angostura is indigenous to Venezuela and tropical
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der regions of South America.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Production: Angostura is the whole or ground bark of
Galipea officinalis.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Oims Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Other Names: Cusparia Bark, True Angostura
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. COMPOUNDS
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Volatile oil: chief constitents galipol, (-)- cadinene, galipene
Heidelberg 1996.
Quinolin alkaloids: including cusparine including galipine,
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer galipoline, quinaldine, cuspareine, galipoidine, l-methyl-2-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. quinolone
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Angustorine (bitter iridoid glycoside)
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. EFFECTS
Stuttgart 1997. Angostura stimulates gastric juices and acts as a tonic. In
larger doses, the drug also has an emetic and strong laxative
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
effect.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications include diarrhea;
Stuttgart 1997. it is also used as a febrifuge.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, isoorientin,
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc. New isovitexin, luteolin-7-O-glucoside
York 1980. Fatty oil (30%)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Proteic substances (20%)
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
The drug is said to have an expectorant, mildly spasmolytic
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
and antibacterial effect based on the essential oil. The data is
empirical and there are no recent studies available.
Aniseed oil (main constituent trans-anethol) has an antibacte-
Anise rial, antiviral, insect repellent effect and in animal experi-
ments it has been shown to be expectorant, spasmolytic and
Pimpinella anisum estrogenic.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil Approved by Commission E:
from the ripe fruit and the dried fruit. • Common cold
• Cough/bronchitis
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are medium-sized
• Fevers and colds
umbels with about 7 to 15 scattered pubescent rays. There is
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
usually no involucre, but sometimes there is a single bract.
• Dyspeptic complaints
There are barely any sepals. The petals are white, about 15
• Loss of appetite
mm long, and have a ciliate margin. They have small bristles
on the outside and a long indented tip. The fruit is downy, The drug is used internally for dyspeptic complaints. It is
ovate to oblong and flattened at the sides. used both internally and externally for catarrhs of the
respiratory tract.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual herb about 0.5
m high; it is downy all over. The root is thin and fusiform, Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Anise is used internally
and the stem is erect, round, grooved and branched above. for whooping cough, flatulence, colic-like pain, as a diges-
The lower leaves are petiolate, orbicular-reniform, entire and tive, for menstruation disturbances, liver disease and
coarsely dentate to lobed. The. middle leaves are orbicular tuberculosis.
and 3-lobed, or 3-segmented with ovate or obovate seg- Homeopathic Uses: Pimpinella anisum is used for shoulder
ments. The upper leaves are short-petioled to sessile with pain and lumbago.
narrow sheaths; they are pinnatisect with narrow tips.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Characteristics: The taste is sweet and the odor Anise is contraindicated in patients allergic to anise and
characteristic. anethole.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The origin of the plant is unknown but it probably No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
came from the Near East. Today, it is cultivated mainly in with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
southern Europe, Turkey, central Asia, India, China, Japan, dosages. Sensitization has been observed very rarely.
Central and South America.
DOSAGE
Production: Anise consists of the dried fruits of Pimpinella Mode of Administration: As a comminuted drug for infu-
anisum. sions and other galenic preparations for internal use or for
36 /ANISE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
inhalation. The purpose of an external application of an Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Anise preparation is the inhalation of essential oil. in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York, 1980.
Daily Dosage: Internal average daily dose is 3 g drug
(depending on the preparation). Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Tea — Drink 1 cup mornings and/or evenings (expectorant);
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
1 dessertspoon per day (gastrointestinal complaints); infants
Heidelberg 1996.
1 teaspoon (added to the bottle).
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Infusion — single dose: 0.5 to 1 g before meals. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
External application — inhalation of the essential oil. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
a day (HAB1). York, 1995.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are umbelled racemes with DOSAGE
only a few blossoms. The petals are obovate, up to 2.5 cm Mode of Administration: The fruit is available for oral use in
long, stemmed, white, pink, or pink on the outside and white the grated or chopped form. The skin peel can be used in
on the inside. The carpels are fused with the false fruit. teas. Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations of apples
come in liquid and dried pectin forms.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 6 to 10m high tree or
shrub. Boughs and branches are initially villous-haired, later LITERATURE
becoming glabrous. The leaves are alternate, ovate, usually Belitz HD, Grosch W, Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie, 4.
shortly acuminate and finely crenate-serrate. Aufl., Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1992.
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
JP Habitat: The plant is cultivated in the temperate regions of Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
the Northern Hemisphere, and occasionally grows wild. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Production: Medicinal and pharmaceutical preparations of
apples come in liquid and dried pectin forms. The source Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
material is the apple residue with 10% to 20% pectin in the Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
dried mass. The residue is extracted at pH 1.5 to 3 and 60° to Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
100° C. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRUIT PULP Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Fruit acids: the chief acid is malic acid (0.2 to 1.5%); in 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
unripe apples quinic acid; including as well citric acid, Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
succinic acid, lactic acid Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
A, Pectins
Arisaema atrorubens
Arenaria Rubra See Jack-in-the-Pulpit
Spergularia rubra
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part i.s the herb. Aristolochia clematitis
Flower and Fruit: The bracts of the inflorescence are almost See Birthwort
as large as the leaves. The sepals and petals are 3 to 4 mm.
The petals are usually pink, sometimes white. There are 5 to
10 stamens. The capsule is 4 to 5 mm and about equal in size
to the sepals. The seeds are 0.45 to 0.55 mm, unwinged, dark
brown, subtrigonal and more or less flattened.
Arjun Tree
Terminalia arjuna
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is annual to perennial with
DESCRIPTION
a slender to somewhat woody taproot, which is smooth and
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the tree are the bark
somewhat sticky. From beneath, it produces numerous, 5 to
and fruit.
22 cm long, diffuse, decumbent or procumbent stems. The
leaves are narrow, linear and have very short, lanceolate, Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in upright,
acute, silver, scarious stipules. apical panicles. The upper flowers of the panicles are usually
only male. The flowers are small and fused; their structures
Habitat: The plant is common in Europe, Russia, Australia,
are in fours or fives. The sepals are almost glabrous; the
North America and Asia.
calyx tube has 4 to 5 short, triangular lobes. The petals are
Production: Arenaria Rubra is the aerial part of Spergularia inconspicuous. There are 10 stamens and inferior, single-
rubra. chambered, brownish or reddish pubescent ovary. The style
is long and projects above the bud. The fruit is an over 2-cm
Other Names: Common Sandspurry, Sabline Rouge, long, glabrous, ovoid 4- to 5-sided drupe with 5 thick,
Sandwort narrow wings.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Leaves, Stem and Root: Arjun tree grows up to 30 m high.
COMPOUNDS
The leaves are opposite, 12 to 30 cm long and coriaceous
Triterpene saponins
with approximately 6-mm long petioles, which have 2 glands
Resins at the upper end. The lamina is elongate-elliptical, blunt or
4 0 / A R J U N TREE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
with a short tip. The base is narrow or cordate and has a available. There was, however, one study carried out with a
finely crenate margin. The trunk is grooved with a thick daily dose of 3.88 gm powdered drug.
bark.
LITERATURE
Habitat: India Bharani A, Ganguly A, Bhargava KD, Salutary effect of
Terminalia Arjuna in patients with severe refractory heart
Production: Arjun Tree bark is the dried trunk bark of failure. Int J Cardiol, 49:191-9, 1995 May.
Terminalia arjuna. It is collected in wild areas.
Chauhan S, Agarwal S, Mathur R, Vasal assault due to
Other Names: White Murda Terminalia arjuna W. & A. bark in albino rats. Andrologia,
53:491-4, 1990 Sep-Oct.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Dwivedi S, Jauhari R, Beneficial effects of Terminalia arjuna in
Tannins: gallotannins, ellagitannins coronary artery disease. Indian Heart J, 49:507-10, 1997 Sep-
Oct.
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Triterpenes: arjunolic acid and its glucosides, oleanolic acid Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Flavonoids: including arjunolon, baicalein 1994.
EFFECTS Kandil FE, Nassar MI, A tannin anti-cancer promoter from
Clinical experiments with the bark powder have demon- Terminalia arjuna. Phytcchemistry, 53:1567-8, 1998 Apr.
strated efficacy against congestive cardiac insufficiency and Kaur S, Grover IS, Kumar S, Antimutagenic potential of ellagic
hypertonia. Various extracts caused lowered blood pressure, acid isolated from Terminalia arjuna. Indian J Exp Biol,
bradycardia and positively inotropic effects in animal 53:478-82, 1997 May.
experiments. Spasmolytic and hemostyptic qualities have
also been described. The substance is said to be sedative and Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL. Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, Antineoplastic agents 338. The cancer
potentiates the activity of barbiturates.
cell growth inhibitory. Constituents of Terminalia arjuna
INDICATIONS AND USAGE (Combretaceae). J Ethnopharmacol, 53:57-63, 1996 Aug.
Indian Medicine: Arjun tree is used for fractures, ulcers,
Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
discharge of the urethra, leucorrhea, diabetes, anemia, Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, Hypocholesterolaemic effects of
cardiopathy, hyperhydrosis, asthma, bronchitis, states of Terminalia arjuna tree bark. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:165-9, 1997
exhaustion, tumors, dysentery, internal and external hemor- Feb.
rhaging, liver cirrhosis and high blood pressure.
Pettit GR, Hoard MS, Doubek DL, Schmidt JM, Pettit RK,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Tackett LP, Chapuis JC, On the ethnomedical significance of
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper die Arjun tree, Terminalia arjuna (Roxb.) Wight & Arnot. J
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Ethnopharmacol, 53:173-90, 1987 Jul.
DOSAGE
Seth SD, Maulik M, Katiyar CK, Maulik SK, Role of Lipistat
Mode of Administration: Powdered drug and liquid prepara- in protection against isoproterenol induced myocardial necrosis
in rats: a biochemical and histopathological study. Indian J
tions for internal use.
Physiol Pharmacol, 42:104-6, 1998 Jan.
Preparation: The following basic forms are used in Indian Singh N, Kapur KK, Singh SP, Shanker K, Sinha JN, Kohli
medicine in many compound preparations. RP, Mechanism of cardiovascular action of Terminalia arjuna.
Planta Med, 53:102-4, 1982 Jun.
Arjunatvagadi — An aqueous decoction.
Srivastava N, Prakash D, Behl HM, Biochemical contents, their
Pardhadyaristam — An aqueous decoction with grapes and variation and changes in free amino acids during seed
final fermentation. germination in Terminalia arjuna. Int J Food Sci Nutt, 53:215-
9, 1997 May.
Arjunaghrtam — A paste of the powdered drug with purified
butter, heated and filtered.
collected before flowering and dried, the roots, and the dried Arnica preparations have an antiphlogistic, analgesic and
rhizome and roots. antiseptic effect when applied topically, due to the sesquiter-
pene lactone componant. The flavonoid bonds, essential oils
Flower and Fruit: The terminal composite flower is found in and polyynes may also be involved. In cases of inflamma-
the leaf axils of the upper pair of leaves. They have a tion, Arnica preparations also show analgesic and antiseptic
diameter of 6 to 8 cm, are usually egg yolk-yellow to orange- activity. The sesquiterpenes (helenalin) in the drug have an
yellow, but occasionally light yellow. The receptacle and antimicrobial effect in vitro and an antiphlogistic effect in
epicalyx are hairy. The 10 to 20 female ray flowers are animal tests. A respiratory-analeptic, uterine tonic and
lingui-form. In addition, there are about 100 disc flowers, cardiovascular effect (increase of contraction amplitude with
which are tubular. The 5-ribbed fruit is black-brown and has simultaneous increase in frequency, i.e. positive inotropic
a bristly tuft of hair. effect) was demonstrated.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Arnica is a herbaceous plant INDICATIONS AND USAGE
growing 20 to 50 cm high. The brownish rhizome is 0.5 cm Approved by Commission E:
thick by 10 cm long, usually unbranched, 3-sectioned and
sympodial. The rhizome may also be 3-headed with many • Fever and colds
yellow-brown secondary roots. Leaves are in basal rosettes. • Inflammation of the skin
They are in 2 to 3 crossed opposite pairs and are obovate and • Cough/bronchitis
entire-margined with 5 protruding vertical ribs. The glandu- • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
lar-haired stem has 2 to 6 smaller leaves, which are ovate to • Rheumatism
lanceolate, entire-margined or somewhat dentate. • Common cold
• Blunt injuries
Characteristics: The flower heads are aromatic; the taste is
• Tendency to infection
bitter and irritating.
Unproven Uses: External folk medicine uses include conse-
Habitat: Arnica is found in Europe from Scandinavia to
quences of injury such as traumatic edema, hematoma,
southern Europe. It is also found in southern Russia and
contusions, as well as rheumatic muscle and joint problems.
central Asia.
Other applications are inflammation of the oral and throat
Production: Arnica flower consists of the fresh or dried region, furunculosis, inflammation caused by insect bites and
inflorescence of Arnica montana or Arnica chamissonis. The phlebitis. In Russian folk medicine, the drug is used to treat
flower should be dried quickly at 45° to 50°C. uterine hemorrhaging. Furthermore, the drug is used for
myocarditis, arteriosclerosis, angina pectoris, exhaustion,
Not to be Confused With: Other yellow-flowering Asteracea. cardiac insufficiency, sprains, contusions and for hair loss
Other Names: Arnica Flowers, Arnica Root, Leopard's due to psychological causes. While some uses are plausible,
Bane, Mountain Tobacco, Wolfsbane most are unproven.
high concentrations can also result in primary blister Merfort I, (1985) Planta Med 51 (2): 136.
formation and necroses. Schmidt Th J et al., Sesquiterpen lactones and inositol esters
from Arnica angustifolia. In: PM 61(6):544-550. 1995.
Drug Interactions: The coumarin componant may theoreti-
cally interact with warfarin, resulting in an additive antico- Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT
agulant effect. 9(49): 105. 1988.
Weil D, Reuter HD, EinfluP von Arnika-Extrakt und Helenalin
OVERDOSAGE auf die Funktion menschlicher Blutplattchen. In: ZPT 9(1):26.
Overdoses taken internally can lead to poisonings, character- 1988.
ized by severe mucous membrane irritation (vomiting,
Willuhn G et al., (1984) Planta Med 50 (1):35.
diarrhea, mucous membrane hemorrhage) and a brief stimu-
lation of cardiac activity followed by cardiac muscle palsy. Willuhn G, Leven W, Luley C, Arnikabliiten DAB 10.
Untersuchung zur qualitativen und quantitativen Variabilitat des
For mat reason, internal administration of the drug is
Sesquiterepnelactongehaltes der offizinellen Arzneidroge. In:
strongly discouraged.
DAZ 134(42):4077. 1994.
DOSAGE Willuhn G, Leven W, Qualitat von Arnikazubereitungen. In:
Mode of Administration: Arnica is used in the form of the DAZ 135(21): 1939-1942. 1995.
whole herb, cut herb or herb powder for infusions, extracts, Woerdenbag HJ et al., Cytotoxicity of flavonoids and
and tinctures; gel, oil and poultice for external application. sesquiterpene lactones from Arnica species. In: PM 59(7)81.
1993.
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
include gels, ointments, tinctures, oils and plasters. Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Preparation: Arnica tincture (3x to lOx dilutions with water)
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
is used to prepare a poultice. A tincture is prepared using 1 Ges Stuttgart 1997.
part Arnica flowers and 10 parts ethanol 70% v/v (according
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers ™
to DAB 10). Arnica oil is an extract of 1 part herb and 5
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
parts slightly warmed fatty oil. Ointments are made up with
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
up to 15% Arnica oil or with 10 to 25% tinctures in a neutral 1994.
ointment base. Mouthwashes are prepared as a tincture in
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
lOx dilution.
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Daily Dose: Tincture for cataplasm: tincture in 3x to lOx Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
dilution. For mouth rinses: tincture in lOx dilution. Oint- in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
ments should contain a maximum of 15% Arnica oil. York 1980.
Storage: When stored, die drug should be tightly sealed and Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
protected from light.
Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Helenalin an anti-
LITERATURE inflammatory sesquiterpene lactone from Arnica selectively
Anonym, Arnikabliiten nur aufterlich. In: DAZ 131(38):1949. inhibits transcription factor NF-kappaB. Biol Chem, 378:951-61,
1991. 1997.
Beekman AC et al., Structure-cytotoxicity relationship of some Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Immunologic studies
helenanolide-type sesquiterpene lactones. In: JNP 60(3):252-257. of plant combination preparations. In-vitro and in-vivo studies
1997. on the stimulation of phagocytosis. Arzneimittelforschung,
Brandt L, (1967) Scand J Haematol Suppl 2. 378:1072-6, 1991.
Brock FE, Arnica montana bei Venenleiden. In: ZPT 12(5): 141. Lyss G, Schmidt TJ, Merfort I, Pahl HL, Postpartum
1992. homeopadiic Arnica montana: a potency-finding pilot study. Br <flh
J Clin Pract, 378:951-61, 1997.
Hall, IH et al., (1979) J Pharm Sci 68:537.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Halub M et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1659.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Hormann HP, Kortin HC, (1995) Allergic acute contact Puhlmann J, Zenk MH, Wagner H, Immunologically active
dermatitis due to Arnica tincture self-medication. Phytomedicine polysaccharides of Arnica montana cell cultures.
4:315-317. Phytochemistry, 111:1141-5, 1991.
Kaziro, GSN et al., (1984) Br. J Oral Maxillofacial Surg 22:42. Rom L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Merfort I, (1984) Planta Med 50 (1):107. | 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ARROWROOT/43
Schroeder H, Loesche W, Strobach H, Leven W, Willuhn G, Other Names: Stinking Arrach, Stinking Goosefoot, Dog's
Till U, Schroer K, Helenalin and 11 alpha 13-dihydrohelenalin Arrach, Goat's Arrach, Goosefoot, Stinking Motherwort,
two constituents from Arnica montana L. inhibit human platelet Netchweed, Oraches
function via thiol-dependent pathways. Thromb Res, 57:839-45,
1990. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
^Hf Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Veriag
Heidelberg 1996. Mono-, di- and trimethylamine : only in the fresh plant due
to their volatility
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Veriag Heidelberg 1992. Betaine
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Veriag Stuttgart 1994. Tannins
Arrach Arrowroot
Chenopodium vulvaria Maranta arundinacea
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The whole fresh, flowering plant has
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the starch from the
medicinal properties.
rhizome tubers and the dried rhizome.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small, yellow-green and
inconspicuous. They grow in clusters in leafless, compact Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in pairs, 3.5 cm long and
spikes at the tip of the stem. The fruit is enclosed by the pedicled. They have 3 green, lanceolate sepals and a white,
involucre. The seeds are black and glossy. tubular-fused corolla with 1 hanging and two erect tips. The
stamens are in 2 circles; the first consists of 2 petal-like
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 15 to 40 cm high. The staminoids, the second of 1 hood-like. There is 1 thickened
stems are branched from low down. The leaves are broad, stamen partly developed like a petal. The ovary is inferior
rhomboid, entire-margined and petiolate. The whole plant is and 3-sectioned. Only 1 carpel is developed. The fruit is 1-
floury-dusty. valved and has 1 seed.
Characteristics: Arrach has a distinctive unpleasant smell of Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous perennial,
musty herring brine. 1 to 2 m high with thin, reed-like, branched and cane-like
stems. The rhizome produces, along with the usual root, a
Habitat: Europe, northern Africa and the Caucacus
sturdy, fusiform, swollen, up to 8 cm thick and 35 cm long
Production: Arrach is the complete flowering plant of tuber. The tuber is thickly covered with whitish, scaly
Chenopodium vulvaria. stipules. The leaves are obovate, light green, lightly pubes-
44/ARROWROOT PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
terpene lactones, are not contained in the rhizome. Adzet T, Puigmacia M, J Chromatogr 348:447-453. 1985.
Brand N, Cynara scolymus L. - Die Artischocke. In: ZPT
EFFECTS: ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT 11 (5): 169. 1990.
The main active principles are sesquiterpenes (amaroids), Fintelmann V, Antidyspetische und lipidsenkende Wirkung von
hydroxy cinnamic acid and flavonoids. The drug has a Artischockenblatterextrakt. In: ZPT 17(5) Beilage ZFA.
cholagogic, hepatotoxic and lipid-reducing effect. A choler- Zeitschrift fur AUgem Med. 1996.
etic effect has been observed in rats (effect of the cinnamic Fintelmann V, Menken HG, Artischockenblatterextrakt Aktuelle
acid). The cholesterol levels were reduced in the rats; a Erkenntnis zur Wirkung als Lipidsenker und Antidyspeptikum.
hepatostimulating and bitter effect on the gastrointestinal In: DAZ 136(17): 1405-1414. 1996.
tract has also been documented. Hinou J, Harvala C, Philianos S, Polyphenols substances of
Cynara scolymus L. leaves. Ann Pharm Fr, 47:95-8, 1989
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Khalkova Zh, Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, An experimental study
ARTICHOKE LEAF
of the effect of an artichoke preparation on the activity of the
Approved by Commission E:
sympathetic-adrenal system in carbon disulfide exposure. Probl
Khig, 53:162-71. 1995
• Liver and gallbladder complaints
• Loss of appetite Kirchhoff R. Beckers CH, Kirchhoff GM, Trinczek-Gartner H,
Petrowicz O, Reimann HJ (1994) Increase in choleresis by
means of artichoke extract. Phytomedicine 1:107-115.
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
Unproven Uses: Artichoke is used for dyspeptic problems Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints
and also for prophylactic treatment against the return of M, Quantitative analysis of cynarin in the leaves of the
gallstones. artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) Farm Zh, 18:56-9, 1965
Meding B, Allergic contact dermatitis from artichoke Cynara
In folk medicine, Artichoke is also used for digestion scolymus. Contact Dermatitis, 18:314, 1983 Jul
complaints and as a tonic in convalescence. Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
In: ZPT 16(1): 13-20, 77-89. 1995.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Schilcher H, Pharmazeutische Aspekte pflanzlicher Gallenther-
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
apeutika. In: ZPT 16(4):211-222. 1995.
Because of the stimulating effect of the drug upon the biliary
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika.
tract, it should not be administered if there is a bile duct
In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995.
blockage. Colic can occur where the patient suffers from
gallstones. Sokolova VE, Liubartseva LA, Vasilchenkoo EA, Effect of
artichoke (Synara scolymus) on some aspects of nitrogen
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
metabolism in animals. Farmakol Toksikol, 53:340-3, 1970
May-Jun
ARTICHOKE LEAF AND ROOT
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- Wasielewski S, Artischockenblatterextrakt: Prevention der
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The Arteriosklerose?. In: DAZ 137(24):2065-2067. 1997.
plant possesses a medium potential for sensitization through Further information in:
skin contact. Allergic reactions occur in particular when Adzet T, Camarasa J, Laguna JC, Hepatoprotective activity of
there is frequent on-the-job contact with artichokes. There polyphenol^ compounds from Cynara scolymus against CC14
are cross-reactions with other composites (including chrys- toxicity in isolated rat hepatocytes. J Nat Prod, 50:612-7, 1987
anthemes, arnica Pyrethrum). Jul-Aug
4 6 /ARTICHOKE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Gebhardt R, Antioxidative and protective properties of extracts structure forms a typical insect trap. The fruit is a scarlet
from leaves of the artichoke (Cynara scolymus L.) against berry.
hydroperoxide-induced oxidative stress in cultured rat
hepatocytes. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol, 144:279-86, 1997 Jun Leaves, Stem and Root: Arum maculatum is a 30 to 60 cm
spit- to arrow-shaped plant. It is long-stemmed, glossy, often
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 brown-speckled and basal. The petiole is spread to a sheath
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- at the base. The root-stock is tuberous, ovoid and floury-
1994. fleshy, varying in size between that of a hazelnut and a
pigeon's egg.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Verlags-
gesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Characteristics: Arum maculatum bears attractive scarlet
Khalkova Zh. Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, Inefficiency of cynarin berries that yield an acrid juice that is poisonous and can be
as therapeutic regimen in familial type II hyperlipoproteinaemia. fatal if ingested by small children.
Atherosclerosis. 53:249-53, 1977 Feb
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to parts of Europe, to
Khalkova Zh, Vangelova K, Zaikov Kh, Traditional medicine in
Britain and the U.S.
health care. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:19-22, 1995
Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints Production: Arum root is the fresh rhizome of Arum
M. Effect of Cynara scolymus-extracts on the regeneration of maculatum collected before removing the leaves.
rat liver. Arzneimittelforschung, 18:884-6, 1968 Jul
Other Names: Adder's Root, Bobbins, Cocky Baby, Cuckoo
Maros T, Seres-Sturm L, Racz G, Rettegi C, Kovacs VV, Hints Pint, Cypress Powder, Dragon Root, Friar's Cowl, Gaglee,
M, On the determination of o-dihydrophenols of caffeic acid
Kings and Queens, Ladysmock, Lords and Ladies, Parson
type present in artichoke leaves (Cynara scolymus L.) Ann
and Clerk, Portland Arrowroot, Quaker, Ramp, Wake Robin
Pharm Fr, 18:419-27, 1965 Jun
Ruppelt BM. Pereira EF, Goncalves LC, Pereira NA, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmacological screening of plants recommended by folk COMPOUNDS
medicine as anti-snake venom. Analgesic and anti-inflammatory Mucilages: glucomannane
activities. Mem inst uswaiao cruz, DJ:ZU^O, iyyi Starch
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996. Lectins
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer EFFECTS
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
The glucomannans, bassorin and starch contained in the drug
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, have a strong irritant and swelling effect on the mucous
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. membranes. The diaphoretic and expectorant effect attrib-
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. uted to the drug may be due to the strong actions of these
mbH Stuttgart 1997. constituents.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und INDICATIONS AND USAGE
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Unproven Uses: Arum is used for colds and inflammation of
York 1995.
the throat.
LITERATURE
Akhtardziev K et aL, (1984) Farmatsiya 34(3):1.
Arundinaria japonica
Koch H, Steinegger E, Components of Arum maculatum L. See Bamboo
(woven arrowroot). In: Pharm Acta Helv 54(2):33-36. 1979.
Mladenov IV, (1982) C R Acad Bulg Sci 35(8): 116.
Mladenov I, Bulanov I, Stamenova M, Ribarova F, The
composition and structure of isolectihs from Arum maculatum.
Asa Foetida
Eksp Med Morfol, 29:36-9, 1990. Ferula foetida
Moore THS, Vet Rec 89:569. 1971. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oily gum-resin
Nahrstedt A, Triglochinin in Arum maculatum. In: PH
extracted from the plant.
14(12): 1870-1871. 1975.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and Flower and Fruit: The flowers appear after 5 years in yellow
Man, Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO umbels on a 10 cm thick naked stem. They are numerous,
(1984) UK. pale greenish-yellow to white. The fruit is ovate, flat, thin,
flaky, reddish-brown with distinct oil marks.
Proliac A, Chaboud A, Raynaud J, Isolement et identification
de trois C- glycosylflavonews dans les tiges feuillees d'Arum Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a herbaceous monoe-
dracunculus. In: PA:47:646-647. 1992. cious perennial, 1.5 to 2 m high with a large, fleshy rhizome,
Further information in: which is 14 cm thick at the crown. The leaves are large,
bipinnate, and radical.
Allen AK, Purification and characterization of an N-
acetyllactosamine-specific lectin from tubers of Arum Characteristics: The fruit has milky juice and a strong smell.
maculatum. Biochim Biophys Acta, 317 ( Pt l):129-32. 1995.
Habitat: Afghanistan and eastern Iran.
Bulanov I, Mladenov I, Boianovska V, Gateva I, Stanislavov R,
The effect of lectins on human spermatozoa in the capillary Production: Asa foetida is the gum resin of Ferula foetida.
sperm penetration test. Eksp Med Morfol, 317 ( Pt l):42-5,
1990. Other Names: Devil's Dung, Food of the Gods, Gum
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Asafoetida
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ges Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Guirguis-Oeschger M, Gossweiler Volatile oil: chief constituent is sec-propenyl-isobutyl
B, Meier-Abt PJ, Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 1966- disulphide
1994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information
Center. Schweiz Med Wochenschr, 60:1085-98, 19%. Gum resin: consisting mainly of ferulic acid esters, farnesi-
ferol A, B, C and bassorin-like mucilage
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdirck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Sesquiterpenoide coumarins: including asafoetida
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
EFFECTS
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Asa foetida has a mild intestinal disinfectant effect; its
Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food (Ed) Poisonous sedative effect is uncertain. In animal experiments it has
Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and Man, antitumoural and mild mutagenic effect on Salmonella
HMSO, UK 1984 typhimurium.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for chronic gastritis,
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, dyspepsia and irritable colon.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Chinese Medicine: In China, the drug is used for infestation
with intestinal parasites.
Homeopathic Uses: Ferula foetida is used for low acid levels tube and are flattened above. The style is thick, short and not
in the stomach, stomach pressure, flatulence and loose stools. hollow; the stigma is 6-rayed. The fruit is a many-seeded,
indehiscent capsule divided into many chambers by false
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
membranes. In each capsule there are numerous boat-shaped
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
seeds with a spongy appendage.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The intake of larger dosages can lead to Leaves, Stem and Root: Asarum europaeum is a shaggy-
swelling of the lips, digestive complaints (belching, flatu- haired perennial growing 4 to 10 cm high. It has a thin,
lence, diarrhea), discomfort and headache. Convulsions are creeping rhizome that is branched and usually has 3 to 4
possible in susceptible individuals. Swelling of the genital scale-like, brownish-green stipules. It has an ascending
organs has been observed following external administration short-scaled stem, with the terminal flower at the tip. There
on the abdomen. are 2 to 4 long-petioled, almost opposite, broad, reniform
leaves. They are entire-margined, coriaceous, dark-green
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
glossy above, pale and matte beneath, deeply reticulate and
DOSAGE evergreen.
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as an extract.
Characteristics: The rhizome has a pepper-like smell; the
Preparation: Gum-resin is obtained by incising the roots, leaves and flowers have an unpleasant camphor smell.
which contain a fetid juice. This solidifies to a brown resin, Asarum europaeum is a protected species.
sometimes with a pinkish tint, in sticky lumps. The final
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the northern parts of
product has a pungent, acrid, persistent, alliaceous odor.
southern Europe, central and east-central Europe as far as the
Daily Dosage: Tincture: 20 drops as a single dose. Crimea and eastward into western Siberia as well as an
enclave in the Atai. Asarum is cultivated in the U.S.
Homeopathic Dosage: D3 and D4 dilutions.
Production: Asarum root is the root of Asarum europaeum,
LITERATURE
which is gathered in August and air-dried in the shade.
Buddrus J et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(4):869. Asarum is primarily collected in the wild, but is cultivated in
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der the U.S.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Not to be Confused With: Can be confused with other
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug valerian types and with Arnica montana, Genum urbanum,
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Valeriana officinalis and Viola ordorata. The mistaken
powder can be identified by the presence of fibers, stone
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. cells, oxalate filament agglomerations and the absence of
starch.
Naimie H et al., (1972) Collect Czec Chem Commun 37:1166.
Rajanikanth B et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):899. Other Names: Asarabacca, Coltsfoot, False Coltsfoot, Fole's
Foot, Hazelwort, Public House Plant, Snakeroot, Wild
Roth L, Daunderer M, Konr.ann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Ginger, Wild Nard
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: composition depends upon breed but possible
Asarum constituents include asarone trans-isoasarone, trans-isoeuge-
nol methyl ether, trans-isoelemicin or eudesmol, possibly in
Asarum europaeum addition to sesquiterpene hydrocarbons, -alcohols, -furans,-
DESCRIPTION carbonyl compounds
Medicinal Parts: The primary medicinal part is the root of
Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid, isochlo-
the plant. However, the leaves have been used to a lesser
rogenic acid
extent.
Flavonoids
Flower and Fruit: The end of the stem forms a short-
pedicled, slightly hanging flower. The perigone forms a EFFECTS
campanulate tube with a 3 to 4 lobed margin. It is brownish Asarum acts as an expectorant, bronchial spasmolytic,
on the outside, dark and purple on the inside. There are 2 superficial relaxant and local anesthetic. Studies of the
groups of 6 stamens on the ovaries, which are fused with the plant's emetic action exist for Asari root and herb. However,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ASARUM/49
self-experiment with 100 gm trans-isoasaron taken orally emmenagogue (menstrual stimulant) and for artificial abor-
caused severe vomiting. tion. The dried, powdered leaves have been used as an
ingredient of some snuffs, helping to expel mucus from the
The surface-tension-reducing effect of trans-isoasaron and
respiratory passages.
trans-isomethyleugenol was studied in vitro, using stalagmo-
• metry. Both substances showed a concentration-dependent Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include diarrhea,
surface activity, which surpassed the effect of the control irritation of mucous membranes and exhaustion.
substance tyloxapol in a normal treatment concentration.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
In studies of Asarum's spasmolytic effect, bronchial spasms Older scientific literature contains reports of signs of
induced in a guinea pig by histamine were inhibited in vivo poisoning including burning of the tongue, gastroenteritis,
by trans-isoasaron, depending on the dose. The survival rate diarrhea, erysipeloid skin rashes and hemiparesis. An ex-
was determined subsequent to the addition of a histamine- tremely susceptible mouse strain developed hepatoma after
containing aerosol 30 minutes after trans-isoasarin had been exposure to asarone. Administration of the drug is not
administered. The control substance here was clemizole advised.
hydrochloride, which has a similarly inhibiting effect.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The action of trans-isoasaron and of isomethyleugenol as a Asarum is not to be used during pregnancy.
local anesthetic was tested on 10 volunteer subjects, in order
to compare it with benzocaine (anesthetic index AI = 1). The DOSAGE
results showed a dose-related action for both drugs, with the Mode of Administration: Asarum is taken as a sneezing-
following anesthetic indexes of AI = 0.72 for trans-isoasarin powder, or orally as a purified dry extract in the form of
and AI = 0.47 for trans-isomethyleugenol. coated tablets and pills. It is obsolete as a drug.
The only available studies of Asarum's antibacterial effect How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
are those carried out on Asari root and herb. A double-blind include coated tablets and confectionery tea mixtures.
clinical trial with a placebo as alternative was carried out on
Preparation: The air-dried rootstock is extracted with an
30 patients with acute bronchitis, 30 with chronic bronchitis
organic solvent, which can be mixed with water. The liquid
and an additional 30 with bronchial asthma. Eighty percent
extract is separated from the solvent by means of vacuum
of the patients wim acute bronchitis, 58% of the patients with
distillation. The watery portion remaining is diluted with an
chronic bronchitis and 68% of the patients with bronchial
equal amount of distilled water, and further extraction takes
asthma were cured or showed improvement in both their
place. Then the organic liquid extract is mixed with a
subjective and objective states. The contrast with the placebo
suitable excipient according to the desired percentage of
groups was significant. The treatment consisted of a daily
trans-isoasaron. Afterward, the extract is dried and rubbed.
dose of 3 x 2 tablets, purified dry (GB) or powdered (US)
Trans-isoasaron can also be produced from asarylaldehyde
extract (30 mg phenylpropanol derivatives) taken over an
by means of Perkin's cinnamic synthesis. As sneezing-
average of 7 days. However, to obtain conclusive results,
powder, the average content of the drug is 20%.
further trials are needed over a longer period and with more
patients. The drug's efficacy was also tested in a multicentric Daily Dosage: The average daily oral dose of the dry extract
field trial, a clinically controlled study and an open bicentric for adults and children aged 13 and over is 30 mg, which
study. However, the results are only useful to a small extent, corresponds to 30 mg phenylpropane derivatives and should
as there is an absence of details about placebo groups, trial be spread over 2 to 3 doses per day. Children aged 2 and
parameters, and statistical analysis. over can take an extract corresponding to 5 mg phenylpropa-
nol derivatives 3 times daily. The average single dose of the
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The purified dry extract of Asarum europae- drug is 0.1 gm.
um rootstock is used for inflammatory conditions of the Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
lower respiratory system (acute and chronic bronchitis), for globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
various causes of bronchial spasms and for bronchial asthma. weekly sc; ointments 1 to 2 times daily; Dl and D2 should
Asari root and Asari root with herb are used for similar not be taken for longer than 1 month (HAB1).
indications in folk medicine. In the past, the drugs were used
as emetics. Some other uses are as antitussives (cough Storage: Coated tablets and pills that contain the purified dry
remedies), sneezing-powder for chronic rhinitis, for inflam- extract or the tincture from the rhizome can be stored for a
mation of the eye, for pneumonia, angina pectoris, mi- period of 28 days in conditions of high temperature,
graines, liver disease and jaundice, for dehydration, as an humidity and light. Under preferred storage conditions (i.e.
50/ASARUM PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Tannins
Asclepias inearnata Mucilages (10-20%)
See Swamp Milkweed
Mannitol (16-28%)
Triterpenes, phytosterols
Asclepias tuberosa Iridoide monoterpenes: including syringoxide, deoxy-
See Pleurisy Root syringoxidin
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ASIATIC DOGWOOD / 5 1
COMPOUNDS: ASH BARK Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Hydroxycoumarins: aesculin, fraxin, aesculetin, fraxetin, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
fraxidin, isofraxidin, fraxinol, scopoletine Poisonous Plants in Britain and their Effects on Animals and
Tannins Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, HMSO UK
1984.
^Iridoide monoterpenes: including 10-hydroxyligstroside
EFFECTS: ASH BARK
The main active principle is coumarin. Preparations of fresh
ash bark showed an analgesic, anti-oxidative, and antiphlo- Asiatic Dogwood
gistic action. Cyclo AMP phosphodiesterase is inhibited and Cornus officinalis
an anti-oxidative (radical trapping action) effect was proven
for scopoletine, isofraxin and fraxin. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the fruit.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ASH LEAF Flower and Fruit: The umbels contain 20 to 30 flowers
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Ash leaf are used for surrounded by 4 yellow-green, 6 to 8 mm long, elliptical-
arthritis, gout, bladder complaints, as well as a laxative and acuminate bracts. The flower structures are in fours and the
diuretic. In folk medicine Ash leaf is used internally for diameter of the flower is 4 to 5 mm including the disc. The
fever, rheumatism, gout, edema, stones, constipation, stom- calyx is fused and has 4 tips. There are 4 free petals, 4
ach symptoms and worm infestation; and externally for stamens and a 2-chambered ovary, with 1 ovule per chamber.
lower leg ulcers and wounds. The drupe is elongate- elliptical, approximately 15 mm long
ASH BARK and red with an elongate, 2-chambered stone kernel.
^ Unproven Uses: Preparations of Ash bark are used for fever
Leaves and Branches: Cornus officinalis is shrub or tree, that
^ and as a tonic.
grows up to 4 m high. The leaves are opposite, simple and 4
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS to 10 cm long. The petiole is 6 to 10 cm long. The lamina is
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- ovate-elliptical or ovate, long acuminate, rounded at the
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. base, yellow-brown and pubescent beneath. The branches are
smooth, bluish-green and the bark peels off.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed Habitat: China, Japan
applications has not been documented, therapeutic applica-
tion cannot be recommended. The efficacy of Ash in fixed Production: Cornus fruit is the dried fruit pulp of Cornus
combinations must be verified specifically for each officinalis. Fruits are harvested in the late autumn or the
preparation. beginning of winter. They are scalded with boiling water or
Storage: Should be protected from light. gently heated. Cleaning of the raw drug follows kernel
extraction and drying.
LITERATURE
Carnat A, Lamaison JL, Dubnand F, Plant Med Phytother ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
24:145-151. 1990. COMPOUNDS
Genius OB, DAZ 120:1505-1506. 1980. Iridoids: iridoid glycosides, including loganin, cornuside,
sweroside, morronoside
Jensen SR, Nielsen BJ, PH 15:221-223. 1976.
Marekov N et al., Khira Ind 58:132-135. 1986. Tannins: gallotannins, including cornusiens-A to -G, tellima-
£> Tissut M, Ravane P, PH 19:2077-2081. 1980. grandin I and II, camptothins-A and -B
Yamagami I, Suzuki Y, Koichiro I, Pharmacological studies on
Triterpenes: including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid
the components of Fraxinus japonica. In: Nippon Yakurigaku
Zasshi 64(6):714-729 (jap.). 1968. Anthocyans
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers EFFECTS
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 The drug has an astringent effect due to its tannin content. It
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- has exhibited diuretic, blood pressure-lowering and leukocy-
1994. topoiesis-promoting effects in clinical tests.
52/ASIATIC DOGWOOD PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE The perigone is longer than the cauline leaves and has
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug has been used for oblanceolate sections that are twice as long as the perigone
impotency, loss of semen, lumbago-sciatica syndrome, night tube. The stamens are oblong and almost as long the
sweats and vertigo. filaments. The perigone of the female flowers is much
smaller. The fruit is a pea-sized, brick-red round berry that is
Chinese Medicine: In China, Asiatic Dogwood is used for
up to 8 mm thick. The seeds are black with wrinkly stripes
liver and renal disorders, tinnitus, hyperhidrosis, impotency
and are 3 to 4 mm wide.
and low back and knee pain.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Asparagus officinalis is a perennial
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
with a short, woody rootstock. In the wild, the plant typically
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
reaches heights of 30 to 100 cm, but cultivated plants may
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
grow to 150 cm. The stem is erect, glabrous and smooth,
DOSAGE later inclined with numerous erect to leaning branches. The
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations and liquid scale sections at the base have short spurs. The round,
preparations for internal use needle-like phylloclades are in clusters of 4 to 15 that are 5
to 25 cm long and about 0.5 cm thick. The root-stock is short
Preparation: The fruit is boiled or steamed with wine until and thick. It produces a few ascending shoots that are as
all the liquid has been drawn out. thick as a finger, fleshy, white, and red or blue-reddish
Daily Dosage: 5 to 12 gm of drug. tinged. (This is the edible asparagus.) The female plants are
often slimmer than the male, which are shorter and stockier.
Chinese Medicine Dosage: 3 to 9 gm of drug daily.
Characteristics: The fruit is considered to be poisonous, but
Storage: The herb should be protected from insects and that has not been substantiated.
stored in dry place.
Habitat: The plant grows in central and southern Europe, the
LITERATURE
Middle East, western Siberia and northern Africa. It is
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers cultivated in many places.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Production: Asparagus herb consists of the above-ground
1994. parts of Asparagus officinalis. Asparagus root consists of the
Jeng H, Wu CM, Su SJ, Chang WC A substance isolated from rhizome with roots of Asparagus officinalis, which are dug
Cornus officinalis enhances the motility of human sperm. Am J up and air-dried in autumn, and also the fresh underground
Chin Med, 25:301-6, 1997. shoots.
Jeng H, Wu CM, Su SJ, Chang WC Observations on the Not to be Confused With: This variety is sometimes confused
biological characteristics of Cornus officinalis Chung Yao Tung with other types of asparagus cultivated in the Mediterranean
Pao, 25:8-11, Jul, 1985. region.
Other Names: Sparrow Grass
abnormal action potential in animal models infected with on memory acquisition as well as the alcohol-elicited deficit
CB3V, suggesting its possible use for prevention and of memory retrieval (a reduction in errors and prolonged
treatment of acute myocarditis involving CB3V (Rui, 1994). latent period) (Hong, 1994).
Antioxidant—Astragalus membranaceus inhibits lipid perox- CLINICAL TRIALS
idation in rat heart mitochondria (Hong, 1994). Immune-stimulating
Cardiovascular Effects—Astragalus membranaceus in-
The effect of pure Astragalus preparation (PAP) in treating
creases cardiac output in patients with angina pectoris (Lei,
115 patients with leukopenia was determined after 8 weeks
1994). Astragaloside IV improves left ventricular end-dia-
of therapy. Group I was treated by a concentrated PAP (10
stolic volume, left ventricular end-systolic volume and slows
ml, equivalent to 15 grams of Astragalus), and group II was
heart rate in heart failure. The compound also alleviates
treated with a different concentrated PAP (10 ml, equivalent
chest distress and dyspnea associated with heart failure (Luo,
to 5 grams of Astragalus). Both treatment groups received a
1995). The herb has therapeutic effects on sodium and water
dose of 10 ml twice daily. The effectiveness was statistically
retention in aortocaval fistula-induced heart failure, improv-
different between the groups with 82.76% and 47.37% in
ing cardiac and renal functions in heart failure. The
Group I and II, respectively. The total effective rate was
mechanism is partly through correction of abnormal mRNA
65.22%. The average WBC count of group I was significant-
expressions of hypothalmic arginine vasopresin system and
ly higher than that of group II with a significant rise of the
aquaporin-2, and amelioration of blunted renal response to
WBC counts in both groups after treatment (Weng XS,
atrial natriuretic peptide (Ma, 1998).
1995).
Fibrinolytic—Astragaloside IV increases the fibrinolytic
Cardiovascular Effects
potential of endothelial ells by upregulating the expression of
tissue-type plasminogen activator and by downregulating the The effect of Astragalus membranaceus on left ventricular
A^, expression of plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (Zhang, function and oxygen free radicals was evaluated in 43
1997). cardiac patients. All patients in the treatment group had
Gastrointestinal Effects—The herb strengthens the move- experienced their myocardial infarction within the past 36
ment and muscle tonus in the intestine, especially the hours. The herb demonstrated a strengthening of left
jejunum, to increase movements in the digestive tract, as ventricular function and an effect of anti-oxygen free
evidenced by positive effects on the cycle duration of radicals for a cardiotonic action. The herb decreased the ratio
interdigestive myoelectric complex (Lei, 1994). of pre- ejection period/left ventricular ejection time, in-
creased the superoxide dismutase activity of red blood cells
Hepatoprotective—An ethanol extract of the root of Astraga- and reduced lipid peroxidation content (Chen, 1995).
lus membranaceus alleviated liver injury through a reduction
of elevated SGPT levels and subacute toxicity. The herb also INDICATIONS AND USAGE
decreased loss of righting reflex and protected hepatic cells Unproven Uses: The herb has been used for respiratory
from pathological changes (Zhang, 1990). infections, immune depression, cancer, heart failure, viral
infections, liver disease and kidney disease. Astragalus has
Immuno-modulating—The herb stimulates macrophages, also been used as a diuretic.
promotes antibody formation, and increases T lymphocyte
proliferation. F3, an immuno-regulatory component of the Chinese Medicine: The herb has been used alone and in
herb reverses macrophage suppression induced by urological combination for liver fibrosis, acute viral myocarditis, heart
tumors (Rittenhouse, 1991). Astragalus membranaceus ex- failure, small cell lung cancer, amenorrhea, and antiviral.
tracts enhance the antibody response to a T-dependent
antigen associated with an increase of Th cell activity in PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
£ normal and immunodepressed animal models (Zhao, 1990). General: Caution should be taken with patients receiving
A fractionated extract of Astragalus membranaceus potenti- immunosuppressive therapy, such as transplant patients, or
ates lymphokine-activated killer (LAK) cell cytotoxicity patients with autoimmune diseases. Extracts of Astragalus
generated by low-dose recombinant interleukin-2 (rIL-2). lusitanicus in animal models resulted in toxic excitatory
This immune response occurs through a 10-fold potentiation cardiac effects and respiratory depression, involving skeletal
of rIL-2 activity manifested by tumor cell killing activity muscle and neurological systems (Abdennebi, 1998).
resulting from LAK cell generation (Chu, 1990).
Neurological Dysfunction: Due to the selenium content in
Memory Improvement—Aqueous extracts of Astragalus Astragalus, toxic doses may result in neurological dysfunc-
demonstrated improvement of anisodine-induced impairment tion leading to paralysis (Panter, 1996).
56/ASTRAGALUS (HUANG-QI) PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
See Astragalus (Huang-Qi) Leaves, Stem and Root: The avocado is a tree up to 40 m in
height and with a trunk 60 cm in diameter. The leaves are 6
to 30 cm long and 3.5 to 19 cm wide. They are narrow to
* ; — : — broadly elliptical. The leaf surface is sticky, while the lower
surface is downy.
Athyrium filix-femina
i See Lady Fern Habitat: The plant originated in central and southern South
America and is cultivated in all tropical and subtropical
regions today.
Bael
Aegle marmelos
DESCRIPTION
Balloon-Flower (Jie-Geng)
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the unripe fruit, the Platycodon grandiflorum
root, the leaves and the branches. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
Flower and Fruit: The plant has greenish-white flowers. The
main and secondary roots.
yellow fruit is globular or ovoid, with a hard shell. The fruit
is divided internally like an orange. The flesh is reddish, with Flower and Fruit: The flowers are at the tip of the leading
numerous seeds covered in a layer of latex. shoot. The flower structures are in fives and are fused. The
calyx tube is appressed to the ovary; the corolla is 5-lobed,
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and slightly sour. blue, occasionally white with a diameter of approximately 5
Habitat: This plant is native to India but has spread over cm. The 5 stamens are free and the ovary inferior with
wide areas of southeast Asia. numerous ovules. The fruit is an obovoid, multi-chambered,
dehiscent capsule. The seeds are ovoid, light to dark brown,
Other Names: Bel, Bengal Quince smooth, 1.7 to 2.2 mm long, 1 to 1.2 mm wide and flattened.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BALMONY/59
Resin: (bitter-tasting) Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for asthma, coughs and
disorders of the gallbladder.
EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No information available.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
INDICATIONS AND USAGE with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Homeopathic Uses: Chelone glabra is used in the treatment dosages.
of liver disorders, digestive disorders and worm infestation.
DOSAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Mode of Administration: The juice from the young shoots is
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction hardened as bamboo sugar and used internally.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic LITERATURE
dosages. No literature is available.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is available in homeopath-
ic dilutions.
Baneberry
LITERATURE
Actaea spicata
Belofsky G et al„ PH 28:1601. 1989.
DESCRIPTION
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in ovate racemes.
They have 4 to 6 bracts, white stamens and 1 ovary. The fruit
is a black, many-seeded berry.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 5 to 7 cm long in yellow,
Unproven Uses: Baneberry is used as an emetic and dense, hanging clusters. The 6 sepals are yellow and the 6
purgative. petals have orange-colored honey glands at the base. The 6
stamens burst open at the side. The ovary is superior with a
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathy for flat stigma. The edible fruit is a bright scarlet, oblong-
w/ rheumatic conditions, especially those of the smaller joints. cylindrical berry, 10 to 12 mm long and 6 mm thick. The
exocarp is membranous-coriaceous. There are usually 2
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS seeds.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Leaves, Stem and Root: Barberry is a deciduous, heavily
dosages. branched, thorny bush up to 2 m high. The thorny branches
are angular, deeply grooved, initially brownish yellow, later
DOSAGE more white-gray. The thorns are 1 to 2 cm long and stick out
Mode of Administration: In homeopathy, Baneberry is horizontally. The leaves are in bunches and are obovate to
available as dilutions of the mother tincture. elliptoid, 2 to 4 cm long and narrow. They are dark green
and reticulate, the margin is dentate.
LITERATURE
Characteristics: The flowers have a repulsive smell; the
Fardella G, Corsano St, Preliminary study on actein
biosynthesis. In: Ann Chim(Rom)63:333-337. 1973. stamens lie on the carpels at the slightest touch. The flesh of
the fruit is juicy and sour.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Habitat: Europe, northern Africa, parts of America and
Ges Stuttgart 1997. central Asia.
Jfr Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Production: Barberries are the ripe fruit of Berberis vulgaris.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. I-8, Springer Verlag Barberry root bark or berberis bark is the dried root bark of
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Berberis vulgaris. Berberis aqui folium is a closely-related
American variety that is often used in commercially avail-
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, able Oregon Grape products.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Not to be Confused With: There is a possiblity of confusion
Nikonow GK, Syrkina SA, Chemische Untersuchungen der with the fruits of other berberidis types. The commercial
aktiven Prinzipien von Actaea spicata L. In: Pharm Zentralhalle drug often consists of admixtures; between 15% and 50% of
103(8):60l. 1964. branch and trunk bark.
Other Names: Berberry, Pipperidge, Jaundice Berry, Sow
Berry, Mountain Grape, Oregon Grape
Banisteriopsis caapi ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: BARBERRY FRUIT
See Yage
Isoquinoline alkaloids (at the most, traces)
Anthocyans
Chlorogenic acid
Baptisia tinctoria
Malic acid, acetic acid
See Wild Indigo
EFFECTS: BARBERRY ROOT BARK
Source of vitamin C. In various metabolic processes, vitamin
C increases immune system activity, stimulates iron absorp-
Barberry tion, and prevents scurvy. There is a mild diuretic effect due
to the acid content.
Berberis vulgaris
COMPOUNDS: BARBERRY ROOT BARK
DESCRIPTION Isoquinoline alkaloids: in particular berberine, berbamine,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit and the root oxyacanthin, further to include columbamine, palmatine,
bark. jatrorrhizine, magnoflorine.
62/BARBERRY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
berries can relieve constipation and stimulate the appetite. Andronescu E et al., (1973) Clujul. Med 46: 627.
Alcoholic extracts have been used for heartburn and stomach
Chen MQ et al., (1965) Acta Pharm Sinica 12 (3): 185.
cramps. Extracts have also been used for susceptibility to
infection, feverish colds, and diseases of the urinary tract. Cordell GA, Farnsworth NR, (1977) Lloydia 40: 1.
Used in the pharmaceutical industry as a syrup for masking Ikram M, (1975) Planta Med 28: 253.
flavor.
Lahiri SC et al., (1958) Ann Biochem Exp Med India 18: 95.
BARBERRY ROOT BARK Liu CX et al., (1979) Chinese Traditional and Herbal Drugs
Unproven uses: Barberry has been used for opium or Communications 9: 36.
morphine withdrawal. In folk medicine, the bark is used for Naidovich LP et al., (1976) Farmatsiya 24: 33.
liver malfunctions, gallbladder disease, jaundice, splenopa-
Subbaiah TV, Amin AH, (1967) Nature 215: 527.
thy, indigestion, diarrhea, tuberculosis, piles, renal disease,
urinary tract disorders, gout, rheumatism, arthritis, lumbago, Ubebaba K et al., (1984) Jpn J Pharmacol 36 (Suppl): 352.
malaria, and leishmaniasis. Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A): 1.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Further information in:
BARBERRY FRUIT AND ROOT BARK
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Ges Stuttgart 1997.
dosages.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
OVERDOSAGE Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
BARBERRY ROOT BARK (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Dosages over 4 mg will bring about light stupor, nosebleeds, 1994.
vomiting, diarrhea and kidney irritation. The treatment for Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
poisonings is to be carried out symptomatically. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
DOSAGE Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
BARBERRY FRUIT 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Mode of Administration: Barberry is used internally in tea
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
mixtures and combination preparations. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Preparation: To prepare a tea infusion, pour approximately Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
150 ml of hot water into 1 to 2 teaspoons of whole or pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
squashed Barberries and strain after 10 to 15 minutes. | York 1995.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BAROSMA SPECIES / 63
Prolamines: hordein Pajuelo P, Pajuelo E, Forde BG, Marquez AJ, Regulation of the
expression of ferredoxin-glutamate synthase in barley. Planta,
Glutelins: hordenine (not to be confused with the amine of 203:517-25, 1997 Dec
the same name, see below)
Rudi H et al., A (His)6-tagged recombinant barley endosperm
Albumins and globulins ADP-glucose pyrophosphorylase expressed in the baculovirus-
insect cell system is insensitive to allosteric regulation by 3-
Fatty oil (2%): chief fatty acids linoleic and oleic acid phosphoglycerate and inorganic phosphate. FEBS Lett, 419,
Vitamins: Vitamin E, nicotinic acid, pantothenic acid, 1997
vitamins B6, B2, folic acid Schuurink RC, Shartzer SF, Fath A, Jones RL, Characterization
of a calmodulin-binding transporter from the plasma membrane
Hydroxycoumarins (only in the stalks): including, among
of barley aleurone. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A , 95:1944-9, 1998
others, umbelliferone, scopoletin, nermann, aesculetin (in Feb 17
the sprouts)
Amines: tyramine, hordenine (dimethyltyramine), gramine
also with certain strains (dimethy- laminomethylindol)
EFFECTS
Barosma species
Barley is soothing on the alimentary tract. See Short Buchu
64/BASIL PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flower and Fruit: The white, labiate flowers are in 6- BASIL OIL
blossomed, pedicled, almost sessile axillary false whorls. Unproven Uses: Among traditional uses for the oil are
The calyx is bilabiate, and the corolla is 4-lobed. The lower wounds, rheumatic complaints, colds and chills, contusions,
lip is simple; the 4 stamens lie on it. joint pains and depression. .
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 20 to 40 cm PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
high. The stem is erect, branched from the base up and BASIL HERB
downy. The leaves are ovate or oblong. They are long- General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
petioled, acuminate, irregularly dentate or entire-margined. conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Characteristics: Basil has a characteristic odor and sharp
taste. Pregnancy: The herb contains about 0.5% essential oil with
up to 85% estragole. Because of the high estragole content in
Habitat: The plant probably originated in India, Afghanistan, the essential oil, the herb should not be taken during
Pakistan and northern India, and now is cultivated pregnancy.
worldwide.
BASIL OIL
Production: Basil herb consists of the dried, above-ground General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
parts of Ocimum basilicum. Oil of basil is the essential oil conjunction with the proper administration of designated
extracted from the dried aerial parts of Ocimum basilicum by therapeutic dosages. However, pending final determination
steam distillation. of the drug's carcinogenic potential, one should completely
forgo administration of the drug.
Other Names: St. Josephwort
Pregnancy: Because a mutagenic effect in vitro and a
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
carcinogenic effect in animal experiments have been demon-
C O M P O U N D S : BASIL HERB
strated for estragole, oil of basil should not be administered
Volatile oil: chief constituents are chavicol methyl ether
during pregnancy or while nursing.
(estragole), linalool and eugenol
Pediatric Use: Basil oil should not be given to infants or
Caffeic acid derivatives
small children.
Flavonoids
DOSAGE
E F F E C T S : BASIL HERB
Until the final determination of die drug's carcinogenic
In vitro, Basil is antimicrobial. potential, one should completely forgo its administration.
LITERATURE
C O M P O U N D S : BASIL OIL
Balambal R et al!~, (1985) J Assoc Phys (India) 33(8):507.
Chief constituents: estragole (chavicol methyl ether), lina-
lool, eugenol Czygan FCh, Balsilikum - Ocimum basilicum L. Portrait einer
Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 18(l):58-66. 1997.
EFFECTS: BASILOIL
Jain ML, Jain SR, (1972) Planta Med 22:66.
In vitro, the oil demonstrates an antimicrobial effect.
Lemberkovics E et al., Formation of essential oil and phenolic
INDICATIONS AND USAGE compounds during the vegetation period in Ocimum basilicum.
BASIL HERB In: PM 59(7)00. 1993.
Unproven Uses: Preparations of basil are used for supportive
Miller EC et al., (1983) Cancer Res 43:1124.
therapy for feelings of fullness and flatulence, for the
stimulation of appetite and digestion, and as a diuretic. Opdyke DLJ, (1973) Food Cosmet Toxicol 11:867.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S BEAN POD/65
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
York 1995. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. dosages.
Stuttgart 1997. OVERDOSAGE
Taking very large quantities could lead to hypocalcemia and
kidney damage because of the drug's oxaluric acid content.
Beet DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Beet is available as a granular
Beta vulgaris powder in standardized form.
DESCRIPTION
Daily Dosage: For the first 14 days, take 10 gm of drug after
Medicinal Parts: The root is the medicinal part. meals throughout the course of the day. For long-term
Flower and Fruit: The flowers bloom in clusters of 2 to 4 in treatment, the dose is 5 gm per day for at least 3 months.
panicle-like leafy inflorescences. LITERATURE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The beet is a 0.5 to 1.5 m perennial Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
with a swollen, edible tuber that is red or white. The large, Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
upright leaves have long stalks and grow in rosettes that arise
basally from the top of the tuber. They are deep green and
tinged with red.
Habitat: The Beet is indigenous to the coastal regions of Behen
Europe, North Africa, and Asia from Turkey to India. Red
Moringa oleifera
Beets, Sugar Beets and the white variety are all widely
cultivated. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
Other Names: Chard
leaves, bark, nuts and root, which have had numerous uses in
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY traditional medicine.
COMPOUNDS
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a leaf-axillary
Saccharose (up. to 27% in the pressed sugar beet)
panicle. The flowers are zygomorphic with their structures in
Other oligosaccharides: refined sugar, ketose fives and a bowel-shaped receptacle. The sepals are linear-
lanceolate, irregular and revolute. The petals are spatulate,
Polysaccharides: including galactans, arabans, pectin
veined, irregular and white or yellow. There are 5 stamens,
Fruit acids: including L(-)-malic acid, D(+)-tartaric acid, and a superior ovary developing from 3 fused carpels. The
oxaluric acid, adipic acid, citric acid, glycolic acid, glutaric firuit is a hanging capsule opening on 3 sides, up to 1.2 m
acid long and triangular with 9 ribs. The seeds are triangular, light
brown to black, with 3 thin, whitish wings, approximately
Amino acids: including asparagine, glutamine
the size of a hazelnut.
Betaine (trimethylglycine)
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves of the tree are alternate,
Triterpene saponins 30 to 60 cm long, and incompletely triple-pinnate. The
68/BEHEN PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
leaflets are 12 to 20 mm long and elliptical. The branches are Indian Medicine: Indications have included smallpox and
slim. rheumatism. Efficacy for rheumatism seems plausible be-
cause of the stimulating effect of the isothiocyanates.
Characteristics: The flowers are extremely fragrant, and the
Efficacy for the other indications has not yet been proven.
leaves, root and fruit taste like horseradish.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to India. BEHEN SEEDS
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications for internal use
Production: Behen root is the fresh or dried root of Moringa
are constipation, warts and worms (Central America); for
oleifera. Behen nuts are the ripe unpeeled seeds of Moringa
diarrhea (Chad); for splenomegaly, colic, dyspepsia, fever,
oleifera.
inflammation of the skin, edema, diabetes, abdominal
Other Names: Ben Nut Tree, Drumstick Tree, Indian tumors, paralyses and lumbago (Saudi Arabia). The seeds are
Horseradish used externally for dandruff in Nigeria.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Indian Medicine: Behen seeds are used for fever and as an
COMPOUNDS: BEHEN ROOT
aphrodisiac. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been
Glucosinolates: 4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl glucosino-
proven.
late (ca. 1%), yielding 4-(alpha-L-rhamnosyloxy)benzyl
isothiocyanate following enzymatic segregation with myrosi-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
nase, glucotropaeolin (ca. 0.05%), yielding benzyl
BEHEN ROOT
isothiocyanate
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
EFFECTS: BEHEN ROOT administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The inges-
The root is antimicrobial in effect, due to the mustard oils it tion of larger quantities can lead to nausea, dizziness and
contains. Applied as a cataplasm, it triggers local hyperemias vomiting.
due to the irritating effect of the isothiocyanates. Dried
extracts of the root are abortive and contraceptive in their BEHEN SEEDS
effect. No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
COMPOUNDS: BEHEN SEEDS
Glucosinolates (up to 9% in the defatted seeds): 4-(alpha-L-
The single peroral administration of a dosage of 5 g of the
rhamnosyloxy)benzyl glucosinolate, yielding 4-(alpha-L-
drug/kg body weight to a mouse led to hyperkeratosis in the
rhamnosyloxy)benzyl isothiocyanate following enzymatic
stomach and to liver cell steatosis. Administration of 22 to
segregation with myrosinase
50 mg/kg body weight, parenterally, of the glucosinolate
Phenol carboxylic acids: 1 -beta-D-glucosyI-2,6-dimethyl mentioned above proved to be fatal for mice.
benzoate
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Fatty oil (20 to 50%): chief fatty acids oleic acid (60 to BEHEN ROOT
70%), palmitic acid (3 to 12%), stearic acid (3 to 12%), Behen preparations are contraindicated during pregnancy
including as well behenic acid, eicosanoic acid, lignoceric
because of their possible abortive effect.
acid
DOSAGE
EFFECTS: BEHEN SEEDS
The seeds are antimicrobial in effect, due to the mustard oils BEHEN ROOT
they contain. Mode of Administration: Preparations of the whole and
powdered root are administered internally and externally.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BEHEN ROOT BEHEN SEEDS
Unproven Uses: The root has been used internally in folk Mode of Administration: Preparations of the seed are used
medicine for gastrointestinal complaints, epilepsy, paralyses, internally and externally.
cardiac and blood pressure disturbances, fever (particularly
intermittent), scurvy, dizziness and colds. External indica- LITERATURE
tions include gingivitis, worm diseases, snake bites, ab- Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G OEd), Hagers .
scesses, inflammation, rheumatism and poorly healing Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
wounds. Root paste has been used to treat worms, rheuma- (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
tism and headaches. 1994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BELLADONNA/69
respiratory organs, the urogenital tract, the skin, the joints How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa-
and the gastrointestinal tract. rations include coated and uncoated tablets, drops, tea, juice,
syrup, ampules, capsules, suppositories, plaster and ophthal-
BELLADONNA ROOT
mic drops.
Approved by Commission E:
• Liver and gall bladder complaints Daily Dosage: When using Belladonna powder (belladonnae
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for arrhythmia, cardiac pulvis normatus-total alkaloid content 0.28% to 0.32%
insufficiency NYHA I and II, nervous heart complaints, and German pharmacopoeia 10), the average single dose is 0.05
colic-like pains in the gastrointestinal tract and bile ducts. In to 0.10 g. The maximum single dose is 0.20 g, which is
folk medicine, a drug from the leaves is preferred for pain in equivalent to 0.60 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscya-
the gastrointestinal area, for asthma, bronchitis and muscular mine. The maximum daily dosage is 0.60 g, which is
pain. (Also see Belladonna leaf.) equivalent to 1.8 mg total alkaloids, calculated as
hyoscyamine.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
B E L L A D O N N A L E A F AND R O O T For Belladonna extract, the average single dose is 0.01 g.
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with The maximum single dose is 0.05 g, which is equivalent to
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. 0.73 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine. The
The following could occur as side effects, particularly with maximum daily dosage is 0.150 g, which is equivalent to 2.2
overdoses: erubescence, dryness of the mouth, mydriasis, mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine.
and tachycardiac arrhythmias. These are early signs of
atropine poisoning. Other side effects may include hypocyc- Storage: Belladonna leaves and various leaf preparations
loses, heat accumulation through reduction of perspiration, have specific storage requirements. Store leaves and powders
micturation difficulties and obstipation. Because of potential tightly sealed and protected from light. Extracts require
ramifications, Belladonna should be used only under the protection from moisture and light as well as a temperature
supervision of an expert familiar with the appropriate use of of approximately 30°C. Store tinctures tightly sealed without
this substance. exposure to direct sunlight or extreme heat to attain a shelf
life of approximately 3.5 years.
Pediatric Use: The fatal dose in children is considerably less
than that of adults. BELLADONNA ROOT
Drug Interactions: Tricyclic antidepressants, amantadine and Mode of Administration: As a comminuted drug for infu-
quinidine will increase the anticholinergic effect. sions and dried extracts and as a powdered drug for other
galenic preparations for internal use.
OVERDOSAGE
BELLADONNA LEAF AND ROOT Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 0.3 g, which is
High dosages lead to central excitation that may produce equivalent to 1.5 mg total alkaloids, calculated as hyoscya-
restlessness, compulsion to talk, hallucinations, delirium and mine. Single doses range from 0.05 g to a maximum of 0.1 g.
manic attacks, followed by exhaustion and sleep. The fatal
dose depends on me atropine content; asphyxiation can occur For Belladonna extract, the total alkaloids range from 1.3%
with 100 mg atropine, which corresponds to 5 to 50 g of to 1.45% (German pharmacopoeia 10). Single doses of the
Belladonna. Treatment of poisonings consists of gastric extract range from 0.01 g to 0.05 g. The maximum daily
lavage, application of wet cloths to reduce body temperature dosage is 0.15 g, which is equivalent to 2.2 mg total
(avoid antipyretics), oxygen respiration for breathing dis- alkaloids, calculated as hyoscyamine.
tress, intubation, parenteral physostigmine salts as an anti-
dote, diazepam for spasm and chlorpromazine for serious For Belladonna tincture, a single dose of 0.5 to 2 ml is given
excitation. (Also see side effects listed under PRECAU- 3 times daily.
TIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS, which may be early
signs of poisoning.) Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution twice
DOSAGE weekly sc. From D3: one suppository 2 to 3 times daily;
BELLADONNA LEAF ointments 1 to 2 times daily (HAB1).
Mode of Administration: The comminuted drug is used for
decoctions and dried extracts, and the powdered drug is used Storage: Belladonna root should be stored for a maximum of
internally for galenic preparations. Due to the toxicity, the 3 years in well-sealed containers protected from light and
drug must be handled with care. insects.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BENNET'S ROOT/71
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Ges Stuttgart 1997. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Stuttgart 1997.
1994.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used pflanzliche Homoopamika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York 1995.
York 1980.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
w Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Bellis perennis
" Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. See Wild Daisy
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Bennet's Root
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Geum urbanum
Stuttgart 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. dried flowering herb, the dried or fresh underground parts
f Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und and the roots.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a loose panicled,
York 1995.
umbelled cyme with a few terminal and erect flowers. The
BELLADONNA ROOT. .. pedicles are short-haired. The sepals are 3 to 8 cm long with
Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT long tips, pubescent on the outside and glabrous on the
15(3): 137. 1994.
inside, except for a tomentose border. The epicalyx bracts
Hartmann Th et al., Reinvestigation of the alkaloid composition are half as long as the sepals, pubescent on both sides and
of Atropa belladonna plants, roots cultures, and cell suspension. narrowly lanceolate. The yellow petals are 3 to 7 mm long,
In: PM 53:390-395. 1986. slightly stemmed, and drop easily. The style is jointed and
Phillipson JD et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14: 999. the stigma flat The small fruits have no stems and are
pubescent.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a semi-rosette shrub
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- with a primary root mat dies off early and is replaced by
Ges Stuttgart 1997. adventitious roots. The rhizome is simple, thick, cylindrical
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers and crooked. The stem is erect, soft-haired, 15 to 70 cm
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 high; it sprouts from the basal rosette. The basal leaves are
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- rosette-like and pinnate. The cauline leaves are trifoliate to
1994. tri-pinnate and the stipules are small, fused wim the stem in
4
the lower part, and ovate-lanceolate roughly dentate to PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
pinnatesect. Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Characteristics: The plant's root has a clove-like scent.
DOSAGE
Habitat: Bennet's Root is found in central and southern BENNET'S ROOT HERB
Europe, central Asia and North America.
The herb is rarely used medicinally today. It is found in
Production: Bennet's Root herb is the aerial part of Geum some pharmaceutical preparations.
urbanum. Bennet's Root (root) is the root of Geum urbanum, BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
which is usually harvested in May and then air-dried or dried Mode of Administration: Infusions are drunk or applied as an
artificially at a maximum of 35° C. external wash or poultice.
Other Names: Avens Root, Colewort, Herb Bennet, City Preparation: To prepare an internal infusion, boil 1/2 to 1
Avens, Wild Rye, Way Bennet, Goldy Star, Geum, European teaspoon coarsely powdered drug in water for 10 minutes
Avens, Blessed Herb, Star of the Earth, Yellow Avens and filter. Prepare an external infusion by adding 1 teaspoon
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY coarsely powdered drug to cold water, bringing it briefly to
COMPOUNDS: BENNET'S ROOT HERB the boil, leaving it to steep for 10 minutes and then straining.
Tannins: gallo tannins, ellagitannins, including sanguiin H-6, Daily Dosage: Infusion (internal): 1 cup lukewarm several
casuarictin, pendunculagin, potentillin, tellimagrandin I times a day. Infusion (external): Use several times a day for
EFFECTS: BENNET'S ROOT HERB washes or poultices.
The drug has an astringent effect. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
COMPOUNDS: BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT) 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
In the freshly harvested rhizome: parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB1).
Tannins
LITERATURE
Gein (eugenol-vicianose): transformed through drying or BENNET'S ROOT HERB
size reduction into eugenol Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
In the dried rhizome and the roots: (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Volatile oil (traces): chief components - eugenol, additional- 1994.
ly cis- and trans-myrtanal, cis- and trans-myrtanol Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS: BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
Psenak M et al., (1970) Planta Med 19(2): 154.
The drug has an astringent effect.
Vollmann C, Schultze W, Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ 135(14): 1238-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1248. 1995.
BENNET'S ROOT HERB
Vollmann C, Untersuchung der Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ
Unproven Uses: Although rarely used today, folk medicine 131(40):2081. 1991.
indications have included use of the drug for digestive
BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT)
complaints and diarrhea, febrile illnesses, and for muscle and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
nerve pain. Use as a bath additive for hemorrhoids seems
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
plausible due the astringent content. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
BENNET'S ROOT (ROOT) 1994. c
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine applications include Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
use for digestive problems such as loss of appetite and Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
diarrhea. The root of Bennet's Root has been used externally PsenaTc M et al., (1970) Planta Med 19(2):154.
as a gargle for gum and mucous membrane inflammations Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
and as a bath additive or poultice for frost bite, hemorrhoids Stuttgart 1997.
and skin diseases. Efficacy appears plausible due to the
Vollmann C, Schultze W, Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ 135(14): 1238-
astringent properties of the tannins.
1248. 1995.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic applications include use Vollmann C, Untersuchung der Nelkenwurz. In: DAZ
for inflammations of the bladder and urinary tract. j 131(40):2081. 1991.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S BETA VULGARIS /73
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong fragrance. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Habitat: The plant is native to western Java and Sumatra. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Production: Sumatra benzoin (Gum benzoin) is the balsamic
resin from the damaged trunk of Styrax benzoin and Styrax James WD, White SW, Yanklowitz B, Allergic contact
paralleloneurum. The optimal age of trees to be harvested is dermatitis to compound tincture of benzoin. J Am Acad
7 years. The tree is cut, causing it to exude resin to heal the Dermatol 11:847-50, 1984 Nov.
cuts. The resin is then collected in a vessel and left to melt to
a homogenous mass in the sun.
cylindrical and 3.5 to 5 cm long spikes of yellow-green Das PC, Sarkar AK, (1979) Acta Physiol Pol. 30(3):389.
flowers. There are 2 stamens in the male flowers. The female Rawat AKS et al., Ind Perf 31:146-149. 1987.
stamens have an ovary, which is pubescent at the top and has
3 to 5 stigmas. The fruit is globular, fleshy and about 6 mm Sharma ML et al., Ind Perf 26:134-137. 1982.
in diameter. The fruit is yellow and becomes red when ripe. Further information in:
The seeds are also globular. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a dioecious or (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
monoecious woody climber that can grow to 15 m. It has 1994.
numerous small and short adventitious roots. The stem is
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
thickened at the nodes, and the younger parts are glabrous.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The leaves have a 2.5 to 5 cm long petiole, are broadly
cordate, 5 to 18 cm long and half as wide. The leaves are
glabrous, light green and glossy on both surfaces with 5 to 7
radiating ribs.
Beth Root
Habitat: Piper betle is found in tropical southern Asia and Trillium erectum
has been introduced to east Africa, Madagascar and the West
Indies. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and
Production: Betel Nut leaves are the leaves of Piper betle. the dried root and the leaves.
When the leaves are green, they are gathered, pressed and
dried. Flower and Fruit: The plant has solitary, terminal, hanging
flowers. The 3 green, persistent sepals and the 3 large, white
Other Names: Betel to red or yellow, wilting sepals are characteristic.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, smooth herb
COMPOUNDS with an erect stem, which grows from 25 to 40 cm high. It
Volatile oil (0.8-1.8%): chief components- chavibetol (betel bears 3 whorled, terminal leaves under the flower, which are
phenol), eugenol, additionally allylpyrocatechol (hydroxy- broad, rhomboid and lightly curled. The rhizome is matte
chavicol), allylpyrocatechol-mono and -diacetate, anethole, brown, subcorneal, more or less compressed, 3 to 5 cm long
chavibetolacetate, chavicol, methyl eugenol, safrol and 2 to 3 cm in diameter. It is often ringed with oblique
lines and with numerous wrinkled root fibres on the upper
Neolignans: including crotepoxide, piperbetol, piperol,
surface.
among others
v
Characteristics: The taste is sweetish then acrid and the odor
EFFECTS
is characteristic.
The essential oils are antimicrobial and immune-modulating.
The Betel leaf is centrally sedating. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the central and western
U.S.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Betel Nut is used for Production: Beth Root Stock is the rhizome of Trillium
coughs, as an expectorant for stomach ailments, diphtheria erectum, Trillium pendulum and other varieties.
and inflammation of the middle ear.
Other Names: Birthroot, Indian Shamrock, Lamb's Quarters,
Indian Medicine: In India, Betel Nut is used to treat asthma, Wake-Robin, Indian Balm, Ground Lily, Coughroot, Jew's-
bronchitis, coughs, dyspepsia, rheumatism, leprosy, severe Harp Plant, Milk Ipecac, Pariswort, Rattlesnake Root,
thirst, alcoholism, syncopes, toothache and impotency. Snakebite, Three-Leaved, Nightshade
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS B I L B E R R Y / 75
Iridoide monoterpenes: asperuloside, monotropein One case study involving 20 patients with diabetic retinopa-
thy that were treated with 400 mg of Bilberry extract twice
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid daily demonstrated increased conjunctival capillary resis-
Phenolic acids: including among others, salicylic acid, tance in the subjects that were evaluated. The authors of the
gentisic acid study concluded that Bilberry provides protection against
hemorrhage of the retina (Sevin, 1996.)
Quinolizidine alkaloids: myrtine, epimyrtine (hybrids of
Vaccinium myrtillus x V. vitis-idaea contain arbutin [hydro- INDICATIONS AND USAGE
quine glucosides]). BILBERRY L E A F
Unproven Uses: Bilberry has been used in Diabetes Mellitus
EFFECTS: BILBERRY LEAF
(for prevention and treatment); complaints of the gastrointes-
The drug is astringent and useful for treating diarrhea due to
tinal tract, kidney and urinary tract, arthritis, gout and
the catechin tannin content. The drug is antiviral and, in
dermatitis. External uses include inflammation of the oral
animal experiments, lipid-lowering.
mucosa, eye inflammation, burns and skin diseases.
It is thought that the chromium content of the drug is
responsible for a possible antidiabetic effect. BILBERRY FRUIT
• Diarrhea
C O M P O U N D S : BILBERRY FRUIT
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Fruit acids: including among others, quinic acid (3-5%),
malic acid, citric acid Internally, Bilberry is used for nonspecific, acute diarrhea
Tannins (5-12%): chiefly catechin tannins, including oligo- (particularly in light cases of enteritis). Externally the berry
meric procyanidins is used for mild inflammation of the mucous membranes of
mouth and throat.
Anthocyanoides (0.1% -0.5%): chief components delphini-
dine-3-O-arabinoside, delphinidine-3-O-galactoside, delphi- Unproven Uses: Well constructed clinical studies in humans
nidine-3-O-glucoside, cyanidin, petunidin, peonidin, that give conclusive support for use of Bilberry in the
malvidin treatment of diabetic retinopathy or as a treatment for
inproving night vision are not available. There is moderate
Flavonoids: including among others, hyperoside, isoquercit-
support in animal model trials that support the vasoprotective
rin, quercitrin, astragaline
and anti-edema properties of Bilberry. The literature also
Iridoids: including asperuloside, onotropein (only in the demonstrates efficacy in animal models for the treatment of
unripe fruits) diabetes, hyperlipidemia and gastric ulcers. Folk medicine
uses include internal use for vomiting, bleeding and hemor-
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid roids and external use for poorly healing skin ulcers and
Pectins wound healing.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of tea is 1 cup 2 to 3 times Further information in:
daily. For an infusion, a single dose is equal to 1 g per cup. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
BILBERRY FRUIT (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Mode of Administration: Tablets, capsules, macerated drug 1994.
^ for infusions for internal use and local application. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
How Supplied:
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Most commercially available capsules and tablets are stand-
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ardized at 25 to 36% anthocyanoside content.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Capsule — 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 125 mg, 160 mg, 310 mg, Stuttgart 1997.
400 mg, 500 mg, 1000 mg Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Tablet — 40 mg
BILBERRY FRUIT
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 5 to 10 g mashed Bertuglia S, et al. Effect of Vacciniu myrtillus anthocyanosides
drug in cold water, bring to a simmer for 10 minutes, then on ischaema reperfusion injury in hamster cheek pouch
strain (1 teaspoonful = 4 g drug). A 10% decoction is microcirculation. Pharmaol Res:31; 183-187. 1995.
prepared for external use. Bettini V et al., (1984) Fitoterapia 55(6):323.
Daily Dose: 20 to 60 g of unprocessed fruit for internal use. Bettini V et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56(1 ):3.
Externally use a 10% infusion. For commercially available Bomser J et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts
tablets and capsules that are standardized to 36% anthocya- from Vaccinium species. In: PM 62(3):212-216. 1996.
nosides, the recommended dose is 60 to 160 mg three times Boniface R & Robert AM: Influence of anthocyanosides on
daily. human connective tissue metabolism. Klin Monatsbl
Augenheilkd 209(6):368-372. 1996.
LITERATURE
Bosio E et al., Ginkgo biloba L. and Vaccinium myrtillus L.
m* BILBERRY LEAF extracts prevent photo-induced oxidation of low density
Bertuglia S, Malandrino S.Colantuoni A Effect of Vaccinium lipoproteins. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of
myrtillus anthocyanosides on ischaemia reperfusion injury in GA, 24. 1996.
hamster cheek pouch microcirculation. Pharmacol Res, 84:183-7,
Mar-Apr, 1995. Cignarella A, Bertozzi D, Pinna C, Puglisi L, Hypolipidemic
activity of Vaccinium myrtillus leaves on an model of
Bettini V et al., (1984) Fitoterapia 55(6):323. genetically hyperlipidemic rat. In: PM 58(Suppl. 7):A581. 1992.
Bettini V et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56(1):3. Frohne D, Vaccinium myrtillus L.- Die Heidelbeere. In: ZPT
Bomser J et al., In vitro anticancer activity of fruit extracts 11(6):209-211. 1999.
from Vaccinium species. In: PM 62(3):212-216. 1996. Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suec 23:101.
78/BILBERRY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sevin R, Cuendent JF. Effects d'unne association a lighter gray-green below. They have serrate margins and
d'anthocyanosides de myrtille et de beta-carotene sur la particularly tightly packed veins. The lamina are about 3 to 7
resistance capillaire des diabetiques. Ophthalmologica: 152:109- cm long by 2 to 5 cm wide, rhomboid-triangular, acuminate,
117. 1966. glabrous, densely covered in glands, and have a doubly
Sticher O et al., (1979) Planta Med 35:253. serrate margin. They are dark green and glabrous above and
Further information in: a lighter green below; they are initially downy and later
pubescent in the vein axils.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Habitat: Betula pendula and Betula pubescens are indige-
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
nous to Europe from the northern Mediterranean regions to
1994.
Siberia and to temperate regions of Asia.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Production: Birch leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf of
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Betula pendula (syn. Betula verrucosa), Betula pubescens, or
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. of both species. The leaves are collected in the wild during
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer the spring and dried at room temperature in the shade. Birch
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. tar (Betulae oleum empyreumaticum retificatum) is a clear,
dark brown oil obtained from Betula pendula or Betula
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
pubescens through a distillation process.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Stuttgart 1997. COMPOUNDS: BIRCH LEAF
Triterpene alcohol ester with saponin-like effect: betula-
triterpene saponins
Leaves, Stem and Root: Betula pendula is a tree that grows EFFECTS: BIRCH TAR
up to 30 cm high, witih a snow white bark that usually peels The aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in birch tar are
off in horizontal strips or changes into a black, stony, hard irritating to die skin and have an antiparasitic effect. Its use
bark. Young branches are glabrous and thickly covered in for diverse skin conditions and for parasitic infestation such
warty resin glands. The petioled leaves are dark green above, as scabies seems plausible.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BIRCH 179
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Storage: Birch leaf should be stored in sealed containers
BIRCH LEAVES protected from light and moisture.
Approved by Commission E:
BIRCH TAR
• Infections of the urinary tract Mode of Administration: Birch Tar is used in combination
• Kidney and bladder stones preparations as external ointments and liniments.
• Rheumatism
Storage: Birch tar should be stored in tightly sealed
Unproven Uses: The leaves are used in flushing-out therapy containers.
for bacterial and inflammatory diseases of the urinary tract
LITERATURE
and for kidney gravel. They are also used in adjunct therapy
BIRCH LEAF
for rheumatic ailments, for increasing amount of urine. In Anonym, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
folk medicine, the leaves are used as a blood purifier, and for bringen sie. In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
gout and rheumatism. Externally, the leaves are used for hair
loss and dandruff. Bufe A, Spangfort MD, Kahlert H, Schlaak M, Becker WM,
The major birch pollen allergen Bet v 1 shows ribonuclease
BIRCH TAR activity. Planta, 175:413-5, 1996.
Unproven Uses: External birch tar uses include parasitic Cadot P, LeJoly M, Van Hoeyveld EM, Stevens EA, Influence
infestation of the skin with subsequent hair loss, rheumatism of the pH of the extraction medium on the composition of
and gout (ointment); dry eczema and dermatoses (liquid birch (Betula verrucosa) pollen extracts. Allergy, 108:431-7,
preparations), psoriasis and other chronic skin diseases. 1995 May.
Birch tar is a constituent of "Unguentum contra scabiem" Carnat A, Lacouture I, Fraisse D, Lamaison JL, Standardization
that is used for the treatment of scabies. of the birch leaf. Ann Pharm Fr, 175:231-5, 1996.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Cirla AM, Sforza N, Roffi GP, Alessandrini A, Stanizzi R,
BIRCH LEAF Dorigo N, Sala E, Delia Torre F, Preseasonal intranasal
The drug should not be used for edema when there is immunotherapy in birch-alder allergic rhinitis. A double-blind
study. Allergy, 175:299-305, 1996 May.
reduced cardiac or kidney function.
Czygan FC, Betula pendula - Die Birke. Z Phytother 10(1989):
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS 135-139.
BIRCH LEAF
Davidov MI, Goriunov VG, Kubarikov PG, Phytoperfusion of
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction the bladder after adenomectomy. Urol Nefrol (Mosk), 175:19-
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic 20, 1995 Sep-Oct.
dosages.
Fountain DW, Berggren B, Nilsson S, Einarsson R, Expression
BIRCH TAR of birch pollen-specific IgE-binding activity in seeds and other
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper plant parts of birch trees (Betula verrucosa Ehrh.). Int Arch
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Birch tar Allergy Immunol, 98:370-6, 1992.
can cause irritations on sensitive skin. Administration of the Hasler A et al., High-performance liquid chromatographic
drug is not advisable, due to the possible presence of determination of five widespread flavonoid aglycones. J.
cancerogenic hydrocarbons. Chromatogr. 508, 1(1990): 236-40.
DOSAGE
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
BIRCH LEAF
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb or dry extracts Horhammer L, Wagner H, Luck R, Arch Pharm 290:338-341.
are used for teas; other galenic preparations and freshly 1957.
pressed plant juices can also be used internally. Karatodorof K, Kalarova R, (1977) Izn Durzh Inst Kontrol Lek
Sredstva 10:103-9.
Preparation: Tea is prepared by pouring 150 ml hot water
over 1 to 2 dessertspoons of drug and then straining the Keinanen M, Comparison of methods for extraction of
leaves out after 15 minutes. flavonoids from birch leaves carried out using high-performance
liquid chromatography. J. Agric. Food Chem. 41, 11(1993):
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 to 3 g drug 1986-90.
several times a day with a caution to ensure ample intake of Kiiskinen M, Korhonen M, Kangasjaervi J, Immunological
fluid (minimum 2 liters per day). A fresh cup of tea is taken study of- the HLA class II antigen associated wira birch pollen
between meals 3 to 4 times a day allergy. Nippon Jibiinkoka Gakkai Kaiho, 35:541-50, 1992 Apr.
80/BIRCH PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Lee MW et al., Phenolic compounds of the leaves of Betula. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Arch. Pharmaceutical. Res. 15, 3(1992): 211-14. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Olsen OT et al., A double-blind randomized study investigating York 1995.
the efficacy and specificity of immunotherapy witii Artemisia Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
vulgaris or Phleum pratense/betula verrucosa. Allergol Stuttgart 1997.
Immunopathol (Madr), 23:73-8, 1995 Mar-Apr.
BIRCH TAR
Ossipov V et al., HPLC isolation and identification of Kreitmair H, PA 8:534-536. 1953.
flavonoids from white birch. Biochem Syst. Ecol. 23, 3(1995):
213-22. Nowak GA, Am Perf Cosmet 81:37-39. 1966.
Volatile oil (0.03 to 0.2%): chief constituents alpha-pinene, Fanselow G, Der Einflu(3 von Pflanzenextrakten (Echinacea
alpha-terpineol purpurea, Aristolochia clematitis) und homoopathischen
Medikamenten auf die Phagocytoseleistung humaner
EFFECTS Granulocyten in vitro. In: Dissertation Berlin. 1981.
The aristolochic acids have a phagocytosis- and metabolism-
Henrickson CU, (1970) Z Immunitats Forsch 5:425.
activating effect. They are also thought to improve the
production of lymphokinins. Activation of phagocytes has Mengs U, Klein M, Genotoxic Effects of Aristolochic Acid in
been demonstrated in animal tests in rabbits and guinea pigs, the Mouse Micronucleus Test. In: PM 52(6):502. 1988.
along with an increase in serum bactericides and stimulation Mix DB et al., (1982) J Nat Prod 45(6):657.
of pMysine. In addition, in animal tests, immune resistance to Siess M, Seybold G, Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkung von
Herpes simplex viruses of the eye was proven. In the ring Pulsatilla pratensis, Cimicifuga racemosa und Aristolochia
test, stimulation and formation of granulation tissue was clematis auf den Ostrus infantiler und kastrierter weifier Mause.
demonstrated in rats. In mice, there was a clear increase in In: Arzneim Forsch 10:514. 1960.
the survival rate in cases of general infection. No significant Strauch R, Hiller K, (1974) Pharmazie 29(10/11):656.
results were recorded in cases where infections had no or
only a low leucocytic immune reaction. The drug's pure Tympner KD, (1981) Z Angew Phytother 5:181.
aristolochic acid acts similarly to colchicine; it is nephrotox- Further information in:
ic, carcinogenic and mutagenic. Chan H, But P (Eds.), Pharmacology and Applications of
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Chinese Materia Medica, Vol. 1, Ed. World Scientific Singapore
1986.
Unproven Uses: Birthwort is used to stimulate the immune
system and in the treatment of allergically caused gastroin- Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
testinal and gallbladder colic. The plant is used in a wide Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
variety of ways in the folk medicine of nearly all European Ges Stuttgart 1997.
countries. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include joint Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
pain, stomachache, malaria and abscesses.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic indications include gyne- Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
cological disorders and climacteric symptoms, as well as the Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
treatment of wounds and ulcers. It is also used as a treatment Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
after major surgery and in ear-nose-throat treatments.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
CONTRAINDICATIONS 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Birthwort is contraindicated during pregnancy. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Birthwort is highly toxic. The intake of acutely Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
toxic doses leads to vomiting, gastroenteritis, spasms, severe Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
kidney damage and eventually to death by kidney failure.
The chronic intake of low dosages among both humans and
laboratory animals led to the development of tumors.
Because of the genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of the Bishop's Weed
aristolochic acids, the drug is not to be administered even in Ammi Visnaga
small dosages.
DESCRIPTION
Pregnancy: Birthwort is not to be used during pregnancy. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The rays are slender and patent in the
Mode of Administration: Birthwort is used as a tincture in an flower, becoming erect, thickened and indurate in the fruit.
ethanol solution. No further information is available. The bracts are 1 to 2-pinnatisect, equaling or exceeding the
How Supplied: Birthwort is available in homeopathic dilu- rays, and the bracteoles are subulate. The pedicles are erect,
tions of D l l . stout and rigid in the fruit. The fruit is 2 to 2.5 mm long.
pinnate, the others are 2 to 3 pinnate. All of the leaves have Trunzler G, Phytotherapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und
narrow linear or filform lobes. arteriellen Gefa(3erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989.
Further information in:
Habitat: The plant grows in the Mediterranean region, and is
cultivated in the U.S., Mexico, Chile and Argentina. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Production: Bishop's Weed fruit consists of the dried, ripe Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
fruits of Ammi Visnaga.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Other Names: Khella, Khella Fruits, Greater Ammi Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Heidelberg 1996.
COMPOUNDS
Furochromones: particularly khellin, visnagin, khellol and Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
khellol glucoside
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Pyranocoumarins: particularly visnadin and samidin Stuttgart 1997.
Flavonoids: including quercetin and isohamnetin and their 3- Wagner H, Wiesenauer M: Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
sulfates pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Volatile oil
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Fatty oil Stuttgart 1997.
^ EFFECTS
The drug intensifies coronary and myocardial circulation,
acting as a mild positive ionotrope. It has an antispasmodic
effect on smooth muscles.
Bistort
Persicaria bistorta
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Unproven Uses: Bishop's Weed has been used for angina
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and the
pectoris, cardiac insufficiency, paroxysmal tachycardia, extra
rhizome.
systoles, hypertonia, asthma, whooping cough and cramp-
like complaints of the abdomen. Flower and Fruit: The flowering stem terminates in a
compact, cylindrical, false spike of flesh-colored flowers
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
without a terminal bud. The pedicle is winged. The flowers
Infrequently, a cholestatic jaundice (reversible) is observed
consist of 5 sepals, 8 stamens and an ovary with 2 to 3 styles.
following administration of the drug. The drug also pos-
The flowers are in pairs, one of which is complete, the other
sesses a phototoxic effect.
only having a rudimentary ovary. Only the latter ripens. The
OVERDOSAGE complete flowers can be cross-pollinated by insects. The
Long-term use or overdose of the drug can lead to fruit is a three-seeded achene. The ripe seeds are small,
queasiness, dizziness, loss of appetite, headache or sleep brown and glossy.
disorders. Very high dosages, corresponding to over 100 mg
khellin, may cause elevated levels (reversible) of liver Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 30 cm to 1
m high herb on a thick, somewhat flattened and twisted S-
enzymes in blood plasma.
shaped rhizome. The radical, oval leaves grow out of the
DOSAGE rhizome to form basal rosette leaves with cordate bases,
No information is available. which are blue-green above and somewhat undulate.
Infusion (internal) — Macerate 50 g drug in 1 1 water for 6 Characteristics: Bitter Apple (the drug) is highly poisonous.
hours, percolate and sweeten as required (Penso, 1987). Habitat: Bitter Apple is indigenous to Turkey and southern
Infusion (external) — Boil 60 g drug with 1 1 water for 15 Mediterranean countries. It is also found in Sri Lanka, Egypt,
minutes, percolate and cool (Penso, 1987). Syria and the Arabian Gulf.
Liquid extract — drug 1:1 in 25% ethanol (BHP83). Production: Bitter Apples are the ripe fruits of Citrullus
colocynthis that have been removed from the harder outer
Tincture — drug 1:5 in 25% ethanol (BHP83). layer.
Daily Dosage: Other Names: Colocynth Pulp, Bitter Cucumber
f§K Internal Dosage ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Powder—in the form of 0.25 g gelatine capsules, 2 to 4
capsules every 3 hours. Cucurbitacins: including cucurbitacin E-, J-, L-glucosides
Decoction—1 to 2 g for each decoction, 3 times a day. Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid
.Following gastrointestinal emptying and installation of Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 5 to 15 cm
activated charcoal, begin therapy for poisoning. Diazepam high. The stems are branched at the base, decumbent or
(i.v.) for muscle spasm may be necessary, along with ascending. The basal leaves form a rosette, while the cauline
electrolyte substitution and treatment for possible cases of leaves are alternate, oblong-cuneate or obovate-lanceolate.
acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In the event of Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused. Moni-
toring of kidney function is imperative. Intubation and Production: Bitter Milkwort herb, including its roots, is die
oxygen respiration also may be necessary. complete plant of Polygala amara.
86 /BITTER MILKWORT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: European Bitter Polygala, European Senega Leaves, Stem and Root: Bitter Orange is an evergreen tree
Snakeroot, Evergreen Snakeroot, Flowering Wintergreen, with a rounded crown and smooth grayish-brown bark. The
Little Pollom branches are angular when young, becoming terete and
glabrous soon after, with a few stout but flexible axillary
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
spines. The alternate leaves are 7.5 to 10 cm, broadly
COMPOUNDS
elliptoid, subacute at the apex, cuneate or rounded below.
Saponins (1-2%) The upper surface is a shiny dark green and the underside
Bitter principles: polygalin (polygamarin) paler. Petioles are broadly winged, tapering to a wingless
base.
Phenol glycosides: monotropitoside (methyl salicylic acid-
primveroside) Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical Asia but is
widely cultivated in other regions today, such as the
Polygalite (acerite, 1.5-anhydrosorbite) Mediterranean.
EFFECTS Production: Bitter Orange flower consists of the dried
The drug is mildly expectorant. flowers of Citrus aurantium. The oil is obtained by steam
INDICATIONS AND USAGE distillation of the fresh, fully opened flowers. Bitter Orange
Unproven Uses: Bitter Milkwort is used for conditions of the peel consists of the dried outer peel of ripe fruits of Citrus
respiratory tract, cough and bronchitis. aurantium separated from the white pulp layer.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Other Names: Orange, Neroli, Bigarade Orange
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic COMPOUNDS: BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
dosages. Volatile oil: chief constituents linalool, linalyl acetate, alpha-
DOSAGE pinenes, limonene, nerol
Preparation: The drug is contained in tea for the treatment
Methyl anthranilate
of bronchitis.
Limonoids: (triterpenoide bitter principles)
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Flavonoids
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
EFFECTS: BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag No substantiated information available. Efficacy of the use
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. of an extraction of the blossoms as a neurostimulant is not
confirmed.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS: BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Volatile oil: chief constituents (+) -limonene, nerol, geraniol,
linalool, linalyl-, neryl-, geranyl- and citronellyl acetate,
typical constituent methyl anthranilate
Bitter Orange Flavonoids: among them the bitter compounds neohesperi-
Citrus aurantiwn din dyhydrochalcone and naringin as well as the lipophilic
DESCRIPTION compounds sinensetin, nobiletin, tangeretin
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh and dried Furocoumarins
fruit peel, the flowers, the seeds and the extracted essential
oil. EFFECTS: BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Bitter Orange has a mild spasmolytic effect on the gastroin-
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged singly or in
testinal tract and increases gastric juice secretion.
clusters in the axils, and are very fragrant. The calyx is cup-
shaped, and the 5 thick fleshy petals are an intense white and INDICATIONS AND USAGE
revolute. The fruit is about 7.5 cm in diameter (similar in BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
size to a cherry), subglobose, slightly flattened at both ends, Unproven Uses: Preparations of Bitter Orange flower and
10- to 12-locular. The peel is thick, rough and orange when flower oil are used as a preventive measure for gastric and
ripe. The fruit pulp is acidic. The core is hollow when ripe. nervous complaints, gout, sore throat, as a sedative, for
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BITTER ORANGE/87
nervous tension and sleeplessness. Fold medicine uses Stanley WL, Jurd L, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1106.
include chronic bronchitis.
Tatum JH, Berry RE, (1977) Phytochemistry 16:109.
Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include pain in Further information in:
the epigastrum, vomiting and anorexia. -
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
BITTER O R A N G E PEEL Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Approved hy Commission E: Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
• Loss of appetite Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
• Dyspeptic complaints in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include loss of appetite
and dyspeptic symptoms. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Chinese Medicine: Bitter Orange peel is used for coughs,
colds, anorexia, to reduce apathy and for uterine and anal Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
prolapse. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
BITTER ORANGE FLOWER AND FLOWER OIL
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Stuttgart 1997.
dosages.
BITTER O R A N G E PEEL
BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Clavarano I, Essenze Deriv. Agrum 36:5. 1966.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Horowitz RM, Gentili B, Tetrahedron 19:773. 1963.
dosages. An elevation of UV-sensitivity is possible with Slater CA, (1961) J Sci Agric Food 12:732.
light-skinned individuals due to the phototoxic effect of the
Stanley WL, Jurd L, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1106.
furocoumarins. Frequent contact with the drug or with the
volatile oil (such as the exposure experienced by workers in Tatum JH, Berry RE, (1977) Phytochemistry 16, 109.
the liquor industry) can cause a sensitization that results in
Further information in:
erythema, swelling, blisters, pustules, dermatoses leading to
scab formation and pigment spots. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
DOSAGE Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
BITTER ORANGE PEEL
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Mode of Administration: Cut and coarsely powdered drug for
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
teas, other bitter-tasting galenic preparations for oral York 1980.
application.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
How Supplied:' Commercial pharmaceutical preparations Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
include drops, tonics and tea mixtures.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 1 tsp of drug to 150 ml of Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
hot water, let stand for 10 minutes, then strain.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Daily Dosage: 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Habitat: The plant is common in Europe, northern Africa, Bittersweet Nightshade is contraindicated in pregnancy and
nursing mothers.
eastern and western Asia, and North America.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Production: Bittersweet Nightshade consists of the dried, 2-
to 3-year-old stems of Solanum dulcamara harvested in Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
spring prior to leafing, or late autumn after the leaves have tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
dropped. Toxic effects should not be seen in dosages under approxi-
mately 25 gm due to the low alkaloid content of the stem.
Other Names: Bittersweet, Dulcamara, Felonwort, Felon-
OVERDOSAGE
wood, Scarlet Berry, Violet Bloom, Blue Nightshade, Fever
Twig, Nightshade, Woody, Staff Vine Poisonings among children are known through the unripe
berries. More than 10 berries cause nausea, vomiting, dilated
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY pupils and diarrhea. Lethal dosage is estimated to be 200
COMPOUNDS berries.
Steroid alkaloid glycosides: (0.07 to 0.4%) the alkaloid
DOSAGE
spectrum varies widely with the variety
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb is used in teas
Tomatidenol variety—alpha-solamarine, beta-solamarine and other galenic preparations for internal use. The drug is
also used externally in compresses and rinses.
Soladulcidine variety—soladulcidinetetraoside
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 1 to 2 g of
Solasodine variety—solasonine, solamargine
drug to 250 ml water.
Steroid saponins
Daily Dosage: The average daily internal dose is 1 to 3 gm
Mixed varieties also occur. of the drug. Externally, the herb is used as infusions or
decoctions that have strengths equivalent to 1 to 2 gm of the
EFFECTS drug per 250 ml of water.
The main active principles are the steroid alkaloid glycosides
whose resorption is probably promoted by the saponins. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
They stimulate phagocytosis, are hemolytic, cytotoxic, 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
antiviral, anticholinergic and have local anaesthetic parenterally: 1 to 2 ml, sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
properties. a day (HAB1)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLACK ALDER/89
LITERATURE
Frohne D, (1992) Solanum dulcamara L. - Der Bittersujie Black Alder
Nachtschatten. Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. Z Phytother 14: Alnus glutinosa
337-342.
DESCRIPTION
Holzer I, (1992) Dulcamara-Extrakt bei Neurodermitis und Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
w chronischem Ekzem. Ergebnisse einer klinischen Priifung. Jatros bark and leaves.
Dermatologie 6: 32-36.
Flower and Fruit: Black Alder is monoecious. Male flowers
JNP 56(3):430-431. 1993. are arranged in stemmed catkins. Female flowers form ovoid
Kupchan SM et al., (1965) Science 150:1827. fruit, which turns woody and remains on the tree the whole
year.
Ronsch H, Schreiber K, Stubbe H. Naturwissenschaften 55:182.
1968. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plants grow as a shrub or tree
extending up to 25 m high. Black Alder has gray branches
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A):1. and orange-colored wood. The obovate leaves have double-
Willuhn G, Kothe U, (1983) Arch Pharm 316(8):678-687. serrate margins; the young leaves are very sticky.
Willuhn G, Phytopharmaka in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT Habitat: Black Alder originated in the damp regions of
16(6):325-342. 1995. Europe, Asia and North America. The plant now grows in
much of the Northern Hemisphere.
Wolters B, Antibiotische Wirkung von Solanum dulcamara. In:
Naturwissenschaften 51:111. 1964. Production: Black (English) Alder bark is the bark and
branch rind of Alnus glutinosa. It is gathered from the shrubs
Wolters B, Der Anteil der Steroidsaponine an der antibiotischen or trees growing wild.
-. Wirkung von Solanum dulcamara. In: PM 13:2. 1965.
Other Names: Common Alder, Owler, Tag Alder
tr
Wolters B, (1965) Planta Med 13:189. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in: COMPOUNDS
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Unproven Uses: Black Alder is used as a decoction for
Heidelberg 1996. gargles in the treatment of streptococcal sore throat and
pharyngitis, and for intestinal bleeding. The bark is consid-
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer ered to be effective for intermittent fever.
^r, Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. No health hazards or side effects are known in, conjunction
mbH Stuttgart 1997. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, dosages.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. DOSAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Mode of Administration: Leaves and bark are prepared as
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New infusions and decoctions for internal and local use. Mention
York 1995. is made of an ophthalmic powder.
90/BLACK ALDER PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE
^jf Medicinal Parts: The whole, dried herb is the medicinal part. Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations for
internal and external use.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are axillary. The male flower
has 5, 0.5 mm long, acute, pale-green sepals with a white Preparation: Decoction: 10 plants to 1-liter water
margin. There are 3 stamens with the filaments forming a 0.2 Daily Dosage: No exact doses are known.
mm high column. The female flowers have an apically
LITERATURE
thickened pedicle and 5 ovate-elongate, up to 1 mm long,
yellowish-green sepals. The ovary is 0.3 mm in diameter and Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K. Reichling J, Rimpler G.
Schneider G (Eds). Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
3-chambered. The fruit is ochre to olive with 3 pressed lobes,
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
2 mm in diameter and 1 mm long. Heidelberg 1998.
Leaves and Stem: Black catnip is a monoecious, occasionally Blumberg BS, Millman I, Venkateswaran PS, Thyagarajan SP,
dioecious, upright or ascending herb, which grows up to 60 Hepatitis B virus and hepatocellular carcinoma - treatment of
HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Cancer Detect Prev,
cm high, or occasionally higher. The bracts and stipules are
14:195-201, 1989.
linear-lanceolate, 1 mm long, cream with a brownish middle
rib. The stem is round, greenish or reddish, glabrous and Blumberg BS, Millman I, Venkateswaran PS, Thyagarajan SP,
woody at the base. Hepatitis B virus and primary hepatocellular carcinoma:
treatment of HBV carriers with Phyllanthus amarus. Vaccine, 8
Habitat: Africa, Asia and America. Suppl: 86-92, 1990 Mar.
# Lee CD, Ott M, Thyagarajan SP, Shafritz DA, Burk RD, Gupta
Production: Black catnip herb is the aerial part of Phyllan- S, Phyllanthus amarus down-regulates hepatitis B virus mRNA
thus amarus. The harvested herb is dried. transcription and replication. Eur J Clin Invest, 26:1069-76,
1996 Dec.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Phyllanthus
Leelarasamee A, Trakulsomboon S, Maunwongyathi P,
urinaria, P, niruri, P. debilis and P. fraternus. Somanabandhu A, Pidetcha P, Matrakool B, Lebnak T,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ridthimat W, Chandanayingyong D, Failure of Phyllanthus
amarus to eradicate hepatitis B surface antigen from
COMPOUNDS
symptomless carriers. Lancet, 2:1600-1, 1990 Jun 30.
Tannins: gallotannins, including amarine, phyllanthusin D,
geraniine, corilagin, elaecarpusin Niu JZ, Wang YY, Qiao M, Gowans E, Edwards P,
Thyagarajan SP, Gust I, Locarnini S, Effect of Phyllanthus
Flavonoids: including rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside amarus on duck hepatitis B virus replication in vivo. J Med
Virol, 32:212-8, 1990 Dec.
Lignans: phyllantin (0.8%, extremely bitter), hypo- Ott M, Thyagarajan SP, Gupta S, Phyllanthus amarus
phyllanthin suppresses hepatitis B virus by interrupting interactions between
HBV enhancer I and cellular transcription factors. Eur J Clin
EFFECTS Invest, 27:908-15, 1997 Nov.
The drug, which contains tannins and lignans, is antiviral and
Srividya N, Periwal S, Diuretic, hypotensive and hypoglycaemic
antimicrobial in effect. effect of Phyllanthus amarus. Indian J Exp Biol, 74:861-4, 1995
Nov.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
^fr Unproven Uses: The herb is used for fever (Cuba, Nigeria), Thamlikitkul V, Wasuwat S, Kanchanapee P, Efficacy of
for malaria (Cuba, Bahamas), diarrhea, tachycardia and Phyllanthus amarus for eradication of hepatitis B virus in
female sterility (Congo), constipation with spasms and colic, chronic carriers. J Med Assoc Thai, 74:381-5, 1991 Sep.
as a diuretic (Nigeria) and for diabetes (Dominican Thyagarajan SP, Jayaram S, Valliammai T, Madanagopalan N,
Republic). Pal VG, Jayaraman K, Phyllanthus amarus and hepatitis B.
Lancet, 2:949-50, 1990 Oct 13.
Indian Medicine: Black catnip is used for stomach condi- Thyagarajan SP, Subramanian S, Thirunalasundari T,
tions, ascites, jaundice, diarrhea, dysentery, intermittent Venkateswaran PS, Blumberg BS, Beneficial effects of
fever, conditions of the urogenital tract, eye disease, scabies, Phyllanthus amarus for chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol, 2:405-6,
ulcers and wounds. 1991 May.
92/BLACK CATNIP PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
In vivo and in vitro Evidence for Estrogenic Activity. In, Loew Tyler VE, The bright side of black cohosh. Prevention
D, Netbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und Magazine, April 1997.
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S 99-112. Vorberg G, Treatment of menopausal symptoms. ZFA
Jarry H, Hamischfeger G, (1985) Studies on the endocrine 1984;60:626-629.
effects of the contents of Cimicifuga racemosa, 1. Influence on
Warnecke G, (1985) Beeinflussung klimakterischer Beschwerden
the serum concentration of pituitary hormones in ovariectomized
durch ein Phytotherapeutikum. Erfolgreiche Therapie mit
rats. Planta Med 51:46-49.
Cimicifuga- Monoextrakt. Med Welt 36:871-874.
Jarry H, Hamischfeger G, Diiker E, (1985) Studies on the
Winterhoff H, (1993) Arzneipflanzen mit endokriner
endocrine effects of the contents of Cimicifuga racemosa, 2. In
Wirksamkeit. Z Phytother 14:83-94.
vitro binding of compounds to extrogen receptors. Planta Med
51:316-319. Further information in:
Jarry H, Isolierung pharmakogologisch aktiver Substanzen aus Chan EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Cimicifuga racemosa. In: Dissertation, math.-naturwiss. 1984. Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Jarry H. Ludwig L, Stephan A, Wuttke W, Erste Beweise fur Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
eine direkte Wirkung von Inhaltsstoffen von Cimicifuga Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
racemosa auf die in-vitro- Steroidsekretion von porcinen Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Granulosa- und Lutealzellen (Poster). In: ZPT 16(5, Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Supplement):7-8, 6. Phytotherapiek. in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Kesselkauf O, Uber die Behandlung klimakterischer York 1980.
Beschwerden mit Remifemin. In: Med Monatsschr 11:87-88. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
1957. Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Kramer H, Geisenhofer H, Erfahrungen mit dem Cimicifuga- Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Praparat Remifemin. In: Therapie der Gegenwart 97:238-239. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
1958.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Lauritzen C, Nichthormonale Therapie klimakterischer
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Beschwerden. In: Gynakol Praxis 14:43-56. 1990.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Lehmann-Willenbrock E, Riedel HH, Clinical and
Heidelberg 1996.
endocrinologic studies of the treatment of ovarian insufficiency
manifestations following hysterectomy with intact adnexa. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Zentralbl Gynakol 1988.110(10): 611-8. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Liske E, Therapeutic efficacy and safety of Cimicifuga Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
racemosa for gynecologic disorders. Adv Ther 1998 Jan- mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Feb;15(l):45-53. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Liske E, Wustenberg P, Therapy of climacteric complaints with pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Cimicifuga racemosa: herbal medicine with clinically proven York 1995.
evidence. Menapause. 1998 5:250.
Ne(3elhut T, Schellhase C, Dietrich R, Kuhn W,
Untersuchungen zur proliferativen Potenz von Phytopharmaka
mit ostrogenahnlicher Wirkung bei Mammakarzinomzellen. In: Black Currant
Arch Gynecol Obstetrics 254:817-818. 1993.
Ribes nigrum
Petho A, Umstellung einer Hormonbehandlung auf ein
pflanzliches Gynakologikum moglich? In: Arztl Praxis 47:1551- TRADE NAMES
1553. 1987. Bio-EFA Black Currant, Black Currant, Black Currant Oil,
Radics L et al., (1975) Tetrahedron Letters 48:4287. Black Currant Seed Oil
Shibata M, (1977) J Chem Soc Jpn 97:911. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves collected
after the flowering season and dried, the fresh ripe fruit with
Stoll W, (1987) Phytotherapeutikum beeinflufj atrophisches
Vaginalepithel, Doppelblindversuch Cimicifuga vs. the tops and stems and the fresh leaves collected in summer.
Ostrogenpraparat. Therapeutikon 1:23-32. Flower and Fruit: The flowers form richly blossomed
Stolze H, Der andere Weg klimakterische Beschwerden zu racemes. Each is in the axil of a pubescent bract, which is
behandeln. In: Gyne 1:14-16. 1982. shorter than the petiole. The petiole is pinnate has 2 small
Suntry L, (1984) Pat. JP 84/20298 Japan. bracteoles. The sepals are together with the 5 small stamens
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLACK CURRANT / 95
on the campanulate flower axis within which the single- COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT SEEDS
valved ovary and the divided style is sunk. The hanging
Fatty oil (30%) with high gamma linolenic acid content
flowers are self-pollinating. The multi-seeded, black, glandu-
lar punctuate berries develop from the ovary. Monosaccharides: invert sugar
^ Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy perennial bush EFFECTS: BLACK CURRANT FRUIT AND SEEDS
^ up to 2 m high. The branches are pale, hard and initially The extract of the drug that contains anthocyane has a
pubescent. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, becoming hypotensive and spasmolytic effect in animal experiments. In
quickly glabrous on the upper surface and have numerous addition, an antimicrobial and xanthine-oxidase and lipo-
yellow resin glands on the undersurface. The 3- to 5-lobed peroxidase inhibiting effect has been proven.
leaf blade has a cordate base and doubly dentate margin. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Eurasian forests as far as
Unproven Uses: Black Currant leaves are used internally to
the Himalayas, Canada and Australia and is cultivated in
increase micurition. In folk medicine they are used internally
many regions.
for arthritis, gout and rheumatism, diarrhea, colic, jaundice
Production: Black currant leaves are the leaves of Ribes and liver ailments, painful micturition, urinary stones,
nigrum collected during or shortly after the flowering season. convulsive coughs and whooping cough. Black Currant is
Leaves are harvested from cultivated crops during or shortly used externally for treatment of wounds and insect bites.
after flowering. They are air-dried in the shade or carefully at
BLACK CURRANT FRUITS
a maximum temperature of 60° C.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Black Currant fruit is used
Black currant fruits are the ripe fruits, with stalks attached, internally to relieve colds, hoarseness and coughs, diarrhea
of Ribes nigrum. Fruits are harvested when fully ripe, and and stomachache. It is also used as a source of vitamin C.
utilized immediately or deep frozen. Preparations are used on mucous membranes as a gargle for
£r hoarseness, strep throat and other inflammations of the oral
Other Names: Quinsy Berries, Squinancy Berries cavity.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Black currant dried berries are used for bladder complaints,
COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
venous insufficiency, hemorrhoids, bruising and petechiae
Flavonoids: including astragalin, isoquercitrin, rutin
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.1 to 0.27% of fresh weight) Contraindicated in edema resulting from reduced cardiac and
renal activity.
Volatile oil (traces)
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
EFFECTS: BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES AND FRUITS
A salidiuretic effect is attributed to die drug through a No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
'diuretic factor' that is not closely defined. In animal with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
experiments, a hypotensive, anti-exudative and prostaglan- dosages.
din-release inhibiting effect has been proven.
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS: BLACK CURRANT FRUITS
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES
Ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.1 to 0.3%)
Mode of Administration: Black currant leaves are available
Anthocyans: chiefly cyanidin-3-O-rutinoside and delphini- as whole, crude and powder drug for internal use.
din-3-O-rutinoside Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 1 to 2 heaped teaspoons
f* Phenol caroboxylic acid derivatives: caffeoyi-, p-cumaroyl- (2 to 4 gm) Black currant leaves to boiling water (150 ml),
and feruloyl-quinic acids; p-cumaroyl and feruloyl glucoses and strain after 10 minutes.
Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture Leaves, Stem and Root: Black Haw is a deciduous tree 5 m
tall. It has gray-brown bark and green, grooved branches.
B L A C K C U R R A N T FRUITS
The leaves are opposite, petiolate, 3 to 5 lobed, roughly
Mode of Administration: Black Currant fruit is available as
dentate, green on both surfaces and softly pubescent beneath.
whole drug for internal use.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern and central
Daily Dosage: U.S.
Syrup — 5 to 10 ml, by the tablespoon, taken several times
Production: Black Haw bark is the bark of the trunk and
daily, or eaten as jelly or sweets. branches of Viburnum prunifolium.
Gargle — with the juice and equal parts of warm water. Other Names: Stagbush, American Sloe, European Cranber-
ry, Cramp Bark, Guelder Rose, Snowball Tree, King's
LITERATURE
BLACK CURRANT LEAVES Crown, High Cranberry, Red Elder, Rose Elder, Water Elder,
May Rose, Whitsun Rose, Dog Rowan Tree, Whitsun
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suecica 23:101.
Bosses, Silver Bells, Wild Guelder Rose
Lietti A et al., (1976) Arzneim Forsch 26(5):829.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Senchute GV, Boruch IF, (1976) Rastit Resur 12(1): 113.
COMPOUNDS
Further information in: Flavonoids: amentoflavon (a biflavone)
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Triterpenes: including among others oleanolic acid, ursolic
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992- acid as well as their acetates
1994. Hydroxycoumarins: scopoletin, aesculetin, scoplin
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Cajfeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid, isochlorogenic
acid
B L A C K C U R R A N T FRUITS
Kyerematen G, Sandberg F, (1986) Acta Pharm Suecica 23:101. Phenol carboxylic acids: salicylic acid, salicin
are much larger, rotate and infertile. The calyx margin is Handjieva N et al., PH 27:3175. 1988.
small and 5-tipped. The corolla of the fertile florets is Horhammer L, Wagner H, Reinhardt H, Chemistry,
campanulate and 5-petalled. There are 5 stamens, a semi- pharmacology, and pharmaceutics of the components of
inferior ovary and 3 sessile stigmas. The fruit of the Black Viburnum prunifolium and V. opulus. In: Botan Mag (Tokyo)
Haw is a shiny, black, juicy berry. The fruit of Viburnum 79(Oct/Nov.): 510-525. 1966.
opulus is red. Jarboe CH et al., (1967) J Med Chem 10: 448.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLACK HELLEBORE/97
Jarboe CH et al., (1969) J Org Chem 34: 4202. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daily Dosage: The average dose is 0.05 gm; the maximum reddish-lilac, occasionally white. It contains a straight tube
single dose is 0.2 gm; the largest daily dose is 1.0 gm. A that grows out of the calyx tube and has a ring of hairs at the
powder with a medium content of 10% is used for head base. It has an elliptoid, slightly domed upper lip, which is
colds. slightly compressed from the outside. There is an equally
long, downward hanging, white-marked lower lip, and an
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
obovate, often edged or weakly dentate middle lip. The
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
stamens are slightly hairy at the base and have small,
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
distinctly spreading pollen sacks. The plant produces a hard
a day (HAB34).
fruit. The nuts are ovoid, 12 mm long and quite smooth.
LITERATURE
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Leaves, Stem and Root: Horehound is a perennial 0.30 to 1 m
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. high shrub with a short creeping rhizome and upright, sturdy,
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. angular, branched stems. The whole plant is pubescent and
fresh green. In the autumn, the plant is often tinged brown-
Glombitza KW et al., Do roots of Helleborus niger contain
violet. The opposite leaves have a 0.5 to 1 cm long petiole.
cardioactive substances. In: PM 55:107. 1989.
The lower leaves are larger and have an ovate to almost
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers round, 2 cm long by 1.5 to 3.5 cm wide leaf blade. They are
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 weakly cordate, blunt or wedge-shaped at the base and finely
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- crenate to roughly and unevenly serrate. Both sides are
1994.
pubescent, the upper surface often becoming glabrous and
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug somewhat glossy.
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Characteristics: The whole plant has an unpleasant smell of
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. essential oil.
Petricic J et al.. Acta Pharm Jugosl 27:127. 1977. Habitat: The plant is considered to be a weed in western,
Petricic J, Acta Pharm Jugosl 24:179. 1974. central and northern Europe, but was intentionally intro-
duced to the U.S.
Poisonous Plants in Britain and their effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food, Pub; HMSO, Production: Black Horehound is the aerial part of Ballota
UK 1984. nigra, gathered when in bloom. It is collected in the wild or
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, from cultivated plants propagated by sowing seeds or
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. planting cuttings at the end of winter. The harvest is in July
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, and August. There are no special conditions for drying.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Not to be Confused With: The drug can be confused with
WiPner W, Kating H, Botanische und phytochemische Folia melissae. Adulterations with hybrids of Marubium
Untersuchung an europaischen und kleinasiatischen Arten der vulgare have been found on the market.
Gattung Helleborus. In: PM 26:128-143, 228-249, 364-374.
1974. Other Names: Black (Stinking) Horehound
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Diterpenes, marrubiin: 7-acetoxymarrubiin, ballotinon, bal-
Black Horehound lotenol, ballonigrin (to some extent bitter principles)
Ballota nigra Volatile oil (traces, unpleasant smell)
DESCRIPTION
Caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic
Medicinal Parts: The aerial parts of the plant are used acid
medicinally.
Tannins
Flower and Fruit: The clearly stemmed flowers are 1 to 1.5
cm long. They are arranged in 4 to 10 fairly loose and often EFFECTS
short-stemmed cymes in the axils of the cauline leaves. The Horehound acts as a stimulant, antiemetic and antispasmod-
bracteoles are arrow-shaped and soft. They are half as long ic; however, the mode of action has not been satisfactorily
as the funnel-shaped calyx, which is downy to silky-shaggy explained. According to older literature, a drop in arterial
haired. The calyx has 5 awned tips. The corolla is usually blood pressure and bradycardia occurred in a dog when it
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLACK MULBERRY/99
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl 21 (4): 417. Flavonoids: including among others rutin (2-6%)
Savona G et al., (1976) J Chem Soc (P) 1: 1607-1609. The constituents of the rhizome rind are not known.
Savona G et al., (1977) J Chem Soc (P) 1: 322-324 et 497- EFFECTS
499. The active agents are sugar, acids, pectin and rutin, but there
is no information available regarding their effects.
£ Savona G et al., La chimica e h'ndustria 58:378. 1976.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Seidel V et al., Phenylpropanoid glycosides from Ballota nigra.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a mild laxative and in
In: PM 62(2): 186-187. 1997.
the treatment of inflammations of the mucous membranes of
Further information in: the respiratory system.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
1994. dosages.
100/BLACK MULBERRY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: Black Mustard grows in temperate regions Sneezing, coughing and possible asthmatic attacks can result
worldwide. from breathing the allylisothiocyanate that arises with the
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLACK NIGHTSHADE/101
preparation and application of mustard poultices. Eyes Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
should be protected when preparing or using the poultices to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
because the vapors can cause eye irritation. Long-term parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute: 3 times daily; chronic once
external application or too-intensive reactions upon the skin a day (HAB34).
can lead to injury such as blister formation, suppurating
Storage: The stored drug should be protected from light.
W ulcerations and necroses. Mustard poultices are to be
removed after no more than 30 minutes. LITERATURE
Halva S et al., Agric Sci Finl 58:157. 1986.
Drug Interactions: Avoid concomitant use of preparations
containing ammonia, because ammonia with mustard oil Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
forms inactive thiosinamine.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Pediatric Use: Black Mustard should not be administered to 1994.
children under 6 years of age. Hill CB et al., J Am Soc Hort Sci 112(2):309. 1987.
OVERDOSAGE Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Internal overdosage can lead to vomiting, stomach pain and in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
diarrhea. In severe cases, these can be accompanied by 1980.
somnolence, cardiac weakness, breathing difficulties and Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
even to death through coma. Following installation of Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
activated charcoal and shock prophylaxis (suitable body Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
position, quiet, warmth), the therapy for poisonings consists 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
of administering mucilaginosa for the protection of mucus Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
membranes and generous amounts of fluids. Possible cases Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
A of acidosis should be treated with sodium bicarbonate Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
be infused. Cardiac massage, intubation and oxygen respira-
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
tion may also be necessary.
Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Mode of Administration: Used externally as a mustard Stuttgart 1997.
plaster, foot bath or full bath. On rare occasions, Black
Mustard is used as a constituent in antirheumatic prepara-
tions and cardiac ointments.
How Supplied: Allyl mustard oil: 1 to 3% solution,
Black Nightshade
ointments, emulsions and other rubs (including a rheumatism Solanum nigrum
liniment) are available from commercial sources.
DESCRIPTION
Preparation: To prepare a mustard poultice, mix approxi- Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb
mately 100 g mustard flour with lukewarm water and pack in collected during the flowering season, the whole fresh plant
linen. Use on the chest should not exceed 10 minutes (with a collected during the flowering season and the whole fresh
maximum of 3 to 5 minutes for children). Limit use on the plant with berries.
face to 3 to 4 minutes and take care to avoid the eye area.
Flower and Fruit: The small white flowers are in 6- to 10-
When mustard paper is used, it is immersed in warm water
blossomed, umbel-like, nodding, axillary inflorescences. The
and then placed on the painful area of skin.
calyx is 5-tipped and does not drop. The corolla is 5-tipped
W To prepare a full mustard bath, mix 100 to 200 g mustard with a short tube. There are 5 stamens wim clavate anthers
flour with cold water and press through a cloth into the warm inclining toward each other. The corolla is rotate and has 1
bath. A mustard footbath should be prepared in a bucket or superior ovary. The fruit is a pea-sized black, occasionally
other container that allows the warm water to extend up the green or yellow, berry.
leg to the desired position. Add 1 to 3 dessertspoons of
Leaves, Stem and Root: Solanum nigrum is an annual plant
mustard flour and stir.
10 to 50 cm in height. The stem is erect, leafy and angular
Daily Dosage: The poultice is placed on the chest for about with outward-inclined branches. The leaves are fleshy,
10 minutes (with a maximum of 3 to 5 minutes for children). petiolate, rhomboid or ovate. They narrow to a cuneate base,
Foot bath use should be limited to 10 minutes. which is crenate-dentate and glabrous or sparsely pubescent.
1 0 2 / B L A C K NIGHTSHADE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Other Names: Garden Nightshade, Petty Morel, Poisonberry Daily Dosage: Externally, use as a compress or rinse.
Internally, the dose is 10 drops of liquid extract 2 to 3 times
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
daily, or 5 to 10 gm of tincture daily.
COMPOUNDS
Steroid alkaloid glycosides: in the foliage and in unripe fruits Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
(0-2.0%). Ripe fruits are, as a rule, free of alkaloids. 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
Chief alkaloids: solasonine, solamargine, P-solamargine
a day (HAB34)
Steroid saponins: with tigogenin as an aglycone
LITERATURE
EFFECTS
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
According to folk medicine, the herb should work as an
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
antispasmodic, pain reliever, sedative and narcotic; however,
there are no studies available. In animal experiments, the Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
steroid alkaloid glycosides have a local anesthetic effect, Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
increase sleep duration and significantly inhibit the occur- (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
rence of acetlysalicylic acid-induced stomach ulcers. The
effect is attributed to the inhibition of pepsin and hydrochlo- Johnson R, Lee JS, Ryan CA, Regulation of expression of a
ric acid secretion. wound-inducible tomato inhibitor I gene in transgenic
nightshade plants. Plant Mol Biol, 45:349-56, 1990 Mar.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Internally, Black Nightshade is used for Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
gastric irritation, cramps and whooping cough. Externally,
the herb is used for psoriasis, hemorrhoids, abscesses, Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
eczema and bruising. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Chinese Medicine: Black Nightshade is used for furuncles, Moundipa PF, Domngang FM, Effect of the leafy vegetable
Solanum nigrum on the activities of some liver drug-
carbuncles, abscesses, erysipelas, sprains, strains, contusions,
metabolizing enzymes after aflatoxin Bl treatment in female
chronic bronchitis and acute hepatitis.
rats. Br J Nutr, 45:81-91, 1991 Jan.
Indian Medicine: Black Nightshade is used for rheumatic Ridout CL et al., PA 44:732. 1989.
pain, coughs, asthma, bronchitis, wounds, swellings, ulcers,
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
flatulence, dyspeptic complaints, vomiting, dysuria, earache,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
hiccups, eye disease, leprosy and skin diseases.
Schreiber K, Kulturpflanze 11:451-501. 1963.
Homeopathic Uses: Black Nightshade is used for cerebral
Sultana S, Perwaiz S, Iqbal M, Athar M, Crude extracts of
and meningeal irritation.
hepatoprotective plants Solanum nigrum and Cichorium intybus
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS inhibit free radical-mediated DNA damage. J Ethnopharmacol,
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction 45:189-92, 1995 Mar.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
dosages. Stuttgart 1997.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS BLACK PEPPER/103
Black Pepper bial effect. It influences liver and metabolic functions, and
has an insecticidal effect.
Piper nigrum
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include stomach disor-
<£. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the berries, which ders and digestion problems, neuralgia and scabies.
have been freed from the pericarp, and the dried berry-like
Chinese Medicine: Black Pepper is used for vomiting,
fruit, which has been collected before ripening.
diarrhea and gastric symptoms in China.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are pendulous, axillary Indian Medicine: Indian uses include arthritis, asthma, fever,
spikes 5 to 15 cm long containing over 100 inconspicuous coughs, catarrh, dysentery, dyspepsia, flatulence, hemor-
white florets. The florets have 1 large ovary with 3 stigmas, rhoids, hiccoughs, urethral discharge and skin damage.
2 stamens and a reduced perianth. Red berry-like drupes
form the 30 to 50 flowers, which are fertilized. Homeopathic Uses: Piper nigrum is used for irritation of the
mucous membranes and galactorrhea.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is actually a liane, which
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
in cultivation is trained on posts or wire. It can grow to over
6 m. The stem is strong and woody, and the leaves are No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
cordate, glossy and pale green. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
wide, 8 to 18 cm long and are on 5 cm long petioles. dosages.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant grows wild in southern India and is
cultivated in tropical Asia and the Caribbean. Mode of Administration: Black Pepper is used internally for
stomach disorders and externally as an irritant ointment for
Production: Black Peppers are the dried fruits of Piper neuralgia and scabies.
™ nigrum, harvested before ripening. The whole ears are
Daily Dosage: Single doses range from 0.3 to 0.6 gm. The
plucked and separated from the spindles that have been
daily dosage is 1.5 gm.
dried, or the fruit is first brushed from the spindles and then
dried. Once the shell has been removed, the green stone-fruit Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
is sun-dried or roasted, after which it blackens. globules 1 to 3 times a day or from D4: 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
Not to be Confused With: Foreign fruits of the Piperacae
family. It is most frequently confused with peppershells, LITERATURE
pepper spindles or stiles, i.e. by-products of the extraction of Atal CK et al., (1975) Lloydia 38:256.
white pepper from black pepper. Freist W, Der scharfe Geschmack des Pfeffers - Ein altes
Ratsel, nur teilweise gelost. In: Chemie i.u. Zeit 23(3): 135-142.
Other Names: Piper, Pepper Bark 1991.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Kapil A, Piperine. A Potent Inhibitor of Leishmania donovani
COMPOUNDS Promastigotes in vitro. In: PM 59(5):474. 1993.
Volatile oil (1.2-2.6%): chief components- sabinene (15- Koul IB, Kapil A. Evaluation of the Liver Protective Potential
25%), limonene (15-20%), caryophyllene (10-15%), beta- of Piperine, an Active Principle of Black and Long Peppers. In:
pinene (10-12%), alpha-pinene (8-12%), delta3-carene (5%) PM 59(5):413. 1993.
Raina ML et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:198.
Acid amides (pungent substances): chief components- piper-
ine, additionally including among others piperylin, pipero- Richard ML et al., (1976) J Food Sci 36:584.
lein A and B, cumaperine Schroder, Buch. In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
3,4-dihydroxy phenyl ethanol glycosides (substratum for the
Traxter JT, (1971) J Agric Food Chem 19:1135.
enzymatic black colouring of the fresh fruits)
Further information in:
Polysaccharides (45%) Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed.
Pub. CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
Fatty oil (10%)
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
EFFECTS Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
The drug stimulates the thermal receptors and increases (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
secretion of saliva and gastric mucous. It has an antimicro- 1994.
104/BLACK PEPPER PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used INDICATIONS AND USAGE
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Unproven Uses: Black Root is used for chronic constipation
York 1980. and liver and gallbladder disorders. It is also used as an
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer emetic.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for diarrhea and
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. inflammation of the liver and gallbladder.
Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The emetic
Black Root and laxative effects of the drug are used therapeutically.
DOSAGE
Leptandra virginica
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
DESCRIPTION 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried rhizome parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
with the roots. The roots have a very different action a day (HAB1).
according to whether they are used fresh or dry. The dried
LITERATURE
root is milder.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Flower and Fruit: The stems end in terminal, 15 to 25 cm
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
long spikes of white flowers. 1994 (unter Veronica virginica).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb, which Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
grows to about 120 cm high. The rhizome is horizontal, Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
cylindrical, branched and dark red to dark purple-brown on Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
the outside. The simple, erect stems grow in intervals of 1.2 Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
to 3.2 cm from the rhizome. They are smooth and finely
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
downy. The leaves are whorled (4 to 7 in one whorl),
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
lanceolate, on short petioles, pointed and finely serrate. York 1995.
The drug has diaphoretic, carminative and cathartic effects. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and has
It is also a cholagogue and a laxative. naturalized in America and Australia.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLADDERWORT 105
Production: Blackberry root bonsists of the underground Daily Dosage: 2 to 5 gm drug. To prepare a tea, scald 1.5 gm
parts of Rubus fruticosus as well as its preparations. drug, steep for 10 to 15 minutes, strain (1 teaspoon
Blackberry leaf consists of the dried, fermented or unfer- equivalent to approximately 0.6 gm drug).
mented leaf, gathered during the flowering period, of Rubus
LITERATURE
fruticosus as well as its preparations.
BLACKBERRY LEAF
Other Names: Blackberry, American, Dewberry, Bramble, Henning W, (1981) Lebensm Unters Forsch 173:180.
Goutberry, High Blackberry, Thimbleberry
Gupta RK et al., J Chem Soc Perkin 1:2525. 1982.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mukherjee M et al., PH 23:2881. 1984.
COMPOUNDS: BLACKBERRY ROOT
Wollmann Ch et al., PA 19:456. 1964.
Saponins
Further information in:
Tannins
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
EFFECTS: BLACKBERRY ROOT Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
There is no reliable information available. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Blackberry leaf is used for non-specific, acute diarrhea and Bladderwort
mild inflammation of the mucosa of the oral cavity and Utricularia vulgaris
throat.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole plant.
BLACKBERRY ROOT AND LEAF
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Flower and Fruit: The vertical peduncle is 10 to 35 cm high
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic and bears 4 to 15 flowers in a loose raceme. The petioles are
dosages. short and campanulate, 13 to 20 mm long with a bilabiate
margin.
DOSAGE
BLACKBERRY ROOT Leaves, Stem and Root: Utricularia vulgaris is a water plant,
No information is available which appears at flowering time. The water shoot is 60 cm
long with double-rowed leaves facing all directions. The
BLACKBERRY LEAF
water leaves are 1 to 8 cm long and have 2 to 3 large lobes.
Mode of Administration: Balckbeny leaf is available as Each lobe is pinnatifid and ends in numerous tips. There are
crude drug for infusions and other preparations for internal 8 to 209 tubes per leaf.
use, as well as for mouthwashes. The drug is a component of
various tea mixtures. I Habitat: Europe
1 0 6 /BLADDERWORT PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
add 2 gm of drug per 100 ml of water. To prepare an anti- Inorganic iodine salts
inflammatory infusion for external use, add 6 gm of drug per
Organically-bound iodine: in particular in proteins and
100 ml of water.
lipids, also present as diiodothyrosine
Daily Dosage: Internally, as a diuretic infusion, drink two Polysaccharides: including alginic acid, fucane, fucoidine
small cups daily. Externally, the anti-inflammatory infusion (strongly sulfated)
is used in mouthwashes, cleansers, cosmetics and face packs.
Polyphenold: Phlorotannins
LITERATURE
Baumgartner DL, Laboratory evaluation of the bladderwort EFFECTS
plant, Utricularia vulgaris (Lentibulariaceae), as a predator of The drug is antimicrobial, has a hypoglycemic effect in
late instar Culex pipiens and assessment of its biocontrol animal experiments and leads in vitro to hemaglutination of
potential. J Am Mosq Control Assoc, 23:504-7, 1987 Sep. human erythrocytes because of the polyphenolic substances.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Its use in the treatment of thyroid conditions associated with
hypethyrosis has merit because of the high iodine content.
There is information on its apparent usefulness in weight
reduction, which must be strongly criticized for the reasons
given above.
Bladderwrack
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Fucus vesiculosus
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Bladderwrack are used
TRADE NAMES internally for diseases of the thyroid, obesity, overweight,
Bladderwrack (available from numerous manufacturers and arteriosclerosis and digestive disorders and externally for
as combination product) sprains.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BLESSED THISTLE / 107
Homeopathic Uses: In Homeopathy Fucus vesiculosus is Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
used for obesity and goitre. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
General: Dosages above 150 gm iodide/day carry with them Verlag Heidelberg 1992.*
the danger of induction or worsening of a hyperthyroidism. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
For that reason, the drug should no longer be administered mbH Stuttgart 1997.
due to its variable iodide content (0.03 - 1%). Allergic Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
reactions have been known to occur. Stuttgart 1997.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Drug Interactions: Bladderwrack has a hypoglycemic effect.
Theoretically, there may be an interaction with other anti-
hyperglycemic medications. Monitor patients carefully if
Blessed Thistle
they are concurrently using glucose lowering agents. Cnicus benedict us
DOSAGE TRADE NAMES
Mode of Administration: Bladderwrack is available as drops Blessed Thistle is available from a number of manufacturers.
and fluid extract for internal use.
DESCRIPTION
How Supplied: Fluid Extract: 1:1 Medicinal Parts: The dried leaves and upper stems, includ-
Daily Dosage: ing the inflorescence, and the flowering parts of the plant.
Infusion — single dose: 5 to 10 gm drug 3 times daily. Flower and Fruit: The blossom is a pale yellow composite,
Extract — single dose: 4 to 8 ml 3 times daily. its solitary flower sessile on the tips of the twigs. The florets
are tubular. The few lateral florets are sterile, have 3-part
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every borders and are smaller than the numerous androgynous
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); florets. The epicalyx is ovate. The inner bracts end in a long,
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once rigid and pinnatifid thorn. The outer bracts terminate in a
a day (HAB34). simple thorn. They are broad, leafy and connected with the
Maximum daily intake of iodine is limited to 120 Llg. cordate-oblong leaflets of the epicalyx by numerous web-like
hairs. The fruit has a tuft of hair.
Storage: Should be protected from light.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The thistle grows to 30 to 50 cm
LITERATURE
high. The stems are heavily branched, thistle-like, villous
Beress A, Wassermann O, Bruhn T, Beress L, A new
procedure for the isolation of anti-HIV compounds and glutinous pubescent. The leaves are oblong, emarginate
(polysaccharides and polyphenols) from the marine alga Fucus to pinnatifid, thorny-dentate, and roughly reticulate.
vesiculosus. In: JNP 56(4):478-488. 1993.
Characteristics: The plant has a strong and bitter taste.
Criado MT et al., (1983) IRC Med Sci 11(3):286.
Curro F et al., (1976) Arch Med Interna 28(1): 19. Habitat: The thistle comes from southern Europe but is
Frohne D, Phytotherapeutika und Schilddruse. In: Intern Praxis cultivated in other regions of the continent.
32(1)158. 1992. Production: Blessed Thistle herb consists of the dried leaves
Glombitza KW et al., (1977) Planta Med 32(1):33. and upper stems, including inflorescence, of Cnicus
Glombitza KW, Lentz G (198'i) Tetrahedron 37(22):3861. benedictus.
Phillips DJH (1979) Environ Pollut 18(1):31.
Other Names: St. Benedicts Thistle, Cardin, Holy Thistle,
Quang-Liem P, Laur MH (1974) Biochimie 56(677):925. Spotted Thistle
Quang-Liem P, Laur MH (1976) Biochimie 58(11/12): 1367,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Stahl E et al., DAZ 115:1893. 1975.
COMPOUNDS
Further information in: Sesquiterpene lactone-bitter principles: chief components
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers cnicin, additionally, salonitenolide, artemisiifolin
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Lignans (also bitter): trachelogenin, arctigenin, nor-
1994. tracheloside
1 0 8 / B L E S S E D THISTLE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Volatile oil: components including n-nonane, n-undecane, n-i- , Harnischfeger G, Stolze H, notabene medici 11:652. 1981.
tridecane, dodeca-l,ll-dien-3,5,7,9-tetrain (polyyne), p-cy- Urzua A, Acuna P, (1983) Fitoterapia 4:175
mene, fenchon, citral, cinnamaldehyde
Vanhaelen-Fastre R, PM 24:165. 1973.
Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, multiflorenol Vanhaelen-Fastre R, Vanhaelen M. (1976) Planta Med 29:179.
Flavonoides: including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin,I, Further information in:
astragalin Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
EFFECTS
The main constituent is the amaroid cnicin, which iss Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
antimicrobial, cytotoxic and antitumoural. The amaroidss Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
stimulate the secretion of saliva and gastric juices. In animal1 Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
tests an anti-edemic effect was demonstrated. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
• Dyspeptic complaints
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
• Loss of appetite 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Unproven Uses: St. Benedict Thistle is used as a cholagogue. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Internal folk medicine applications include loss of appetite, Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
anorexia, fever and colds, and as a diuretic. External Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
application for wounds and ulcers is noted. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
St. Benedict Thistle is not to be used during pregnancy. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
drug exhibits a strong potential for sensitization (cross-
reactions with mugwort and cornflower, among others);
however, allergic reactions have been seen only rarely.
Bloodroot
DOSAGE
Sanguinaria canadensis
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and dried
extracts for infusions or other bitter-tasting galenic prepara- DESCRIPTION
tions for internal use. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are roots and the whole
plant.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 340 mg, 360 mg Flower and Fruit: The plant bears a white flower with 8 to
12 petals on a 15 cm long scape. It is wax-like and has
Extract — 1:1 golden stamens. The seed is an oblong, narrow capsule
approximately 2.5 cm long.
Tablets
Preparation: Infusions are prepared by pouring boiling water Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows to about
over 1.5 to 2 gm of drug, allowing to set, then straining after 15 cm high. The rhizome is thick, round, fleshy and slightly
10 to 20 minutes. curved at the end. It is 2.5 to 10 cm long and has orange-red
rootlets. The 1 basal palmately-lobed leaf appears when the
Daily Dosage: Four to 6 gm of drug. The dosage for the
flower dies. The down-covered, grayish green leaf is
aromatic bitter is 1 cup 1/2 hour before meals. One cup of tea clasping, 15 to 25 cm long and has 5 to 9 lobes. Protruding
is taken 3 times a day. ribs are recognizable on the under surface.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the northeastern U.S.
Banhaelen M, Vanhaelen-Fastre R, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:
2709. Production: Canadian Bloodroot is the root-stock (rhizome)
Farnsworth NR et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64(4):535. of Sanguinaria canadensis.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S BLUE COHOSH/109
Other Names: Indian Paint, Tetterwort, Red Root, Paucon, Further information in:
Coon Root, Snakebite, Sweet Slumber, Indian Plant, Pauson, Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Sanguinaria Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the benzophenanthridine type (4- Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
7%): chief alkaloid sanguinarine, further including among Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
others, chelerythrine. oxysanguinarine: protoberberine-type: Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
berberine, coptisine: protopine-type: protopine. alpha- and Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
beta-allocryptopine Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Resins
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Starch 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Blue Cohosh is the dried root and root-stock of Preparation: Infusion (no specifications); liquid extract 1:1,
Caulophyllum thalictroides. It is collected in the wild. in ethanol 70% (V/V)
Other Names: Papoose Root, Squawroot, Blueberry Root, Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.3 to 1 gm of
Beechdrops, Blue Ginseng, Yellow Ginseng drug; 0.5 to 1 ml of liquid extract.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules 30 to 60
COMPOUNDS minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); parenterally:
Quinolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids (-)-anagyrines, (-)- 1 to 2 ml 3 times a day sc (HAB34).
N-methyl-cytisines, and (-)-baptifoline LITERATURE
ailments, cramps, and mainly to stimulate contractions and Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried
act as an antispasmodic during labor. herb.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include for problems of menstrua- Flower and Fruit: The flowers are white or reddish-white,
tion and labor, as well as rheumatism of the fingers and toes. medium-sized and have many blossomed racemes on long,
leafless peduncles. There are 5 sepals. The corolla is fused
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS with 5 tips and is pubescent inside. There are 5 reddish
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is an ovate capsule.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Leaves, Stem and Root: Menyanthes trifoliata is a perennial
green, glabrous aquatic plant that grows from 15 to 30 cm
Pregnancy: The drug should not be taken during the first high. The herb has a small, finger-thick creeping rhizome.
three months of pregnancy due to its estrogenic effect and The decumbent stem varies in length according to condi-
possible teratogenic action of the anagyrines. tions. Leaf sheaths surround the stem. The leaves are on
long, fleshy, grooved petioles. They are trifoliate, 5 cm long
DOSAGE
and 2.5 cm wide, and have obovate leaflets.
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
decoction or a liquid extract. Characteristics: The herb has a strong bitter taste.
How Supplied: Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and
Liquid — 1:1 | America.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BOG B I L B E R R Y / 1 1 1
Chinese Medicine: Insomnia, weak stomach and intestines, Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
spleen disorders, intermittent fever, headache, breathing
difficulties, amenorrhea, ear ache, jaundice, edema, gout, Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
scabies and furuncles are among the applications in Chinese Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
medicine. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
JP* Use of the drug is contraindicated for patients with diarrhea,
Stuttgart 1997.
dysentery or colitis.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in axils of small OVERDOSAGE
leaves at the end of short lateral branches. They are hanging Signs of poisoning following consumption of large quantities
and white or reddish in color. The pedicle is encircled at the of the fruits have occurred very rarely. Signs include
base with a light brown bud husk. The calyx is fused with the queasiness, vomiting, states of intoxication, feelings of
ovary. The fruit is a round or pear-shaped, blue-frosted, 7 to weakness and visual disorders. Presumably, these poisonmgs
10 cm long, multi-seeded berry. The light brown seeds are can be traced back to the plant being infested with the lower
sickle-shaped with sharp ends, and have a punctate-reticulate fungus Sclerotinia megalospora.
skin.
DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an angular shrub up to Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
80 cm high with round, gray-brown, glabrous branches and a liquid extract (tea).
creeping rhizome. The leaves are deciduous, obovate or
oblong, entire, tough and short-petioled. The undersurface Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour 250 ml of cold water
has a protruding, reticulate vein system and is blue-green. over 2 heaping teaspoons of drug; steep for 10 to 12 hours
The upper surface of the leaves is light matte-green to almost and strain.
white.
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup of the prepared tea, unsweetened,
Habitat: The plant is common throughout the Northern once or twice a day.
Hemisphere.
LITERATURE
Production: Bog Bilberries and leaves are the ripe fruit and Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
leaves of Vaccinium uliginosum. The collection or picking Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
occurs in uncultivated regions. The drug is either air-dried in Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
the shade or dried artificially. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Not to be Confused With: The Bog Bilberry has smaller Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
flowers and berries than the common Bilberry (Vaccinium
1994.
myrtillus; see separate entry).
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
C O M P O U N D S : IN THE LEAVES
Tannins: catechin tannins Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Triterpenes: alpha-amyrin, friedelin, ursolic acid
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Giftstoffe mikrobieller Endo- und
Sterols: beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosteroI-3-O-beta-glucoside Epiphyten. Gefahren fur Mensch und Tier. In: DAZ
I32(42):2231. 1992.
Flavonoids: including hyperoside
C O M P O U N D S : IN T H E F R U I T S
Anthocyans: including chief components: malvidin-3-O-glu-
coside, delphinidine-3-O-glucoside, delphinidine-3-O-ara- Boldo
binoside Peumus boldo
Organic acids: including benzoic acid
DESCRIPTION
Flavonoids: including hyperoside, myricetin, myricetin-5'- Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves.
methyl ether
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are racemes of whitish
EFFECTS or pinkish campanulate flowers. The berries are small,
No information is available. yellowish-green and edible.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a strongly aromatic,
Unproven Uses: Bog Bilberry is used for gastric and
heavily branched evergreen shrub 5 to 6 m tall. The leaves
intestinal catarrh, diarrhea and bladder complaints. are sessile, opposite, oval, about 5 cm long with an entire
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS and slightly revolute margin. They are rather thick and
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction coriaceous with a protruding midrib and a row of small
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic glands on the upper surface. Both surfaces are slightly
dosages. pubescent.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS BONESET 113
Habitat: The herb is indigenous to the eastern U.S. Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Production: Boneset is the complete aerial part of Eupatori-
Woerdenbag HJ, Eupatorium perfoliatum L.- der
um perfoliatum.
"durchwachsene" Wasserhanf. In: ZPT 13(4): 134-139. 1992.
Other Names: Agueweed, Crosswort, Feverwort, Indian Further information in:
Sage, Sweating Plant, Teasel, Thoroughwort, Vegetable
Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Antimony
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
COMPOUNDS Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Flavonoids: including eupatorin, astragalin, rutin, hyperoside Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Sesquiterpene lactones: including eupafolin, euperfolitin, Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
eufoliatin, eufoliatorin, euperfolide in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Jmmunostimulating polysaccharides (heteroxylans)
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
EFFECTS Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
The herb acts as an antiphlogistic, a diaphoretic and a bitter, Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
in addition to stimulating the body's immune system. In a Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
comparative study of the homeopathic preparation Eupatori-
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
um D2 with aspirin in the treatment of feverish catarrh, a 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
similar positive tendency was observed. In vitro, the
phagocytic action of granulocytes was increased. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
INDICATIONS AND USAGE York 1995.
Unproven Uses: On rare occasions, Boneset is used in folk
medicine.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Borage Oil capsules are available from numerous
Sensitization after skin contact with the plant is possible. manufacturers.
Older scientific literature (Lewin) calls attention to the fact
DESCRIPTION
that the drug can lead to enhanced outbreaks of sweat and
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Borage
diarrhea in therapeutic use.
flowers and the dried or fresh foliage, stems and leaves.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in separate, terminal,
Mode of Administration: Boneset is used in homeopathic
erect, leafy racemes. The calyx is divided almost to the base
preparations and dilutions.
into 5 rough-haired tips. The 1.5 to 2.5 cm wide corolla is
LITERATURE usually sky blue (occasionally white) and has a short tube.
Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992. The scales of the tube are white. The 5 stamens have a
broadened filament and a violet, spur-like appendage. The
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160. anthers are black-violet. The style is thread-like with a head-
Bohlmann F et al., (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1973. like stigma. The ovary is divided into 4 valves. The small nut
Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H, js elongate-ovate, about 7 to 10 mm long, light brown,
Schulte Monting J, Kleist von S et al., Cytokine production in keeled, ribbed, warty and rough.
leukocyte cultures during therapy with echinacea extract. In: J
Clin Lab Analysis 10(6):441-445. 1996. Leaves, Stem and Root: Borage is an annual, succulent,
bristly-haired herb, 15 to 60 cm high. The erect, vertically
Herz W et al., (1977) J Org Chem 42(13):2264.
grooved stems are covered in rough, whitish hairs. The
Vollmar A et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25:377. leaves are alternate, clasping, solitary, entire-margined and
Wagner H (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1504. hairy. They are also folded, curved in at the margins, green
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BORAGO O F F I C I N A L I S / 1 1 5
on top and whitish on the underside. The leaves are 3 to 10 PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
cm long and elliptoid to ovate. BORAGE OIL
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Characteristics: Borage has a taste similar to cucumber.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Habitat: Borage originated in the Mediterranean region, but dosages.
<qfe is now found all over Europe and the U.S.
BORAGE L E A F
Production: Borage oil is the fatty oil of the seeds of Borago Even though the hepatotoxic and hepatocarcinogenic pyrrol-
officinalis. Borage leaves are the dried leaves and inflores- izidine alkaloid content is small, the drug should not be
cence of Borago officinalis. The herb most often grows wild, administered. External use may present less of a potential for
but is cultivated on a small scale in Yugoslavia, Rumania, problems.
Bulgaria and Turkey. Borage is harvested during the
DOSAGE
flowering period. Due to the plant's very high water content,
B O R A G E OIL
it should be artificially dried at 40°C.
Mode of Administration: In capsules, sometimes in combina-
Not to be Confused With: The herb can be confused with tion with vitamins.
Echium vulgare.
How Supplied:
Other Names: Burrage, Bugloss, Burage Capsules — 500mg, 1000 mg
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
BORAGE LEAF
C O M P O U N D S : B O R A G E OIL
Storage: The drug should be protected from light and
Fatty oil: chief fatty acid is gamma-linolenic acid (17-25%), moisture.
linoleic acid
LITERATURE
E F F E C T S : B O R A G E OIL
B O R A G E OIL
^ The drug acts as an astringent and as a sequestering agent. Fell KR, Peck JM, (1968) Planta Med 4: 411.
COMPOUNDS: BORAGE LEAF Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: supinin, lycopsamin, 7-acetyl-lycop- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
samin, intermedin, 7-acetyl- intermedine, amabiline, (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
thesinine 1994.
Silicic acid (to some extent water-soluble) Ippen H, Gamma-Linolensaure besser aus Nachtkerzen- oder aus
Borretschol? In: ZPT 16(3): 167-170. 1995.
Mucilages Luthy J et al., (1984) Pharm Acta Helv 59 (9/10): 242.
Tannins BORAGE LEAF
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, harvested in winter (May to August) and then air- or freeze-
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. dried.
Willaman JJ. Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1.
Other Names: Christmas-Berry Tree, Florida Holly
EFFECTS
The "antibiotic activity" with which the drug is credited has
* Brassica rapa not yet been proven. Its use on wounds and inflammatory
See Wild Turnip alterations of the skin appears plausible, due to the antimi-
crobial, astringent and anti-inflammatory characteristics of
the gallic acid it contains.
Habitat: Indigenous to Central America and South America. Mode of Administration: Whole drug, tincture and extract for
internal and external use.
Production: Brazilian peppers (Pink peppers) are the ripe
unpeeled seeds of Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, which are Daily Dosage: There is no information in the literature.
1 1 8 / B R A Z I L I A N PEPPER TREE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light in a Polysaccharides: mannans, glucans
cool* dry place.
Proteins
LITERATURE
Amines
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Haridbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 Sterols: ergosterol, zymosterol
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. EFFECTS
Hayashi T, Nagayama K, Arisawa M, Shimizu M, Suzuki S, The yeast is antibacterial and stimulates phagocytosis.
Yoshizaki M, Morita N, Ferro E, Basualdo I, Berganza LH, INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Pentagalloylglucose, a xanthine oxidase inhibitor from a Approved by Commission E:
Paraguayan crude drug, Molle-i (Schinus terebinthifolius). J Nat
Prod, 39:210-1, 1989 Jan-Feb. • Dyspeptic complaints
Jain MK, Yu BZ. Rogers JM, Smith AE, Boger ET, Ostrander • Eczema, furuncles, acne
RL, Rheingold AL, Specific competitive inhibitor of secreted • Loss of appetite
phospholipase A2 from berries of Schinus terebinthifolius.
Unproven Uses: Brewer's Yeast is used for constipation and
Phytochemistry, 39:537-47, 1995 Jun.
itching skin diseases.
Ramos Ruiz A, De la Torre RA, Alonso N, Villaescusa A,
Betancourt J, Vizoso A, Screening of medicinal plants for PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
induction of somatic segregation activity in Aspergillus General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
nidulans. J Ethnopharmacol, 39:123-7, 1996 Jul 5. administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
recorded. The intake of large quantities can cause gas.
Allergic intolerance reactions are possible (itching, urticaria,
exanthema, Quinck's disease). Migraine headaches can be
Brewer's Yeast triggered in susceptible patients.
consumption, a cause of constipation. Br Med J 282: 864. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flower.
Jahn HU, Zeitz M. (1991) Immunmodulatorische Wirkung von Flower and Fruit: The semi-globose composite flowers are
Saccharomyces boulardii beim Menschen. In: Seifert J, surrounded by bracts; they have a diameter of 2.5 to 5 cm,
Ottenjann R, Zeitz M, Bockemuhl J (Hrsg) Okosystem Darm are single or in umbelliferous racemes with bracts arranged
III. Springer-Verlag, S 159-164. in a number of rows. The lingual florets are yellow and up to
Kollaritsch HH. Toburen D, Scheiner O, Wiedemann G, (1988) 1 mm wide, the tubular florets are 5-tipped, androgenous and
Prophylaxe der Reisediarrhoe. Munch Med Wschr 130: 671-673. numerous. The anther has an appendage tail. The fruit is a
cylindrical, long-ribbed, 1.3 mm long achene. The pappus is
Massot J, Desconclois M, Astoin J, (1982) Protection par
single-rowed, approximately 5 mm long and consists of fine,
Saccharomyces boulardii de la diarrhee Escherichia coli du
souriceau. Ann Pharm Fr 40: 445-449. rough bristles.
Plein K, Hotz J, (1993) Therapeutic effect of Saccaromyces Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows up
boulardii on mild residual symptoms in a stable phase of to 60 cm high. The leaves are alternate and simple. The
Crohn's disease with special respect to chronic diarrhea - a lower leaves narrow into the short petiole, entire or dentate.
pilot study. Z Gastroenterol 31: 129-134. The upper leaves are sessile and rounded at the base,
Schmidt CH, (1977) Unspezifische Steigerung der lanceolate, sparsely pubescent above, and are covered below
,^ Phagozytoseaktivitaten von Peritoneal-makrophagen nach oraler in dense silky hairs or almost glabrous. The stem is upright,
™ Gabe verschiedener Hefepriiparationen. Dissertation Freie round, weakly ribbed, silky-haired to almost glabrous. The
Universitiit Berlin. root is creeping.
Sinai Y, Kaplan A, Hai Y et al., (1974) Enhancement of Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Asia and Europe.
resistance to infectious disease by oral administration of
Brewer's Yeast. Infection Immunol 9: 781-787 Production: Elecampane flowers are the inflorescences of
Surawicz Ch, Elmer GW, Speelman P, McFarland LV, Chinn J, Inula britannica and Inula japonica, dried in the sun or shade
van Belle G, (1989) Die Prophylaxe Antibiotika-assoziierter after harvesting.
Diarrhoen mit Saccharomyces boulardii. Eine prospektive
Not to be Confused With: Arnicae flos
Studie. Gastroenterol 96: 981-988.
Tempe JD, Steidel AL, Blehaut H, Hasselmann M, Lutun PH, Other Names: Alant-Okleuveasis
Maurier F, (1983) Prevention par Saccharomyces boulardii des
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
diarrhees de ralimentation enterale debit continu. La Semaine
COMPOUNDS
des Paris 59: 1409-1412.
Sesquiterpenes: sesquiterpene lactones, particularly gaillar-
Weber R, Regio Seminar Pharma: Reisemedizinische Beratung. din but also including britanin
In: DAZ 135(25):2352-2354. 1995.
Flavonoids: including isoquercitrin
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Caffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
EFFECTS
m (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
^* 1994 (unter Saccharomyces). It has been reported that a watery extract of the sesquiter-
pene-containing drug inhibits in vitro cAMP-phosphodiester-
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
ase up to 60%, and prevents the infection of human embryo
Heidelberg 1996.
muscle cells with the herpes simplex virus II. The drug is
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. also assumed to possess potential for sensitization, due to the
mbH Stuttgart 1997. sesquiterpene lactones with exocyclic methylene groups it
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und contains. The secretolytic and emetic effect with which the
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New drug is credited has not been documented. The flower of the
York 1995. East Asian species is used as a depurative.
120/BRITISH E L E C A M P A N E (XUAN-FU-HUA) PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Storage: Store in a dry place. Homeopathic Uses: An essence of the fresh plant after
flowering is used in homeopathy.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
1994.
dosages. Following division of the glycosides in the intestine
lijima K, Kiyohara H, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Cyong JC, resorption and oxidation through dehydration of SH-groups
Yamada H Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula in the erythrocyte membrane, the pyrimidine derivatives can,
britannica subsp, japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo. in high dosages, lead to hemolysis.
Planta Med, 61:50-3, 1995 Feb.
OVERDOSAGE
The intake of large quantities of raw or only briefly cooked
seeds can lead to queasiness, vomiting, diarrhea and feelings
Broad Bean of vertigo. In severe cases, overdosage may lead to acute
hemolytic anemia with fever, icterus, hemoglobinuria, oligu-
Vicia faba ria and anuria, particularly among individuals with genetical-
DESCRIPTION ly caused glucose-6-phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh flower. (inadequate protection of the erythrocytes by glutathione),
which is also known as favism. Favism is treated by
Flower and Fruit: The white or bluish short-pedicled flowers
transfusion of washed erythrocytes and administration of
have black spots on the standard. They are arranged in
prednisone. Elevations in blood pressure are also possible
groups of 2 to 4 in the upper leaf axils. The calyx tips are
due to the L-DOPA content of the seeds.
uneven, with the upper ones shorter than the lower. The pod
is leathery and velvety on the flat surface. The seeds are DOSAGE
large, flat, ovate or oblong, and brown. Mode of Administration: Broad Bean preparations are now
obsolete.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 60 to 125 cm high. The
stem is erect and has no climbers. The leaves are pinnate and LITERATURE
the leaflets elliptical, fleshy, blue-green and terminate Chevion M, Maer J, Glaser G, Naturally occuring food
acutely. The stipules are ovate and semi-saggitate. toxicant: favism-producing agents. In: CRC Handbook of
Naturally Occuring Food Toxicants, CRC Press, Boca Raton,
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the temperate regions of Florida. 1983.
the world.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Production: Broad Beans are the seeds of Vicia faba. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
COMPOUNDS
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Pyrimidine derivatives: vicine (vicioside, 0.4-0.8%), convi-
cine (0.1-0.6%) Vered Y et al., The influence of Vicia faca (Broad bean)
seedlings on urinary sodium excretion. In: PM 63(3):237-240.
Lectins: The isolectins mixture is referred to as favine 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BROOM CORN / 1 2 1
plant freed from the root, the fresh aerial parts collected Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
during the flowering season and the whole plant.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
1994.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in loose, axillary,
diagonal clusters. The accompanying leaves are linear, as Inouye H et ah, (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
long as or shorter than the flowers. The peduncles and Kato Y, (1946) Folia Pharmacol Jap 42:37 (via CA 47: I845i.
pedicles are glabrous. The calyx is dorsiventral and divided Swiatek L et al.. A<na Pol Pharm 25:597. 1968.
into 4. The sepals are lanceolate to spatulate and acuminate;
the front ones are larger than the back ones. The corolla is
rotate with a very short tube, 4 to 9 mm wide and azure blue.
The ovary is green and the stigma capitual-like. The fruit is a
cordate, almost globular, narrow-winged capsule. The seeds
Broom Corn
are 0.6 mm long and 0.45 mm wide. They are yellow, oval Sorghum vulgare
and flatly convex with a fairly smoo'h back. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial with a
creeping rhizome. The stem is ascending, up to 50 cm high, Flower and Fruit: The flowers and inflorescences are large
round and filled with latex. The leaves are petiolate, ovate or spadix-like and solitary. They may also be in pairs and
"W broad elliptical, obtuse, narrowly serrate, glabrous and terminal on long, stiff, indistinct panicles. The panicles may
glossy. be bushy-branched or occasionally tangled-branched. The
individual spikelets are usually ovate to round, and the spelts
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe, are usually broad-lanceolate. The spelts become hard, shiny
western and northern Asia and northern Africa, and is and dentated at the tip. The seeds are small, round and white.
naturalized in eastern North America.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is reed-like and similar to
Production: Brooklime is the aerial part of Veronica maize but is not as tall.
beccabunga. The collection or picking occurs in uncultivated
Habitat: The plant is common in Spain, Italy and southern
regions in Europe, west and north Asia, North Africa and
Europe. It is widely cultivated in the U.S.
North America.
Production: Broom Corn seeds are the seeds of Sorghum
Other Names: Beccabunga, Mouth-Smart, Neckweed. vulgare.
Speedwell, Water Purslane, Water Pimpernel
Other Names: Darri, Durri, Guinea Cora, Sorghum
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes: aucubin (0.8%) Cyanogenic glycosides: dhurrin (in the fruits, in contrast
with the foliage [250-700 mg/100 gm] only in very low
Flavonoids: including among others scutellarin glycosides concentrations: 0.005-5 mg/100 gm)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Iodine (0.1 to 0.5%): to some extent organically bound
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the seeds' are used for
Proteins
digestive disorders, but it is mainly used as a cereal grain.
(primarily California) and along the coast of Chile. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Production: Brown algae thallus is the dried thallus, usually OOrogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
only the phylloid, of Macrocystis pyrifera. (Macrocystis 1994.
integrifolia may be added.) The algae are harvested using Zeller SG, Gray GR, Analysis of Macrocystis pyrifera and
vessels called mowing ships. Pseudomqnas aeruginosa alginic acids by the reductive-cleavage
method. Carbohydr Res, 226:313-26, 1992 Mar 30.
Other Names: Giant Kelp, Long-Bladder Kelp, Sea Kelp
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole, ripe, Approved by Commission E:
dried fruit and the fresh ripe fruit. • Constipation
Flower and Fruit: The small, dioecious, greenish-yellow Buckthorn is used internally for constipation and for bowel
flowers are in axillary cymes. The calyx is fused, has 4 movement relief in cases of anal fissures and hemorrhoids. It
segments and droops. The petals are small and are on the is used after recto-anal surgery and in preparation for
edge of the calyx tube, which has short stamens. The ovary is diagnostic intervention in the gastrointestinal tract and to
4-valved with a style that is divided in 4. The fruit is a pea- achieve softer stool.
sized, black berry-like drupe. The seeds are 5 mm long and
triangular with a narrow split, which separates slightly at the Unproven Uses: In folk medicine it is used as a diuretic (in
end and is surrounded by a cartiliginous margin. 'blood-purifying' remedies).
Homeopathic Uses: Rhamnus catharticus is used for poor
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant occurs in a variety of digestion.
forms, usually as a bush that is up to 3 m in height, but
occasionally as a tree with a bent trunk that grows up to 8 m. CONTRAINDICATIONS
The boughs are usually stiffly spread; the branches are more Contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute inflammatory
or less clearly opposite, glossy, glabrous or occasionally intestinal diseases, appendicitis and abdominal pain of
pubescent and end in a thorn. The leaves are clustered on the unknown origin. Use during pregnancy or while nursing only
older branches, opposite on the younger ones. They are ovate after consulting a physician. The drug is not to be adminis-
or elliptical, finely serrate with 2 to 3 lateral ribs curved tered to children under 12 years of age.
towards the midrib. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints could occur
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant, the heartwood is as a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. Long-term use
orange-red. leads to loss of electrolytes, especially potassium ions. This
may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal
Habitat: The plant is common all over Europe, Western Asia
motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive
and North Africa.
steroids, which in rare cases may result in cardiac arrhyth-
mias. Nephropathies, edema and accelerated bone deteriora-
Production: Buckthorn, consists of the dried ripe berries of
tion may be the result of long term use.
Rhamni catharticus and its preparations. Buckthorn is
harvested in uncultivated regions in autumn and dried. Drug-Interactions: Resorption of other medications could be
reduced due to the laxative effect. In the case of chronic use/
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with the fruit of overuse, a potassium deficiency leads to an increase in the
Frangula alnus. effect of cardiac glycosides as well as effecting heartbeat-
regulating drugs.
Other Names: Hartsthorn, Common Buckthorn, Purging
Buckthorn, Way thorn, High way thorn, Ramsthorn Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
124/BUCKTHORN PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Tea — 1 cup mornings and evenings. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
The individual dose is the minimum dose required to Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
produce a soft stool. Administration should be limited to a Stuttgart 1997.
few days.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Asia and is Anonym, Nicht-Brotgetreidearten: Alternative Korner unter der
cultivated in Europe. Lupe. In: DAZ B6(38):3229-2330. 1996.
Bassler R, PA 12:758-772 et 834-841. 1985.
Production: Buckwheat herb consists of the flower and
leaves of Fagopyrum esculentum, which are5 harvested Couch JF, Naghski J, Krewson CF, Science 103:197-198. 1974.
(Q* during flowering season and dried. The harvest takes place Gaidies I, Buchweizen, eine Venenhilfe. In: PTA 6(7):439.
50 to 60 days after sowing and before the fruit forms. There 1992.
is a slight loss of rutin if it is quickly dried (20 to 40 Hagels H et al.. Two anthraquinones and a bianthraquinone
minutes) at high temperatures (105° to 135° C). from Fagopyrum tataricum. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th
Ann Congress of GA. 125. 1996.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Ihme N et al.. Leg oedema protection from a buckwheat herb
COMPOUNDS
tea in patients with chronic venous insufficiency: A single
Flavonoids: rutin (up to 8% in the leaves), quercitrin,
centre, randomised, double blind, placebo controlled clinical
hyperoside trial. In: European J Clin Pharmacol 50(6)443-447. 19%.
Anthracene derivatives (naphthadianthrones, chiefly in the Koscielny J, Radtke H, Hoffmann KH, Jung F, Miiller A,
blossoms): fagopyrine (0.01%), protofagopyrine Griitzner KI, Kiesewetter H, Fagorutin-Tee bei chronisch
venoser Insuffizienz (CVI). In: ZPT 17(3): 145-159. 1996.
EFFECTS
Samel D, de Witte P, Fagopyrins from Fagopyrum esculentum
Buckwheat increases the venous tone (antiedematic, capil- and their PTK inhibitory activity. In: PM 61(Abstracts of 43rd
lary sealing), which can be attributed to the rutin in the herb. Ann Congr):67. 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Further information in:
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used as a Hiinsel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
venous and capillary tonic and as a prophylaxis to prevent Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
^ general hardening of the arteries. The drug alleviates venous (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
stasis and varicose veins. 1994.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Homeopathic Uses: Buckwheat is used to treat skin and liver
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. (unter Buchweizen).
diseases with itching and headache.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
OVERDOSAGE Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
The intake of large quantities of the Buckwheat plant leads pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
to phototoxicoses in animals due to the photosensitizing York 1995.
effect of the naphthadianthrones. There are no dangers for
humans in the application of therapeutic dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Buckwheat is taken orally as tablets
Bugle
Ajuga reptans
and in teas.
DESCRIPTION
Preparation: Follow package instructions for making Buck- Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts
wheat tea. collected during the flowering season and dried.
I*
w Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 1 to 1.5 cm long. The
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); from flowers are in spikes. They are located in the axils of
D6: parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute, 3 times daily; chronic: undivided bracts at the end of the stem. The 5-tipped, hairy
once a day (HAB1). calyx is short-stemmed, erect, labiate and campanulate. The
LITERATURE
tips are triangular and about as long as the tube. The corolla
Adamek B, Drozdzik M, Samochowiec L, Wojcicki J, Clinical is bright violet-blue, pink or white. It is downy-haired on the
effect of buckwheat herb, Ruscus extract and troxerutin on outside with a long straight tube, which has a circle of hairs
retinopathy and lipids in diabetic patients. In: Phytotherapy Res under the stamen. There are 4 stamens with yellow anthers.
10(8):659-662. 1996. The 4 mericarps are 2 mm long and finely reticulate.
126/BUGLE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ajuga reptans is a shrub, up to 30 (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
cm high with overground rooting runners sprouting from the 1994.
rosette-like basal leaves. The flower stem is quadrangular, Komissarenko NF, et al., (1976) Khim Prir Soedin 11:109-110.
villous above and glabrous below. The rest of the plant is 1976.
glabrous. The basal leaves are large, long-petioled, spatulate Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl. 21(4):417.
and dentate. The cauline leaves are crossed opposite, short-
Ruhdorfer J, Rimpler H, (1981) Z Naturforsch 36c:697-707.
petioled, small and oval. The lowest or at least the third- 1981.
lowest stem is flower-bearing. There are some upper false
whorls, which are compressed into a false spike.
Volatile oil (0.1%) Each patient has his own individual optimal level qf thyroid
hormone. Only rough estimations of dosage are possible for
EFFECTS thyroid disorders, in which age and weight must be
Bugle weed has antigonadotropic and antithyrotropic effects. considered.
It inhibits the peripheral de-iodination of T4. The phenolic
constituents of the drug have an atigonadotropic effect. They Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
"^ cause a lowering of the prolactin level and have a depressant 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
effect on the thyroid as a result of an inhibition of iodine parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
transport and the release of preformed thyroid hormone. a day (HAB1)
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LITERATURE
Approved by Commission E: Aufmkolk M, (1985) Endocrinology 116(5):1687.
• Nervousness and insomnia Bucar R et al., Flavonoid glycosides from Lycopus europaeus.
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS) In: PM 6I(5):489. 1995.
Unproven Uses: Bugleweed is used for mild thyroid Frombling-Borges A, (1987) Intrathyreoidale Wirkung von
hyperfunction associated with disturbances of the autonomic Lycopus europaeus, Pflanzensauren, Tyrosinen, Thyroninen und
nervous system. It is also used for tension and pain in the Lithiumchlorid. Darstellung einer Schilddrusensekretions-
breast (mastodynia). In folk medicine, it is used for blockade. Inauguraldissertation. Westfalische Wilhelms-
functional and organic cardiac conditions, liver and kidney Universtitiit Munster.
disease. Frombling-Borges A, Intrathyreoidale Wirkung von Lycopus
europaeus, Pflanzensauren. Kaltumjodid und Lithiumchlorid. In:
Homeopathic Uses: Lycopus virginicus is used to treat ZPT 10(!):1. 1990.
hyperthyroidism in homeopathic preparations.
* Gumbinger HG et al., (1981) Contraception 23(6):661.
w
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hegnauer R, Kooiman P, (1978) Planta Med 33(1): 13.
The drug is contraindicated in hypofunction of the thyroid
and thyroid gland enlargement without function disturbance. Jeremic D et al.. (1985) Tetrahedron 41(2):357.
There should not be any simultaneous administration of
thyroid hormone preparations. John M, Gumbinger HG, Winterhoff H, The oxidation of
caffeic acid derivatives as model reaction for the formation of
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS potent gonadotropin inhibitors in plant extracts. In: PM
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in 59(3): 195. 1993.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M,
therapeutic dosages.
Miyashita C, Wenzel E, Akutwirkungen eines zusammen-
Drug Interactions: No simultaneous administration of thy- gesetzten Knoblauchpraparates auf die FliepTahigkeit des Blutes.
roid preparations. Administration of Lycopus preparations In: ZPT 10(3):87. 1989.
disturbs the administration of diagnostic procedures with Kartnig T, Lycopus europaeus L. - Wolfsfup oder Wolfstrapp.
radioactive isotopes. In: ZPT 10(1):31. 1989.
Flower and Fruit: The crimson flowers grow in long- INDICATIONS AND USAGE
peduncled, loose cymes. The heads are fairly large, globose Unproven Uses: Preparations of Burdock Root are used for
and almost glabrous. All flowers are funnel-shaped and ailments and complaints of the gastrointestinal tract, as a
androgynous. The bracts are green and coriaceous with a diaphoretic and diuretic, and for blood purifying. Externally,
_ barb-shaped inward-curving tip. The fruit is compressed arid they are used for ichthyosis, psoriasis and seborrhea of the
has a bristly tuft, which falls off easily. The fruits separate scalp. The claimed efficacies have not been documented.
from their stems on ripening.
Chinese Medicine: Burdock is used to treat carbuncles,
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 80 to ulcers and erythema of the skin as well as sore throats.
150 cm. The stem is erect, rigid, grooved, branched and Efficacy has not been proven.
downy to wooly. The leaves are alternate, petiolate, broad to
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ovate-cordate. They are blunt and slightly wooly to hairy on
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
the underside. The lowest leaves are very large and have a
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
latex-filled stem.
dosages. There is a slight potential for sensitization via skin
Habitat: Burdock grows in Europe, northern Asia and North contact with the drug.
America. DOSAGE
Production: Burdock root consists of the fresh or dried Mode of Administration: Administered as a drug and, for
underground parts of Arctium lappa, Arctium minus and/or external use, in the form of burdock oil (extract with fat oil).
Arctium tomentosum. Roots are gathered in the autumn of How Supplied:
the plant's first year or the early part of the second year. Capsules — 460 mg and 475 mg
Other Names: Bardana, Beggar's Buttons, Burr Seed, Clot- Fluid Extract — l:l
4p Bur, Cockle Buttons. Cocklebur, Fox's Clote, Great Burr,
LITERATURE
Happy Major, Hardock, Hareburr, Lappa, Love Leaves,
Personata, Philanthropium, Thorny Burr Bryson PD et al., (1978) J Am Med Ass 239 (20):2l57.
Dombradi G, (1970) Chemotherapy 15:250.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Ichihara A et al., (1968) Tetrahedron 44:3961.
Volatile oil (small amounts) of very complex make-up: Ichihara A et al., (1978) Tetrahedron Letters 33:305.
including, among others, phenylacetaldehyde, benzaldehyde, Morita K et al., (1984) Mutat Res 129(1):25.
2-alkyl-3-methoxy-pyrazines
Naya K et al., (1972) Chem Letters 3:235.
Lignans: neoarchtiin A Schulte K et al., (1967) Arzneim Forsch 17:829.
phototoxic effect on bacteria and yeasts have been observed. BURNING BUSH ROOT AND HERB
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
In animal tests, a contraceptive effect was observed through tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
the inhibition of implantation, as well as a slight increase in plant can trigger phototoxicoses through skin contact. The
hair growth of shaved mice after the application of an furoquinoline derivatives have a mutagenic effect in the
alcoholic extract. Ames test.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BURR MARIGOLD /131
LITERATURE Flower and Fruit: The small greenish white flowers are
Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und solitary or in a few clusters and grow from the middle of the
"Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer leaves. They are dioecious. The corolla is deeply divided into
Wirkung". In: ZPT l4(l):23-24. 1993. 6 segments. In one variety the stamens are fused at the base.
Ben'ko GN, (1983) Rastit Resur 19 (4),516. In fertile varieties the style is surrounded by a honey gland.
Morozova SS et al., (1981) Rastit Resur 17 (1),101. The fertile flowers develop into cherry-sized, scarlet berries,
which ripen in September and remain on the tree all winter.
Further information in:
Alvarez L, Marquina S, Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E, Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial evergreen
Delgado G, Anti-inflammatory activity of Taiwan folk medicine subshrub that grows 20 to 80 cm high. The stems are erect,
"ham-hong-chho" in rats. Am J Chin Med, 62:273-8, 1995. woody and heavily branched. The leaves are small, brown-
Alvarez L, Marquina S, Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E, membranous, triangular to lanceolate, and scale-like. The
Delgado G, Bioactive polyacetylenes from Bidens pilosa. Planta phylloclades (short shoots spread like leaves) are oblong,
Med, 62:355-7, 1996. stiff, double-rowed, up to 2.5 cm long and terminate in a
Alvarez L, Marquina S. Villarreal ML, Alonso D, Aranda E, sharp tip.
Delgado G, Constituents and biological activity of Bidens pilosa
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe,
L. grown in Egypt. Acta Pharm Hung, 62:317-23, 1991.
western Asia and North Africa.
Brandao MG et al., Antimalarial activity of extracts and
fractions from Bidens pilosa and other Bidens species Production: Butcher's Broom consists of the dried rhizome
(Asteraceae) correlated with the presence of acetylene and and root of Ruscus aculeatus.
flavonoid compounds. J Ethnopharmacol, 57:131-8, 1997.
Other Names: Kneeholm, Pettigree, Sweet Broom, Knee
de Tommasi N, Pizza C, Aquino R, Cumanda J, Mahmood N,
Flavonol and chalcone ester glycosides from Bidens leucantha. J Holly, Jew's Myrtle
Nat Prod, 60:270-3, 1997 Mar ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Geissberger P, Sequin U, Constituents of Bidens pilosa L.: do COMPOUNDS
the components found so far explain the use of this plant in Steroid saponins (4-6%): chief components, ruscine, rusco-
traditional medicine? Acta Trop, 57:251-61, 1991. side, aglycones neoruscogenin, ruscogenin
Jaeger AK, Hutchings A, van Staden J, Screening of Zulu
medicinal plants for prostaglandin-synthesis inhibitors. J Benzofuranes: euparone, ruscodibenzofurane
Ethnopharmacol, 52:95-100, 1996.
EFFECTS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der In animal tests, there was an increase in venous tone and an
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag electrolyte-like reaction on the cell wall of capillaries.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Butcher's Broom is antiphlogistic and diuretic.
Martin Calero M et al., Healing process induced by a flavonic
fraction of Bidens aurea on chronic gastric lesion in rat. Role INDICATIONS AND USAGE
of angiogenesis and neutrophil inhibition. Z Naturforsch C , Approved by Commission E:
51:570-7, 1996.
• Hemorrhoids
Morozova SS et al Rastit Resur 17 (1981), 101 Further • Venous conditions
information in: Kern, W.; List, P.H.; Horhammer, L. (Ed.):
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. The herb is used as supportive therapy for discomfort of
1-8, Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969. chronic venous insufficiency, such as pain and heaviness, as
well as cramps in the legs, itching, and swelling. Butcher's
Broom also is used as therapy for hemorrhoid complaints,
such as itching and burning.
Butcher's Broom PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Ruscus aculeatus No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
TRADE NAMES with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Butcher's Broom (available from numerous manufactures), dosages. Stomach complaints and queasiness can occur in
Butcher's Broom Root, Curcu Capsules rare cases.
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb and the Mode of Administration: Extracts and their preparations for
rhizome. internal use.
134/BUTTERCUP PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
OVERDOSAGE Other Names: White Walnut, Oil Nut, Lemon Walnut, and
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quanti- Black Walnut
ties of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
animal experiments.
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE Fatty oil
Mode of Administration: Buttercup is available as a ground
Tannins
dried herb and as an extract.
Juglone
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987. Juglandis folium
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
EFFECTS
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997 Vermifuge, laxative, tonic.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde l-ll: INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Unproven Uses: Preparations of the bark are used for
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der disorders of the gallbladder, for hemorrhoids and in the
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag treatment of skin diseases. Juglone has antimicrobial, anti-
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. neoplastic and antiparasitic properties as well as being a
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, gentle laxative.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Teuscher E, Lindequist U: Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available preparations include
Butternut liquid and dry extracts that are used internally and externally.
How Supplied:
Juglans cinerea
Capsules — 95 mg, 500 mg, 3.5 gm
TRADE NAMES
Black Walnut (Juglans nigra), Black Walnut Hulls, Alcohol Fluid Extract - 1 : 1
Free Black Walnut Green Hulls LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark of the tree Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
and root. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Flower and Fruit: The tree has male catkins and female Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
flowers. The male catkins are 5 to 8 cm long. The fruit is 4 to Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
6.5 cm and ovoid-oblong. The fruit is pubescent, viscid and Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
strong smelling. The hard nut is ovoid-oblong with 4
prominent and 4 less prominent sharp ridges and many
broken grooves between them.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Butternut tree grows up to 30 m tall. Buxus sempervirens
The bark is gray and deeply fissured. The leaf scars have a See Boxwood
prominent pubescent band on their upper edge. The 6 to 12
cm long leaflets are oblong-lanceolate, acuminate and
appressed-serrate. They are finely pubescent above, glandu-
lar and pubescent beneath. Cabbage
Habitat: Butternut is indigenous to the forests of the U.S. Brassica oleracea
Production: Butternut bark is the inner rind of Juglans TRADE NAMES
cinerea. Cabbage Tables (available from various manufacturers)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS BUTTERCUP/133
How Supplied: pedicles are appressed and downy. The basal leaves are long-
Capsules — 75 mg, 370 mg. 470 mg, 475 mg petioled and palmate with rhomboid tips, which are divided
into 2 or 3. The similar cauline leaves are shorter-petioled.
Daily Dosage: Raw extract, equivalent to 7 to ll mg total
ruscogenin (determined as the sum of neoruscogenin and Characteristics: The fresh herb is spicy and poisonous; once
ruscogenin obtained after fermentation or acid hydrolysis). dried, it is no longer poisonous.
LITERATURE
Adamek B, Drozdzik M, Samochowiec L. Wojcicki J. Clinical Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern Europe.
effect of buckwheat herb. Ruscus extract and troxerutin on
retinopathy and lipids in diabetic patients. In: Phytotherapy Res Production: Buttercup is the fresh herb Ranunculus acris.
l0(8):659-662. 1996.
Bombardelli E et al.. (1972) Fitoterapia 43:3. Other Names: Acrid Crowfoot, Batchelor's Buttons, Blister-
weed, Burrwort, Globe Amaranth, Gold Cup, Meadow-
Dunaouau CH et al.. Triterpenes and sterols from Ruscus
bloom, Yellows, Yellowweed
aculeatus. In: PM 62(2):189-190. !997.
Rauwald HW, JanpVn B. Desglucoruscin and Desglucoruscosid ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
als Leitstoffe des Ruscus-aculeatus-Wurzelstock. Analytische COMPOUNDS
Kennzeichnung mittel HPLC und DC. In: PZW l33(l):6l-68. Glycoside ranunculin: as protoanemonine-forming agent in
1988. the freshly harvested plant (0.36-2.66% of the fresh weight)
Schiebel-Schlosser G. Stechender Mausedorn. eine Venenhiife. that changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small
In: PTA 8(7):586. 1994. pieces, and probably also while it is drying, into the pungent,
Vanhoutte PM (1986) in: Advances in Medicinal volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to non-mu-
Phytochemistry, Ed. D Barton, WD OIlis, Pub. John Wiley cous-membrane-irritating anemonine. Once dried, the plant
1986. may not be capable of protoanemonine formation.
Further information in:
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsa.). Hasers Handbuch der Saponins
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde. I-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. EFFECTS
The active agents are ranunculin, protoanemonin and anemo-
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
nin. On contact with the skin, the juice of the plant causes
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
redness, swelling and blisters. If taken internally, it can lead
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. to burning in the mouth, vomiting, stomachache and pains in
Stuttgart 1997.
the liver.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New INDICATIONS AND USAGE
York 1995. Unproven Uses: Buttercup is used for blisters, bronchitis,
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. chronic skin complaints, neuralgia and rheumatism.
Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Buttercup dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with
the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister
Ranunculus acris formation and cauterizations that are difficult to heal due to
DESCRIPTION the resulting protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic
Flower and Fruit: The golden-yellow, medium-sized flowers
and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage
are on long, round pedicles. The 5 sepals and 5 petals are
passages, may occur.
close. There are numerous stamens and ovaries. The broad
obovate petals are very glossy and have a broad scale on the
Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of
surface. The small fruit is in an almost globular capitulum.
mucilaginosa, after irrigation with diluted potassium perman-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leafy plant grows from 30 to 80 ganate solution. In case of internal contact, administration of
cm. The erect stem has few branches. The petioles and activated charcoal should follow gastric lavage.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CABBAGE/135
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences have long-pedicled Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include drinking the
flowers. The flowers are large and have 4 erect, narrowly juice for Roemheld syndrome, gastritis, gastric and duodenal
elliptoid sepals 6 to 12 mm long. The 4 petals are about ulcers, gastralgia and subacidity.
twice as long as the calyx and are sulphur yellow. The
Homeopathic Uses: Preparations of the flowering herb are
margin broadens at the tip and narrows at the base to an
used for hypothyroidism.
equally long wedge-shaped funicle stem. The stamens are
erect and close to the ovary. The central honey gland is Indian Medicine: Cabbage leaves are used for disorders of
almost erect. The fruit is oblong, pod-like, almost cylindrical the thyroid, gastrointestinal tract, itching and cough, as well
and has a domed lid. The dividing wall of the fruit is thin as as for asthma, gout and hemorrhoids.
well as pitted and folded between the dark brown seeds,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
which have a diameter of 1.5 to 4 mm.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant can be annual, biennial or with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
perennial. It is about 2 m high and has thin roots. The stem is dosages.
woody from the first year and is covered in leaf nodes. It has DOSAGE
a bluish bloom and is branched toward the top. The leaves Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a standard
are fleshy, blue-green and glabrous. The lower leaves are preparation or prepared from chopped and pressed Cabbage
petiolate. lyre-shaped, pinnatifid or simple. The upper leaves for internal use. Also available in homeopathic preparations.
are oblong to linear-oblong, usually entire-margined and
narrowed to rounded at the base and sessile. How Supplied:
Tablet — 500 mg
Habitat: Wild Cabbage was originally found in the Mediter-
ranean region. Today it grows wild as far north as southern Preparation: White cabbage (Brassica Oleracea Var. Capita-
England and Helgoland, and cultivated varieties are found in ta) extract is prepared by processing leaves by mashing or
temperate and damp climates worldwide. using a centrifuge. The resulting mass is pressed through a
linen cloth.
Production: White cabbage juice is the juice of Brassica
Daily Dosage: To augment a bland diet take 1 liter of juice
oleracea.
daily for at least 3 weeks but not more than 6 weeks as a
Other Names: Colewort dietary additive.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY For gastralgia and subacidity, the dose is 1 teaspoonful to be
COMPOUNDS taken before meals, 3 times daily.
Mustard oils (breakdown products of the glucosinolates
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
accompanying cell destruction): allyl mustard oil, methyl
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
sulfinyl alkyl isothiocyanates, 'methyl sulfonyl alkyl
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
isothiocyanates
a day (HAB34).
3-kydroxy-methyl-indole Storage: The fresh juice will keep for approximately 24
5-vinyl-oxazolidine-2-thion (goitrin) hours if kept cool.
LITERATURE
Rhodanides
Josefsson E, PH 6:1617-1627. 1967.
Alkyl nitriles Kaoulla N et al., PH 19:1053-1056. 1980.
Amino acids: including S-methyl cysteine sulphoxide, S- Larson KM, Stermitz FR, JNP 47(4):747-748. 1984.
methyl methionine sulphoxide and, when extracted from red Petroski RJ, Tookey HL, PH21:1903-1905. 1982.
cabbage, also anthocyans, including cyanidine-5-0-gluco- Slominski BA, Campbell LD, J Agric Food Chem 37:1297-
side-3-0-sophoroside 1302. 1989.
EFFECTS Further information in:
Cabbage protects the mucous membrane of the stomach from Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
gastric hydrochloric acid. The gastroprotective effect of the Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
136 /CABBAGE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der contract, thus reducing intraocular pressure. It is a glandular
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag stimulant and increases peristalsis of the gastrointestinal
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. tract. It reduces heart rate and is a curare antidote.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New INDICATIONS AND USAGE
York 1980. Unproven Uses: The drug is frequently used in the treatment
Lowry JB, (1973) Nature 241:61. of glaucoma. It is also a poison antidote. Its use in the
treatment of Alzheimer's disease to reduce memory loss and
Opdyke DU. (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol: 14. confusion is being investigated.
Steinegger E. Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. The drug is only used in the extraction of physostigmine.
Stuttgart 1997. Symptoms of poisoning include: diarrhea, dizziness, nausea,
salivation, stupor, sweats and vomiting.
OVERDOSAGE
Calabar Bean Lethal doses can cause muscle twitching, spasms, tachycar-
dia and cyanosis through asphyxiation. Following gastric
Physostigma venenosum lavage, poisonings are treated with atropine; in the case of
DESCRIPTION
spasms, diazepam is also used. Forced diuresis can be useful.
The lethal dose for an adult is 6 to 10 mg of physostigmine
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the seeds.
(corresponding to approximately 2 to 3 Calabar Beans).
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are pendulous racemes Poisonings are possible through inappropriate administration
^ o f bean-like flowers. The fruit is a dark brown pod up to 15 of physostigmine eye drops, due to drainage into the mouth
^ cm long containing two or three dark brown or blackish or nose.
kidney-shaped seeds that are about 2.5 cm long. They are
rounded at the ends, uneven and somewhat polished with the DOSAGE
hilum extending along the whole convex side. The cotyle- Mode of Administration: As an eye medication, in drops and
dons are whitish. ointments. It is used as an antidote in the form of an injection
solution. For gastrointestinal use, it has been replaced by
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a large, perennial, synthetic prostigmine.
twining, woody climber with large, pinnate, trifoliate leaves.
Daily Dosage: Apply 1 to 2 eye drops 3 times daily to the
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to western Africa and is
conjunctival sac.
cultivated in India and parts of South America.
LITERATURE
Production: The Calabar Bean is the seed of Physostigma
Die G, 125 Jahre Physostigmin. In: ZPT 11(2):7. 1990.
venenosum.
Morbus A, Was gibt es Neues aus der Forschung? In: DAZ
Other Names: Chop Nut, Ordeal Bean 133(23):2090. 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Eds.), Hagers Handbuch der
COMPOUNDS Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Indole alkaloide (0.3 - 0.5%): main alkaloid physostigmine, Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
secondary alkaloids include physovenine, geneserine,
eseramine Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
mStarch (up to 50%)
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Proteic substances 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Calamintha nepeta
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage, Calamintha nepeta
stems, leaves and flowers. See Calamint
Flower and Fruit: The medium-sized to large flowers are 5
to 20 blossomed cymes. The pedicle is 0 to 22 mm long and
the tubular calyx is 3 to 7 mm by l to 1.5 mm in size and
slightly downy to very downy on the inside. The upper tips Calamus
are 0.5 to 1.5 mm and the lower ones are l to 2 mm, downy. Acorus calamus
They occasionally have long, ciliate hairs. The corolla is
white to lilac and purple. DESCRIPTION
Leaves, Stem and Root: Calamint is a perennial, 30 to 80 cm Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome after the
high, slightly to densely downy shrub. The leaves are oval, removal of all other material.
obtuse, almost entire-margined or lightly to deeply crenate-
Flower and Fruit: Green flowers, like small dice, form a
serrate, with 9 teeth on each side.
tightly packed, slim, conical spadix. The plant is non-fruit-
Habitat: Britain, Europe, northern Africa bearing and propagates from the rhizome.
Production: Calamint is the above-ground part of Calamin-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 60 to 100 cm
tha nepeta. It is collected in the wild.
tall. The stem is triangular and sprouts from a horizontal,
Other Names: Basil Thyme, Mountain Mint, Mountain round root-stock, which has the thickness of a thumb. The
Balm, Mill Mountain upper shoot forms a grooved flower sheath. The leaves are
oblong, sword-shaped and arranged in two rows. The leaves
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
have no stems.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.35%: including pulegone, menthone, menthol Characteristics: The rhizome has an intensely aromatic
and its ester, P-bisobolen, cineol, thymol fragrance and a tangy, pungent and bitter taste. The leaves
Triterpenes: including calaminthadiol, ursolic acid often undulate on the margins.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in the form of teas, for Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
dyspeptic disorders, gastritis and ulcers. It is used externally Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
for rheumatism, gum disease and tonsillitis. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
£ Indian Medicine: Calamus is used for dyspeptic complaints,
York 1980.
worms, pain syndrome and toothache.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Chinese Medicine: Acorus calamus stimulates peptic juices Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
for disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. It is used externally
for fungal infections. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Long-term use of this drug should be avoided. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Malignant tumors appeared in rats that received Indian Stuttgart 1997.
Calmus oils over an extended period (tetraploid strain, over Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
80% f5-asarone in volatile oil). Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DOSAGE Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Mode of Administration: Calamus preparations are for pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
internal and external use. Preparations are used as a bitter, York 1995.
stomachic, carminative, digestant, sedative, rubefacient, Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
balneotherapeutic and corrigent. Calamus is available in tea Stuttgart. 1997.
^mixtures, as an oil or extract and as a bath oil.
Preparation: Steep with hot water to make a tea. For use in a
bath, add 250 to 500 gm of the drug to the bath water.
Calendula officinalis
Storage: Store for a maximum of 18 months. If in powder
See Marigold
form, however, do not keep for more than 24 hours.
LITERATURE
Iguchi M et al., (1973) Tetrahedron Letters 29:2759.
Keller K et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(1):6. California Peppertree
Keller K, Stahl E, Composition of the essential oil from beta- Schinus molle
asarone free calamus. In: PM 47(2):71. 1983.
DESCRIPTION
Keller K, Stahl E, Kalmus: Inhalsstoffe und (3-Asarongehalt bei
verschiedenen Herkunften. In: DAZ 122(48):2463-2466. 1982. Medicinal Parts: Medicinal properties have been attributed
to the plant's leaves, bark, fruit and gum resin.
Mazza G, Gas chromatographic and mass spectrometric studies
of the constituents of the rhizome of calamus. In: J Chromatogr Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in apical, heavily
328:179-206. 1985. branched, hanging, 5 to 30 cm long panicles. The flowers are
Rohr M, Naegeli P, (1979) Phytochemistry 18(2):279 and 328. small, yellowish-white, and their structures are in fives. The
Saxena DB, Phenyl indane from Acorus calamus. In: PH calyx is 5-tipped. The flower has 5 petals, 10 stamens and a
25(2):553. 1986. superior ovary that develops from a carpel. The style is
•Schneider K, Jurenitsch J, Kalmus als Arzneidroge: Nutzen oder divided into 3. The fruit is a coral red, single-seeded drupe
Risiko. In: Pharmazie 47(2):79-85. 1992. with a diameter of approximately 7 mm, a thin pergament-
Stahl E, Keller K, Classification of typical commercial Calamus like exocarp, an oleo-resin-rich mesocarp and a hard
drugs. In: PM 43(2): 128-140. 1981. endocarp.
Taylor JM et al., Toxicity of oil of calamus (Jammu variety). Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is an evergreen, up to 15 m
In: Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 10:405 (Abstract). 1967. high. The leaves are alternate, up to 25 cm long and odd
Further information in: pinnate. There are 17 to 35 leaflets, 1.6 to 6 cm long, 2 to 8
Chan, EH et al. (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal mm wide, sessile, linear-lanceolate, punctate with oil glands
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. and dentate. The branches hang down.
140/CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Characteristics: The leaves give off a pepper-like smell ings, loss of teeth, conjunctivitis (leaf juice), and as a
when rubbed; the fruit is aromatic and somewhat sweet. diuretic. External indications are considered to include uterus
prolapse, eye inflammations, joint pains, colds (used as
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to Central America and
healing baths), as a vulnerary and for rheumatism.
South America.
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
Production: California Peppertree (or Peruvian Peppertree)
Unproven Uses: Used internally as a stomachic, tonic, for
leaves are the leaflets of Schinus molle. California Pepper-
nausea, vomiting, anuria, gastric complaints, loss of appetite,
tree fruits are ripe unpeeled drupes of Schinus mollek, which
conditions of the respiratory tract, blennorrhagia, for muscu-
are air- or freeze-dried.
lar pain and as a diuretic. Preparations from the fruit are used
Not to be Confused With: Other Schinus species. externally for rheumatism.
Other Names: Australian Pepper Tree, Brazilian Pepper PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tree, False Pepper, Peruvian Mastix Tree, Peruvian Pepper- CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES AND FRUIT
tree, Weeping Pepper Tree No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES DOSAGE
Volatile oil (0.2 to 1.0%): chief components including alpha- CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
phellandrene, beta-phellandrene, limonene, including as well Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 30 g drug to 500 ml
T-cadinol, elemol, germacrene D, gamma-eudesmol water.
Flavonoids: including kaempferol, myricetin, quercetin Daily Dosage: For inflammation of the mucous membranes,
gargle with infusion 3 times daily. For wound cleansing,
Resins wash wounds with infusion.
Mucilages
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
EFFECTS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES Mode of Administration: Whole and cut drug are used in
The leaves contain unknown bitter substances and tannins, preparations for internal and external use.
which make administration for inflammatory alterations of Daily Dosage: No information is given in the literature.
the skin and oral mucous membranes plausible.
Storage: Tightly sealed, cool, dry and protected from light.
COMPOUNDS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
Volatile oil (2.0 to 5.0%): chief components including alpha- LITERATURE
phellandrene, beta-phellandrene, limonene, alpha-pinene, Dikshit A, Naqvi AA, Husain A, Schinus molle: a new source
beta-pinene, including as well camphene, carvacrol, p-cy- of natural fungitoxicant. Appl Environ Microbiol, 38:1085-8,
mol, 4-ethyl phenol 1986 May.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Triterpenes: including 3-epiisomasticadienolalic acid, 3-epi- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
masticadienolic acid, isomasticadienonic acid, masticadien- (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1992-
onic acid 1994.
Fatty oil (in the seeds 6 to 14%) Vargas Correa JB, Sanchez Sol s L, Farfpn Ale JA, Noguchi
H, Moguel Ba~nos MT, Vargas de la Pe~na MI, Allergological
Resins (with long-chained fatty acids, C22 to C28) study of pollen of mango (Magnifera indica) and cross
EFFECTS: CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE FRUIT
reactiyity with pollen of piru (Schinus molle). Rev Alerg,
38:134-8, 1991 Sep-Oct.
The fruit resin is purgative in effect. The essential oil is
fungicidal and is said to be excreted primarily through the
lungs and the kidneys. No experimental data are available for
the traditional areas of administration.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
California Poppy
Eschscholtzia californica
CALIFORNIA PEPPERTREE LEAVES
Unproven Uses: Internal uses in folk medicine include DESCRIPTION
infections of the pharynx, respiratory tract conditions, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of Eschscholtzia
rheumatism (decoction), for leucorrhea, suppuration of the californica are the aerial parts collected during the flowering
mucous membranes and hypertension (infusion), for swell- season and dried.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CALOTROP1S/141
recorded. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried root and
root bark. The bark with its outer cork layer removed is
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. known as Mudar, and is used medicinally.
142/CALOTROPIS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
and on the Sunda Islands Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Production: Calotropis bark is the dried root bark of (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Calotropis procera. 1994.
Seiber JN et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(9):2343.
Other Names: Mudar Bark, Mudar Yercum
Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A):1.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroids (cardenolids): including calotropin,
calactin, uscharidin
Calotropis gigantea
EFFECTS See Giant Milkweed
The cardenolid glycocides calotropine shows an anti-tumor
effect in vitro on human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the
rhinopharynx. It is also works as an expectorant and a
diuretic.
Calotropis procera
INDICATIONS AND USAGE See Calotropis
Unproven Uses: The powdered root bark is used to treat
dysentery. It has a similar effect to that of the ipecacuanha
root. In Indian and African folk medicine, the bark is used to
treat epilepsy, hysteria, cramps, cancer, warts, leprosy,
elephantitis, worms, fever, gout and snake bites. In particu-
Caltha palustris
lar, the milky juice is used against boils, ulcers, swellings See Marsh Marigold
and rheumatism. In Africa, it is used to treat toothache,
syphilis, digestive disorders and diarrhea.
Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor, Habitat: The plant is indigenous to America but is found
eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and globally today.
nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
Production: Canadian Fleabane is the flowering plant and
Stone JE, Blundell MJ, (1951) Anal Chem 23:771.
seeds (without the root) of Erigeron canadensis. The plant is
Takaoka D et al., (1975) Nippon Kagaku Kaishi 12:2192. collected in the wild in high summer, then hung in bundles to
Further information in: dry.
Bruchhausen F von, Ebel S, Frahm AW, Hackenthal E (Hrsg.), Other Names: Coltstail, Flea Wort, Horseweed, Prideweed
Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 7-
9 (Stoffe), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1993. COMPOUNDS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Volatile oil: including (++)-limonene, alpha-cis-bergamots,
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. beta-trans-famesene, beta-pinenes, myrcene, cis, cis-matri-
cariamethyl ester (polyyne)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Tannins
Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
EFFECTS
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The drug is reported to have anti-edema and antiphlogistic
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer effects.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Unproven Uses: The drug is used for diarrhea, dysentery, as
an antithelmintic, a mild hemostyptic, for uterine bleeding,
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
gout, rheumatic symptoms, dropsy, tumors, and bronchitis.
Stuttgart 1997.
In African folk medicine, it is used in the treatment of
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und granuloma annulare, sore throats, urinary tract infections and
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New for medicinal baths.
York 1995.
Homeopathic Uses: Erigeron canadensis is used for bleeding
of the bladder, hemorrhoids, menorrhagia and metrorrhagia,
gastritis, hepatitis and cholecystitis
Canadian Fleabane PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Erigeron canadensis Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial DOSAGE
parts of the plant and the fresh aerial parts of the flowering Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and in
plant. alcoholic extracts.
Flower and Fruit: Canadian Fleabane has very small Daily Dosage: Tea: 3 cups daily after meals; Liquid extract:
yellowish-white composite flowers in long, terminal, approximately 2 teaspoons.
branched panicle-like inflorescences. The involucre is in a
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
number of rows. The composite head has numerous florets.
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
The ray florets are linguiform, female, white or reddish. The
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1).
disc florets are tubular and androgynous. The stamens are
fused. The fruit is an achaene, 1.2 to 1.5 mm long, brownish LITERATURE
and has short appressed hair. Grancia D et al., (1985) Ceskoslov Farm 34(6):209.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Erigeron canadensis is an annual or Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
biennial 30 to 100 cm high. The root is thin and fusiform, the Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
stem erect, roundish, slightly ribbed, greenish with paler ribs
1994 (unter Conyza).
and is covered in scattered patent hairs. It is branched from
the peduncle. The leaves are alternate, pointed, ciliate, Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaften 70:95.
narrowly lanceolate and up to 10 cm wide and tapering to the Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
petiole. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CANADIAN GOLDEN ROD / 145
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Volatile oil (0.6%): chief components curlone, germacrene
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New D, alpha-pinene, beta-sesquiphellandrene, limonene
York 1995.
Diterpenes of the trans-clerodane and ladanum types
Bader G et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42(2): 140. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is ovoid, apical and 4 to
7 cm long. The zygomorphic flowers are each supported by
Goswami A et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):837. one narrow, ovate, acuminate, coriaceous, thickly haired, red
Metzer J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(12):869. to red-brown bract. There is a bracteole, which is approxi-
mately 2 cm long, violet to brown-red and sparsely
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95.
pubescent. The calyx is approximately 2.5 cm long, green to
Reznicek G et al., PM 55:623. 1989. red-brown and tubular. The 3 petals are approximately 6 cm
Reznicek G et al., Tetrahedron Lett 30:4097. 1989. long, white to pale pink and silky haired. The corolla tube is
approximately 1.5 cm long. The lobes are elliptical to ovate
Reznicek G, Freiler M, Schader M, Schmidt U, Determination
of the content and the composition of the main saponins from and 6 to 7 cm long. The lobes are white to pale pink, with a
Solidago gigantea AIT. Using high-perfomance liquid yellow lip in the center made up of 5 stamens. When spread
chromatography. In: J Chromatog" A 755(1): 133-37. 1996. out, the lobe is broad obviate and crenate. There is 1 fertile
stamen, which is white to yellowish and up to 5 cm long.
Tiansheng L et al., Polyacetylenes and diterpenes from Solida
The style is thread-like and the ovary 3-chambered and
canadensis. In: PH 32:1483. 1993.
inferior. The fruit is a light red, loculicidal capsule. The
Weyerstahl P, Marshall H, Christiansen C, Kalemba D, Gora J, seeds are black, 2 to 4 mm wide, with a narrow, fleshy aril.
Constituents of the essential oil of Solidago canadensis
("Goldenrod") from Poland. In: PM 59(3):281. 1993. Leaves, Stem and Root: Costus specious is a herbaceous
perennial, upright, up to 3 m high. The leaves have tubular
Further information in:
sheaths, which are 0.7 to 1.2 cm in diameter and a pubescent
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers to glabrous. The ligula is 1 to 2 mm long; the leaves are 12 to
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 25 cm long, 3 to 6 cm wide, narrow elliptical, thorny-tipped,
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- glabrous above and downy-haired beneath. The stem is
1994.
upright. The rhizome is up to 50-cm long, 3 cm thick and
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed rich in starch.
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
Habitat: India
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Production: Kust or costus root is the dried rhizome of
Costus speciosus.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Not to be Confused With: Confusion may occur with
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Saussurea lappa and Canella winterana. The drug itself is
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. used to adulterate Gloroisa superba.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Stuttgart 1997. COMPOUNDS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Steroid saponins (1 to 4%): chief components dioscin and
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New gracillin, aglycones diosgenin, tigogenin
York 1995.
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. glucoside
Stuttgart 1997.
Curcuminoids (3 %): including curcumin
EFFECTS
The saponin fraction of the drug exhibits estrogenic,
Canarium species antiexudative, spasmolytic, choleretic and anesthesia-pro-
See Chinese Olive I longing effects.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CAPSELLA BURSA-PASTORIS / 1 4 7
Mode of Administration: Whole herb preparations, cut and Unproven Uses: In Central and South America, Canella is
powdered drug for internal use. used internally to treat upset stomach, fever and conditions
of the mouth and throat; it is used externally for rheumatism.
LITERATURE In the West Indies, it is used to treat scurvy and as a spice.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
^.Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York, 1992- No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
1994 with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Canella is available in whole, cut
Canella and powdered forms.
Canella winterana LITERATURE
El Feraly M et al., (1980) J Nat Prod 43:407.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bark of the tree. Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small and seldom open. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
They are violet and fused in clusters to the tips of the Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America,
branches. The involucre is sometimes fused at the base. The Charles C. Thomas USA 1981.
stamens are fused to form a pollen tube. The fruit is an
elongate berry with 4 reniform seeds. The fruit changes color
from green to blue and then to a shiny black.
Canella winterana
Leaves, Stem and Root: Canella winterana is a tree that
See Canella
grows up to 15 m andis only branched at the top. The bark is
whitish-yellowish on the outside and chalk-like on the inside.
Jjjpie leaves are alternate, oblong, thick, and are a dark,
intense laurel-green shade.
Cannabis sativa
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to the Caribbean and Florida. See Marijuana
Not to be Confused With: It is often sold as the rarer Cortex
winteranus.
Garambola Caraway
Averrhoa carambola Carum carvi
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit and the oil
obtained from the squashed fruit when ripe.
Flower and Fruit: Cymose inflorescences grow from the
trunk. The flowers are radial, and their structures are Flower and Fruit: The main trunk and the side branches
arranged in fives. The petals are free; there are 10 stamens each terminate in a compound flowering umbel of 8 to 16
and a 5-chambered ovary. The fruit is a berry, approximately umbel rays. The epicalyx and calyx are almost non-existent.
10 cm long. The berry is acuminate, 5-sided and star-shaped The florets are white or reddish and very small. The fruit is a
in cross-section. It is translucently amber-yellow. schizocarp that is glabrous, oblong and elliptoid. It consists
of 2 mericarps that are 3 to 6 mm long, sickle-shaped,
Leaves, Stem and Root: Averrhoa carambola is a tree, that brownish with 5 lighter, angular main ribs (caraway seeds).
grows up to 5 m high. The leaves are alternate, odd pinnate
and 10 to 12 cm long. Leaves, Stem and Root: Carum carvi is usually a biennial, 30
to 100 cm high plant with a fleshy, fusiform tap root. The
Habitat: India stem is erect, angular, grooved, filled with latex, glabrous
Production: The fruit of the Carambola tree is the ripe fruit and branched from the ground up. The rosette leaves and the
of Averrhoa carambola. cauline leaves are glabrous and in part tri-pinnate. The lower
pinna are typically crossed.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Characteristics: The plant has a caraway taste and an
Oxalic acid (0.3% of fresh weight) aromatic smell.
Vitamin C (0.05% of fresh weight) Habitat: Caraway is found in Europe, Siberia, the Caucasus,
the Near East, the Himalayas, Mongolia and Morocco.
Monosaccharides/polysaccharides Found wild in North America after being introduced.
Carotinoids Production: Caraway oil consists of the essential oil
EFFECTS
extracted from the ripe fruits of Carum carvi. Caraway is
No definitive data available. harvested when completely ripe and threshed 3 weeks later.
The oil is recovered from the crushed seeds by a process of
INDICATIONS AND USAGE aqueous steam distillation.
Indian Medicine: Carambola is used for diarrhea, vomiting,
severe thirst, hemorrhoids, intermittent fever, scabies and Not to be Confused With: Carvon is occasionally added in
liver pain. synthetic form.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
There is no evidence of any health risks connected with COMPOUNDS
limited consumption of the fruit or the preserves made from In the berries: volatile oil, fatty oil, polysaccharides,
them. Nevertheless, due to the high oxalate content, which proteins, furocoumarins (traces)
corresponds approximately to that of rhubarb stalks, the In volatile oil: in particular D-(+)-carvone and D-(+)-
ingestion of large amounts over extended periods should be limonene
avoided.
EFFECTS
DOSAGE In animal tests the drug had a spasmolytic effect. The
No information is available. antimicrobial effect has been demonstrated against bacillus,
LITERATURE pseudomonas, and Candida; dermatomyces are also inhibited.
Neto MM, Robl F, Netto JC, Depressant action of averrhoa The choleretic effect has been described in a study which is
carambola. Med J Malaysia, 13:279-80, 1980 Mar. not accessible.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CARDAMOM/149
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Approved by Commission E: in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
• Dyspeptic complaints
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Unproven Uses: Caraway is used for gastrointestinal cramps, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. "
>4fc> flatulence and feelings of fullness, as well as nervous Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
cardiac-gastric complaints. Heidelberg 1996.
In folk medicine, Caraway is used to improve lactation in Simon JE, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
nursing mothers, as an emmenagogue and to settle the Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984.
stomach. The essential oil is used as constituent in mouth- Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
washes and bath additives. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
OVERDOSAGE
An intake of larger dosages of the volatile oil (see for
example in caraway liquor) for extended periods can lead to
kidney and liver damage.
Cardamom
Elettaria cardamomum
DOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: Preparations from the essential oil
4f are for internal use. The comminuted fresh drug is used for Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
infusions and other galenic preparations. from the seeds and fruit plus seeds harvested shortly after
ripening.
How Supplied: Powder, capsules, film tablets, coated tablets,
drops and tea. Flower and Fruit: The flowering shoots grow on the stem
very close to the ground. The panicle branches can grow up
Preparation: An infusion i.s prepared by pressing l to 2 to 8 cm. The flowers are alternate and covered by sheath-like
teaspoonfuls of seeds before using and pouring 150 ml of hot bracts before opening. The calyx is slightly wider above,
water over it, draining after 10 to 15 minutes. finely striped, obtusely 3-tipped and does not droop. The
Daily Dosage: The average single dose of oil is 2 to 3 drops corolla is greenish white. The lobes are rounded, somewhat
on sugar; caraway, 1 to 5 gm. The average daily dose of oil curly, white with a yellowish border with blue veins and
is 3 to 6 drops; caraway, 1.5 to 6 gm. lines in the center. The only fertile stamen is set into the edge
of the petals. The sterile stamens are arranged beside the
Storage: Protect from light and moisture in glass or metal styles on the receptacle. The pollen is globular and prickly.
containers. The ovary is inferior, oblong, obovate with 3 valves, each
with 12 horizontal ovules. The fruit is 6 to 18 mm long, 6 to
LITERATURE
10 mm thick, short-stemmed, ovate or elliptical to oblong.
Debelmas AM, Rochat J, (1967) Plant Med Phytother 1:23.
The seeds are light brown, gray or dark red brownish. They
Harries N et al., (1978) J Clin Pharm 2:171. are very roughly wrinkled, 4 to 5 mm long, irregular edged
Hopf H, Kandler O, (1977) Phytochemistry 16:1715. and the whole seed is surrounded by an almost colorless seed
Koedam A, Scheffer JJC, Barheim Svendsen A, Z Lebensm coat. Mysore and Malabar cardamoms are usually blanched
g Unters Forsch 168:106-111. 1979. pale and have a smooth surface. They are sold commercially
Salveson A et al., Sci Pharm 46(2):93-100. 1978. less often than the Green Aleppy or Ceylon varieties.
Further information in: Leaves, Stem and Root: Elettaria cardamomum is a perennial
Chan, EH et al. (Eds). Advances in Chinese Medicinal with a thick, tuberous rhizome and numerous long roots.
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. There are up to 30 erect, glabrous, green stems that are 2 to 3
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers m high. The leaves are in 2 rows with a leaf membrane at the
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 end of a soft-haired sheath. The leaf surface is lanceolate,
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- clearly acuminate and up to 60 cm long. The leaves are
1994. entire-margined, downy above, silky-haired beneath and
150/CARDAMOM
punctuated by numerous small oil cells. The seeds are about PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
4 mm diameter and dark-reddish-brown. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Characteristics: Cardamom has an aromatic and pleasant dosages. The drug can trigger gallstone colic, due to its
odor. The taste is aromatic and pungent. motility-enhancing effect.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous in southern India and Sri DOSAGE
Lanka and is cultivated in tropical regions in southeast Asia Mode of Administration: Ground seeds, as well as galenic
and Guatamala. preparations for internal use.
Production: Cardamom consists of the dried, almost ripe, Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage is 1.5 gm of drug.
greenish to yellow-gray fruit of Elettaria cardamomum. When using a tincture, the dosage range is l to 2 gm.
Medicinal use is limited to the seed, which is removed from
its fruit capsule. The main harvest is in October and Storage: Cardamom should be stored in a cool, dry place
November of the third year after planting. The fruit is then protected from light in tightly sealed containers. The powder
dried either in the sun or in so-called 'curing houses' and can be stored for a maximum of 24 hours. Loose seeds
then sorted according to size, form, color etc. without the testa cannot be stored.
COMPOUNDS
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. I, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975.
Volatile oil: composition varies according to the specific
strain, chief components cineol, alpha-terpinyl acetate, Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
linalyl acetate Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Fatty oil 1994.
£ Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are made up of individual dosages.
heads that are 7 to 13 cm in diameter. The disc florets are
DOSAGE
androgynous, pink to violet, and have a 5-tipped radial
corolla. The outer bracts are thorny. The middle bracts Mode of Administration: Carline Thistle is used both
internally and externally.
consist of glossy white, acuminate, 3 to 4 cm long leaves.
The stamens have bristly-tipped appendages. The styles are Daily Dosage: Common preparations and doses are:
cylindrical with short stigma lobes. The fruit is 5 mm long,
obclavate to cylindrical, and bluntly angular with bifurcated Decoction: Boil 3 gm of drug in 150 ml of water for 5
hairs at the tip. minutes, drink 3 cups daily.
Infusion: 2 teaspoons of the drug to be boiled in 1 cup of
Leaves, Stem and Root: Carlina acaulis is a 30 cm high
water for 10 minutes, leave to draw for half an hour, take 3
thistle-like, leafy plant with milky latex. The stem is
to 4 cups daily between mealtimes.
compressed and under 5 cm long. The whorled to alternate
leaves are flat or slightly frilled and a little tough, 10 to 20 Tincture: 20 gm of chopped drug, left to draw for 10 days in
cm long, pinnatifid to pinnatisect with broad, thorny tips. 80 gm of ethanol 60%, use 40 to 50 drops, 4 to 5 times daily.
The rhizome is finger thick and has 1 or more heads.
Wine: Add 50 gm of the drug to 1 L of white wine, leave to
9> Habitat: The plant extends from Spain, Italy and the Balkans draw for a minimum of 12 days, then strain; drink one full
across central Europe to central Russia. small glass before mealtimes.
Production: Carline Thistle (Dwarf Thistle) is the root of Externally it is used as a decoction; 30 gm of the drug added
Carlina acaulis collected in autumn and dried. It is collected to I L of water.
in the wild. Storage: Should be stored in tightly sealed containers.
Not to be Confused With: Sometimes Carline Thistle is LITERATURE
adulterated by addition of other Carlina species. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Other Names: Stemless Carlina Root, Dwarf Carline, (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Ground Thistle, Southernwood Root 1994.
Schilcher H, Hagels H, Carlinae radix. Verfalschung,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Verwechslung oder Ersatzdroge. In: DAZ 130(40):2186. 1990.
COMPOUNDS
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Volatile oil: chief components carlina oxide
Stuttgart 1997.
Inulin (18 to 20%) (fructosan)
Tannins
EFFECTS
Carob
Ceratonia siliqua
Jf There is no valid data on the mode of action. The essential
oil hinders the growth of Staphylococcus aureus up to a DESCRIPTION
dilution of 1:2 X 105. Carline Thistle has mild diuretic, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit and the
spasmolytic and diaphoretic effects. bark.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is erect and lateral in
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for cholecysto- old wood. It is often bushy, clustered or catkin-like, and
pathy, digestive insufficiency and for spasms in the alimenta- unisexual with erect receptacles. There is no corolla. The
ry canal. In Spain, it is used to treat colds and illnesses male flowers have 5 long filaments with long slits and
accompanied by fever. opening pollen tubes. The female flowers have short-
152/CAROB PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
then become flattened, curled and sometimes 'bifid. The Preparation: Irish moss extract is prepared using a diluted,
segments are linear and usually 3 to 8 mm wide. The margin almost boiling alkali solution. Filtration and vacuum inspis-
is linguiform, later repeatedly dividing into bifid thallus sation follow prior to extensive dehydration. A decoction is
lobes. The thallus is cartilaginous and double-layered. The prepared by combining 1.5 g drug with 1 cup water.
internal tissue is made up of reticulately linked cells. The
bark layer is at right angles to the thallus. The bifurcated cell Storage: The drug should be stored in tightly sealed
containers.
strings are like strings of pearls that are spread radially.
LITERATURE
Habitat: Carrageen is found from the coast of Iceland to the Chapman B, Chapman VJ, Chapman DJ, Seaweeds and their
Baltic, from northern Russia to the south of Spain, Morocco uses. Chapmann and Hall, London, New York 1980.
and the Cape Verde Islands, and also in parts of North
Standoff DJ, Renn DW, (1975) A C S Symp Ser. 15:282.
America and some Japanese coastal regions.
Thomson AW, Home CHW, (1976) Brit J Exp Pathol 57:455.
Production: Carrageen is the dried and bleached thalli of Further information in:
Chondrus crispus as well as other varieties of Gigartina
species. After being cleaned, the algae are left to bleach in Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
the sun, then dried.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with related 1994.
species of Gigartina stellata and Gigartina pistillata. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Other Names: Irish Moss, Chondrus, Carrahan,
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Carrageennan
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Carrageenans: (carrageenine): in particular kappa-, iota- and
lambda-carrageenan (muciform galactane sulphates) Carthamus tinctorius
Proteins See Safflower
EFFECTS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is either a bush or a 6 to CLINICAL TRIALS ,
18 m tall tree with branches which are gray tomentose when Bowel Preparation
young. The leaves are oblong-ovate, rounded at the base or
The effectiveness and acceptability of three bowel-cleansing
sometimes narrowing at the petiole. On the longer shoots
regimens was determined in 271 patients for colonoscopy.
they are up to 17 cm long and 7.5 cm wide with an 8 to 18 Senna laxative (X-prep), combined with a saline enema, a
mm long petiole. The margins are finely dentate and the polyethylene glycol electrolyte lavage solution (Golytely 4
young leaves are tomentose, later becoming dark-green but liters) or combined regimen of Cascara-Salax laxative
not coriaceous even in autumn. (PicoSalax) and 1.51 Golytely was administered. No clinical-
ly important differences were found between the three bowel
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the western part of North preparation regimens (Borkje, 1991).
America and is cultivated on the Pacific coast of the U.S.,
Canada and in eastern Africa. A prospective, randomized clinical trial was conducted to
determine the side effects, patient acceptance, residual liquid
Production: Cascara Sagrada bark consists of the dried bark and stool during colonoscopy and also quality of examina-
of Rhamnus purshiana. tion of three colon cleansing methods. Three hundred
ambulatory patients were randomly assigned to one of the
Not to be Confused With: The bark of other Rhamnus following three groups for colon preparation: Group 1, (4
species. liters of Golytely), group 2, (2 liters of Golytely combined
with Cascara-Salax), and group 3, (X-Prep (a Senna prepara-
Other Names: Purshiana Bark, Sagrada Bark, Sacred Bark, tion) combined with an enema). X-Prep caused significantly
Bitter Bark, Yellow Bark, Dogwood Bark, California Buck- more abdominal cramps than Group 1 or Group 2. Vomiting
thorn, Chittem Bark, Cascara Buckthorn was most frequent with Group 1, and the patients preferred
X-Prep to 4 liters of Golytely. The cleanest colon was
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY obtained with 4 liters of Golytely; 2 liters of Golytely with
COMPOUNDS Cascara-Salax was least effective. The quality of the
Anthracene derivatives (8-10%): anthranoids, chief compo- examination was equal in groups 1 and 3, which were both
nents cascarosides A and B (stereoisomeric aloin-8-gluco- significantly better than group 2 (Hangartner, 1989).
sides), C and D (stereoisomeric 1 l-deoxy-aloin-8-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
glucosides), E and F (C-glucosyl-emodin-anthron-8- Approved by Commission E:
glucosides), further including aloin, 11-deoxyaloin
• Constipation
EFFECTS
Cascara Segrada is used for constipation, relief of defecation
Laxative Effects
with anal fissures, hemorrhoids, and as a recto-anal post-
opeiative treatment. The herb is also used in preparation of
The anthranoid compounds of Cascara are carried unab-
diagnostic procedures of the gastrointestinal tract and to
sorbed to the large intestine where the active aglycon is
obtain a soft stool.
released by bacterial hydrolysis of the sugar. The intestinal
bacterial flora reduces anthraquinone aglycons to the active Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Cascara is used as a tonic
components of 1,8-dihydroxy-anthracene derivatives, which and for cleaning wounds.
have the laxative effect (de Witte & Lemli, 1990).
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for rheumatism and as
a digestive aid.
The anthranoids are anti-absorptive, hydrogogic and inhibit
the absorption of electrolytes and water from die colon. The CONTRAINDICATIONS
laxative effect is caused by an increase in the volume of the The drug is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute
intestinal contents with the resulting increase in pressure and inflammatory intestinal disease (colitis, Crohn's disease,
stimulation of intestinal peristalsis. In addition, stimulation irritable bowel), appendicitis and abdominal pain of un-
of the active chloride secretion into the intestine by nitric- known origin. Cascara drug is not to be administered to
oxide-donating compounds or nitric oxide itself increases children under 12 years of age.
water and electrolyte content (Izzo, 1998). Aloin and other PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
anthranoid derivatives stimulate prostaglandin production in General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as
isolated segments of intestinal tissue, thus contributing to die a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. In rare cases,
cathartic action (Cohen, 1982; Capasso, 1983). prolonged use may lead to heart arrhythmias, nephropathies,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CASCARA SAGRADA / 1 5 5
edema and accelerated bone deterioration. Intake of the fresh Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 2 gm finely cut
rind could lead to European cholera, intestinal colic, bloody drug to boiling water and strain after 10 minutes. (1
diarrhea and kidney irritation. teaspoonful = 2.5 gm drug)
Electrolyte Abnormalies: Long-term use leads to loss of Daily Dosage: Administer 20 to 30 mg hydroxyanthracene
£T electrolytes, in particular potassium ions. Hyperaldosteron- derivatives daily, calculated as cascaroside A.
ism, albuminuria, hematuria, inhibition of intestinal motility,
Tea: Take 1 fresh cup mornings and evenings.
and muscle weakness may occur. Enhancement of cardioac-
tive steroids and antiarrythics may also occur as a conse- Homeopathic Dosage: from D3: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
quense of hypokalemia. globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
Carcinogenesis: The probability of carcinomas in the colon chronic: once a day (HAB34)
following long-term administration of anthracene drugs has
not yet been fully clarified. Cascara glycoside may act as Note: The individually correct dosage is the smallest dosage
weak promoters in colon carcinogenesis in animal models necessary to maintain a soft stool. Stimulating laxatives must
(Mereto, 1996). One study determined aloin-enriched diets not be used over a period of more than 1 to 2 weeks without
did not promote incidence and growth of adenomas, carcino- medical advice.
mas or significant hepatotoxicity after 20 weeks (Siegers,
LITERATURE
1993a). Anthranoid laxative abuse is a relative risk factor for
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
colorectal cancer (Siegerss, 1993b). 136(38):3253-2354. 1996.
Drug Interactions: Anonym, Anwendungseinschrankungen fur Anthranoid-haltige
Abfuhrmittel angeordnet. In: PUZ 25(6)341-342. 1996.
Thiazide Diuretics/Corticoadrenal Steroids/Liquorice Root
Borkje B; Pedersen R: Lund GM et al. Effectiveness and
ftk — These drugs may potentiate potassium deficiency when
acceptability of three bowel cleansing regimens. Scand J
used concomitantly with Cascara. Gastroenterol 1991 Feb:26(2): 162-6.
Antiarrythmics — Loss of potassium associated with pro- BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164.
longed use of Cascara may potentiate arrhythmias when 1992.
given concomitantly with antiarrhythmic medications. Capasso F; Mascolo N; Autore G: Duraccio MR. Effect of
indomethacin on aloin and 1,8 dioxianthraquinone-induced
Digitalis Glycosides — With prolonged use or abuse of production of prostaglandins in rat isolated colon. Prostaglandins
Cascara, loss of potassium may potentiate digitalis toxicity. 1983 Oct;26(4):557-62.
Indomethacin (NSAIDS) — Indomethacin given concomi- Cohen MM. The effect of cathartics on prostaglandin synthesis
tantly with anthracene derivatives had a decrease in thera- by rat gastrointestinal tract. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982
peutic effect due to the inhibition of prostaglandin E2 (SEE Apr;8(4):389-97.
EFFECTS) (Cohen, 1982; Capasso, 1983). de Witte P, Cuveele J, Lemli J, Bicascarosides in fluid extracts
of Cascara. In: PM 57:440. 1991.
Pregnancy: Use during pregnancy or while nursing only
de Witte P; Lemli L. The metabolism of anthranoid laxatives.
after consulting a physician. Hepatogastroenterology 1990 Dec:37(6):601-5.
Nursing Mothers: Cascara has been identified by the Evans FJ et al., (1975) J Pharm Pharmacol 27.91P.
American Academy of Pediatrics as compatible with breast- Fairbairn JW et al., (1977) J Pharm Sci 66:1300.
feeding. (Hagemann, 1998).
Fairbairn JW, Simic S, (1964) J Pharm Pharmacol 16:450.
. Pediatric Use: The drug is not to be administered to children Griffini A et al., Isolation and characterisation of pure
•* under 12 years of age. Cascarosides A, B, C, and D. In: PM 58(Suppl.7):A593. 1992.
DOSAGE
Hagemann TM. Gastrointestinal medications and breastfeeding. J
Hum Lact 1998 Sep;14(3):259-62.
Mode of Administration: Liquid or solid forms of medication
are exclusively for oral use. The drug is used as comminuted Hangartner PJ; Munch R; Meier J et al. Comparison of three
drug, powder or dry extracts for infusions, decoction, and as colon cleansing methods: evaluation of a randomized clinical
a cold maceration or elixir. trial with 300 ambulatory patients. Endoscopy 1989
Nov;21(6):272-5.
How Supplied: Helrnholz H, Ruge A, Piasecki A, Schroder S, Westendorf J,
Capsule — 425 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 850 mg Genotoxizitat der Faulbaumrinde. In: PZ 138(43):3478. 1993.
156/CASCARA SAGRADA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Izzo AA; Mascolo N; Capasso F. Nitric oxide as a modulator Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small tree that rarely
of intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Dig Dis Sci 1998 grows to more than 6 m. It has small, opposite, ovate-
Aug;43(8): 1605-20. lanceolate leaves about 5 cm long. Scales beneath densely
Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fur cover the leaves, giving them a silver-bronze appearance.
die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In: Above, the scales are scattered and white. The bark occurs in
PUZ 26(1 ):33 Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997. short quilled pieces, usually with a chalky, more or less
Manitto P et al., Studies on Cascara, part 2. Structure of cracked, white surface, with black dots due to the fruit of
cascarosides £ and F. In: JNP 58(3):419-423. 1995. lichens. The transverse fracture is reddish-brown.
Mereto E; Ghia M; Brambilla G. Evaluation of the potential Characteristics: The taste is aromatic and bitter.
carcinogenic activity of Senna and Cascara glycosides for the
rat colon. Cancer Lett 1996 Mar 19;I01( 1 ):79-83. Habitat: Indigenous to the West Indies, also grown in
Siegers CP; Siemers J; Baretton G. Sennosides and aloin do not tropical areas of America.
promote dimethylhydrazine-induced colorectal tumors in mice.
Production: Cascarilla bark is the bark of Croton eluteria.
Pharmacology 1993a Oct:47 Suppl 1:205-8.
Siegers CP; von Hertzberg-Lottin E; Otte M; Schneider B. Other Names: Sweet Wood Bark, Sweet Bark, Bahama
Anthranoid laxative abuse—a risk for colorectal cancer? Gut Cascarilla
1993b Aug;34(8): 1099-101.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Thesen R, Phytotherapeutika - nicht immer harmlos. In: ZPT COMPOUNDS
9(49): 105. 1988. Volatile oil (1.5 to 3%): chief components are p-cymene,
Further information in: limonene, alpha-thujone, pinenes, linalool, myrcene, terpeni-
Hansel R, Keller K, kimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers nol-4
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Diterpene bitter principles: including Cascarillin A (15%)
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Resins (25%)
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
EFFECTS
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980. Cascarilla is a stimulant and a tonic.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Unproven Uses: Cascarilla is used for digestive disorders,
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, diarrhea and vomiting.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
DOSAGE
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Mode of Administration: Available as a powder, liquid
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
extract or tincture.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. LITERATURE
Cashew Proteins
latex on behavior of Biomphalaria glabrata (Say 1818) under Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
laboratory conditions. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz, 58:191-4, 1995 from the seeds, the fat extracted from the oil, the ripe seeds
Mar-Apr. and the dried seeds.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S CASTOR OIL PLANT /159
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are terminal and experiments, stimulation of PgE2 synthesis in the small
almost panicled and 15 to 50 cm long. The pedicled female intestine was proven. The possible reason for effectiveness
flowers are in the upper section and the male flowers are of ricini semen is the antimicrobial activity of the seeds
clustered in the lower section of the inflorescence. The male (ricin is highly toxic).
ones have a 3 to 5 part perianth with numerous, heavily
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
w* branched stamens which bear up to 1,000 separate bursting
Unproven Uses: Castor Oil is used internally in folk
anthers. The female perianth is divided in 5. The ovary is
medicine for acute constipation, intestinal inflammation, for
trilocular. The style has 3 red, doubly split stigma branches.
removal of worms, and as a form of birth control. The oil is
The fruit capsule is soft prickly or smooth and grooved, 1 to used externally for inflammatory skin disorders, furuncles,
2.5 cm in diameter. The capsule bursts open when ripe carbuncles, abscesses, inflammation of the middle ear and
flinging out the large brightly speckled seeds. headaches (poultice.)
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ricinus communis is an annual plant Chinese Medicine: In China, Castor Oil is used to treat sore
in Central Europe, a bi- or -triennial shrub in Southern throat, facial paralysis, dry stool, furuncles, ulcers and
Europe and a perennial tree in the tropics. There is a taproot festering inflammation of the skin.
and lateral roots near the surface. The stem is erect and Indian Medicine: In India, the drug is used for dyspeptic
hollow. As it grows older, the stem becomes green or complaints and joint pains.
brownish-red. The leaves are petioled, greenish or reddish,
often frosted blue, and arranged in a spiral. The leaf blade is Homeopathic Uses: Ricinus communis is used to treat
peltate, 10 to 60 cm long and wide. The blade is usually diarrhea.
divided into palmate, ovate-oblong or lanceolate lobes. The CONTRAINDICATIONS
ribs are palmate and the margins are irregularly serrate. Castor Oil is contraindicated in intestinal obstruction, acute
Habitat: The plant is cultivated widely today in the tropics inflammatory intestinal diseases, appendicitis, abdominal
and subtropics and in temperate latitudes where maize pain of unknown origin, during pregnancy and while
thrives. nursing. The drug is not to be administered to children under
12 years of age.
Production: Castor Oil is fatty oil obtained from the seeds of
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Ricinus communis. It is obtained by mechanical harvesting
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
followed by sorting. Fruits that open by bursting when ripen,
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
must be harvested before ripening and then threshed.
therapeutic dosages of Castor Oil. Allergic skin rashes have
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with the been observed in rare cases.
poisonous seeds of other Euphorbiaceae.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Other Names: Castor Bean, Mexico Seed, Castor Oil Plant,
OVERDOSAGE
Castor Oil Bush, Palma Christi
Overdosage can lead to gastric irritation with nausea,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY vomiting, colic and severe diarrhea. Long-term use leads to
COMPOUNDS loss of electrolytes, especially potassium ions. This effect
CASTOR OIL SEEDS may lead to hyperaldosteronism, inhibition of intestinal
Fatty oil (42 to 55%, see below for constituents) motility and enhancement of the effect of cardioactive
steroids.
Proteic substances (20 to 25%)
Castor beans are severely poisonous due to the toxic lectin
Lectins (0.1 to 0.7%): including ricin D (RCA-60, severely
content. The ricinus lectins disturb the function of ribosomes
toxic), RCA-120 (less toxic)
and thereby prevent protein synthesis. 12 castor beans are
Pyrridine alkaloids: ricinine (up to 0.3%) believed to be fatal for an adult. Symptoms include severe
gastroenteritis with bloody vomiting and bloodyv diarrhea,
Triglycerides: chief fatty acids ricinoleic acid (12-hydroxy-
kidney inflammation, loss of fluid and electrolytes and
oleic acid, 85 to 90%)
ultimately circulatory collapse. Death is usually the result of
Tocopherols (vitamin E) hypovolemic shock.
EFFECTS Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit-
The laxative principle of Castor Oil is the ricinolic acid. ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
Ricinolic acid is anti-absorptive and secretogogic. In animal manganate solution, sodium sulfate) and installation of
1 6 0 / C A S T O R OIL PLANT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
medicinal charcoal, the therapy for castor bean poisoning Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
includes treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), generous Heidelberg 1996.
supplies of fluids, electrolyte substitution and treating Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
In case of shock, plasma volume expanders should be
Teuscher E, Lindequist" U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
infused. Monitoring of kidney function and blood coagula-
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
tion is essential. Papain activated with H2-S has been
attempted as an antidote. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Mode of Administration: Castor Oil is available as whole pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
drug, in solid, semi-solid and in compounded pharmaceutical York 1995.
preparations for internal and external use.
Daily Dosage:
Internally — for acute constipation or as a laxative against
Cat's Claw
worms, at least 5 (x2 g) or 10 (xl g) capsules must be taken; Uncaria tomentosa
Caster Oil is also available in compound preparations. TRADE NAMES
Externally — a paste made of ground seeds is applied to the Cai's Claw (available from numerous manufacturers), Cat's
affected skin areas twice daily. A course of treatment takes Claw Power, Cat's Claw Inner Bark, Cat's Claw Bark
up to 15 days. DESCRIPTION
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root bark
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are bisexual and sessil. The
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
calyx is tubular 1 to 2 mm in length and 1 mm in diameter.
a day (HAB34)
The corolla is 7-12 mm long, 4 mm in diameter and contains
LITERATURE 5 roundish lobes. The stamens are in fives and fused. The
Anonym, Pharmaceutical Care: "Den Mi(3brauch von Laxanzien anthers are 1 mm in length; the stigma eliptical. The ovary is
vermeiden helfen". In: DAZ 135(20): 1867-1868. 1995. inferior. The fruits are elliptical, 6-8 mm in length and 4-6
BGA, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken:Poly-(oxyethylen)-35- mm wide.
Rizinusol. In: DAZ 132(33): 1733. 1992.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Uncaria tomentosa is a large woody
Macfarlane N, Trop Sc 17:217-228. 1975.
vine that sometimes reaches heights of 100 feet. The bark
Scarpa A, Guerci A, Various uses of the castor oil plant has longitudinal fissures and range from yellow to yellow-
(Ricinus communis L.), a review. In: ETH 5(2): 117. 1982. green in color. The leaves are simple, opposite, elliptic or
Further information in: ovate. They range in size from 7 to 18 cm in length and from
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur 4 to 13 cm wide. The margins of the leaf are entire, with a
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- roundish base.The spines are woody and occur in pairs. They
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. are curved like a cat's and thorn-like.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Characteristics: The sap of Uncaria tomentosa is watery and
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
has an astringent taste.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Habitat: Cat's Claw is indigenous to the rainforest areas of
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Central and South America
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980. Production: Cat's Claw is harvested in the wild.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Not to be Confused With: There are several plants with the
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. common name of Una de Gato. Confusion can occur with
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Anadenanthera flava, Bauhinia aculeata, Berberis goudotii,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Celtis uguanae, Doxantha ungis catti, Mimosa albida,
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Pisonia aculeata, Rubus urticaefolius, the various Smilax
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. species and Zanthoxylum panamensis (Obregon, 1995).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CAT'S C L A W / 1 6 1
Other Names: Una de Gato, Paraguaya, Garbato, Tambor inhibiting the calcium influx through voltage dependent
hausca, Toron calcium channels in the rat aorta (Horie, 1992).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Contraceptive Effect — There is only anecdotal evidence of
COMPOUNDS the use of Cat's Claw in the prevention of pregnancy. In
Alkaloids: including 5-alpha-carboxystrictosidine, isoptero- Peru, it has been used for this purpose for years in some
^* podine, mitraphylline, isomitraphyllin, isorynchophylline, rainforest tribes, but the amount of drug used would be
rynchophyllin considered very high. A decoction prepared from 11 to 13
pounds of the root is reduced to about 1 cup and taken at the
Triterpenes time of menstruation. It is claimed that sterility can be
Organic acids: oleanolic acid, ursolic acid maintained for 3 to 4 years after one dose (Cabieses, 1994).
Glycosides: quinovic acid glycosides Effects on Cancer — Aqueous extracts of Uncaria tomentosa
suppressed cell growth through induction of apoptosis in two
Procyanidins: (-)-epicatechin, cinchonain l a, cinchonain lb different human leukemic cell lines. Apoptosis was demon-
Sterols: beta-sitosterol (60%), stigmasterol, capesterol strated by the fact that both DNA single and double strand
breaks increased within 24 hours of treatment with the
EFFECTS Uncaria tomentosa extract (Sheng, 1998).
Anti-inflammatory/Immunostimulating Effects — The sterol
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
componants of Cat's Claw have been found to have anti-
inflammatory activity (Scnatore, 1989). Carrageenan-in- Unproven Uses: The effects that have some scientific
duced rat paw edema was shown to respond to per oral doses evidence of efficacy include antiviral, immunostimulating,
and anti-inflammatory properties.
of various extracts of Cat's Claw dried root bark (Aquino,
1991). The beta-sitosterol fraction, which accounts for 60% Cat's Claw has been used in folk medicine for rheumatic
^ of the total steroid content in the herb is thought to be complaints, diarrhea, gastritis, treatment of wounds, as an
~ responsible for most of the anti-inflammatory effect (Sena- adjunct to cancer treatment, asthma, menstrual irregularity
tore, 1989). Uncaria tomentosa extract has been found to and as a contraceptive.
stimulate interleukin-l and interleukin-6 production by
CONTRAINDICATIONS
alveolar macrophages (Lemaire, 1999).
Cat's Claw is contraindicated in pregnancy and in nursing
Effects on Platelet Aggregation — Rhynchophylline, an mothers.
alkaloid present in Cat's Claw, has been found to inhibit
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
venous and cerebral thrombosis in rabbits. It has also
demonstrated platelet aggregation inhibition (Chen, 1992). General: Serum estradiol and progesterone levels may be
reduced after long-term Cat's Claw use. In one study, long
Effects on Serotonin and Dopamine — In one study, term use (8 weeks) of Uncaria tomentosa resulted in a
rhynchophylline increased the serotonin levels in the hypo- precipitous drop in both estradiol and progesterone serum
thalamus and cortex of rat brain and reduced the dopamine levels (Rodriguez, 1998).
levels in the cortex, amygdala, and spinal cord. Rhyncho-
phylline increased the release of endogenous dopamine from Uncaria tomentosa prevented estrogen from binding to
4 brain regions. The release of serotonin was increased in 2 estrogen receptors on breast cancer cells (Salazar & Jay me,
brain regions (Shi, 1993). 1988).
There is one report of acute renal failure associated wim
Hirsutine, an alkaloid present in Uncaria tomentosa has a
Cat's Claw ingestion in a patient with systemic lupus
potent ganglion blocking effect. Hirsutine was found to
erythematosus. Though the patient was taking several other
block nicotine induced dopamine release in rat pheochromo-
medications at the time, Cat's Claw was the only agent that
j^ cytoma cells. Hirsutine was found to be equipotent to
was discontinued. Urinalysis results gradually returned to
hexamethonium in blocking the inward current activated by
baseline following discontinuation of the herb (Hilepo,
nicotine (Nakazawa, 1991).
1997).
Antihypertensive Effects — Hirsutine has antihypertensive
DOSAGE
effects. This effect can partly be explained by die ability of
Mode of Administration: Cat's Claw is available in a powder
hirsutine to reduce intracellular calcium levels by inhibiting
form, capsules and liquid for internal administration.
calcium release from the calcium store and increasing
calcium uptake into the calcium store. Hirsutine was also Preparation: To prepare a decoction, add 30 g of powder to
found to exhibit calcium channel blocking activity by 800 ml water; allow to simmer on the stove for 45 minutes or
1 6 2 / C A T ' S CLAW PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
until there is about 500 ml liquid remaining. Allow to cool, extracts of Uncaria tomentosa. Anticancer Res 18(5A):3363-
then strain and refrigerate (Schauss, 1998). 3368. 1998.
Liquid — 4:1
LITERATURE
Flower and Fruit: The plant has bright red and white,
Aquino R, De Feo V, De Simone F et al: Plant metabolites: dioecious composite flowers. They are very small and are in
new compounds and anti-inflammatory activity of Uncaria terminal cymes. The female flowers are bright red with
tomentosa. J Nat Prod 54(2):453-459. 1991. thread-like, cylindrical corolla. The male flowers are white
Chen C, et al., Inhibitory effect of rhynchophylline on platelet with a funnel-shaped corolla. The bracts of the male are
aggregation and thrombosis. In: Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao, white, the female, pink. The fruit has a tuft of hair.
13(2); 126-30, Mar. 1992.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 7 to 20 cm tall, with
Cabieses, Fernando. The saga of the Cat's Claw, In: Via
leafy rooting runners. The stem is erect with basal leaves that
Lactera Editores: Lima, Peru, 1994.
are spatulate, green above, gray beneath, cauline, linear and
Hilepo JN, Bellucci AG & Mossey RT: Acute renal failure erect.
caused by "cat's claw" herbal remedy in a patient with
systemic lupus erythematosus (letter). Nephron 77(3):36I-369. Habitat: Cat's Foot is found in Europe, Asia and America as
1997. far north as the Arctic.
Horie S, et al.. Effects of hirsutine, an antihypertensive indole
alkaloid from Uncaria rhynchophylla, on intracellular calcium in Production: Cat's Foot flower consists of the fresh or dried
rat thoracic aorta. In: Life Sci, 50(7):491-8, 1992. flowers of Antennaria dioica.
Lemaire I, Assinewe V, Cano P et al: Stimulation of
Not to be Confused With: Occasional confusion occurs with
interleukin-1 and -6 production in alveolar macrophages by the
die flower heads of Helichrysum stoechas or Helichrysum
neotropical liana, Uncaria tomentosa (una de gato). J
Ethnopharmacol 64(2): 109-115. 1999. angustifolium.
Nakazawa K, et al.. Inhibition of ion channels by hirsutine in Other Names: Mountain Everlasting, Life Everlasting,
rat pheochromocytoma cells. In: Jpn J Pharmacol, 57(4):507-15, Cudweed
Dec, 1991.
Obregon LE: Identificacion correcta de "una de gato" (genero ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Uncaria). Natura Medicatrix 40(summer):28-30. 1995. COMPOUNDS
Rodriguez H, Massey PJ, Rodriguez K et al: Inhibition of Anthracene derivatives
steroid hormone production by a nutrition supplement "una de
Flavonoids: including luteolin and its glucosides
gato" or "cat's claw." Biol Reprod 58(1):208. 1998.
Salazar EL & Jayme V: Depletion of specific binding sites for Bitter substances
estrogen receptor by Uncaria tomentosa. Proc Western
Pharmacol Soc 41:123-124. 1998. Mucilages
Schauss AG: Cat's Claw (Uncaria tomentosa). Nat Med J 1998;
Saponins
1(2): 16-19.
Senatore A, Cataldo A, Iaccarino FP et al: Ricerche Tannins
fitochimiche e biologiche sull? Uncaria tomentosa (Italian). Boll
Soc Ital Biol Sper 65:517-520. 1989. EFFECTS
Sheng Y, Pero RW, Amiri A et al: Induction of apoptosis and In animal tests, a mild spasmolytic and choleric effect has
inhibition of proliferation in human tumor cells treated with been reported.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CATECHU/163
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used nepetalactone, caryophyllene, camphor, thymol, carvacrol,
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, 'John Wiley & Sons Inc., New pulegone
York 1980.
EFFECTS
Active agents are bitter and tannin substances, as well as
essential oil. Catnip is considered to have antipyretic,
Catha edulis refrigerant, antispasmodic, sedative and diaphoretic effects.
The tea has a diuretic effect and increases gallbladder
See Khat activity.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include treatment of
Catnip colds, colic and fevers. It is also used for nervous disorders
and migraine, since preparations from the mint have a
Nepeta cataria
calming effect. It is also used in the treatment of gynecologi-
TRADE NAMES cal disorders. Nepeta cataria has a long tradition in England
Catnip is available from numerous manufacturers, sometimes and France as a kitchen and medicinal herb and was used
as Catnip Leaf, Catnip Herb or Catnip Herb Liquid. occasionally as a stimulating drink until the introduction of
DESCRIPTION
black tea.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the aerial parts of CONTRAINDICATIONS
the plant. Catnip is not to be taken during pregnancy.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is spike-like and the PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
lower verticillasters distant from each other. The small No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
individual flowers are on short pedicles. The bracts are 1.5 to with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
3 mm and linear-awl-shaped. The sepals are 5 to 6.5 mm dosages.
long and ovate. The tips are 1.5 to 2.5 mm long, linear-
lanceolate and patent. The corolla is 7 to 10 mm long, DOSAGE
slightly longer than the calyx and white with small purple Mode of Administration: Orally in ground and dried forms.
spots. Flowers are usually ingested in tea form, because the
important constituent elements are to some extent volatile.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The root of the plant is perennial.
The stems are up to 1 m high, angular, erect and branched. How Supplied:
They are leafy and gray-pubescent to tomentose, which gives Capsules — 380 mg
the entire plant a whitish-gray appearance. The leaves are 2
Fluid extract — 1:1
to 8 cm, ovate, cordate at the base, crenate or serrate and
gray-tomentose beneath. The petiole is 0.5 to 4 cm in length. Liquid — 1:01
Characteristics: The plant has a characteristic aromatic Preparation: To prepare an infusion (tea), add 10 dessert-
scent, reminiscent of Mint and Pennyroyal. spoonfuls per liter of water, leave this to steep for 10
Habitat: Catnip is indigenous to Europe and naturalized in minutes, then strain.'
the U.S. Daily Dosage: 2 to 3 cups of the tea daily.
Production: Catnip is the aerial part of Nepeta cataria. The LITERATURE
harvesting'of uncultivated plants takes place during the Harvey JW et al., (1978) Lloydia 41:367.
flowering season. The drug is manually cut during dry and
Hatch RC, (1972) Amer J Vet Res 33:143.
sunny weather. The woodless parts of the plant are sorted out
and the usable material is then left to dry in the shade. Margolis JS, In: Complete Book of Recreational Drugs, Cliff
House Books USA 1978.
Other Names: Catnep, Catnip, Catmint, Catswort, Field Roitman JN, (1981) Lancet 1:944.
Balm
Sakan T et al., (1967) Tetrahedron 23:4635.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Sastry SD et al., (1972) Phytochemistry 11:453.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (0.2-0.7%): chief components are nepetalactone Sherry CJ et al., (1981) Quart J Crude Drug Res 19(1):31.
(share 80-95%), additionally including among others epi- Tagawa M, Murai F, (1983) Planta Med 47:109.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS CAYENNE/165
Young LA et al.. In: Recreational Drugs, Berkeley Publishing has 5 to 7 tips. The corolla is wheel-shaped with a short tube,
Co. USA I977. varying in color from white to yellow, occasionally from
Further information in: purple to violet with whitish-green or violet markings. There
Clark IM, Forde BG, Hallahan DL, Spatially distinct expression are 5 to 6 stamens with violet anthers and 5 small papillous
of two new cytochrome P450s in leaves of tfepeta racemosa: staminoids. The ovary is superior. The dividing walls are
'identification of a trichome-specific isoform. Plant Mol Biol, partially underdeveloped. The seed carriers at the top are
33:875-85. Mar 1997. attached to the walls and fused to a column below. The berry
Hallahan DL et al.. Purification and characterization of an is 1.5 to 5 cm long and up to 9 cm thick; it varies in form.
acyclic monoterpene primary alcohol:NADP+ oxidoreductase The calyx remains. The wall of the fruit is tough and leathery
from catmint (Nepeta racemosa). Arch Biochem Biophys, and may be red, yellow-green or brownish. The seeds are
33:105-12. Apr 1. 1995. numerous, light, yellowish-white, flat, disc, circular or
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11, kidney-shaped and thickened at the margins. The surface is
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. pitted.
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der Leaves, Stem and Root: Capsicum annum is an annual
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
(perennial in the tropics) 20 to 100 cm high plant with an
Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 1969.
erect stem, which is somewhat woody and angular. It is
Massoco CO, Silva MR, Gorniak SL, Spinosa MS, Bernardi sparsely branched higher up. The leaves are usually solitary,
MM Behavioral effects of acute and long-term administration of long-petioled, oval, lanceolate to ovate, obtusely accuminate,
catnip (Nepeta cataria) in mice. Vef Hum Toxicol, 33:530-3.
wedge-shaped at the base, entire-margined or slightly curved
Dec 1995.
and glabrous.
Osterhoudt KC. Lee SK. Callahan JM, Henretig FM, Catnip
and the alteration of human consciousness. Vet Hum Toxicol, Habitat: The herb is indigenous to Mexico and Central
33:373-5. Dec 1997. America and is cultivated today in wanner regions of the
Simon E, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed globe.
Bibliography 1971-80 Archon Books USA 1984.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Production: Paprika consists of the dried ripe fruit of
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Capsicum anuum or Capsicum fructescens. The fruit is
harvested when completely ripe and dried at a maximum
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie.
temperature of 35° C.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Capsicum
anuum.
Detoxification/Gastroprotective/Thrombolytic Effects Unproven Uses: Cayenne is used for painful muscle spasms
in areas of shoulder, arm and spine. In folk medicine the herb
Capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin have detoxification activity is used for frostbite, chronic lumbago and as a gargle for
with pharmacologically active substances by interacting hoarseness, sore throats and infected throats. The drug is also
irreversibly with hepatic drug metabolizing enzymes (Surh, used internally for gastrointestinal disorders, seasickness and
1995). Capsaicin has a gastroprotective effect against gastric as prophylactic therapy for arteriosclerosis, stroke and heart
mucosal injury caused by aspirin (Yeoh, 1995). Capsicum disease.
has been found to induce increased fibrinolytic activity and
simultaneously cause hypocoagulability of blood (Visudhi- The herb is used in cream form for circulation and as a
phan, 1982). female orgasm stimulant. Use should be limited to 2 days,
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S CAYENNE/167
and should only be used again after 2 weeks. Longer usage Capsicum annuum extract, containing 100 mg of capsaicin
can cause festering dermatitis, blistering and ulceration (See per gram as a result of the gastrointestinal effects of
PRECAUTIONS). capsaicin (Cruz, 1999).
Indian Medicine: Cayenne is used for gout, arthritis, sciatica, OVERDOSAGE
coughs and hoarseness. It has been used for lowering the Toxic dosages lead to life-threatening hypothemias by
"W temperature in malaria, yellow fever, scarlet fever and affecting the thermoreceptors. High doses of the drug (or the
typhus. It is used for cholera, edema and anorexia nervosa. It herb) administered over extended periods can cause chronic
is used in compound preparations for loss of appetite, gastritis, kidney damage, liver damage and neurotoxic
dyspepsia and diarrhea (tablets l:l:l; Cayenne pepper, effects. The treatment for poisonings proceeds
rhubarb and ginger root) and for alcoholism as an infusion symptomatically.
(Cayenne pepper with sugar and cinnamon) to reduce the
DOSAGE
desire for alcohol.
Mode of Administration: Preparations of Cayenne are
Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for inflammation of the exclusively for external indications in antirheumatic oint-
efferent urinary tract, the alimentary canal, the mouth and ments and plasters.
throat, and middle ear infection. How Supplied:
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Capsules—400 mg, 445 mg, 450 mg, 455 mg, 500 mg
General: There has not yet been a final determination of Cream—0.25% capsaicin, 0.75% capsaicin
possible health hazards or side effects in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Preparation: A liquid extract is prepared by percolating 100
Internal administration may increase gastrointestinal peristal- gm drug with 60 gm ethanol. Other formulations include:
sis resulting in diarrhea, intestinal and gallstone colics. Capsicum-oleoresin with 90% ethanol and a tincture with
Besides the intended stimulating effect, external applications 90% ethanol.
mt can lead to blister and ulcer formation. Investigations into Daily Dosage: External daily dose: 10 gm drug; Tincture:
mutagenicity, teratogenicity and carcinogenicity yielded (1:10); Semi-solid preparations: maximum 50 mg capsaicin
contradictory results. Warning: Use should be limited to 2 in 100 gm neutral base. The cream is applied to the affected
days and should only be used again after 2 weeks. Keep area not more than 3 or 4 times daily (Zostrix Package Insert,
away from the eyes! 1998).
Hematologic Effects: Capsicum has been found to induce Internal application: Decoction: '/: liter water with 5 gm
increased fibrinolytic activity and simultaneously cause powdered drug, 3 gm powdered Cascarilla bark and 5 gm
hypocoagulability of blood (Visudhiphan, 1982). powdered rhubarb root; 2 cups per day.
Hypersensitivity: Anaphylaxis and rhinoconjunctivitis symp- Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
toms have been associated with the herb due to its antigenic 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
components (Jensen-Jarolim, 1998; Vega de la Osada, 1998). ointment: once or twice daily (HAB1)
Contact dermatitis has been reported from the direct
handling of chili peppers containing capsaicin (Williams, Storage: Should be well sealed and protected from light.
1995). A hypersensitivity reaction known as plasma cell LITERATURE
gingivitis may occur with the herb, and may cause severe Anonym, Behandlung chronischer Schmerzen: Capsaicin -
gingival inflammation, discomfort and bleeding (Serio, Lichtblick fur Schmerzpatienten. In: DAZ 137(13): 1027-1028.
1991). One study suggest the allergy is rarely an autonomous 1997.
sensitization, but rather a consequence of pollen allergy on Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
the basis of immunologic cross-reactivity (Ebner, 1998). bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012^015. 1996.
•^ Respiratory Effects: Alveobronchiolitis and fibrotic changes Bascom R, Kageysobotka A, Prous D, Effect of intranasal
capsaicin on symptoms and mediator release. In: J Pharmacol
have occurred as a result oft a respirable paprika dust
Exp Ther 259(3): 1323. 1991.
preparation used after a single intratracheal dose (Tatrai,
1992). Chronic exposure to chili peppers has been associated Biro T, Acs G, Acs P et al., Receptor advances in
understanding of vanilloid receptors: a therapeutic target for
with an increase in cough (Blanc, 1991).
treatment of pain and inflammation in skin. J Invest Dermatol
Drug Interactions: Aspirin and salicylic acid compounds- 1997; 2:56-60.
The bioavailabilities of aspirin (acetylsalicyhc acid) and of Blanc P, Liu D, Juarez C, Boushey HA, Cough in hot pepper
salicylic acid were reduced when given concomitantly with workers. Chest 1991 Jan;99(l):27-32.
168 /CAYENNE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Camara B, Moneger R, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:91. Surh YJ, Ahn SH, Kim KC et al., Metabolism of capsaicinoids:
Cichewicz RH, Thorpe PA. The antimicrobial properties of evidence for aliphatic hydroxylation and its pharmacological
chile peppers (Capsicum species) and their uses in Mayan implications. Life Sci 1995 Mar 10;56(16):PL305-11.
medicine. J Ethnopharmacol 1996; 52:61-70. Surh YJ & Lee SS, Capsaicin in hot chili pepper: carcinogen,
Cruz L, Castaneda-Hernandez G, Navarrete A et al., Ingestion co-carcinogen or anticarcinogen? Fd Chem Toxic 1996; 34:313-
of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum) reduces salicylate 316.
bioavailability after oral aspirin administration in the rat. Can J Vega de la Osada F, Esteve Drauel P, Alonso Lebrero E, et al.,
Physiol Pharmacol 1999 Jun:77(6):441-6. Sensitization to paprika: anaphylaxis after intake and
Ebner C, Jensen-Jarolim E. Leitner A. Breiteneder H, rhinoconjunctivitis after contact through airways. Med Clin
Characterization of allergens in plant-derived spices: Apiaceae (Bare) 1998 Sep 12;111(7):263-6.
spices, pepper (Piperaceae), and paprika (bell peppers, Williams S, Clark R, Dunford J, Contact dermatitis associated
Solanaceae). Allergy 1998:53(46 Suppl):52-4. with capsaicin: Hunan hand syndrome. Ann Emerg Med 1995
Fusco BM, Fiore G. Gallo F et al., 'Capsaicin-sensitive' May;25(5):713-5.
sensory neurons in cluster headache: pathophysiological aspects
Yeoh KG, Kang JY, Yap I et al., Chili protects against aspirin-
and therapeutic indication. Headache 1994 Mar;34(3): 132-7.
induced gastroduodenal mucosal injury in humans. Dig Dis Sci
Gal IE, (1967) Pharmazie 22:120. 1995 Mar;40(3):580-3.
Graham DY, Anderson SY. Lang T et al.. Garlic or jalapeno F U R T H E R I N F O R M A T I O N IN:
peppers for treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection. Am J Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Gastroenterol 1999 May;94(5): 1200-2. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Jensen-Jarolim E, Santner B. Leitner A et al.. Bell peppers (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
(Capsicum annuum) express allergens (profilin. pathogenesis- 1994.
related protein P23 and Bet v 1) depending on the horticultural Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
strain. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 1998 Jun:l 16(2): 103-9. in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Jung J, Hwang S, Kwak J et al.. Capsaicin binds to the York 1980.
intracellular domain of the capsaicin-activated ion channel. J
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Neurosci 1999 Jan 15;19(2):529-38.
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Kohane D, Kuang Y, Lu N et al., Vanilloid receptor agonists
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
potentiate the in vivo local anesthetic activity of percutaneously
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
injected site 1 sodium channel blockers. Anesthesiology 1999
Feb;90(2):524-34. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
137(8):611-613. 1997. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
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Monsereenusorn Y et al., (1982) Crit Rev Toxicol 10:321. Tandan R, Lewis G, Krusinski P et al., Topical capsaicin in
painful diabetic neuropathy. Controlled study with long-term
Nakamura A, Shiomi H, Recent advances in neuropharmacology
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31. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Park KK, Surh YJ, Effects of capsaicin on chemically induced Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
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19; 114(1-2): 183-4. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Park K, Chun K, .Yook, Surh Y, Lack of tumor promoting Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
activity of capsaicin, a principal pungent ingredient of red pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
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Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Surh YJ & Lee SS, Capsaicin, a double-edged sword: toxicity, Stuttgart 1997.
metabolism and chemopreventive potential. Life Sci 1995;
56:1845-1855.
Surh YJ, Lee RC, Park KK, Mayne ST et al., Chemoprotective
effects of capsaicin and diallyl sulfide against mutagenesis or
tumorigenesis by vinyl carbamate and N-nitrosodimethylamine.
Ceanothus americanus
Carcinogenesis 1995 Oct;16(10):2467-71. See New Jersey Tea
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CELANDINE/169
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction COMPOUNDS: CELANDINE HERB
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protoberberine type: including
4p dosages. coptisine (main alkaloid), berberine
E F F E C T S : CELANDINE HERB sis, high blood pressure, stomach cancer, gout, edema and
Celandine has mild analgesic, cholagogic, antimicrobial,, hepatitis.
oncostatic and central-sedative effects. It also acts as a
spasmolytic on smooth muscles. In animal tests, Celandine is Chinese Medicine: Celandine is used for inflammation of the
a cytostatic. It also has a nonspecific immune-stimulating rim of the eyelid, febrile and ulcerating dermatitis, warts,
effect. edema, ascites, jaundice and stomach carcinomas
C E L A N D I N E ROOT
Note: The blood pressure-lowering effects and the therapeu-
tic efficacy for mild forms of hypertonia (borderline Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the fresh roots are chewed
hypertonia) need further investigation. to alleviate toothache, and a powder derived from the roots is
applied to ease tooth extraction.
C O M P O U N D S : CELANDINE ROOT
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protoberberine type: including Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for irregular
coptisine (main alkaloid), berberine menstruation.
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the benzophenanthridine type: Homeopathic Uses: Chelidonium majus is used for inflam-
including chelidonine. sanguinarine, chelerythrin mation, stones and chronic disorders of the hepatobiliary
system, rheumatism and inflammation of the lungs and
Isoquinoline alkaloids of the protopine-type: including
pleura.
protopin, cryptopine
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Caffeic acid derivatives: including 2-(-)-coffeoyl-D-glyceric
C E L A N D I N E HERB
acid, coffeoyl-L-malic acid
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
E F F E C T S : CELANDINE ROOT conjunction with the proper administration of designated
Only clinical studies and experiments on the fresh plants are therapeutic dosages. Older scientific literature credits the
available. However, previous studies have shown that the plant with toxicity (burning in the mouth, nausea, vomiting,
extract, with an alkaloid content of 80%, should have similar bloody diarrhea, hematuria, stupor), but recent studies offer
effects to those of the fresh leaves. These effects include no clear proof of this; animal experiments yielded no results.
immobilization in mice, when it was applied subcutaneously
and orally. On rabbit intestines it caused limpness; and in No symptoms of inflammation were observed in the eyes of
higher doses, tone reduction. When applied to the rabbit rabbits following introduction of the chyle. Nevertheless,
uterus, it caused contraction of the smooth muscle. Positive contact between it and the eyes should be avoided.
inotropic effects were observed in isolated cat and frog Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
hearts; in a canine heart-lung preparation it stimulated the
heart, raised blood pressure and widened the arteries. C E L A N D I N E ROOT
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Experimental data are unavailable, therefore the results must with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
be considered unofficial. dosages. Older scientific literature credits the plant with
An oncostatic effect was observed through the cytotoxic toxicity (burning in the mouth, nausea, vomiting, bloody
results of Eagle's 9 KB carcinoma of the naso-pharynx in diarrhea, hematuria, stupor), but recent studies offer no clear
cell cultures. proof of this. Animal experiments yielded no examples of
toxicity.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
CELANDINE HERB DOSAGE
Infusion — 15 gm dried herb to 1 liter of water, leave to Kim DJ, Ahn B, Han BS, Tsuda H, Potential preventive effects
draw for 15 minutes. of Chelidonium majus L (Papaveraceae) herb extract on
glandular stomach tumor development in rats treated with N-
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 to 4 gm of drug in methyl-N'-nitro-N nitrosoguanidine (MNNG) and hypertonic
liquid or solid extracts, equivalent to 12 to 30 mg total sodium chloride. In: Can. .
alkaloids calculated as chelidonine; fluid extract, 1 to 2 ml Mitra S et al., Effect of Chelidonium majus L. on experimetal
three times daily; decoction, 3 cups daily; infusion, 3 cups hepatic tissue injury. In: Phytother Res 10(4):354-356. 1996.
between meals. Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
Storage: Celandine herb should be protected carefully from In: ZPT 16(1): 13-20 u. 77-89. 1995.
light. Schilcher H, Pharmazeutische Aspekte pflanzlicher
Gallentherapeutika. In: ZPT 16(4):211-222. 1995.
C E L A N D I N E ROOT
Schmidt M, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Gallenwegstherapeutika.
Mode of Administration: Most standardized and compound In: DAZ 135(8):680-682. 1995.
preparations contain the extract of Celandine herb; various
Taborska E et al.. The alkaloids of Chelidonium majus L. and
homeopathic preparations also contain dilutions of the fresh
their variability. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann
herb Greater Celandine. Congress of GA, 145. 1996.
Daily Dosage: The standard dose is 0.5 gm of drug. Vahlensiek U et al., The effect of Chelidonium majus herb
extract on the choleresis in the isolated perfused rat liver. In:
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 PH 61(3):267-270. 1995.
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Vavreckova C, Gawlik I, Miiller K, Benzophenanthridine
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once alkaloids of Chelidonium majus: I. Inhibition of 5- and 12-
daily (HAB1). lipoxygenase by a non-redox mechanism. In: PM 62(5):397-401.
1996.
Storage: Preparations must be stored carefully.
Willaman JJ and Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33 (3A):1.
LITERATURE
Further information in:
C E L A N D I N E HERB
Aberlein H et al., Chelidonium majus L, Components with in Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
vitro affinity for GABA A receptor. Positive cooperation of Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
alkaloids. In: PM 62(3):227-231. 1996. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Anonym, Brennpunkt ZNS. In: DAZ 137(25):2166-2167. 1997.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Amason JT, Gurein B, Kraml MM, Mehta B. Rehmond JC,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Scaiano JC, Phototoxic and photochemical properties of
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
sanguinarin. In: Photochemistry and Photobiology 55(1 ):35.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1992.
1994.
Baumann J, (1975) Ober die Wirkung von Chelidonium, Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Curcuma, Absinth und Carduus marianus auf die Galle- und Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Pankreassekretion bei Hepatopathien. Med Mschr 29:173.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Boegge SC et al., Reduction of ACh-induced contraction of rat Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
isolated ileum by Coptisin, Caffeoylmalic acid, Chelidonium
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
majus, and Corydalis lutea extracts. In: PM 62(2): 173-174.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
1997.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Diener H, Schollkraut. In: PTA 8(2): 145. 1994.
Heidelberg 1996.
Dostal J et al.. Structure of chelerythrine base. In: JNP Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
58(5):723-729. 1995. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Fulde G, Wichtl M, Analytik von Schollkraut, Hauptalkaloid Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Coptisin. In: DAZ 134(12): 1031. 1994. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Hahn R, Nahrstedt A, Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives, Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
caffeoylmalic and new caffeoylaldonic acid esters, from mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Chelidonium majus. In: PM 59(1):71. 1993. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Hamacher H, Haben Phytopharmaka eine Zukunft? In: DAZ pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
131(42):2155. 1991. York 1995.
1 7 2 /CELANDINE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. cauline leaves are wedge-shaped and acuminate, also 3-lobed
Stuttgart 1997. or pinnate or lanceolate and entire-margined.
CELANDINE ROOT
Characteristics: The plant has a strong odor.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Habitat: Celery is found in Europe from England and
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Lapland to southern Russia. The plant also grows in western
1994.
Asia as far as eastern India; in northern and southern Africa
Literatur zu den Wirkungen der Inhaltsstoffe vgl. Chelidonii and South America; and is cultivated and grows wild in
herba. North America, Mexico and Argentina.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Iridoide bitter principles (monoterpenes): in particular
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. swertiamarin, including among others gentiopicrin,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und sweroside
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Pyrridine alkaloids: gentianine, gentianidine
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Xanthones: including methyl bellidifoline
Stuttgart 1997. EFFECTS
Centaury increases gastric secretion and salivation because
of the typical bitter reaction, also antiphlogistic and antipy-
retic effects have been studied in various animal experi-
Centaurea cyanus ments. The effect for loss of appetite, stomach complaints
See Cornflower and dyspepsia can also be attributed to the amaroids.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S CETRARIA ISLANDICA/175
INDICATIONS AND USAGE van der Sluis WG et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:268.
Approved by Commission E: van der Sluis WG, PM 41:221-231. 1981.
• Dyspeptic complaints Further information in:
• Loss of appetite •
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
** Unproven Uses: The drug is used for loss of appetite, Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
dyspepsia and poor gastric secretion. In folk medicine, it is (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
used for fever, worm infestation and as a hypotensive. It is 1994.
also used for diabetes in Mallorca, and for expelling kidney Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
stones in Egypt. Externally, it is used in the treatment of in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
wounds. York 1980.
Chamaemelum nobile In older animal experiments, the drug was tested on the
ovaries and resulted in a reduction of cystic and bleeding
See English Chamomile follicles. In other animal experiments, an inhibition of
lactation and a normalization of stress-induced hyperprolac-
tin anemia was observed. In clinical studies, the positive
effect on symptoms resulting from hyperprolactin anemia
Chaste Tree was proven.
Vitex agnus-castus A dopaminergic effect via bonding on D2-receptors was also
shown.
TRADE NAMES
Chasteberry Power, Vitex, Alcohol-Free Chaste Tree Bern' INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe dried fruit • Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
and the dried leaves. • Menopausal complaints
Flower and Fruit: The 8 to 10 cm, blue, occasionally pink Unproven Uses: Chaste Tree preparations are used to treat
flowers form terminal, branched, spike-like inflorescences. irregularities of the menstrual cycle, premenstrual com-
The calyx and epicalyx of the bilabiate corolla are pubescent. plaints, menstrual disturbances caused by corpus luteum
The fruit is a globular to oblong, 3 to 4 mm, reddish black, 4- insufficiency, insufficient milk production and mastodynia.
seeded drupe. It is surrounded up to two-thirds in cup-like It is also used to control libido, increase milk flow, reduce
fashion by the calyx. The exocarp has short-stemmed. flatulence, suppress appetite, and induce sleep. Additional
glandular hairs. uses include the treatment of impotency, spermatorrhea,
prostatitis, swelling of the testes, sexual neurasthenia,
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a l to 6 m high bush or sterility, amenorrhea, uterine pain, and swelling of the
tree with quadrangular, gray, tomentose, young branches. ovaries. Chaste Tree is also used to induce menstruation.
The leaves are deciduous, crossed-opposite, long-petioled
and palmate. They have 5 to 7 entire-margined, up to 10 cm Homeopathic Uses: Chaste Tree is used for male sexual
long, lanceolate leaflets. The under surface of the leaf is disturbances, disturbances of milk flow, and nervous
white and tomentose. depression.
Preparation: For the dried extract, preparations of 100 gm Doppelblindstudie gegen Pyridoxin.. In: ZPT, Abstract-Band,
contain 0.2 gm dried extract in a ratio of 1:5, in either S.7. 1995.
ethanol or water. Roder D, Therapie von Zyklusstorungen mit Vitex agnus-castus.
In: ZPT 15(3):155-159. 1994.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage of aqueous-alcoholic
j^ extracts is 30 to 40 mg of the drus. Wichtl M, Phytopharmaka: Agnus castus - ein Dopamin-
Agonist? In: DAZ 132(8):360. 1992.
m
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10 Winterhoff H, (1993) Arzneipflanzen mit endokriner
Wirksamkeit. Z Phytother 14:83-94.
globules, 1 to 3 times a day; parenterally: 1 ml injection
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1). Winterhoff H, Gorkow C, Behr B, Die Hemmung der Laktation
LITERATURE bei Ratten als indirekter Beweis fur die Senkung von Prolaktin
Becker H. Hemmung der Prolaktinsekretion. In: T W durch Agnus castus. In: ZPT 12(6): 175-179. 1991.
Gynakologie 6:2-10. 1991.
Wuttke W, Gorkow Ch, Jarry J, (1995) Dopaminergic
Bohnert KJ. Hahn G. Erfahrungsheilkunde 39:494-502c. 1990. Compounds in Vitex Agnus Castus. In, Loew D, Rietbrock N
Dittmann FW. Bohnert KJ. Peeters M. Albrecht M. Lamertz M, (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung.
Schmidt U. Prumenstruelles Syndrom. Behandlung mit einem Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 81-91.
Phytopharmakon. In: TW Gynakologie 5:60-68. 1992. Further information in:
Feldmann HU. Albrecht M. Lamertz M. Bohnert KJ, Therapie
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
bei Gelbkorperschwache bzw. pramenstruellem Syndrom mit
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Vitex-agnus-castus-Tinktur. In: Gyne 11:421-425. 1990. (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 1992-
Jarry H. Leonhardt S. Gorkow C. Wuttke W. (1994) In vitro 1994.
prolactin but not LH and FSH release is inhibited by
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
compounds in extracts of Agnus castus, direct evidence for a
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
^t dopaminergic principle by the dopamine receptor assay. Exp
~ Clin Endocrinol 102:448-454. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Jarry H. Leonhardt S. Wuttke W. Behr B, Gorkow C. (1991)
Agnus castus als dopaminerges Wirkprinzip in Mastodynon N. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag
Z Phytother 12:77-82. Heidelberg 1996.
Kustrac D et al.. The composition of the essential oil of Vitex Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
agnus-castus. In: PM 58(7):A681. 1992. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Lehmann-Willenbrock E. Riedel HH. (1988) Klinische und Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
endokrinologische Untersuchungen zur Therapie ovarieller Stuttgart 1997.
Ausfallserscheinungen nach Hysterektromie unter Belassung der
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Adnexe. Zent Gyniikol 110:611-618.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Loew D, Gorkow C, Schrodter A. Reitbrock S, Merz PG, York 1995.
Schnieders M, Sieder C, Zur dosisabhangigen Vertraglichkeit
eines Agnus-castus-Spezialextraktes. In: ZPT 17(4):237-243.
1996.
Merz PG, Schrodter A, Rietbrock S, Gorkow Ch, Loew D,
(1995) Prolaktinsekretion und Vertraglichkeit unter der
Chaulmoogra
Behandlung mit einem Agnus-castus-Spezialextrakt (B1095E1). Hydnocarpus species
Erste Ergebnisse zum EinflufJ auf die Prolaktinsekretion. In, DESCRIPTION
Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und
Medicinal Parts: Chaulmoogra is found in all of the named
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 93-97.
species. The expressed oil is known as Gynocardia oil in
Propping D, Bohnert KJ, Peeters M, Albrecht M, Lamertz M, Britain and Oleum Chaulmoograe in the U.S.
Vitex agnus-castus. Behandlung gynakologischer
Krankheitsbilder. In: Therapeutikon 5:581-585. 1991. Flower and Fruit: The grayish seeds are about 2 to 3 cm
Reuter HD, Bohnert KJ, Schmidt U, (1995) Die Therapie des long and 1.5 cm in diameter. They are irregularly angular
pramenstruellen Syndroms mit Vitex agnus castus. Kontrollierte with rounded ends. The kernel is oily and encloses two thin,
Doppelblindsrudie gegen Pyridoxin. Z Phytother Abstractband, heart-shaped, three-veined cotyledons and a straight radical.
S.7.
Characteristics: The taste is acrid and the odor disagreeable.
Reuter HD, Bohnert KJ, Schmidt U, Die Therapie des
pramenstruellen Syndroms mit Vitex agnus castus. Kontrollierte Habitat: Malaysia, Indian subcontinent.
178/CHAULMOOGRA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Production: Chaulmoogra seeds are the seeds of various The seeds are severely poisonous due to their cynagenic
Hydnocarpus varieties. Chaulmoogra oil is the fatty oil glycoside content. Injections of solutions of Dicobalt-EDTA
extracted from the seeds. or of thiosulfates, or administration of methemoglobin-form-
ing agents, such as amyl nitrite, are recommended as
Other Names: Hydnocarpus
antidotes. The triggering of vomiting and gastric lavage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY should be carried out in a parallel fashion. Circulatory 4|
C O M P O U N D S : C H A U L M O O G R A SEEDS support measures and artificial respiration may be required.
Fatty oil (30-40%, bitter-type consistency) DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves.
Bitter substances
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are erect and in slender
Volatile oil: including alpha-pinene, 1,8-cineol racemes 10 to 12 cm long with 3 mm pedicles. The petals are
obovate, 3 mm long and white. The fruit is black and
EFFECTS
globular-ovoid. The smooth kernel within the fruit is ovoid
The ethanol extract inhibits xanthinoxydasis. The essential
and acute, with a long black weal.
oil has a similar effect on germinating salad seeds such as
auxin. An antibacterial and antimycotic effect has also been Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen shrub or
demonstrated. In the agar diffusion test, the leaf oil was tree, completely glabrous, and grows up to 6 m high. The
effective against Pseudomonas acruginsosa, Trichophyton bud scales drop early. The petioles are 1 cm long and
mentagrophytes and Aspergillus niger. It also affects fat glandless. The leaf blades are obovate-lanceolate and 8 to 15
metabolism: the oil is used against hyperlipoprotinemia. It is cm long. They are curved, entire or with a finely serrate
^^used as a tonic, a diuretic and an expectorant. margin, coriaceous and bright green. The upper surface of
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
the leaves is glossy. The lower surface has 1 to 4 protruding
Unproven Uses: In South American folk medicine, a nectaries in the axils of the ribs.
decoction of the leaves is used in the treatment of diarrhea,
Characteristics: Poisonous. The fruit is similar to black
fever, gout, as a tonic, diuretic, an antihypertensive, and as a
cherries, and smells of hydrocyanic acid.
digestive aid.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to parts of Asia and is
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- cultivated in many temperate areas.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Production: Cherry Laurel leaves are the leaves of Prunus
DOSAGE laurocerasus.
Mode of Administration: As a decoction and as a liquid
Not to be Confused With: Other forms of Prunus species.
extract.
Other Names: Cherry-Bay
+ EFFECTS
The drug acts as a tonic for the stomach, an anti-irritant and a
Chelone glabra sedative.
See Balmony
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cherry Laurel is used to treat coughs and
the common cold.
Chenopodium ambrosioides Homeopathic Uses: Cherry Laurel is used for dry coughs,
See Wormseed Oil whooping cough, cyanosis and spasms.
180/CHERRY LAUREL PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used as a tea or in the
Chicory EFFECTS
An anti-exudative, choleretic, negatively chronotropic and
Cic ho Hum intybus negatively inotropic effect has been described due to the
plant's sesquiterpene lactones, cinnamic acid derivatives and
DESCRIPTION
flavonoids. Animal studies have noted a distinct reduction of
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
pulse rate and contractility; a mildly cholagogic effect; and
dried leaves and roots, which are collected in autumn; the
lowered cholesterin level in rats' livers and plasma. Applica-
whole plant collected and dried in the flowering season; and
tion for dyspeptic complaints seems plausible because of the
the fresh plant and root.
amaroid (guaianolide) content.
Flower and Fruit: Size: The numerous flower heads are 3 to INDICATIONS AND USAGE
4 cm in diameter and are terminal or axillary, solitary or in Approved by Commission E:
groups, sessile or short-pedicled. The epicalyx bracts are
• Loss of appetite
bristly ciliate, often glandular-haired. The inner bracts are
• Dyspeptic complaints
oblong-lanceolate and erect, the outer ones ovate, splayed
and half as long as the inner ones. The androgynous lingual Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, the herb is used
florets are usually light blue, but occasionally white or pink. externally for liver complaints and as a gargle. Among
The fruit is an achaene 2 to 3 mm in length. It has no hair internal uses are sore throat, hemorrhoids, tuberculosis,
tuft and is ovate and straw yellow to blackish. abdominal cramps, melancholy, deafness and rashes. The
juice of the chicory plant is also used as a laxative for
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant can grow to a height of 2 children.
m and has a hardy, 10 to 30 cm long, thick root. The stem is
rigidly erect, sparsely branched above and often bristly. The Indian Medicine: Medicinal uses include headaches, dyspep-
leaves are 10 to 30 cm long and 1 to 5 cm wide. Diey are tic symptoms, skin allergies, vomiting and diarrhea.
obovate, oblong, shaped like a cross-cut saw or slit, with PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
numerous stiff hairs beneath. The lowest leaves in a basal No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
rosette are petiolate. The upper ones as well as those near the with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
inflorescences are alternate, oblong to lanceolate, crenate- dosages. There is a slight potential for sensitization via skin
dentate and sessile. contact with the drug.
DOSAGE
Characteristics: Chicory has a bitter taste.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions as
Habitat: The plant is found in Europe, the Middle East as far well as other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
as Iran, north and south Africa, all of America, Australia and How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations
New Zealand. include drops and compound preparations.
Production: Chicory consists of the dried leaves and Preparation: Prepare an infusion by scalding 2 to 4 g drug
underground parts of Cichorium intybus, which are collected with boiling water, allowing it to stand for 10 minutes, then
in autumn in the wild and air-dried. straining. A tea is prepared by brewing 2 to 4 g of the whole
herb with 150 to 250 ml boiling water and then straining it
Other Names: Succory, Hendibeh after 10 minutes.
182/CHICORY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Daily Dosage: 3 to 5 g comminuted drug. Single dose: 2 to 4 Leaves, Stem and Root: This evergreen tree grows up to 7 m
g whole herb for an infusion. tall with aromatic bark and angular branches. The bark is
brown, in quilled pieces, sometimes with the remains of the
LITERATURE
outer layer present. The 7.5 to 10 cm long leaves are
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ
oblanceolate and pubescent on 6 to 8 cm long petioles, more
l36(38):3253-2354. 1996.
or less tapered toward the base. They are coriaceous,
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): H64. alternate and brown underneath.
1992.
Habitat: Indigenous and cultivated in southern China,
Balbaa S et al., (1973) Planta Med 24:133.
Vietnam, Laos and Burma.
Benoit PS et al., (1976) Lloydia 39:160.
Production: Chinese Cinnamon consists of the completely or
Kawabata S, Deki M, (1977) Kanzei Chuo Bunsek 17:63.
partly peeled, dried stem bark from the aboveground or thin-
Miiller K, Wiegrebe W, Psoriasis und Antipsoriatika. In: DAZ branched axis of Cinnamomum aromaticum. The drug, from
137(22): 1893-1902. 1997. branches 2 to 3 cm thick, is peeled with horn knives, freed
Noldenn U, Dissertation Universitat Bonn. 1989. from cork and outer rind, and dried in the sun for 24 hours.
Proliac A, Blanc M, (1976) Helv Chem Acta 58:2503. Not to be Confused With: Chinese Cinnamon should not be
Wagner, H, In 'The Biology and Chemistry of the confused with waste products from the production process or
Compositae," Eds V. N. Heywood et al. Academic Press, other barks and materials, nor with the skins of horse
London 1977. chestnut seeds.
Further information in: Other Names: Cassia, False Cinnamon, Bastard Cinnamon,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Cassia Lignea, Cassia Bark, Cassia aromaticum, Canton
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Cassia
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Volatile oil: chief components are cinnamaldehyde, weiter-
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
hin cinnamylacetate, cinnamyl alcohol, o-methoxycinnamai-
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. dehyde, cinnamic acid, coumarin
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Diterpenes: cinnzeylanoles, cinncassioles A to E
EFFECTS
The essential oil and its main constituent cinnamaldehyde
Chinese Cinnamon are antibacterial, fungistatic, improve immune resistance in
animal tests (inhibiting allergic reactions Type I and II),
Cinnamomum aromaticum
promote motility, inhibit ulcers and act on the digestive tract
DESCRIPTION (tannin content).
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
collected and dried after they have finished blossoming, and Approved by Commission E:
the whole or partly peeled, dried bark of thin and young
branches, as well the oil extracted from them. • Loss of appetite
• Dyspeptic complaints
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are small on short, slender,
silky pedicles. They are arranged in threes in cymous Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include symptomatic
panicles in the leaf axils and in larger panicles at the end of treatment of gastrointestinal disorders (mild, colicky upsets
the branches. The perianth is slightly silky, about 3 mm long, of the gastrointestinal tract, bloating, flatulence and diar-
with oblong-lanceolate petals. The fruit is a juicy, pea-sized, rhea), as well as for temporary states of exhaustion and to
elliptoid, smooth drupe. increase weight. Efficacy has been sufficiently proven for
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CHINESE MOTHERWORT 183
gastric complaints and it is plausible for diarrhea, but the Further information in:
evidence is not sufficient for the other indications. Chan, EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Chinese Medicine: Among uses in Chinese medicine are Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 19S5.
impotence, diarrhea, enuresis, rheumatic conditions, testicle Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
, hernia, menopause syndrome, amenorrhea, abortion and to Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
stabilize immunity. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1991
1994.
Indian Medicine: Digestive complaints, vomiting and diar-
rhea are the most common uses in Indian medicine. Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin.
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of medicinal preparations of Chinese Cinnamon is
contraindicated during pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Chinese Motherwort
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
Leonurus japonicus
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a medium potential DESCRIPTION
for sensitization, primarily due to the cinnamaldehyde. Medicinal Parts: The fruit is said to have medicinal
properties.
Pregnancy: The drug is not to be administered in time of
pregnancy. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is long with whorls of a
DOSAGE few flowers at some distance from each other. The bracts are
Mode of Administration: Comminuted bark for infusions, short and usually have a thorn-like awn. The flowers are
essential oil, as well as other galenic preparations for internal sessile and dorsiventral. The calyx is narrow clavate.
use. approximately 8 mm long, short-haired. The calyx teeth are
upright, the lower 2 are longer than the 3 upper ones. The
Preparation: To prepare a tincture of Chinese Cinnamon, corolla is bilabiate, made up of 5 fused petals, approximately
moisten 200 parts cinnamon bark evenly with ethanol and 10 mm long, lilac to pink. The upper lip has a purple middle
percolate to produce 1000 parts tincture. lobe and the lower lip is divided into 3. There are 2 long and
2 short stamens. The ovary is superior, 2-carpled and 4-
Daily Dosage: 2 to 4 g drug; 0.05 to 0.2 g essential oil. The
chambered. The fruit breaks up into 4 black. 3-edged
average single dose is 1 g.
approximately 2 mm long, 1-seeded mericarps.
Storage: Chinese Cinnamon should be stored in a cool, dry
environment in tightly sealed containers. Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows to
a height of up to 1 m. The leaves are petiolate, 5 to 10 cm
LITERATURE
long, ovate to cordate, narrowing cuneiformly at the base.
Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I.,
The lower leaves are palmately divided to the middle: the
Academic Press UK 1985.
sections are pinnatifid with linear-acuminate lobes. The
Lockwood GB, Die Hauptbestandteile des atherischen Ols von upper leaves are decussate opposite, simple, lanceolate.
Cinnamomum cassia BLUME. In: PM 36(4):380-381. 1979. entire and pubescent on both surfaces. The stem is gray-
Nagai H et al., (1982) Jpn J Pharmacol 32(5):813. green, upright, branched and square; the surface is grooved,
Nohara T et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 21(8):2130. and the ribs are pubescent.
Nohara T et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(8): 1849. Habitat: Leonurus japonicus is found in China, North and
Nohara T et al., Cinncassiol E, a diterpene from the bark of South Korea, and Japan.
Cinnamomum cassia. In: PH 24:1849. 1985.
Production: Chinese Motherwort fruit is the dried fruit of
Nohara T et al., PH 21:2130-2132. 1982.
Leonurus japonicus.
Otsuka H et al., (1982) Yakugaku Zasshi 102:162.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Sagara K et al., J Chromatogr 409:365-370. 1987.
COMPOUNDS
Senayake UM et al., (1978) J Agric Food Chem 20:822. Diterpenes: including leonurine
Structure of potent antiulcerogenic compounds from
Cinnamomum cassia, Tetrahedron 44:4703. 1988. Fatty oil: chief fatty acids oleic acid and linolenic acid
1 8 4 /CHINESE MOTHERWORT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4 - 6 administration of designated therapeutic dosages. According
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- to older sources, stomach complaints, kidney irritation and
1994. hemorrhagic erosions have been observed following admin-
istration of the essential oil. Topical application causes skin
irritation.
results in a somewhat darker elemi. Plasters are prepared rhein, chrysophanol, physcion (together 60-80%), 8,8'-diglu-
using 25% drug in ointment. cosides of dianthrones (10-25%), including among others,
sennosides A and B
Storage: Store in well-sealed tins protected from light.
Tannins: gallo tannins, including among others galloyl
LITERATURE
•• Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, glucose, galloyl saccharose, lindleyine, isolindleyine
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Flavonoids (2-3%)
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998. Naphthohydroquinone glycosides
EFrECTS
western provinces of China and is cultivated in many regions Chinese Rhubarb is contraindicated in cases of intestinal
around the world. The main producers are China and Russia. obstruction, acute inflammatory intestinal disease, appendici-
tis and abdominal pain of unknown origin.
Production: Chinese Rhubarb consists of the dried under-
ground parts of Rheum palmatum, Rheum officinale or of PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
both species. Stem parts, roots and most -of the bark are General: Spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints can occur as
removed from the rhizomes. a side effect to the drug's purgative effect. Long-term use
leads to losses of electrolytes, in particular potassium ions.
Not to be Confused With: Other Rheum species such as The loss of electrolytes may lead to hyperaldosteronism,
Rheum rhaponticum or Rheum rhabarbarum. Garden Rhu- inhibition of intestinal motility and enhancement of the
barb is Rheum ponticum. effect of cardioactive steroids. Long term use may lead to
Other Names: Rhubarb heart arrhythmias, nephropathies, edema and accelerated
bone deterioration.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS The increased incidence of carcinoma of the colon following
Anthracene derivatives (3-12%): chief components 1- or 8- long-term administration of anthracene drugs has not yet
O-fJ-glucosides of the aglycones rheumemodin, aloe-emodin, been fully clarified. Recent studies show no association
1 8 6 / C H I N E S E RHUBARB (DA-HUANG) PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
between the administration of anthracene drugs and the Foust B, In: Foust MC. Rhubarb: The Wondrous Drug.
frequency of carcinoma of the colon. Princeton University Press, Princeton, NJ 1992.
Friedrich H, Hohle J, (1966) Arch Pharm 299:857.
Stimulating laxatives must not be used over an extended
period (1 to 2 weeks)^ without medical advice. Iida K et al., Potent inhibitors of tyrosinase activity and
melanin biosynthesis from Rheum officinale. In: PM 61(5):425-
Drug Interactions: Potassium deficiency can cause an 428. 1995.
increase in the effect of cardiac glycosides.
Kashiwada Y et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(9):3461.
Pregnancy: Use during pregnancy or while nursing only Klimpel BE et al., Anthranoidhaltige Laxantien - ein Risiko fiir
after consulting a physician. die Entwicklung von Tumoren der ableitenden Harnwege. In:
PUZ 26(1 ):33, Jahrestagung der DPhG, Berlin, 1996. 1997.
Pediatric Use: The drug is not to be administered to children
under 12 years of age. Nonaka G et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:2300.
Oshio H et al., (1974) Chem Pharm Bull 22:823.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid or solid forms of medication Sanches EF, Feritas TV, Ferreiraalves DL, Velarde DT, Diniz
are exclusively for oral use. The drug is available as MR, Cordeiro MN, Agostinicotta G, Biological activities of
venoms from south American snakes. In: Toxicon 30(1 ):95.
comminuted drug, powder or dry extracts for teas, decoc-
1992.
tions, cold macerations or elixirs. Extracts of the drug are
often constituents of laxatives, cholagogics and gastrointesti- Tsuboi et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:2708.
nal remedies, and are found in "slimming cures," "spring- Van Os FHL, (1976) Pharmacol 14(Suppl 1):7.
time tonics" and "blood purifying" teas. Zwaving JH, (1972) Planta Med 21:254.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion to be used as a laxative, Zwaving JH, (1974) Pharm Weekbl 109:1169.
use 1.0-2.0 gm coarse powdered drug; for a stomachic, 0.1 to Further information in:
0.2 gm powdered drug stirred with sufficient liquid (may be
Chan EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
flavored with cinnamon, ginger, or peppermint oil) or scald
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
and strain after 5 minutes. (1 teaspoonful = approximately
2.5 gm drug) Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Daily Dosage: As a laxative, the dose is 1.0 to 2.0 gm of (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
drug prepared according to instructions above. As an 1994.
astringent and stomachic, the dose is 0.1-0.2 gm. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1.2 to 4.8 gm drug corresponds to 30 to 120 mg hydroxyan-
1980.
thracene derivatives/day, calculated as rhein.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Tea — 1 cup mornings and/or evenings Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Extract — Single dose: 0.3 to 1 gm Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Laxatives should be used for the shortest possible time
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
(maximum 1 to 2 weeks) 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Heidelberg 1996.
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
a day (HAB1). Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
LITERATURE Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Anonym, Abwehr von Arzneimittelrisiken, Stufe II. In: DAZ Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
136(38):3253-2354. 1996. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Anonym, Anwendungseinschrankungen fur Anthranoid-haltige Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Abfuhrmittel angeordnet. In: PUZ 25(6):341-342. 1996. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
BGA, Arzneimittelrisiken: Anthranoide. In: DAZ 132(21): 1164. Stuttgart 1997.
1992. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Fairbairn JW, (1976) Pharmacol 14(Suppl 1):48. | Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CHIRETTA 187
chambered. The fruit is a double achaene. Mode of Administration: Whole drug and cut drug prepara-
tions for internal and external use.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Thoroughwax is an upright herba-
ceous perennial, which grows about 30 to 70 cm high. The Preparation: The drug is usually only used in Chinese and
leaves are alternate, arranged in spirals, simple and entire. Japanese medicine in compounded preparations.
The stem is hollow, gnarled and branched. Storage: Should be well sealed (to protect against insects),
Habitat: China, Japan and central Europe and air dried.
LITERATURE
Production: Bupleuri roots are the dried roots of Bupleurum
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed). Hagers
chinense. They are collected in the wild.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL. Bde 4 - 6
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Bupleurum (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
4 F longiradiatum. 1994.
Jin RL. Shi L, Kuang Y, Comparative studies on the roots of
Other Names: Chai Hu
wild and cultured Bupleurum chinense. DC Chung Yao Tung
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Pao, 20:11-3, 61, 1988 Apr.
COMPOUNDS Ohtsu S, Izumi S, Iwanaga S, Ohno N, Yadomae T. Analysis
Triterpene saponins (saikosides.1.2 to 4.9%, content declin- of mitogenic substances in Bupleurum chinense by ESR
ing with the diameter of the root): saikosaponins a, bl, b2, c spectroscopy. Biol Pharm Bull, 20:97-100, 1997 Jan.
and d, aglycones are the so-called saikogenins Zhang J, Comparison on saikosaponin levels in the root of
Bupleurum chinense of various sizes. Chung Yao Tung Pao.
Steroids: sterols, including alpha-spinasterol, stigmasterol
20:13-4, 1985 Apr.
Polyynes: saikodiine A, B and C
EFFECTS
The drug is not usually used alone, but rather used in various
drug mixtures.
Chionanthus virginicus
See Fringetree
The saiko saponins or saikogenins that the drug contains
have exhibited antipyretic, edema-protective and anti-inflam-
matory effects in animal experiments. At the same time, an
inducement of the depletion -of corticosterone and a liver-
protective effect could be demonstrated, as could a sedative
Chiretta
A- and an analgesic effect. The drug is also credited with
Swertia chirata
antitussive, anti-ulcerogenic and blood-pressure lowering DESCRIPTION
characteristics. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb, which is cut
and dried when the seed is ripe.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chinese Thoroughwax is used for inflam- Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are small and form
matory conditions (oriental regions). a yellow panicle. The fruit is a single-valved capsule, which
tastes very bitter and is odorless.
Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for shivering and
fever, jaundice, chest pain, bitter taste in the mouth, nausea, Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grows up
vomiting, malaria and deafness. to 90 cm high. The branching stem is brown or purplish. 2 to
1 8 8 /CHIRETTA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
4 mm thick, cylindrical below and becoming quadrangular Ray S et al. Amarogentin, a naturally occuring secoiridoid
toward the top. The leaves are smooth, opposite, lanceolate glycoside and a newly recognized inhibitor of topoisomerase I
or ovate and entire-margined with 3 to 7 longitudinal ribs. from Leishmania donovani. In: JNP 59(l):27-29. 1996.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern India and Nepal. Sharma PV (1982) Indian J Pharm Sci 44 (2): 36.
EFFECTS
Chives
Chiretta stimulates the secretion of gastric juices. In animal Allium schoenoprasum
experiments, an anticholinergic (due to swertiamarin), anti-
phlogistic, hypoglycemic (due to xanthone derivatives), and DESCRIPTION
centrally suppressing effect has been described. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
aerial parts of the plant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Chiretta is used for dyspeptic disorders, loss Flower and Fruit: The cyme has numerous florets. The
of appetite, problems with the production of gastric juices sheath of the inflorescence has 2 or 3 flaps. The flap is
and disorders of the digestive system. broad-ovate and shorter than the inflorescence; it is white or
reddish. The florets are dense and globose with no bulbils.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The petals of the perianth are lanceolate-ovate and acute or
The drug should not be used in patients who have gastric or
pointed. They are 7 to 11 mm long, bluish or white to
duodenal ulcers due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
yellowish, and have a dark middle stripe. The stamens are
secretion. shorter than the perianth. They are awl-shaped and fused
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS with each other and the perianth petals at the base. The
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction perianth surrounds the capsule like a balloon.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Leaves, Stem and Root: Allium schoenoprasum is a perenni-
al, 15 to 30 cm high plant. The base is branched with
DOSAGE numerous erect, closely packed leaves. Thin sheaths form
Mode of Administration: The drug is a constituent part of incomplete, oblong bulbs. The bulb skin is thin, white and
various preparations, especially drops. splitting when mature. The stem is round, usually smooth
and leafy from the lower third. The compact leaves are
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 15 to 20 drops, 3 times completely hollow, round, somewhat elastic, and gray or
daily before meals. For nervous disorders, 10 to 15 drops are gray-green.
taken daily between meals.
Habitat: Chives grow wild in the temperate regions of
LITERATURE
Europe and North America and are cultivated in Europe,
Dalai SR et al. (1953) J Ind Chem Soc 30: 455.
Turkistan, North America and from Siberia to Japan.
Ghosal S et al. (1973) J Pharm Sci 62: 926.
Production: Chives are the complete aerial parts of Allium
Goyal H et al. (1981) J Res Ayur Siddha 2 (3): 286.
schoenoprasum, which are harvested before flowering.
Hikano H et al. (1984) Shoyakugku Zasshi 38: 359.
Komatsu M et al. (1971) Jpn Kokai 71 (27): 558. Other Names: Cive Garlic, Civet, Chive
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CHOCOLATE VINE (MU-TONG) / 1 8 9
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Triterpene saponins: akebosides, aglycones oleanolic acid
dosages. The intake of large quantities can lead to stomach and hederagenin
irritation. Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
DOSAGE glucoside, betulin
Mode of Administration: Chives are used fresh or dried, as a Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: saccharose
cut drug.
Cyclitols: meso-inositol
LITERATURE
Kameoka H, Hashimoto S, Two sulfur containing constituents EFFECTS
from Allium schoenoprasum. In: PH 22:294-295. 1983. Animal experiments have demonstrated an anti-edemic
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers effect attributed to the saponin mixture contained in the drug.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6 In addition, diuretic, uricosuric, centrally depressant, antipy-
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- retic, mild analgesic and motility-inhibiting (intestinal)
1994. effects have been reported, although no results of controlled
Hashimoto S et al., Food Sci 48:1858. 1983. clinical studies have as yet been published.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of the plant have been used for
acute urinary tract infections and ascites.
Chocolate Vine (Mu-Tong) Chinese Medicine: Mu Tong is used for laryngitis and dry
Akebia quinata coughs, urinary stones, disturbances of bladder function,
DESCRIPTION galacturia, convulsions, anemia and hematuria.
Medicinal Parts: The dried stems and fruits of the Akebia
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
£? quinata are frequently used in medicine. No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is racemose, hanging, 5 administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The inges-
to 9 cm long, with 1 to 3 female flowers. The pedicle is 3 to tion of larger dosages of the drug may lead to gastroenteritis,
5 cm long. There are 3 to 4 violet to pink-violet sepals up to intestinal colic and diarrhea, due to the saponin content. The
1.5 cm long and 5 to 7 apocarpic, blue-violet carpels. There drug is not to be administered during pregnancy.
are 4 to 15 male flowers with 3 violet to lilac sepals and 6 to DOSAGE
7 violet to black stamens. The fruit is an elongate pome, 6 to
9 cm long, dark violet when ripe with white spots and a Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations for internal use.
coriaceous cupule. The seeds are numerous, red-brown to Daily Dosage: 3 to 9 gm in the form of a decoction.
1 9 0 / C H O C O L A T E VINE (MU-TONG) PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers Cimicifuga racemosa
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 See Black Cohosh
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Cinnamomum verum
Chondrus crispus See Cinnamon
See Carrageen
Cinnamon
Chrysanthemum Cinnamomum verum
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cinnamon oil
Cichorium intybus Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a heavily foliated
See Chicory evergreen tree 6.5 to 12 m tall with a pale brown bark in thin
quills, several rolled inside one another. The branches are
cylindrical with a gray-brown bark. The tough leaves, which
are opposite and splayed horizontally to leaning, are initially
red then turn green. They are about 12 cm by 5 cm,
Cicuta virosa roundish-ovate or ovate-lanceolate to oblong, more or less
See European Water Hemlock acuminate and entire-margined. The leaves smell like cloves.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CINNAMON/191
Mucilages LITERATURE
Potentilla tormentilla N.) and its preparations. After harvest- Mode of Administration: Tormentil is available in solid,
ing the rhizome is air-dried. liquid and compounded preparations for internal and external
use.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with Radix
bistortae and the rhizomes of Geum species. Preparation: To prepare a tea, 2 to 3 gm finely cut or
coarsely powdered drug is added to cold water, and rapidly
Other Names: Cinquefoil, Septfoil, Thormantle, Biscuits, brought to a boil, steep for some time and then strain. A cold
Bloodroot, Earthbank, Ewe Daisy, Flesh and Blood, Shep- water decoction may be used to avoid loss of tannin strength
herd's Knapperty, Shepherd's Knot, English Sarsaparilla that occurs during the boiling process (1 teaspoon is
equivalent to approximately 4 gm drug).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
To prepare a tincture, 1 part cut rhizome is percolated with 5
Catechins: including (-)-gallocatechin gallate, (-)-epigalloca- parts 70% ethanol (V/V) (DAB 10)
techin gallate, dimerics and trimerics of the catechin
derivatives Daily Dosage: 4 to 6 gm drug
Catechin tannins (15 to 20%), transformed under storage Tincture (1:10): 10 to 20 drops to one glass of water as a
conditions into non-water soluble tanner's reds rinse several times a day
(phlobaphenes)
Tea: 1 cup to be taken 3 to 4 times a day (acts as an anti-
Flavonoids: including kaempferol j diarrheal agent.)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CLEAVERS/193
See Lime Production: Cleavers is the flowering herb of the aerial part
of Galium aparine, which is garnered and then dried.
Other Names: Clivers, Goosegrass, Barweed, Hedgeheriff,
Hayriffe, Eriffe, Grip Grass, Hayruff, Catchweed, Scrat-
Citrus aurantium weed, Mutton Chops, Robin-Run-in-the-Grass, Love-Man,
See Bitter Orange Goosebill, Everlasting Friendship, Bedstraw, Coachweed,
194/CLEAVERS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister
V formation and cauterizations that heal poorly, due to the Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
released protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to the Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage York 1995.
passages, are possible.
Production: Cloves consist of the hand-picked and dried Deiniger R, Gewiirznelken (Syzygium aromaticum) und
flower buds of Syzygium aromaticum (syn. Jambosa caryo- Nelkenol - aktuelle Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 12(6):205. 1992.
phyllus, Eugenia caryophyllata). Kato Y, (1975) Koryo 113:17 and 24.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Narayanan CS, Matthew AG (1985) Ind Perf 29(1/2): 15.
COMPOUNDS Tanaka T, Orii Y, Nonaka GI, Nishioka I, Kouno I, Syziginins
Volatile oil (15-21%): chief components eugenol (70-90%), A and B, two ellegitannins from Syzygium aromaticum. In: PH
eugenyl acetate (aceteugenol, up to 17%), beta-caryophyl- 43(6)1345-1348. 1996.
lene (5-12%) Willuhn G, Pflanzliche Dermatika. Eine kritische Ubersicht.. In:
DAZ 132(37): 1873. 1992.
Flavonoids: including astragalin, isoquercitrin, hyperoside,
Further information in:
quercetin-3,4'-di-0-glycoside
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Tannins (10%): ellagitannins, including eugenin Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, iNew York, 1992-
Triterpenes: oleanolic acid (1%), crataegolic acid (maslic
1994.
acid, 0.15%)
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
EFFECTS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Clove is antiseptic, antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, spas-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
molytic and a local anaesthetic.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Approved by Commission E:
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
• Dental analgesic pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Unproven Uses: Clove oil is used internally for stomach Stuttgart 1997.
ulcers and externally for colds and headaches. It is also used
externally as a local analgesic and dental antiseptic.
Dose for children — 1/4 to 1/3 of the above doses. Purine alkaloids (3 to 4%): main alkaloid theobromine (2.8
to 3.5%), with a lesser amount of caffeine (0.1 to 0.4^)
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Fat (50%): chief fatty acids oleic acid (33 to 39C7c). stearic
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen acid (30 to 37%), palmitic acid (24 to 31^)
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998. Proteic substances (10 to 16%)
2 0 0 /COCOA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, manual or mechanical opening of the kernel and then
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. followed by the extraction of the endosperm (known as
Schroder B, In: Schroder R. Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom, copra). It is dried in the sun, over a fire or in special drying
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991. houses. The pressed oil is refined and cleaned.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Fatty oil: chief fatty acids lauric acid (45 to 50%), myristic
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. acid (13 to 20%), palmitic acid (7 to 10%), caprylic acid (5
to 10%), including as well stearic acid, linoleic acid, caproic
acid.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in up to 1.5 m Coconut oil is characterized by having a large quantity of
long, spindle-shaped, branching axillary inflorescences, short-chained fatty acids and a rather small amount of
which are surrounded by a woody spathe. On each of the 20 unsaturated fatty acids. It is chiefly used as a dietetic. An
to 40 lateral branches of the inflorescence there is only one, immunomodulating effect was observed in animal experi-
3 to 3.5 cm large, yellowish-green-white female flower. ments, as was an inhibiting effect upon the growth of
There are 200 to 300 male flowers at the apex of the single carcinoma cells of the colon in vitro.
ff branches with their structures arranged in threes. The flowers INDICATIONS AND USAGE
are up to 1.5 cm wide and yellowish; the ovary is 3-carpeled Unproven Uses: The oil of Coconut Palm has been used for
and fused. The drupe is up to 30 cm long and weighs 1.5 to poorly healing wounds and skin infections (Africa). Internal-
2.5 kg. The exocarp is smooth and impervious to water. The ly it is used for colds and inflammation of the throat (with
mesocarp is fibrous (certain floating ability, coconut fiber) salt; Central America) and for tooth decay (southeast Asia).
and the endocarp woody and hard. The stone kernel is
incorrectly called a nut. The inconspicuous embryo is Indian Medicine: Coconut Palm oil is used for dysuria,
embedded in the fat rich endosperm (copra). Inside the coughs, bronchitis and to stop hair from turning gray.
unripe fruit there is approximately 500 ml of clear, sweet-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
tasting liquid (coconut milk), which reduces when the fruit
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the use of
ripens. At the side stem insert there are 3 shoot holes, only
the drug as a food or as a pharmaceutical vehicle or raw
one of which is covered with a membrane. These allow the
substance (including its use in the extraction of short- and
embryo to penetrate the surrounding fiber layer.
medium-chained fatty acids and in the manufacture of soaps
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coconut Palm is diclinous and and solubilizing agents).
monoecious. The tree grows up to 30 to 35 m high. The
DOSAGE
frond is up to 5 m long, 1 to 1.7 m wide (up to 15 kg in
Mode of Administration: Preparations are intended for
weight) and clasps the trunk with a wide petiole. The bark is
internal and external use.
thick and the surface is shaggy with remains of the leaf bases
of fallen leaves. The trunk is divided into nodes and Storage: Protect from light in tightly sealed containers at a
internodes. Adventitious roots arise from the base of the maximum temperature of 25° C.
HIT trunk.
LITERATURE
Characteristics: One palm tree produces up to 70 ripe fruit Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
per year. Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Habitat: The native country of this species is disputed, but is Heidelberg 1998.
believed to be the Pacific regions.
Eghafona NO, Immune responses following cocktails of
Production: Coconut oil is the fat extracted from the dried inactivated measles vaccine and Arachis hypogaea L.
solid part of the endosperm of Cocos nucifera through cold (groundnut) or Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) oils adjuvant.
pressing. Completely ripe fruit is harvested, followed by Vaccine, 84:1703-6, 19% Dec.
202 /COCONUT PALM PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jaggi KS, Arora N, Niphadkar PV, Gangal SV, ashy-white. The leaves are 6 to 20 cm long, 2.5 to 6 cm wide
Immunochemical characterization of cocos nucifera pollen. J and live for 2 to 3 years. They are glabrous, slightly
Allergy Clin Immunol, 84:378-85, 1989 Sep. coriaceous, dark green, glossy and elliptoid-lanceolate, with
Karmakar PR, Chatterjee BP, Cocos nucifera pollen inducing a distinct leaf tip. The border is occasionally extensively
allergy: sensitivity test and immunological study. Indian J Exp ribbed.
Biol, 84:489-96, 1995 Jul.
Habitat: Coffee's area of origin is disputed, but it is now
Nalini N, Sabitha K, Chitra S, Viswanathan P, Menon VP,
cultivated in many tropical regions of the world, including
Antifungal activity of the alcoholic extract of coconut shell -
Brazil, Mexico, Columbia and Ethiopia.
Cocos nucifera Linn. J Ethnopharmacol, 84:291-3, 1980 Sep.
Nalini N, Sabitha K. Chitra S, Viswanathan P, Menon VP, Production: Coffee charcoal is produced by roasting the
Histopathological and lipid changes in experimental colon outer seed parts of the green, dried fruit of Coffea arabica
cancer: effect of coconut kernel (Cocos nucifera Linn.) and (and other Coffea species) until almost black, then grinding
(Capsicum annum Linn.) red chilli powder. Indian J Exp Biol, the carbonized product.
84:964-71, 1997 Sep.
Coffee beans are the seeds of Coffea arabica, which are ripe
for harvest nine months after flowering. Thereafter, they are
processed using one of two methods. In the dry method, the
Cocos nucifera beans are dried for 3 to 4 weeks in the sun, or mechanically
with air-stream dryers. In the wet method, the beans are
See Coconut Palm placed in a water-filled tank, where only the ripe ones sink to
the bottom. The ripe fruit is then mechanically crushed and
subsequently fermented. Fermentation lasts for approximate-
ly 48 hours (for arabica varieties). Afterward, the coffee is
Coffea arabica dried mechanically or in the sun.
See Coffee Not to be Confused With: Coffee beans are not easily
confused with other drugs. However, ground and roasted
coffee may contain coffee substitutes such as chicory,
Coffee dandelion root, figs, sugar beet root, lupin seeds, rye kernels
and barleycorn.
Coffea arabica
Other Names: Arabica Coffee, Arabian Coffee, Caffea
DESCRIPTION
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the seed
COMPOUNDS: COFFEE CHARCOAL
in various forms and stages.
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are axillary dense
Trigonelline
clusters with 10 to 20 flowers. The sessile or very short
pedicled partial inflorescences bear dense, overlapping apical Carbonization products of hemicelluloses
leaves. The calyx is 2.5 to 3 mm long with a blunt 5-tipped
border. The corolla is white and fragrant. The stamens come EFFECTS: COFFEE CHARCOAL
from the mouth of the tube and are exserted. The ripe fruit is Coffee charcoal contains purine alkaloids, with caffeine as
ellipsoid, 12 to 18 mm long by 12 to 15 mm wide with a 3 to the man constituent, and is absorbent and astringent.
6 mm long stem. It is initially green, later yellow and dark
COMPOUNDS: COFFEE BEANS (SEEDS)
red when ripe. The exocarp is tough and the mesocarp fleshy
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine (0.6 - 2.2%), with it
and slightly sweet. The endocarp is hard. The seeds are flat-
theobromine, theophylline
convex with a groove on the flat adaxial side. They are 8 to
12 mm long, 5 to 8 mm wide and 3 to 5 mm thick. When Caffeic and ferulic acid ester of quinic acid: in particular
fresh, the seeds are gray-green. They turn brown after chlorogenic acid
roasting.
Trigonelline
Leaves, Stem and Root: Coffea arabica is an evergreen shrub
Norditerpene glycoside ester: atractylosides
or small tree up to 8 m high with many basal branches. The
young branches are glabrous and flattened, and the nodes Diterpenes: including the diterpene alcohol fatty acid esters
produce many shoots. The bark of the fruiting branches is kahweol and cafestol
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS COFFEE / 2 0 3
In roasted coffee beans: numerous aromatic substances and pharyngeal mucosa. In folk medicine coffee is also used
yielded from carbohydrates, proteins, fats and aromatic acids for festering wounds.
through pyrolysis
COFFEE BEANS (SEEDS)
EFFECTS: COFFEE BEAN'S Unproven Uses: Coffee is used to treat hypotonia and as a
^ Most of the indicated effects of coffee are due to the constituent of analgesics. In folk medicine coffee is also used
presence of caffeine. The primary effects of caffeine can be to increase performance capability as well as for anemia,
summarized as follows: Caffeine has a positive inotropic hepatitis and edema.
effect. In higher concentrations, it has a positive chronotrop-
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include insomnia
ic effect on the heart and CNS. It causes a relaxation of the
and neuralgias.
smooth muscles of blood vessels (except for cerebral blood
vessels) and the bronchial tubes. Moreover, caffeine works Indian Medicine: Unripe seeds are used in Indian medicine
as a short-lived diuretic and produces an increase of gastric for migraine and fever; ripe seeds for diarrhea; and strong
secretions and the release of catecholamines. coffee to treat opium and alcohol intoxication.
Caffeine works competitively to block adenosinal receptors PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
that lie on cell surfaces in the brain, fat tissue, liver, kidneys, COFFEE CHARCOAL
heart and erythrocytes. General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
Heart, circulation, vessels: People who normally do not
recorded.
drink coffee react 1 hour after an intake of 250 gm, with an
increase of 10 mm Hg in their systolic blood pressure. Drug Interactions: The drug can hinder the resorption of
Habitual coffee drinkers are tolerant in this regard. other medicines.
Blood: After 9 weeks of an average daily intake of 5.6 cups COFFEE BEANS
W* of coffee (steeped for 10 min.), the overall and LDL General: Health risks following the proper administration of
cholesterol increases significantly. The use of coffee filters designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Quantities
can reduce this by up to 80%. corresponding to as much as 500 mg caffeine daily (5 cups
of coffee) spread out over the day are toxicologically
Digestive tract: Oral intake of 200 mg of chlorogene acid
harmless for healthy adults accustomed to drinking coffee.
doubles gastric secretion, as does caffeine alone.
Caution is advised for persons with sensitive cardiovascular
Miscellaneous: In animal studies, a diet consisting of 20% systems, kidney diseases, hyperfunction of the thyroid gland,
green coffee impedes the growth of DMBA-induced tumors higher disposition to convulsions and certain psychic disor-
in hamsters by 90%. ders (for example, panic anxiety states). Side effects of
coffee intake, mainly caused by its chlorogenic acid content,
Outcome of the stimulating effects of caffeine commence a
can include hyperacidity, stomach irritation, diarrhea and
few minutes subsequent to taking the drug. The maximum
reduced appetite. Non-specific symptoms such as rest-
plasma concentration of caffeine is reached between 15 and
lessness, irritability, sleeplessness, palpitations, dizziness,
45 minutes later. The plasma half-life amounts to 4 to 6
vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite and headache appear with
hours.
the long-term intake of dosages exceeding 1.5 g caffeine per
Coffee extracts made from roasted and unroasted seeds are day. Caffeine can lead to psychic as well as physical
used analogously with other drugs containing caffeine for dependency (caffeinism). Symptoms of withdrawal can
physical and mental fatigue. The drink can also be used include headache and sleeping disorders.
therapeutically in cases of hypotonia, as an analeptic agent,
Pregnancy: Pregnant womerr should avoid caffeine, under no
in the treatment of influenza (flu) and migraine and as an
circumstances exceeding a dosage of 300 mg per day (3 cups
£t additive to analgesia.
of coffee spread out over the day).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nursing Mothers: Infants nursing from mothers who take
COFFEE CHARCOAL
drinks containing caffeine may suffer from sleeping
Approved by Commission E:
disorders.
• Diarrhea
OVERDOSAGE
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Dosages exceeding 1.5 g caffeine per day can lead to
Unproven Uses: Coffee is used for nonspecific, acute stiffness, arrhythmic spasms of different muscle groups,
diarrhea, and local therapy of mild inflammation of the oral opisthotonus and arrhythmic tachycardia. Fatal poisonings
204/COFFEE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
with the drug are not conceivable: The lethal dosage (LD50) COFFEE BEANS
for an adult is approximately 150 to 200 mg caffeine per kg Anonym, Wieviel Coffein ist in welchem Produkt? In: PTA
body weight (for which 50 kg body weight = 7.5 g = 75 cups 5(1):40. 1991.
of coffee), although there are cases of survival also with 106 Battig K, Kaffee in wissenschaftlicher Sicht. In: ZPT 9(3):95.
g caffeine. The death of a child following the intake of 5.3 g- 1988.
of caffeine has been reported. The first signs of poisonings Bornkessel B, Sind Kaffeetrinker starker gefahrdet? In: DAZ
are vomiting and abdominal spasms. The therapy for caffeine 131(5):189. 1991.
poisoning should begin with the inducement of vomiting or
Butz S, Nurses'-Health-Studie: Kaffe - kein Risikofaktor fur
gastric lavage. Afterward, activated charcoal and sorbitol
koronare Herzkrankheit? In: DAZ 136(19): 1680-1582. 1996.
should be given to retard resorption. Spasms are to be treated
with diazepam. Coffein: Entzugssyndrom bei Kaffeetrinkern. In: DAZ
133(6):441. 1993.
DOSAGE Dieudonne S, Forero ME, Llano I, Lipid analysis of Coffea
COFFEE CHARCOAL arabica Linn, beans and their possible hypercholesterolemic
Mode of Administration: Powdered coffee charcoal and its effects. Int J Food Sci Nutr, 159:135-9, 1997 Mar.
preparations intended for internal consumption or local Ferre, Buch. In: Ferre F. Kaffee-Eine Kulturgeschichte. 1992.
application.
Garattini, Buch. In: Caffeine, Coffee, and Health. Garattini S.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose for internal use is 9 g Monographs of the Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological
of ground drug. The average single dose is 3 g of powder. Research, Milan. Raven Press, New York. 1993.
Martin E, Cholesterolspiegel erhohender Faktor in Kaffeelipiden.
Storage: Coffee charcoal should be stored in well-sealed
In: DAZ 130(42):2376. 1990.
containers.
Mensink RP, Lebbink WJ, Lobbezoo IE, Weusten-Van der
C O F F E E BEANS Wouw MP, Zock PL, Katan MB, Diterpene composition of oils
Mode of Administration: The ground beans are used in from Arabica and Robusta coffee beans and their effects on
different types of infusion, i.e. cooked coffee (filter, espresso serum lipids in man. J Intern Med, 237:543-50, 1995 Jun.
etc.). Caffeine is used in various combinations and prepara- Phillips R, Smith D, Characterization of coffea canephora alpha-
tions for numerous therapeutic uses. Commercial pharma- D-galactosidase blood group B activity. Artif Cells Blood
ceutical preparations include tablets, coated tablets, Substit Immobil Biotechnol, 103:489-502, 1996 Sep.
compresses and diverse compound preparations. Ponepal V, Spielberger U, Riedel-Caspari G, Schmidt FW, Use
of a Coffea arabica tosta extract for the prevention and therapy
Preparation: The dried seeds are roasted until they procure a
of polyfactorial infectious diseases in newborn calves. DTW
deep brown color and a characteristic aroma. This process is
Dtsch Tierarztl Wochenschr, 103:390-4, 1996 Oct.
usually carried out in the country of consumption. During
Ratnayake WM, Pelletier G, Hollywood R, Malcolm S, Stavric
roasting, the beans float for 1.5 to 3 minutes in hot gas at
B, Investigation of the effect of coffee lipids on serum
220°C to 270°C.
cholesterol in hamsters. Food Chem Toxicol, 33:195-201, 1995
Daily Dosage: 15 g drug Mar.
Schroder, Buch. In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom,
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991.
30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once Schroder-Rosenstock K, KaffeegenufJ - ein medizinisches
Problem. In: DAZ 130(35):1919. 1990.
a day (HAB1)
Silnermann K et al., (Entzugssymptome nach regelmaf3igem
Storage: The beans should be stored in sealed containers Kaffeegenup).Jn: New Engl J Med 327:1109. 1992.
away from light and moisture.
Further information in:
LITERATURE Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
COFFEE CHARCOAL Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Kuhn A, Schafer G, (Kaffeekohle). In: Dtsch Med Wochenschr (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
23:922-923. 1939. 1994.
Further information in: Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 York 1980.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
1994. Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS COLA / 2 0 5
There are up to 14 ovate or square seeds of about 2.5 cm Use of Cola is contraindicated during pregnancy. The drug
diameter in 2 rows with a white fleshy seed shell. The seed should not be administered in the presence of stomach or
kernel is usually reddish or red, occasionally white. duodenal ulcers, due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
secretion.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen tree 15 to
20 m tall. The trunk is branched down as far as the base. The PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
bark is dark green, rough and breaks off in pieces as it ages. Health risks following the proper administration of designat-
Branches have leaves only at their ends. The tough ed therapeutic dosages have not been recorded. Side effects
coriaceous leaves are 15 to 18 era long and 10 cm wide, that may occur include difficulty falling asleep, hyperexcita-
elliptoid to ovate, and end in a curled and spiraled tip. Both bility, nervous states of restlessness and stomach complaints.
sides are dark green and glossy. Signs of poisoning following the intake of Cola drinks (20 to
60 mg caffeine per glass) or medications or stimulants
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Togo, Sierra Leone and containing Cola extracts are not expected. Small children
Angola. It is found today in all tropical regions and should avoid the intake of large quantities of Cola drinks.
cultivated widely.
DOSAGE
Production: The ripe fruit is harvested and the seeds are Mode of Administration: Powdered drug and other galenic
removed and dried. Cola nut is the endosperm freed from the preparations for internal use.
testa of various Cola species, particularly Cola nitida.
How Supplied: Capsules, tablets, tonics.
ft; Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Cola, such as
Male kola which contains no caffeine. Preparation: Dry extract: from the percolation 1:1 with 45%
ethanol; fluid extract: percolation with 70% ethanol (V/V);
Other Names: Kola Tree, Guru Nut, Cola Nut, Cola Seeds, Cola tincture: 1:5 with 70% ethanol; Cola wine: 50 parts
Bissy Nut fluid Cola extract with 850 parts Xeres wine and 100 parts
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY sugar syrup.
COMPOUNDS
Daily Dosage: 2 to 6 g of Cola nut drug, usually taken 1 to
Purine alkaloids: main alkaloid caffeine (0.6 - 3.7%),
3 g, 3 times daily; 0.25 to 0.75 g of Cola extract: 2.5 to 7.5 g
additionally theobromine, theophylline
of Cola liquid extract; 10 to 30 g of Cola tincture; 60 to
(+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin 180 g of Cola wine.
206/COLA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Storage: Cola should be protected from light in sealed leaves appear together with the fruit in spring. They are 8 to
containers. 25 cm long, 2 to 4 cm wide and overlap at the base to form a
tube.
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Characteristics: All parts of the plant are very poisonous and
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 have a disgustingly bitter and scratchy taste.
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Not to be Confused With: The tubers are sometimes confused
with cooking onions.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Habitat: Colchicum autumnale is primarily a central Europe-
York 1980. an plant found in northern Ireland, England, northern
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Germany, southern Poland, the Ukraine, Bulgaria, Turkey,
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Albania and northern Spain. It also grows in central Asia.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Production: Colchicum seeds are the dried seeds of Colchi-
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. cum autumnale harvested in the wild in June or July and air-
Morton, JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, dried. Colchicum bulbs are the cut and dried tubers of the
Charles C. Thomas USA 1981. plant harvested in early summer. After the surrounding
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, leaves have been removed, the tubers are cut into slices and
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986. dried at temperatures of 60°C or lower. Colchicum flowers
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, are collected from the wild in late summer and autumn and
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. then air-dried.
Steinegger E, Hansel R: Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Other Names: Meadow Saffron, Meadow Saffran, Autumn
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Crocus, Naked Ladies, Upstart
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
C O M P O U N D S : C O L C H I C U M BULB
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Tropolone alkaloids: colchicine, colchicoside and N-deace-
mbH Stuttgart 1997. tyl-N-formyl-colchicine; companion alkaloids include
demecolcine
Starch
Cola acuminata C O M P O U N D S : COLCHICUM SEEDS
See Cola Trupolone alkaloids: colchicine and colchicoside
Fatty oil
C O M P O U N D S : C O L C H I C U M FLOWERS
Colchicum Tropolone alkaloids: colchicine and N-deacetyl-N-formyl-
colchicine, additional alkaloids including demecolcine
Colchicum autumnale
E F F E C T S : C O L C H I C U M B U L B S , SEEDS AND F L O W E R S
DESCRIPTION
Colchicum inhibits mitosis through the inhibition of motility,
Medicinal Parts: The fresh flowers and the dried ripe seeds,
particularly of the phagocytosing lymphocytes. This is of
collected in early summer and then sliced, as well as the
.-therapeutic use for blocking the immigration and the
tubers (fresh and dried) are the medicinal parts of the plant.
autolysis of phagocytes in inflammatory processes and
Flower and Fruit: The 5 to 20 cm flowers usually bloom in thereby producing an antiphlogistic effect.
autumn. They are a bright lilac-pink, and solitary or in pairs
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
from the corm. The 6 bracts of the involucre are fused into a
C O L C H I C U M BULBS, S E E D S AND FLOWERS
long, narrow tube. The flower has 6 stamens and 3 thread-
Approved by Commission E:
like styles. The ovaries are on the side of the corm. The 3-
valved capsule is initially green, later becoming brown and • Gout
wrinkled, and contains black seeds with sticky appendages. • Mediterranean fever
Leaves, Stem and Root: Colchicum can grow to 40 cm in Unproven Uses: Due to the plant's toxicity, internal applica-
height. The 3 to 4 broadly lanceolate leaves are tulip-like; tion is seldom used with the exception of acute attacks of
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S COLCHICUM A U T U M N A L E / 207
gout and familial Mediterranean fever. Efficacy for these 1.5 mg every 1 to 2 hours until pain subsides. Total daily
uses appears plausible. The drug was previously used for dosage must not exceed 8 mg of colchicine. For prophylactic
skin tumors, condyloma, psoriasis, necrotic vasculitis, tendo- and therapeutic purposes, the dosage should correspond to
vaginitis, inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract, morbus 0.5 to 1.5 mg of colchicine.
^ Behect, liver cirrhosis, acute and chronic leukemia; also for
Storage: All forms of the drug should be stored in containers
lice, asthma, dropsy and rheumatism.
that protect them from light and dampness. In addition, the
Homeopathic Uses: In addition to acute and chronic gout, seeds should be stored over lime.
Colchici is also used for inflammation of the kidney and LITERATURE
gastrointestinal tract, bodily secretions, tendovaginitis and Fell KR. Ramsden D, (1967) Lloydia 30:123.
acute joint rheumatism. Efficacy has not been proven.
Gasisc O, Potesilova H, Santavy F, PM 30:75-81. 1976.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Grobner W, Wlater-Sack I, Gicht und ihre medikamentose
General: The drugs are severely poisonous. Signs of Therapie. In: DAZ 131(35):1789. 1991.
poisoning, including stomachaches, diarrhea, nausea, vomit- Heide L, Traditionelle Arzneipflanzen in der Gesundsheitsver-
ing and, less frequently, stomach and intestinal hemorrhages, sorgung der Dritten Welt. Moglichkeiten und Grenzen. In: DAZ
can occur even with the administration of therapeutic 133(23):2067. 1993.
dosages.
Potesilova H, Coll Czech Chem Comm 32:141-157. 1967.
Kidney and liver damage, hair loss, peripheral nerve Santavy F, Reichstein T, Helv Chim Acta 33:1606-1627. 1950.
inflammation, myopathia and bone marrow damage with Santavy F, Talas M, Coll Czech Chem Comm 19:141-152.
their resulting symptoms (leukopenia, thrombocytopenia, 1954.
megaloblastic anemia, and, more rarely, aplastic anemia) Santavy F et al., PM 43:153-160. 1981.
have been observed following long-term administration.
Santavy F et al.. Coll Czech Chem Comm 48:2989-2993. 1983.
4 Santavy F, (1957) Pharm Zentralhalle 96:307.
Pregnancy: Colchicum is not to be used during pregnancy
Ulrichova J et al.. Biochemical evaluation of colchicine and
because of possible teratogenic damage. This also has been
related analogs. In: PM 59(29): 144. 1993.
noted following intake of the drug by the father before
conception. Further information in:
OVERDOSAGE Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Three to 6 hours following intake of acutely toxic dosages, Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
burning of the mouth, difficulty swallowing and thirst Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
appear. After 12 to 14 hours, the following appear: nausea, Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
severe stomach pains, vomiting, diarrhea, bladder spasms, Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
hematuria, falling blood pressure and spasms, and later, (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
progressive paralysis. Death follows through exhaustion, 1994.
asphyxiation or circulatory collapse. The fatal dosage for an Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
adult is 5 g of the seeds, 1 to 1.5 g for a child. The fatal Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
dosage of an intake of colchicine lies between 7 mg and 200 Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
mg. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
The treatment for poisonings, following gastric lavage and Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
the administration of a saline purgative (such as sodium 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
sulfate), proceeds symptomatically (diazepam for convul- Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
sion, atropine for intestinal spasm) and includes possible Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
^ intubation and oxygen respiration. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
DOSAGE
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
COLCHICUM BULBS, SEEDS AND FLOWERS Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, freshly pressed mbH Stuttgart 1997.
juice and other galenic preparations taken orally.
How Supplied: Ampules, tablets.
Daily Dosage: For an acute attack of gout, an initial oral Colchicum autumnale
dose corresponding to 1 mg colchicine, followed by 0.5 to See Colchicum
208/COLLINSONIA CANADENSIS PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Overton KH, Wier NG, Wylie'A, J Chem Soc 1482-1490. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1966. COMPOUNDS: COLT'S FOOT FLOWER
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Mucilages (7%): acidic polysaccharides
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tannins
Tussilago farfara Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (traces, not in plants from all places
of origin): tussilagine, isotussilagine, senkirkine. senecionine
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried inflores- Flavonoids
cences, the dried leaves and the fresh leaves. C O M P O U N D S : C O L T ' S FOOT HERB
Flower and Fruit: The yellow compound flowers are in Mucilages (8%): acidic polysaccharides
small, solitary capitula at the end of the scapes. The lateral
florets are lingual, narrow and female. The disc florets are Tannins (5%)
tubular-campanulate, 5-petalled and male. The involucral Triterpenes: including alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin
bracts are almost as long, linear-lanceolate and have a
scarious margin. The fruit is 3 to 11 mm long, cylindrical, Steroids: including beta-sitosterol, campesterol
brown, glabrous and stemmed. The pappus is in a number of Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (not in plants from all places of
rows and consists of long, glossy white hairs, which are origin): senkirkine (0.01%), senecionine. tussilagine,
much lonser than the fruit. isotussilagine
*
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 10 to 30 cm Flavonoids
high. It has a broadly branched, underground shoot and root COMPOUNDS: C O L T S FOOT ROOT
system with a thin round, scaly base. There is also an up to The roots have not been fully investigated. Only the presence
1.8 m long, far-reaching, creeping shoot. The flower stern is of triterpenes and sterols has been established.
a scaly, round, tomentose scape covered with lanceolate,
reddish scales, which is 30 cm long when the fruit ripens. EFFECTS: COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, AND ROOT
The leaves, which appear after flowering, are basal, coria- The mucin contained in the drug has a sequestering effect
ceous, cordate-round, angular, irregularly dentate, long-pe- and envelopes the mucous membrane with a layer that
tioled and tomentose beneath. The leaves can reach a protects the throat from chemical and physical irritation and
diameter of up to 30 cm. thereby reduces cough irritation. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids
are antibacterial, carcinogenic, and hepatotoxic.
Characteristics: The taste and texture is slimy-sweet and the
leaves have a honey-like smell when they are rubbed. COMPOUNDS: COLT'S FOOT LEAF
Mucilages (8%): acidic polysaccharides
Habitat: The plant grows wild in most of Europe, central,
western and northern Asia. It has spread to the mountains of Tannins (5%)
northern Africa and has been introduced into North America.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (traces, not from all sources):
Production: Colt's Foot flower consists of the fresh or dried tussilagine, isotussilagine, senkirkine 0.01%), senecionin
flowers of Tussilago farfara. Colt's Foot herb consists of the
Steroids: including beta-sitosterol, campesterol
fresh or dried, above-ground parts of Tussilago farfara.
* Colt's Foot root consists of the fresh or dried, below-ground Triterpenes: including alpha- and beta-amyrin
parts of Tussilago farfara.
Flavonoids
Not to be Confused With: The leaves of various Petasites
EFFECTS: COLT'S FOOT LEAF
species, but petasine and flavonoids can be identified using
thin layer chromatography. The pyrrolizidine alkaloids are antibacterial, carcinogenic,
and hepatotoxic. The mucin polysaccharides cause a demul-
Other Names: British Tobacco, Bullsfoot, Butterbur, Cough- cent, sequestering, and anti-inflammatory effect. In animal
wort, Rower Velure, Foal's-Foot, Horse-Foot, Horsehoof, experiments there was evidence of a stimulating effect on the
Hallfoot, Ass's Foot, Foalswort, Fieldhove, Donnhove ciliated epithelium.
2 1 0 / C O L T ' S FOOT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Daily Dosage: The total daily dose is 4.5 to 6 gm of drug.
C O L T ' S F O O T F L O W E R . H E R B , AND ROOT The maximum daily dosage must not be more than 1 meg of
Unproven Uses: When added to Colt's Foot leaf, the flower, total pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 unsaturated necine
herb, and root are used to treat rheumatism. structure.
C O L T ' S FOOT L E A F ' The tea is given several times a day. The dosage for the
Approved by Commission E: extract is 2 ml 3 times daily; for the tincture, it is 8 ml 3
times daily.
• Cough
• Bronchitis Storage: Protect the drug from light and store it tightly
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx sealed.
LITERATURE
Unproven Uses: Colt's Foot leaf is used for inflammation of
C O L T ' S FOOT F L O W E R , H E R B , AND R O O T
the oraFand pharyngeal mucosa. In addition, cigarettes made
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
of the leaves are used to help cure smoking addiction.
Didry N et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40(1 ):75.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Engalycheva EI et al., (1982) Farmatsiya 31(2):37.
C O L T ' S FOOT F L O W E R . H E R B , ROOT. AND LEAF
Administration during pregnancy and while nursing is Franz G, PM 17:217. 1969.
contraindicated. Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, AND ROOT Hirono I et al., (1976) Gann 67(1): 125.
Because of the possible hepatotoxic and carcinogenic Hirono I et al., (1979) J Natl Cane Inst 63(2):469.
pyrrolizidine alkaloid content, the administration of the Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In:
blossoms should be avoided. PZ 137(40):3128. 1992.
C O L T ' S FOOT L E A F Kraus C et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(2):89.
Colt's Foot leaves may no longer be brought into circulation Miething H, Steinbach RA, Ermittlung der Freisetzungsraten des
in Austria. In Germany, dosages cannot exceed an intake of Pyrrolizidinalkaloids Senkirkin in Huflattich-Teegetranken. In:
10 meg pyrrolizidine alkaloids with l .2-unsaturated necic PZW 135(4): 153. 1990.
parent substances in the form of tea mixtures, and an intake PapVeiter CM, Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with
of l meg in the form of extracts. four isomeric tussilaginic acids in Arnica species and Tussilago
farfara. In: PM 58(7)94. 1992.
Because even traces of the alkaloids present some danger,
one should forgo any administration of the drug. Roder E et al., (1981) Plant Med 43:99.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
DOSAGE 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
COLT'S FOOT FLOWER, HERB, A N D ROOT
Wagner H, In: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1,
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally through
Academic Press, UK 1985.
the use of tea and standardized remedies.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
Preparation: To prepare a tea, add l .5 to 2.5 gm cut drug to kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
boiling water, then strain after 5 to 10 minutes. Further information in:
Storage: Protect the drug from light and store it tightly Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
sealed. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
COLT'S FOOT LEAF
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, and powdered drug
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
used in teas, infusions, extracts, and tinctures. (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour hot water over 1.5
to 2.5 gm of drug and allow to draw for 10 minutes. Other Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
preparations are made as follows: liquid extract: 1:1 with Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
20% ethanol; extract: 1.1 with 25% ethanol; tincture: 1:5 Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
with 4 5 % ethanol. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS COLUMBINE/211
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Stuttgart 1997.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
4t mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Columbine
COLT'S FOOT LEAF Aquilegia vulgaris
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
DESCRIPTION
Didry N et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40(1 ):75. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stems and
Engalycheva El et al., (1982) Farmatsiya 3l(2):37. leaves, the aerial parts gathered and dried in flowering
Franz G, PM 17:217. 1969. season, and the seeds and preparations of the whole plant
Hiller K. Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. also gathered in flowering season.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
Flower and Fruit: The long-stemmed flowers are terminal,
Hirono I et al., (1976) Gann 67(1): 125. hanging, and either dark blue, dark violet, pink or white. The
Hirono I et al., (1979) J Natl Cane Inst 63(2):469. 5 sepals spread like petals. They are broadly ovate, and end
Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In: in a blunt, green tip. The 5 petals are hood-shaped with long,
PZ 137(40):3128. 1992. inwardly hooked spurs. There are numerous stamens and
usually 5 ovaries. The follicle is oblong, erect and glandular-
Kraus C et al., (1985) Planta Med 51(2):89.
downy. The seeds are glossy black, oval, 2.2 to 2.5 cm long
Miething H, Steinbach RA. Ermittlung der Freisetzungsraten des
by 1.5 cm wide. They are thick, blunt-tipped and anatropous.
%" Pyrrolizidinalkaloids Senkirkin in Huflattich-Teegetriinken. In:
The raphe forms a distinct line on the side of the plant.
PZW 135(4): 153. 1990.
PapVeiter CM, Co-occurence of 2-pyrrolidineacetic acid with Leaves, Stem and Root: The 30- to 60-cm high plant has a
four isomeric tussilaginic acids in Arnica species and Tussilago many-headed, light brown and branched rhizome. The stems
farfara. In: PM 58(7)94. 1992. are erect and usually branched. They are glabrous or soft-
Roder E et al., (1981) Plant Med 43:99. haired. The basal leaves are long-petioled and trifoliate. The
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ leaflets are wedge-shaped to ovoid, blunt, irregularly crenate
132(45):2427-2435. 1992. to serrate, and bluntly lobed. The underside of the leaves are
usually light green and pubescent. The cauline leaves are
Wagner H, In: Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol. 1,
Academic Press, UK 1985. smaller than the basal leaves and simpler. The highest leaves
are usually made up of a few elongate-ovate, entire-margined
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
lobes.
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Further information in: Habitat: Columbine is indigenous to central and southern
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Europe and is also found in the eastern U.S. and Asia.
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Production: Columbine herb is the complete aerial part of
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Aquilegia vulgaris harvested while in flower and dried.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Other Names: Culverwort, Capon's Feather, Culver Key
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
jfe 1994. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Cyanogenic glycosides: trigloquinine, dhurrin (presumably
only traces)
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. EFFECTS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer It is not known which constituents are responsible for the
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. herb's effects. The cyanogenic glycoside trigloquinine could
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, possibly be of toxicological interest but is probably only
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. present in traces.
212/COLUMBINE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Other Names: Ass Ear, Black Root, Blackwort, Boneset,
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Bruisewort, Consound, Gum Plant, Healing Herb, Knitback,
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Knitbone, Salsify, Slippery Root, Wallwort, Consolida,
1994. Boneset
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Allantoin
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Mucilages (Fructans)
Demultant Effect—The mucilages act as demultants for a Carcinogenic/Mutagenic Effects: Mutagenic effects are asso-
soothing and irritation reduction effect. ciated with aqueous extracts of the alkaloid fractions
(Furmanowa, 1983). Hepatocelluar adenomas have been
Hypotensive Effect—Symphytoxide A, a triterpene saponin, reported in animal models receiving diets containing Com-
exhibited hypotensive activity in anesthetized rats (Ahmad, frey roots and leaves (Hirono, 1978). Comfrey also has
4P 1993). chromosome-damaging effects in human lymphocytes (Beh-
Tissue/Nerve Stimulation—Allantoin, a component in Com- ninger, 1989).
frey, stimulates tissue repair and wound healing through cell Gastrointestinal/Kidney/Pancreas Effects: Comfrey, through
proliferation (Rieth, 1968). Allantoin has also had significant the pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has been shown to produce
effect on cellular multiplication in degenerating and regener- lesions in the gastrointestinal tract, pancreas, and renal
ating peripheral nerves (Loots, 1979). glomeruli in animal models (Winship, 1991).
CLINICAL TRIALS Respiratory Effects: Pulmonary endothelial hyperplasia from
The anti-inflammatory effects of Comfrey were studied in the pyrrolizidine alkaloids has been seen in animal models
musculoskeletal disorders. Forty-one patients with musculo- (Miskely, 1992).
skeletal rheumatism were treated with either a pyrrolizidine
alkaloid-free ointment or placebo for 4 weeks. The patient Use in Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated during
illnesses consisted of epicondylitis, tendovaginitis, and peri- pregnancy.
arthritis. Efficacy was determined by evaluation of different Use in Nursing Mothers: Use of the drug while nursing is
pain parameters (tenderness on pressure, pain at rest, pain on contraindicated.
exercise). There was significant improvement with the
ointment compared to placebo at weeks 1, 2. and 4 in DOSAGE
patients with epicondylitis. There was improvement with Mode of Administration: The crushed root, extracts, and
M. tendovaginitis at week 1 and 2, but not at week 4 with the pressed juice of the fresh plant are used as semi-solid
ointment compared to placebo. There was no improvement preparations and poultices for external use. The drug is a
in the peri-arthritis patients in either of the two treatment component of standardized preparations of analgesics, anti-
groups (Petersen, 1993). rheumatic agents, antiphlogistics, antitussives, and
expectorants.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: How Supplied:
Cream—1.25 oz„ 2 oz.
• Blunt injuries
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 5
Externally, Comfrey is used for bruises, sprains and promo- to 10 gm comminuted or powdered drug, steep 10 to 15
tion of bone healing. minutes, then strain (1 teaspoonful = 4 gm drug). For
external application, a decoction of 1:10 is used, or the fresh
Unproven Uses: The root has been used externally as a roots are mashed.
mouthwash and gargle for gum disease, pharyngitis, and
strep throat. Internally, the root has been used for gastritis Daily Dosage:
and gastrointestinal ulcers. In Folk medicine, the root of the External Use—The daily dosage should not exceed 1 meg of
plant has been used for rheumatism, pleuritis, and as an anti- pyrrolizidine alkaloids for external preparations calculated
diarrheal agent. with 5 to 7% drug, maximum 1 ppm/gm for commercial
CONTRAINDICATIONS
pharmaceutical preparations. The drug should be used for a
Comfrey is contraindicated in pregnancy and in nursing maximum of 4 weeks.
Jfr mothers. Tea—When using the infusion, take 1 cup 2 to 3 times daily,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
but not for a long duration (SEE PRECAUTIONS).
Hepatotoxicity: Internal administration of the drug, due to LITERATURE
the presence of pyrrolizidine alkaloids, has resulted in Ahmad VU; Noorwala M; Mohammad FV et al. Symphytoxide
hepatocyte membrane injury with hemorrhagic necrosis and A, a triterpenoid saponin from the roots of Symphytum
loss of microvilli (Yeong, 1993). Hepatic veno-occlusive officinale. Phytochemistry 1993 Mar;32(4): 1003-6.
disease and severe portal hypertension has been associated Behninger C; Abel G; Roder E et al. Studies on the effect of
with Comfrey ingestion, and in one case report, death an alkaloid extract of Symphytum officinale on human
resulted by liver failure (Ridker, 1989; Yeong, 1990). lymphocyte cultures. Planta Med 1989 Dec;55(6):518-22.
214/COMFREY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bhandari P, Gray AI (1985) J Pharm Pharmacol 37:50P. Taylor A, Taylor NC, (1963) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 114:772.
Branchlij et al., (1982) Experientia 38:1085. Weston CFM et al., (1987) Brit Med J 295:183.
Culvenor CJJ et al., (1980) Experientia 36:377. White RD et al., (1983) Toxicol Letters 15:25.
Franz G, (1969) Planta Med 17:217. Winship KA: Toxicity of comfrey. Adverse Drug React Toxicol
Furmanowa M, Guzewska J, Beldowska B. Mutagenic effects of Rev 1991; 10:47-59.
aqueous extracts of Symphytum officinale L. and of its alkaloid Yeong ML, Wakefield SJ, Ford HC. Hepatocyte membrane
fractions. J Appl Toxicol 1983 Jun;3(3): 127-30. injury and bleb formation following low dose comfrey toxicity
Furuya T, Araki K, (1968) Chem Pharm Bull 16:2512. in rats. Int J Exp Pathol 1993 Apr;74(2):211-7.
Garrett BJ; Cheeke PR; Miranda CL et al. Consumption of Yeong ML, Swinburn B, Kennedy M, Nicholson G. Hepatic
poisonous plants (Senecio jacobaea, Symphytum officinale, veno-occlusive disease associated with comfrey ingestion. J
Pteridium aquilinum, Hypericum perforatum) by rats: chronic Gastroenterol Hepatol 1990 Mar-Apr;5(2):211-4.
toxicity, mineral metabolism, and hepatic drug-metabolizing Further information in:
enzymes. Toxicol Lett 1982 Feb; 10(2-3): 183-8.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Gracza L et al., (1985) Arch Pharm 312(12): 1090. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Gray AI et al., (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol 35:13P. Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
Hirono I, Mori H, Haga M. carcinogenic activity of Syphytum Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.): Hagers Handbuch der
officinale. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978 Sep; 61(3):865-9. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Ihrig M, Pyrrolizidinalkaloidhaltige Drogen im Handverkauf? In:
PZ137(40):3128. 1992. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York,
Kozhina IS et al., (1970) Rastit Resur 6:345. 1980.
Loots JM; Loots GP; Joubert WS. The effect of allantoin on
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
cellular multiplication in degenerating and regenerating nerves.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
S Afr Med J 1979 Jan 13;55(2):53-6.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Miskelly FG & Goodyer LI: Hepatic and pulmonary
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
complications of herbal medicines. Postgrad J 1992; 68:935-936.
Heidelberg 1996.
Mohammad FV et al., Bisdesmosidic triterpenoidal saponins
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
from the roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PM 61(1):94.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
1995.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Miitterlein R, Arnold CG, Untersuchungen zum
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Pyrrolizidingehalt und Pyrrolizidinalkaloidmuster in Symphytum
officinale L. In: PZ-W 138(5/6): 119. 1993. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M: Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Noorwala M et al., A bisdesmosidic triterpene glycoside from
York, 1995.
roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PH 36(2):439. 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Petersen G et al., Anti-inflammatory activity of a pyrrolizidine
Stuttgart 1997.
alkaloid-free extract of roots of Symphytum officinale. In: PM
59(7)A703. 1993.
Rieth H. Stimulation of tissue reparation with allantoin as
adjuvant of the antifungal treatment. Mykosen 1968 Jan
l;ll(l):93-4. . Commiphora molmol
Ridker PN; McDermont WV. Hepatotoxicity due to comfrey See Myrrh
herb tea. Am J Med 1989 Dec;87(6):701.
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
Shipochliev T; Dimitrov A; Aleksandrova E. Anti-inflammatory
Common Kidney Vetch
action of a group of plant extracts. Vet Med Nauki Anthyllis vulneraria
1981;18(6):87-94.
DESCRIPTION
Schoental R et al., (1970) Cancer Res 30:2127. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
Stamford IF, Tavares IA, (1983) J Pharm Pharmacol 35:816. flower.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS COMMON STONECROP/215
Flower and Fruit: The many-floreted capitula are in the INDICATIONS AND USAGE
upper bract axils. The papilonaceous flowers are almost Unproven Uses: Kidney Vetch tea is used in the treatment of
sessile and have an upright corolla up to 20 mm long. The ulcers and wounds both internally and externally. The drug is
calyx is membranous and up to 17 mm long. It is tubular- also used in a tea for coughs that also contains ribwort, as an
bottle-shaped and shaggy to felt-haired. The color is yellow ingredient of blood-purifying teas, and for exposure and
'4B to white at the bottom, turning violet toward the top. The vomiting. It is used internally for diseases of the mouth and
petals are whitish-yellow to yellow or occasionally crimson. throat.
They have a free standard, slightly shorter wings, and an
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
acute, often red, carina. Ten stamens are fused into a tube.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
The ovaries are stemmed with a thickened style and rounded
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
stigma. The pod-fruit is enclosed in the dried calyx. It is
dosages.
ovate, reticulate, dark brown, single-seeded, and does not
spring open. The seed is ovate, smooth, shiny and checkered DOSAGE
yellow-green. Mode of Administration: Preparations are available for
internal uses, often as teas, and external uses including
Leaves, Stem and Root: Anthyllis vulneraria is a 15 to 30 cm poultices, washes and rinses.
high half-rosette shrub with a sturdy tap-root and a short,
entire or often branched rhizome. The stem is upright, Preparation: To prepare tea, use 1 dessertspoonful of the
unbranched or branched, and tomentose. The leaves are flowers per 250 ml of water.
variously pinnate, depending on where they are on the stem. LITERATURE
All leaves are entire-margined, glabrous or slightly pubes- Czeczot H, Tudek B, Kusztelak J, Szymczyk T, Dobrowolska
cent above, and thickly tomentose beneath. The stipules are B, Glinkowska G, Malinowski J, Strzelecka H, Isolation and
small and generally connected to a clasping sheath. studies of the mutagenic activity in the Ames test of flavonoids
naturally occurring in medical herbs. Mutat Res. 240:209-16,
^ Characteristics: Kidney Vetch has a weak aromatic odor and 1990 Mar.
dry taste. Sile A, Vanaga A, Nauka-Prakt Farm: 82-85. 1974.
Habitat: The plant is found all across Europe to the Vetter J, Seregelyes-Csomos A, Magy Allatory Lapja 43(8):479-
Caucasus and the Middle East. It is found in the south to the 482. 1988.
Sahara and Ethiopia. Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Production: Kidney Vetch are the flowers of Anthyllis Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl, Bde 4-6
vulneraria wimout their stems.Woundwort is collected in the (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
wild and then dried quickly in the shade. 1994.
Saponins Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
aerial parts collected during the flowering season.
Flavonoids .
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are leafy, twining cymes on
4f Isoflavonoids short pedicles. There are 5 ovate sepals and 5 golden yellow
petals that are 7 to 9 mm long, lanceolate and twice as long
Lectins as the calyx. The fruit is a follicle, which splits after
flowering to form a 5-rayed star, which is 3 to 5 mm long
EFFECTS
and has numerous seeds.
Antiviral activity was demonstrated with an ethanol extract
of the plant. The flavonols quercetin and rhamnetin have a Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows 2 to 15
mutagenic effect. The herb's use in the treatment of ulcers cm high. It has many heavily branched shoots, which often
and wounds may be due to the tannins (probably of the creep underground and form grass. The leaves are thick,
catechin type). fleshy, almost round, acute, appressed and knobby-domed.
2 1 6 / C O M M O N STONECROP PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
They are rounded at the base and have no spur-like vomiting and diarrhea. However, cases of poisoning have not
appendage. been recorded in recent times.
Characteristics: The texture is slimy and the taste hot and DOSAGE
pepper-like. Mode of Administration: Decoctions or syrups for internal
use; poultice of fresh leaves for external use.
Habitat: Common Stonecap is common to all of Europe,
western Siberia, the Caucasus region and North America. Preparation: A decoction is prepared using 1 teaspoonful of
the drug in 1 cup of water. Prepare a syrup by mixing 100 g
Production: The flowering parts of Sedum acre are picked
of plant juice with 180 g of sugar.
while in bloom and then dried, either in the sun or,
preferably, with the use of artificial heat. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug as a
decoction is 3 g (approximately 2 teaspoonfuls). Average
Other Names: Wallpepper. Golden Moss, Wall Ginger, Bird
syrup dosage is 1 dessertspoonful every 3 hours. In external
Bread, Prick Madam, Gold Chain, Creeping Tom, Mousetail,
application as a poultice, the fresh plants are crushed and
Jach-of-the-Buttery
placed on the wart or skin area exhibiting eczema.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
COMPOUNDS
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Piperidine alkaloids (0.39c): chief alkaloids are sedinine,
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
sedinon
a day (HAB34).
Flavonoids: including among others, glycosides of isorham-
LITERATURE
netin, quercetin, limnocitrin
Francis LPS, Francis GW, PM 32:268-274. 1977.
Tannins (10%)
Halin F et al., Tetrahedron 41:2891. 1985.
Hydroquinone glycosides: Arbutin Hootele C et al., Tetrahedron 41:5563. 1985.
Mucilages (30%) Niklon B et al., Acta Pharm Jugosl 40:555. 1980.
Van der Wal R et al., PM 43:97. 1981.
EFFECTS
In animal experiments, the drug displayed both motility- Further information in:
inhibiting and motility-stimulating effects. The alkaloids and Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
tannins may make use of the drug in the treatment of wounds Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
plausible, but no reliable documentation is available. Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for coughs
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
(Spain) and high blood pressure (central Europe), edema and 1994.
febrile conditions. Externally, it is used for wounds and
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
ulcers resulting from burns, hemorrhoids, warts, eczema, and
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
oral ulcers.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, Common Stonecap is Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
used for hemorrhoidal pain and anal fissures.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
CONTRAINDICATIONS 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The drug should not be administered in the presence of Teusch'er E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
inflammatory diseases of the gastrointestinal tract or of the Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
urinary drainage passages.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in umbel-like inflores- Homeopathic Uses: Condurango is used for cracked skin,
cence. The calyx and the campanulate to funnel-shaped constriction of the alimentary canal, and for ulceration of the
corolla have 5 sepals and petals. Pollination is only possible lips and anus.
by insects. The fruit is a follicle containing the seeds, with a
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
tuft of hair.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing shrub with tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
pubescent shoots. The trunk can have a diameter of 10 cm. DOSAGE
The transverse section shows granular, yellowish-white,
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and
scattered, fine and silky fibers. The outer surface is
other bitter-tasting preparations for internal use.
brownish-gray, often warty, with patches of lichen. The
tough, ovate, 8 to 11 cm long and 5 to 8 cm wide leaves are Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 1.5 gm
very pubescent. They are crossed opposite. comminuted drug to cold water and bringing to a boil; strain
when cold. The drug is also added to wine; 50 to 100 gm of
Characteristics: The taste is bitter and acrid. The odor is the drug per liter.
faintly aromatic.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of aqueous extract is
Habitat: The plant grows on the western slopes of the Andes 0.2 to 0.5 gm; tincture, 2 to 5 gm; liquid extract, 2 to 4 gm;
in Ecuador, Peru and Columbia. bark, 2 to 4 gm; Infusion and wine: 1 cup or 1 liquor glass 30
minutes before meals.
Production: Condurango bark consists of the dried bark of
branches and trunk of Marsdenia condurango. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Not to be Confused With: Asclepias umbellata or Elcomar-
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
rhiza amylacea a day. Apply ointment 1 to 2 times a day (acute and chronic)
Other Names: Eagle Vine (HAB1).
Congorosa PRECAUTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Maytenus ilicifolia administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Animal
experiments revealed embryotoxic and teratogenic effects of
DESCRIPTION
maytansines (no detailed description of dosage or experi-
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the dried
mental procedure available). Should not be used during
leaf.
pregnancy.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in clusters in the leaf
CONTRAINDICATIONS
axils; the bracts have a reddish border. The flowers are
radial; their structures are in fives. The calyx is reddish and Congorosa preparations are contraindicated during
5-tipped. The petals are free, oval to elliptical and yellow. pregnancy.
The male flowers have 5 stamens approximately 2 mm long DOSAGE
with their ovary covered by a disc. The female flowers have Mode of Administration: Preparations are available for
1 mm long stamens and a 2-carpeled, fused ovary on a thick internal and external use.
fleshy disc. The fruit is a reddish, 2-chambered capsule. The
seeds are reddish with a thin aril. How Supplied: Capsules
Leaves, Stem and Root: Copaifera langsdorffi is an evergreen Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
tree up to 18 m high with compound leaves.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Characteristics: The resin oil consists of resin and essential Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
oil. The resin oil (oleoresin) ranges in viscosity from very in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
liquid to a resin-like substance, and in color from a pale York 1980.
yellow to a red or fluorescent tint. The taste is unpleasant Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
and there is a characteristic smell. A single tree can yield up Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
to 40 liters.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Habitat: Copaiba Balsam is indigenous to tropical regions of Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
South America and South Africa. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Copaiba Balsam is extracted from Copaifera
reticulata and other varieties from cavities drilled into the Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
tree trunk.
thickness, with minute warts and transverse scars. The The stem is erect, round, glabrous and branched above. The
fracture is short and horny. leaves are light green, entire below and double-pinnate
above.
Characteristics: The taste is sweetish, then bitter. The odor
is strong and peculiar when fresh. Characteristics: The fresh herb and unripe fruit have a bug-
like smell. Ripe fruit has a pleasant, tangy smell and taste.
W-- Habitat: The parasite is indigenous to the U.S.
Habitat: The herb is found in the Mediterranean region.
Production: Coral Root is the rhizome of Corallorhiza
central and eastern Europe, eastern Asia, and North and
odontorhiza.
South America.
Other Names: Crawley Root. Scaly Dragon's Claw, Chicken
Production: Coriander consists of the ripe, dried, spherical
Toe, Crawley, Fever Root, Turkey Claw
fruit of Coriandrum sativum and its varieties vulgare A. and
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY microcarpum. The fruit is threshed when it is rust red and is
COMPOUNDS dried in lofts.
Unknown
Not to be Confused With: Grains and legumes.
EFFECTS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Coral Root has diaphoretic, febrifuge and sedative effects.
COMPOUNDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Volatile oil (0.4 to 1.7%): chief components D-(+)-linalool
Unproven Uses: Coral Root is used for colds. It is very (coriandrol, share 60 to 75%). including in addition borneol.
efficient at inducing perspiration. Its scarcity prevents its p-cymene, camphor, geraniol, limonene, alpha-pinene: me
wider use. unusual, bug-like smell is caused by the trans-tridec-2-enale
content
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
A- Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- Fatty oil (13 to 21%): chief fatty acids petroselic acid, oleic
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. acid, linolenic acid
DOSAGE Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, scopoletin
Mode of Administration: Internally as a liquid extract.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE The essential oil of coriander stimulates the secretion of
No references are available gastric juices and is a carminative and spasmolytic; in vitro it
has antibacterial and antifungal effects.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- mbH Stuttgart 1997.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
drug possesses a weak potential for sensitization. Stuttgart 1997.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Crushed and powdered drug, as
well as other galenic preparations for internal indication.
Coriandrum sativum
Preparations: Coriander extract 1:2 is prepared by percolat-
See Coriander
ing 1 weight part of the drug with 4 5 % ethanol so that 2
weights tincture is produced. The infusion is prepared by
pouring 150 ml of boiling water over 2 tsp. of crushed drug
and straining after 15 minutes.
Corn Cockle
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3.0 gm of drug. The
Agrostemma githago
single dose is 1 gm.
DESCRIPTION
Infusion — 1 fresh cup between meals.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the herb is the seed.
Tincture — 10 to 20 drops after meals.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are apical or arranged in twos
Storage: The non-comminuted drug is stored at a maximum or threes like a curled cyme; the 5 sepals of the calyx have 2
temperature of 25°C, protected from light in well-sealed to 4 cm long tips that project above the corolla; the flower
containers. tube is 14 to 18 mm. The 5 petals are 30 to 35 mm long, dark
purple and occasionally whitish. There are 5 styles and 10
LITERATURE
stamens. The ovary is superior, undivided and has a central
Calcandi V. Ciropol-Calcandi I. Georgescu E, PA 16(6):331-
placenta. The fruit capsule is 15 to 18 mm long with
334. 1961.
numerous 2.5 to 3.5 mm long, warty seeds.
Diedreichsen A et al., Chemotypes of Coriandrum sativum L. in
the Gatersleben Genebank. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Leaves, Stem and Root: Agrostemma githago is an annual
Ann Congress of GA, 82. 1996. herb that grows upright, up to 100 cm high. The leaves are
Formacek. Buch. In: Formacek, V, Kubeczka KH: Essential opposite, linear-lanceolate, acuminate and up to 10 mm
Oils Analysis by Capillary Gas Chromatography and Carbon-13- wide. The stem is upright, usually unbranched, shaggy-gray-
NMR Spectroscopy, John Wiley & Sons, Chicester, New York, pubescent. The primary root is spindle-shaped and heavily
Brisbane, Toronto. Singapore 1982. branched.
Gijbels MJM et al.. (1982) Fitoterapia 53(1/2):17.
Habitat: Europe and Asia
Ram AS, Devi HM, (1983) Indian J Bot 6(1):21.
Production: Corn cockle seed is the dried seed of Agrostem-
Schratz E, Quadry SMJS, PM 14(3):310-325. 1966.
ma githago.
Further information in:
Other Names: Cockle
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed.,
CRC Press 1975. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers COMPOUNDS
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 Triterpene saponins: chief component is githagoside (0.04%,
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- gypsogenine tetraglycoside), additional components are gyp-
1994 sogenin and quillaic acid gylcosides
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New Fatty oil: 6%
York 1980. Steroids: sterols, including alpha-spinasterol
Mascolo N et al., Phytother Res 1 (1987), 28.
Unusual amino acids: orcyl alanine (0.4%)
Simon JE, Chadwick AF, Craker LE (Eds.), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984. EFFECTS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer The drug exhibits an antimycotic effect. Cornflower seeds
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. are toxic in higher dosages.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CORNFLOWER / 2 2 5
Bitter substances
Cornflower
Saponins (2-3%)
Centaurea cyanus
Tannins: the main one is probably proanthocyanidins DESCRIPTION
Mt Sterols: including among others beta-sitosterol, ergosterol Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fast-growing
ray flowers and the dried ray florets, which have been
Alkaloids (0.05%) separated from the receptacle and epicalyx, and to a lesser
6-methoxybenzoxazolinone extent the tubular florets, which have usually been separated
from the ovaries.
Fatty oil (2%)
Flower and Fruit: The 3 cm wide flowers are solitary and
EFFECTS
terminal. The tubular flowers are blue, the cultivated ones
The active agents are saponin, essential oil and tannin. Maize are usually all purple-violet, pale pink or white. The lateral
stimulates the cardiac muscles, increases blood pressure, acts florets are larger, in rays and funnel-shaped. The oblong gray
as a diuretic and sedates the digestive tract. fruit is an achaene with the remains of a tuft of hair.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: Growing 20 to 70 cm high, the
Unproven Uses: Maize is used for disorders of the urinary annual or biennial plant contains fusiform, pale tap roots. It
tract. has a rosette of basal leaves and an erect, branched, spider-
Chinese Medicine: Maize is used in the treatment of liver web-pubescent angular stem, covered in alternate, faintly
disorders. linear-lanceolate leaves. The basal leaves are lyre-shaped,
pinnatafid and long-petioled. The upper leaves are non-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
compound.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
^ with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Habitat: The plant is probably indigenous to the Middle
dosages. East, but is cultivated worldwide because of grain
production.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract, in medicinal prepa- Production: Cornflower consists of the quickly dried flowers
rations and combinations. of Centaurea cyanus. The plant is harvested during the
flowering season from June to August.
Preparation: Prepare an infusion using 2 teaspoons of drug
per cup of water. A tincture is prepared by adding 20 gm of Other Names: Centaurea, Bachelor's Buttons, Bluebonnet,
drug to 100 ml of 20% alcohol (leave to stand for 5 days). Bluebottle, Blue Centaury, Cyani, Bluebow, Hurtsickle, Blue
Cap, Cyani-flowers
Daily Dosage: Drink 1 cup of infusion every other day. Take
2 to 3 teaspoons of tincture per day. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Anthocyans: chief components succinylcyanin (centaurocya-
Chan H, But P, Pharmacology. Applications of Chinese Materia
Medica, Vol 1, World Scientific Singapore 1986. nin, cyanidine - 3 - 0 - ( 6 - 0 - succinyl - beta- D- glucosyl)-5-0-
beta-D-glucoside)
Hahn SJ, (1973) K'at'ollick Taehak Uihak Nonmun J 25:127
(via [51). Flavonoids
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Bitter principles (structure unknown)
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
EFFECTS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
" Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag The drug has an antibacterial effect in vitro (centaurocyanin),
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. but only for the aerial parts of the plant without the flowers.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used INDICATIONS AND USAGE
in Food Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York Unproven Uses: Cornflowers and their preparations are used
1980. internally for fever, constipation, leucorrhea, menstrual
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, disorders and vaginal Candida, and as a laxative, tonic and
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. bitter. The flowers are also used as a diuretic and an
Paris F, Schauenberg P, Guide des Plantes Medicinales, expectorant, or as a stimulant for liver and gall bladder
Delachaux et Niestle Switzerland 1969. function. Externally, Cornflowers are used in preparation of
226/CORNFLOWER PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
eye washes for eye inflammation and conjunctivitis, and for Flower and Fruit: Flowers first appear in the fourth.or fifth
eczema of the scalp. year. There are 4 to 5 racemes of 6 to 12 blooms, which are
symmetrically 2-sided. There are 2 entire-margined bracts
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
under the racemes. The flowers are dull red or yellowish-
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
white, seldom lilac, brown-red or dark blue. The sepals are
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
very small. The upper petal is drawn out into a downward
drug possesses a weak sensitization potential.
curved spur; the front end is curved upward like a lip. The
DOSAGE inner petals form a hood-like protective cover for the 6
Mode of Administration: Cornflower is rarely used today. stamens fused into 2 bundles. There is one ovary. The fruit is
Occasionally, it is used as an inactive ingredient in tea a pale green pod 20 to 25 cm long. The seeds are 3 mm wide,
mixtures. black, round, smooth and glossy.
Preparation: The infusion is prepared by adding 1 gm of Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows to
drug per cup. about 15 to 30 cm. A number of erect- stems grows from the
tuberous rhizome, which quickly becomes hollow. The stems
Dosage: The tea should be drunk several times daily.
bear the racemes and the 2 leaves. The 2 leaves under the
Storage: Store carefully and protect from light. racemes are long-petioled, double trifoliate, sea green above,
and whitish green beneath.
LITERATURE
Bandyukova V, Khalmatov K, (1967) Khim Prir Soedin 3:57. Characteristics: The flowers have a slight fragrance of resin.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern and central
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Europe.
1994.
Production: Corydalis tubers are the rhizomes of Corydalis
Kakegawa K et al., PH 26:2261-2263. 1987. cava. The tubers are dug up in autumn or in spring, once the
Suljok G, Laszló-Bencsik A, PH 24:1121-1122. 1985. ground has thawed. They are thoroughly cleaned, the roots
Takeda K et al., PH 27:1228-1229. 1988. and greenery are removed, and the remainder is sliced. The
material is dried in a well-aired place, turned regularly and
kept in temperatures not exceeding 40°C.
Cornus florida Other Names: Early Fumitory, Turkey Corn, Squirrel Corn,
Yan-Hu-Suo
See Dogwood
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Isoquinoline alkaloids: very complex, breed-specific mixture
Cornus officinalis of approximately 40 alkaloids, including (+)-bulbocap-
nine and (+)-corytuberin (aporphine-type) as well as (-)-
See Asiatic Dogwood corydaline (berberine-type)
EFFECTS
The full extract has a mildly sedative, sleep-inducing,
Corydalis cava spasmolytic, tranquilizing and hallucinogenic effect. It
See Corydalis (Yan-Hu-Suo) suppresses the CNS, reduces blood pressure and impedes
movement of the small intestine.
EFFECTS: COTTON OIL men. After feeding sheep and cattle a total of 2 to 3 kg of
The oil contains large amounts of unsaturated fatty acids and Cotton seed press cakes over a period of 3 to 4 weeks,
is chiefly used as a dietetic. gastroenteritis, kidney damage with hematuria and icterus
were observed. Death occurred 24 to 48 hours after first
COMPOUNDS: COTTON SEED
appearance of symptoms. Eye damage (Cotton seed
^ Fatty oil (20 to 30%): chief fatty acids include linoleic acid
blindness) was also noted.
(55%), palmitic acid (22%), oleic acid (15%), myristic acid
(5%), as well as stearic acid, eicosanoic acid, the cyclopro- DOSAGE
pene-fatty acids malvalic acid and sterculic acid COTTON OIL
Protein (20 to 25%) Preparation: Emulsion 10 to 15%: sterilization is carried out
at 150° C for 1 hour.
Lignans: (+)-gossypol and (-)-gossypol (0.1 to 6.0%, yellow
to red in color); there are also cultivated forms that are low Daily Dosage: Emulsion 40%: 60 ml p.o. in a single dose.
in gossypol (gossypol content < 0.01%)
LITERATURE
Flavonoids Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed.). Hagers
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (7%): saccharose, raffi- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4 - 6
nose, stachyose, glucose, fructose (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
EFFECTS: COTTON SEED
The pigment substance gossypol contained in the seeds
inhibits enzymes of the energy metabolism, decouples the
respiratory chain from the oxidative phosphorylation, re-
duces the cellular ATP concentration, lessens membrane
Cotton Tree
fr potentials and inhibits the acrosomal sperm proteinase Cochlospermum gossypium
acrosine (anti-fertility effect). A cytostatic effect has been
DESCRIPTION
demonstrated.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant is the root,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE which yields a laxative, and the hard exudate of the aromatic
COTTON OIL bark.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications for Gossypii
oleum have included hypercholesteremia and vitamin E Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in apical, sparsely
deficiency. It is also used when a non-nitrogenous or flowered panicles. Flowers are 11 to 15 cm in diameter with
parenteral nourishment is required. 4 to 5 free silky-haired sepals, 4 to 5 gold-yellow petals and
numerous stamens. The superior ovary has 5 carpels with
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
many ovules attached to the walls. The fruit is an oval, dark-
C O T T O N SEED
brown, hanging capsule 5 to 10 cm long, 4 cm thick and
Indian Medicine: Among indications in Indian medicine are
loculicidal. The seeds are reniform, approximately 7 mm
headache, coughs, dysentery, constipation, gonorrhea, chron-
long, 5 mm wide and villous.
ic cystitis, fever, poor lactation, epilepsy and snake bites.
Reference is also made to use as an abortifacient and
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cochlospermum gossypium grows
aphrodisiac. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been
as a tree, rising up to 10 m high. The leaves are 10 to 20 cm
proven.
wide and palmate-lobed. The 3 to 5 lobes are acuminate, or
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS digitate; the petioles are 6 to 17 cm long. The young
COTTON OIL branches are velvet-haired and tinged reddish, the older ones
4p^No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper are glabrous and ash gray.
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Animal
experiments over a period of several weeks involving the Habitat: The tree is indigenous to India, Southeast Asia,
administration of cyclopropene-fatty acids led to elevated Kenya and Mauritius.
cholesterol and triglyceride blood levels in rabbits and to a
delayed sexual development in young female rats. Production: Cotton Tree gum is made up of the irregularly
formed, leathery clumps of the exudate from the bark of
COTTON SEED Cochlospermum gossypium.
The drug is toxic, due to its gossypol content. Chronic
ingestion of Cotton seed will lead to fertility disorders in I Other Names: Cotton Shell
2 3 0 / C O T T O N TREE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY j Production: Cowhage bean pods are the bean pods of
COMPOUNDS Mucuna pruriens. The drug is derived from the hair of the
Water-soluble polysaccharides: partially-acetylated, acidic pods.
heteroglycans
Other Names: Cowitch, Couhage, Kiwach
EFFECTS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
The drug (acetylized acid polysaccharide) is laxative in
COMPOUNDS
effect.
Serotonin: 5-methyl-N,N-dimethyl-tryptamine
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
EFFECTS
Unproven Uses: The drug is used in folk medicine for
Externally, Cowhage is a cutaneous stimulant and rubefa-
constipation and sluggishness of the bowels.
cient. Internally, the drug has an anthelmintic effect.
Indian Medicine: Uses include coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, Carminative, hypotensive, hypoglycemic and cholesterol-
pharyngitis and venereal disease. reducing effects have also been described.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Experiments carried out on frogs demonstrated that prurieni-
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper nin slowed down the heart rate, lowered blood pressure and
administration of designated therapeutic dosages, nor with stimulated intestinal peristalisis. The reduction in blood
the drug's use as a pharmaceutical vehicle. pressure was caused by the release of histamines; the
spasmolysis of smooth muscle by indole bases.
DOSAGE
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Preparation: There is no information in the literature.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used externally for rheumatic
Daily Dose: A single dose of 3 g drug with plenty of liquid disorders and muscular pain, and internally for the treatment
LITERATURE of worm infestation.
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include gonor-
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
rhea, sterility and general debility.
Praxis. Folgeb nde 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
Heidelberg 1998. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Once in contact with the skin, the stinging hairs lead to
extremely aggressive itching and burning, accompanied by
long-lasting inflammation, caused by the injection-like
Gowhage introduction of serotonin and proteins (mucunain, proteolytic
enzyme). The intake of the hairs for the purpose of fighting
Mucuna pruriens
intestinal worms should be avoided. Internal administration
DESCRIPTION of the drug in the form of extracts may be harmless due to
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the the difficulty involved in resorbing the active ingredients.
hairs on the pod and the seeds.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in racemes in twos and Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally in
threes. They are large and white, with a bluish-purple extract form and powder form.
papilionaceous corolla. The pod is pubescent, thick and
LITERATURE
leathery and averages about 10 cm in length. Pods have the
Bell EA, Jansen DH, (1971) Nature 229:136.
shape of the sound opening in a violin. They are dark brown,
covered with 0.25 cm long stiff hairs and contain 4 to 6 Ghosal S et al., (1971) Planta Med 24:434.
seeds. The seeds are made up of conical, sharply acuminate Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
cells less than 1 mm in diameter and barbed at the apex. Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
They are extremely irritating to the skin and must be handled Infante ME, Perez AM, Simao MR, Manda F, Baquete EF,
with caution. Fernandes AM, Cliff JL, Outbreak of acute toxic psychosis
attributed to Mucuna pruriens. Lancet, 29:1129. Nov 3, 1990.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climbing legume with
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
long, thin branches and opposite, lanceolate leaves 15 to 30
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
cm in length. The petioles are pubescent.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical regions, especial- Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
ly India and the West Indies. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
Manyam BV, Paralysis agitans and levodopa in 'Ayurveda : Production: Cowslip flower consists of the dried, whole
ancient Indian medical treatise. Mov Disord, 29:47-8. 1990. flowers with calyx of Primula veris and/or Primula elatior as
Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America, well as their preparations. Cowslip root consists of the dried
Charles C Thomas USA 1981. . rhizome with roots of Primula veris and/or Primula elatior as
•
4£ Revilleza MJ, Mendoza EM. Raymundo LC, Oligosaccharides well as their preparations. Cowslip root is harvested at best
in several Philippine indigenous food legumes: determination in the third year of growth.
localization and removal. Plant Foods Hum Nutr, 29:83-93. Jan, Other Names: Oxlip, True Cowslip, Peagles, English Cows-
1990. lip, Butter Rose, Herb Peter Paigle, Key Flower, Key of
Roth L. Daunderer M. Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Heaven, Fairy Caps, Petty Mulleins, Buckles, Crewel.
4. AufL Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Palsywort, Plumrocks, Mayflower, Password. Primrose.
Arthritica, Our Lady's Keys
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in richly blossomed Phenol glycosides (0.2 to 2.3%, high values in the Spring):
umbels with a short peduncle. The flowers are turned to one primulaverin (3%, 2-hydroxy-5-methoxy- benzoic acid
side and grow in clusters (up to 25) from the center of the methyl ester-O-xyloglucoside) changing over during dehy-
leaf rosette. The calyx is cylindrical and appressed with a dration into the characteristic-smelling 5-methoxy-methyl
green margin. The remaining part of the calyx is yellow and salicylate
it is 12 to 15 cm long. The corolla is odorless, usually sulfur Triterpene saponins (5 to 10%): chief components primulic
yellow and has a tube with 5 triangular, orange spots. The acid A (chief aglycone protoprimulagenin)
fruit is an oval capsule with 1.5 to 2.5 mm-long brown,
warty seeds. EFFECTS: COWSLIP ROOT
The saponin content gives the drug expectorant and diuretic
Leaves, Stem and Root: This 10 cm high plant is a effects. Recent studies on these effects are not available. The
herbaceous perennial with a short sturdy rhizome. The green mode of action is postulated to be due to vagal stimulation.
plant parts are covered in 2 mm long segmented hairs. The
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
4£ leaves are revolute in the bud. They are wrinkled, ovate or
COWSLIP FLOWER
ovate-oblong and are rounded at the base. They narrow
Approved by Commission E:
quickly to the winged stems. During the flowering season
they are irregularly dentate with blunt teeth. They are 3 to 6 • Cough/Bronchitis
cm long during the flowering season, but grow larger later.
The upper side of the leaf is glabrous. Unproven Uses: Cowslip flower is used internally for catarrh
of the respiratory tract. In folk medicine it is used for
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to all of Central Europe as insomnia, anxiety states, as a cardiac tonic for feelings of
far as the Southern European mountains. There are many dizziness and cardiac insufficiency. It is also used as a nerve
subspecies. tonic for shaking limbs, headaches and neuralgia.
2 3 2 /COWSLIP PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Homeopathic Uses: Primula veris is used to treat headaches Liquid extract — 1 to 2 ml 3 times a day
and skin rashes
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
C O W S L I P ROOT 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Approved by Commission E: parenterally: i to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
• Cough/Bronchitis a day (HAB34); different doses for children.
Unproven Uses: Cowslip root is used internally for catarrh of Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture.
the respiratory tract. In folk medicine it is used internally for
C O W S L I P ROOT
whooping cough, asthma, gout, rheumatic arthritis, bladder
Preparations: Tea: 0.2 to 0.5 gm finely cut drug are added to
and kidney disease, migraine, dizziness, stomach cramps,
scurvy and neuralgia. Externally it is used for headaches and cold water and brought to the boil, left to draw for 5 minutes
skin impurities. and strained (1 teaspoon corresponds to approximately 3.5
gm drug).
CONTRAINDICATIONS
C O W S L I P FLOWER
Extract: Percolation with 50 parts water and 50 parts ethanol,
Contraindicated in known allergies to Cowslip. then filtration and vacuum drying. The residue is dissolved
in 60 parts ethanol and 40 parts water and neutralized with
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ammonia. It is then cooled for 24 hours and filtered again. It
C O W S L I P FLOWER is finally dehydrated to produce a dry extract under low
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction pressure. (OAB90)
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The epigeal organs of the Primula species possess a Liquid extract: the Primula extract is dissolved in a mixture
very high potential for sensitization due to the primine of ethanol (30 parts), glycerol 85% (20 parts) and water (20
content. In the cases of Primula veris and P. elatior, the parts) and filtered when cool. (OAB90)
primine content is quite low, but sensitizations are neverthe- Tincture: 20 parts root and 100 parts diluted ethanol are
less possible. processed to a tincture in accordance with the OAB VII
C O W S L I P ROOT
maceration procedure.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Syrup: 1.5 parts Cowslip are dissolved in 20 parts water
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic while being heated. It is then mixed with 10 parts 85%
dosages. glycerol and 68.5 parts simple syrup. (OAB90)
OVERDOSAGE Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 1 gm of drug. The
C O W S L I P FLOWER single dose is 0.5 gm of drug.
Overdose could lead to gastric complaints and nausea.
Tincture: The daily dose is 7.5 gm.
C O W S L I P ROOT
Overdose could lead to queasiness, nausea, gastric com- Extract: The single dose is 0.1 to 0.2 gm.
plaints and diarrhea.
Liquid extract: The single dose is 0.5 gm.
DOSAGE
Tea: as an expectorant, 1 cup every 2 to 3 hours, sweetened
C O W S L I P FLOWER
with honey
Mode of Administration: Cowslip preparations are available
as solid and liquid pharmaceutical forms for oral intake and Storage: Cowslip should be protected from light.
also available parenterally for homeopathic use.
LITERATURE
Preparations: Tea: boiling water is poured over 2 to 4 gm C O W S L I P FLOWER
drug and strained after 10 minutes (1 teaspoon corresponds Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische
to approximately 1.3 gm drug). Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996.
Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin Immunol. 73:801.
Liquid extract — drug 1:1 with 25% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83)
Calis I, YCiriiker A, Ruegger H, Wright AD, Sticher O,
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm of drug. The Triterpene saponins from Primula veris ssp. macrocalyx and
single dose is 1 gm of drug. Primula elatiro ssp. meyeri. In: JNP 55:1299-1306. 1992.
Tea — 1 cup several times a day. As a bronchial tea, several Grecu VL, Cucu V, (1975) Planta Med 25:247.
cups a day, possibly sweetened with honey Karl C et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:96.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CRANESBILL/233
Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin Immunol. 73:801. Habitat: The plant is found throughout Europe, but also in
Calis I, Yuruker A, Riiegger H. Wright AD. Sticher O, North America from Newfoundland to Manitoba and as far
Triterpene saponins from Primula veris ssp. macrocalyx and south as Georgia and Missouri. It grows in shady and moist
Primula elatiro ssp. meyeri. In: JNP 55:1299-1306. 1992. ground in mixed and deciduous forests.
Grecu VL, Cucu V, (1975) Planta Med 25:247. Production: American Cranesbill herb is the dried aerial
Karl C et al., (1981) Planta Med 41:96. herb of Geranium maculatum harvested during the flowering
season. American Cranesbill root is the dried rhizome of
Middleton E, Drzewiecki G, (1984) Biochem. Pharmacol. Geranium maculatum, which is collected in late summer and
33:3333. autumn.
Thieme H, Winkler HJ, (1971) Pharmazie 7:434.
Other Names: Alumroot, Crowfoot, Geranium, Spotted
Wagner H et al., Radix-Primulae-Extrakte. HPLC-Analyse. In: Cranesbill, Spotted Geranium, Storksbill, Wild Cranesbill
DAZ 126:1489-1493. 1986.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in:
COMPOUNDS: CRANESBILL HERB
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Tannins (30%): gallotannins
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- COMPOUNDS: CRANESBILL ROOT
1994.
Tannins (10 to 28%): gallotannins
£' Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. EFFECTS
The tannins give the drug astringent, hemostyptic and tonic
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine indications have included
Stuttgart 1997. hemorrhoids, duodenal ulcers, diarrhea, metrorrhagia, heavy
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. menstruation and dysmenorrhea. Efficacy for these internal
Stuttgart 1997. use indications has not yet been proven.
234/CRANESBILL PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DOSAGE
Medicinal Paris: The seeds are the medicinal parts. The oil
C R A N E S B I L L HERB
is extracted from the seeds and is toxic; 1 ml can be fatal.
Daily Dosage: Powder/Infusion: 1 to 2 g, 3 times daily. Flower and Fruit: Croton tiglium is a shrub or tree that
grows up to 6 m. The leaves are alternate, smooth, ovate or
Homeopathic Dosage: Literature notes the drug's impor-
acuminate. They are dark green above and paler beneath,
tance as a homeopathic medicine, but does not state dosage.
with an unpleasant smell. There are inconspicuous flowers in
C R A N E S B I L L ROOT
terminal racemes. The seeds have a brown, mottled appear-
Preparation: Liquid extract - drug 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V) ance. The outer layer of the seed is easily removed, leaving a
percolated (BHP83). hard, black coat.
Liquid extract — 1 to 2 ml, 3 times daily Habitat: The tree is found throughout Asia and China.
Production: Croton oil is extracted from the seeds of Croton
Tincture — 2 to 4 ml, 3 times daily.
tiglium.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
globules, 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection solution sc Other Names: Tiglium, Tiglium Seeds
twice weekly (HAB34). ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers Diterpenes: phorbol ester, including 12-O-tridecane olyphor-
Handbuch der harmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 bol-13-acetate (TPA, myristoylphoarbolacetate, MPA)
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Fatty oil
1994.
EFFECTS
Croton Seed oil is a laxative, skin-irritant, co-carcinogenic,
nephrotoxic. It is a drastic irritant. TPA is a carcinogen,
Crataegus laevigata affecting prostaglandin metabolism.
See English Hawthorn INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: At present, it is used only in Chinese
medicine and in very small doses as a remedy for gall
bladder colic, obstruction of the bowels and malaria. The
Grithmum maritimum drug is obsolete in Europe.
See Samphire Chinese Medicine: In China, Croton Seed oil is used for
edema, furuncles, constipation, chest and stomach pain,
worm infestation and sore throat.
OVERDOSAGE Cudweed
High dosages (over 8 gm) cause irritation of the urinary
Gnaphalium uliginosum
passages, kidney and bladder pains, albuminuria and urina-
tion problems. Beyond this, vomiting, diarrhea, cardiac pain DESCRIPTION
and skin rashes can occur. After stomach and intestinal Medicinal Parts: The aerial parts are the medicinal parts of
emptying, treatment of poisonings should proceed the plant.
symptomatically.
Flower and Fruit: The composite flower heads are 3 to 4
DOSAGE mm by 5 mm, sessile and in terminal racemes of 3 to 10.
Mode of Administration: Cubeb is contained in medicinal They are shorter than the leaves growing from the leaf axil.
preparations, such as bath additives. The involucral bracts are oblong to linear and brownish.
There are 50 to 150 female florets, 5 to 8 hermaphrodite
Daily Dosage:
florets. The achaene is 0.5 mm oblong-cylindrical. The
Powder — 2 to 4 g daily for internal administration pappus is 1.5 mm.
Extract (1:1) — daily dose: 2 to 4 ml Leaves, Stem and Root: The stems are 5 to 20 cm high and
branched. The leaves are 10 to 50 mm by 2 to 5 mm, linear-
Tincture (1:5) — daily dose: 2 to 4 ml
lanceolate to oblong-obovate. They are downy and greenish
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
above; whitish and even more downy beneath.
globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
weekly (HAB1); children's dosage does not equal adult dose. Habitat: The plant is native to many parts of Europe, the
Caucasus and west Asia. It has been introduced into
LITERATURE
America.
Batterbee, J E et al., (1969) J Chem Soc (c), 2470.
Ikeda RM, (1962) J Food Sci 27:455. Production: Cudweed is the aerial part of Gnaphalium
Koul SK et al., Phenylpropanoids and (-)-ledol from Piper uliginosum.
species. In: PH 32:478. 1993. Other Names: Cotton Weed, Dysentery Weed, Everlasting,
Lawrence BM, Perfum Flavor 5:28. 1980. Mouse Ear, Wartwort, Cotton Dawes
Ohta Y et al., (1966) Tetrahedron Letters 52:6365. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Opdyke DU, (1976) Food Cosmet Toxicol 14. COMPOUNDS
Prabhu BR, Mulchandani. NB, (1985) Phytochemistry 24 (2), Volatile oil
329.
Tannins
Further information in:
The constituents of the drug have not been extensively
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 investigated.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
EFFECTS
1994.
Cudweed is an astringent and a stomachic. According to
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used unconfirmed sources, the drug also has antidepressive,
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New aphrodisiac and hypotensive effects.
York 1980.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Unproven Uses: The drug is used as a gargle and rinse in the
treatment of diseases of the mouth and throat.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlaa Landsberg Lech 1993. tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CUMIN / 2 3 7
DOSAGE EFFECTS
Mode of Administration: Liquid extract used as a gargle and Antimicrobial: The drug contains fatty oil (mainly petroselic
rinse. acid and oil acid) and has an antimicrobial effect. A powder
suspension of the drug has diverse inhibitory effects; it stunts
LITERATURE
mycelium growth, toxin production or afla-toxin production
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
W Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag in Aspergillus ochraceus, C. versicolor, and C. flavus.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Influence on blood-clotting: A dried Cumin ether extract
inhibits (in vitro) arachidon acid-induced plate aggregation
in platelet-rich human plasma.
Harborne JB, Williams CE, (1972) Photochemistry 11:1741. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used dosages.
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York 1980. DOSAGE
Tassan CG, Russel GF, J Food Sci 40:1185-1188. 1975. Mode of Administration: Cup Root is not used in modern
Varo PT, Heinz DE, (1970) J Agric Food Chem 18:234 et 239. medicine.
LITERATURE
Davidyants ES et al.. (1984) Khim Prir Soedin. 5:666.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Cuminum cyminum Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
See Cumin
Cupmoss
Gup Plant Cladonia pyxidata
Silphium perfoliatum
DESCRIPTION
DESCRIPTION Medicinal Parts: The wineglass-shaped scyphi of Cladonia
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root. pyxidata are used medicinally.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are 5 to 8 cm wide, long- Flower and Fruit: Cupmoss is a lichen, not a moss as the
pedicled and clustered. The sepals are overlapping, and the name suggests. The scyphi are grayish-white, about 2.5 cm
petals are egg-yolk yellow. The disc-like flowers are long, wineglass-shaped, with hollow stems and terminal
androgynous with long thread-like styles. The lateral flowers cups.
are female and lingual. The double-winged fruit is com-
pressed and has a pappus of lateral awns. Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and slightly
sweet. There is no odor.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant is a 1.25 to 2.5
m high plant with a branched rhizome. The erect, angular, Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America and is
smooth stem is branched higher up and foliated up to the tip. also common in other areas including Great Britain.
The leaves are opposite, rough, ovate, acuminate, crenate,
dark green above and blue-green beneath. The lower leaves Other Names: Chin Cups
are up to 30 cm long, and the upper ones are oblong-ovate, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
sessile and fused at the base to a cup form. COMPOUNDS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the western U.S., Oregon Lichen acids: including fumaroprotocetraric acid, barbatic
and Texas. acid, psoromic acid
Other Names: Ragged Cup, Indian Gum, Prairie Dock, Pilot Mucilages
Plant, Polar Plant, Rosinweed, Turpentine Weed EFFECTS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Cupmoss has the effect of an expectorant and antitussive.
COMPOUNDS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Triterpene saponins
Unproven Uses: Cupmoss is used for coughs, bronchitis, and
Sesquiterpenes: including among others silphinene, silphi- also in the treatment of whooping cough.
perfolen, 8-hydroxy-presilphiperfolane
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
EFFECTS Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
The drug is a tonic and has a diaphoretic effect. tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CURCUMA / 2 3 9
DESCRIPTION
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried, tuberous
Stomach complaints can occur following extended use or in
™ rhizomes cut into slices.
the case of overdose. Because of the stimulating effect of the
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is large; it is purple or drug on the biliary tract, it should not be administered if
crimson. The corolla has a red margin. Otherwise it is very there is a bile duct blockage. Colic can occur when the
similar to Curcuma domestica. patient suffers from gallstones.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 1.75 m high DOSAGE
and leafy. The leaves are in long thin sheaths on the rhizome. Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and
The leaf blades are broadly lanceolate or oblong and have a other galenic forms for internal use.
narrow, purple mark on the midrib. The main rhizome is
thickened like a tuber, ovate, the size of a fist with numerous Preparation: The infusion is prepared by pouring 1 cup of
roots and thin lateral rhizomes. The roots terminate partially boiling water over 1/2 tsp. of drug and straining after 10
in ovate tubers. minutes.
Habitat: Curcuma is indigenous to the forests of Indonesia Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 2 gm of drug;
and the Malaysian peninsula. It is cultivated mainly on Java, infusion: 2 to 3 times daily between meals.
in Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines. Storage: It should be protected from light.
Production: Japanese turmeric consists of the sliced, dried, LITERATURE
tuberous rhizomes of Curcuma xanthorrhiza. Curcuma is Anonym, Brennpunkt ZNS. In: DAZ 137(25):2166-2167. 1997.
cultivated and harvested in the second year of growth. After Baumann J, (1975) Tiber die Wirkung von Chelidonium,
the rhizome has been washed, die main mick root is isolated, Curcuma, Absinth und Carduus marianus auf die Galle- und
fa cut and dried at a temperature of 50°C. Pankreassekretion bei Hepatopathien. MedMschr 29:173.
Not to be Confused With: The rhizome of Curcuma Claeson P et al., Non-phenolic linear diarylheptanoids from
domestica. Curcuma xanthorrhiza: a novel type of topical anti-inflammatory
agents: Structure-activity relationship. In: PM 62(3):236-240.
Other Names: Tewon Lawa, Temu Lawak 1996.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Guttenberg A, (1926) Das Cholagogum Curcumen. Klein Wschr
COMPOUNDS 5:1998-1999.
Volatile oil (3 to 12%): chief components ar-curcumene Maiwald L, Schwantes PA, (1991) Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb.,
(alpha-curcumene), xanthorrhizol, beta-curcumene, germa- eine Heilpflanze tritt aus dem Schattendasein. Z Phytother
crene, furanodien, furanodienone 12:35-445.
240/CURCUMA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
See Zedoary The intake of even small dosages (0.3 gm) can lead to
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and stomach pain.
OVERDOSAGE
High dosages can cause spasm and asphyxiation. Following
Cuscuta epithymum gastric lavage and the administration of activated charcoal,
See Dodder the treatment for poisoning should proceed symptomatically
(e.g., treatment of convulsions with diazepam, treatment of
colic with atropine).
DOSAGE
Cyamopsis tetragonoloba Mode of Administration: Cyclamen is used in homeopathic
See Guar Gum treatments. It is also used topically and in alcoholic extracts.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS CYPRESS/241
LITERATURE
Braccini I, Herve du Penhoat C, Michon V, Goldberg R, Gymbopogon citratus
Clochard M, Jarvis MC. Huang ZH, Gage DA, Structural See Lemongrass
analysis of cyclamen seed xyloglucan oligosaccharides using
cellulase digestion and spectroscopic methods. Carbohydr Res,
^ 276:167-81, 1995 Oct 16.
w Calis I, Satana ME, Yrker A, Kelican P, Demirdamar R, Gynanchum vincetoxicum
Alacam R, Tanker N, Ruegger H. Sticher O, Triterpene See German Ipecac
saponins from Cyclamen mirabile and their biological activities.
J Nat Prod, 60:315-8, 1997 Mar.
Calis I, Yrker A, Tanker N, Wright AD. Sticher O, Triterpene
saponins from Cyclamen coum var. coum. Planta Med,
276:166-70, 1997 Apr. Gynara scolymus
Jaspersen-Schib R, Theus L, Guirguis-Oeschger M, Gossweiler See Artichoke
B, Meier-Abt PJ, Serious plant poisonings in Switzerland 1966-
1994. Case analysis from the Swiss Toxicology Information
Center. Schweiz Med Wochenschr. 60:1085-98, 1996 Jun 22.
Tschesche R. Mercker HJ, Wulff G. Liebig Ann Chem 721:194.
1969.
Cynoglossum officinale
Tschesche R, Striegler H. Fehlhaber HW, Liebig Ann Chem
See Hound's Tongue
691:165. 1966.
Further information in:
Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
^ Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Cyperus articulatus
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. See Adrue
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Cypress
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Cupressus sempervirens
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
DESCRIPTION
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the cones, branches
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
and oil.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Leaves, Stem and Root: Cupressus sempervirens is a tree that
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. grows up to 30 m tall. The leaves are 0.5 to 1 mm, dark
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, green and obtuse. The male cones are 4 to 8 mm, the female
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. are 25 to 40 mm. They are elliptical-oblong (rarely globose),
green when young and shining yellowish-gray when ripe,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New with 8 to 14 short and obtusely spiked scales. There are 8 to
York 1995. 20 seeds on each scale,
Mode of Administration: Occasionally, Cypress is used Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Cypress Spurge is used
externally as an ointment. internally for constipation, toothache and as a diuretic
(macerate). It is used externally for warts and corns
LITERATURE (ointment).
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Homeopathic Uses: Euphorbia cyparissias is used for
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. diseases of the respiratory organs, diarrhea, and skin
diseases.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The Ingenan esters are severely inflammatory in their effect
Cypress Spurge and cocarcinogenic. Administration of the drug should be
Euphorbia cypahssias avoided because of the cocarcinogenic effect.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der margin. The stamens are fused to the tube. The ovary is
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag inferior, the style is thread-like and the stigma obtuse.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 30 cm
Lewin-L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug
high. The leaves are basal, sprouting from an ovate, brown
^Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
bulb. They are erect, linear, flatly grooved, and have 2
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, grooves rather than a keel.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Oksuz S et al., Biological active compounds. In: PM 60(6):594- Characteristics: Daffodil has a weak unpleasant odor and is
596. 1994. poisonous.
Ott HH, Hecker E, Experientia 37:88. 1981. Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe and is cultivated
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, elsewhere.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Production: Daffodil is the flowering plant Narcissus
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, pseudonarcissus without the root.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Other Names: Lent Lily
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
Turnera diffusa Capsules — 380 mg, 384 mg, 395 mg, 450 mg
TRADE NAMES
Fluid Extract — 1:1
Damiana Leaves (from various manufacturers), Wild Coun-
tryside Damiana Leaves LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION
Auterhoff H, Haufel HP, (1968) Arch Pharm 301:537.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves harvest- Dominguez XA, Hinojosa M, (1976) Planta Med 30:68.
ed during the flowering season.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are yellow, solitary and Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
axillary. The fruit is a small, globular, many-seeded capsule, Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de
which breaks up into 3 parts. It is aromatic and resinous. Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small shrub that grows Jin J, (1966) Lloydia 29(3):250.
up to 60 cm high. The leaves are 1 to 2.5 cm long and up to 6
mm wide. They are smooth and pale green on the upper Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
surface and glabrous with a few scattered hairs on the ribs Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
underneath. The leaves are ovate-lanceolate, short-petioled Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
and have 2 glands at the base. They have a few serrate teeth Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
and recurved margins. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: The plant is found mainly in the region of the Gulf Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
of Mexico, the Caribbean and southern Africa. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Production: Damiana leaf consists of the leaf of Turnera Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
diffusa and its variations. Damiana herb consists of the herb pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
of Turnera diffusa and its variations. York 1995.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS DANDELION 245
Habitat: Dandelion grows in most temperate regions of Contraindications include closure of the biliary ducts.
Europe and Asia. gallbladder empyema, and ileus. Consultation with a doctor
is necessary in the presence of biliary ailments.
Production: Dandelion root with herb consists of the entire
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Taraxacum officinale plant gathered while flowering. It is air
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
dried.
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Superacid
Not to be Confused With: Cichorium intybus and the leaves _ gastric complaints are possible due to the drug's secretion-
of various Leontodon species. stimulating effect. The drug possesses weak potential for
sensitization reactions.
Other Names: Blowball, Cankerwort, Lion's Tooth, Priest's
DOSAGE
Crown, Swine Snout, Wild Endive
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, and powdered drug is
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY available in the form of drops, tinctures, juice, and in
COMPOUNDS compound preparations.
Sesquiterpene lactones (bitter substances): including, among How Supplied:
others, taraxinacety 1 - 1 ' - O - glucosides, 11,13- dihydrotaraxi-
Capsules—425 mg, 475 mg, 515 mg, 520 mg,
nacetyl - 1 ' - O - glucosides, taraxacolide - 1 ' - O - glucosides,
4alpha, 15,11 beta, 13 - tetrahydroridentin B Liquid—1:1
2 4 6 /DANDELION
Preparation: To make a tea, use 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls finely Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
cut drug with 150 ml rapidly boiled water; strain after 15 pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
minutes and drink warm. York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
To make a decoction, use 3 to 4 gm cut and powdered drug
• Stuttgart 1997.
per cup of water. To make an infusion, use 3 to 4 gm cut
drug per 1 cup of water.
Storage: The drug should be protected from light and Date Palm
moisture.
Phoenix dactylifera
LITERATURE
DESCRIPTION
Baba K et al., (1981) Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):538.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit.
Bohm K, (1959) Untersuchungen iiber choleretische Wirkungen
einiger Arzneipflanzen. Arzneim Forsch Drug Res 9:376. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are androgynous and are in
branched, cob-like inflorescences. The 3 carpels form 1
Budzianowski J, Coumarins, caffeoyltartaric acids and their
artifactual estres from Taraxacum officinale. In: PM 63(3):288. ovary. The fruit is a 1-seeded berry about 5 cm long (the date
1997. with the characteristic seed).
Czygan FC, Taraxacum officinale WIGGERS - Der Lowenzahn. Leaves, Stem and Root: The Date Palm is a woody plant
In: ZPT 11(3):99. 1990. growing primarily in girth. The leaves form a large long-
Hansel R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:857. petioled tuft at the top of the trunk. The lamina are frond-like
pinnatifid.
Kotobuki Seiyaku KK, (1981) Pat. JP 81/10117 Japan.
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28. Habitat: Date Palm is found from India to northern Africa.
Rauwald HW, Huang DT, (1985) Phytochemistry 24(7): 1557. Production: Dates are the fruits of Phoenix dactylifera.
Further information in: ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers COMPOUNDS: IN THE FRUIT PULP
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Sugar (50%): saccharose, inverted sugar
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Leucoanthocyanidine
gallbladder disorders. In South Africa it is used for fevers Eichler O, Koch C, (1970) Arzneim Forsch 20(1): 107.
and digestive disorders. Devil's Claw is also used for Erdos A et al., (1978) Planta Med 34:97.
supportive therapy of degenerative disorders of the CNS
Haag-Berrurier, M et al., (1978) Plant Med Phytother 12(3): 197.
system.
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ
Homeopathic Uses: Chronic rheumatism is the primary use 137(8):611-613. 1997.
for Devil's Claw in homeopamy. Lichti H, Von Wartburg A. (1964) Tetrahedron Letters 15:835.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Sticher O, (1977) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 32:1279.
The drug should not be used in the presence of stomach or Tunmann P, Stierstorfer N. Tetrahedron Letters 15:1697.
duodenal ulcers, due to the drug's stimulation of gastric juice
Wenzel P, Wegener T, (1995) Teufelskralle. Ein pflanzliches
secretion. Antirheumatikum. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 135(13): 1131-1144.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Wolf E. Teufelskralle hat Entzundungen im Griff. In: PZ
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- 142(14): 1122. 1997.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The Further information in:
drug has a sensitizing effect.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
DOSAGE Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Mode of Administration: As comminuted drug for infusions (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
and other preparations for internal use, as an ointment for 1994.
external use. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
How Supplied:
Capsules — 405 mg, 480 mg, 510 mg, 520 mg Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tablets Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1 teaspoonful mbH Stuttgart 1997.
(equivalent to 4.5 g) comminuted drug with 300 ml boiling Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
water. Steep for 8 hours and strain. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Daily Dosage: For loss of appetite, the recommended dosage
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
is 1.5 g of drug; otherwise 4.5 g of drug is used. The infusion
Stuttgart 1997.
can be taken 3 times a day.
isolating the cardiac glycosides. Today, Digitalis lantana is Steroid saponin: including desgalactotigonin. digitonine,
used. purpureagitoside
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are carmine red with white- Anthracene derivatives: anthraquinones
edged spots on the inside. The flowers appear in long
EFFECTS
> hanging racemes. They have 5 free, short-tipped sepals. The
The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides that
corolla is about 4 cm long, campanulate, bilabiate with an
are positively inotropic, negatively chronotropic and improve
obtuse upper lip and an ovate tip on the lower lip. The flower
the contraction power of cardiac muscle.
is glabrous on the outside and has a white awn on the inside.
There are 2 long and 2 short stamens, and 1 superior ovary. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The fruit is a 2-valved, ovate, glandular, villous capsule. Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug's use originated
in Ireland, then came to Scotland and England and finally to
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial with a central Europe. It was used to treat ulcers in the lower
branched tap root. In the first year it develops a leaf rosette. abdomen, boils, headaches, abscesses and paralysis. Exter-
In the second it produces a 2 m high, erect, unbranched, nally, the drug was used for the granulation of poorly healing
gray, tomentose stem. The leaves are alternate, ovate, wounds and to cure ulcers. Furthermore, the drug was used
tapering upward and petiolate. Almost all leaves are crenate; for cardiac insufficiency, especially high blood pressure.
only the highest ones are entire-margined.
Use of the raw product has become obsolete because the
Characteristics: The plant is very poisonous; it tastes hot- effect is not reproducible. The use of pure glycosides is
bitter with a slightly unpleasant odor. recommended instead. Digitoxin is available in mono
Habitat: Digitalis is indigenous to Europe. It was introduced preparations (extract) and is used as an isolated pure
substance.
to the east and the American continent.
Homeopathic Uses: Digitalis purpurea is used for cardiac
Production: Digitalis leaves are the leaves of Digitalis
insufficiency and migraine.
purpurea or of Digitalis lanata. Digitalis lanata corresponds
to Digitalis purpurea but has a milder effect. The rose leaves PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
are harvested during the first period of vegetation in early General: Because of the narrow therapeutic range of digitalis
autumn. The drying period is decisive for the content of glycosides, a certain percentage of patients may experience
cardenolide glycosides. The temperature for drying is 30° C side effects immediately upon administration of therapeutic
to 50° C. dosages: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite,
vomiting, diarrhea and headache.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion seldom occurs due to
cultivation under controlled conditions. Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methylxan-
Other Names: Foxglove, Dead Men's Bells, Dog's Finger, thines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the
Fairy Fingers, Fairy Gloves, Finger Rower, Folks' Glove, risks of cardiac arrhythmias.
Lion's Mouth, Ladies' Glove, Witches' Gloves, Gloves of
Our Lady, Fairy Caps, Fairy Thimbles, Virgin's Glove OVERDOSAGE
With overdosage, in addition to the already-mentioned
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY symptoms, the following can also occur:
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides 0.5 to 1.5%): Heart: cardiac rhythm disorders, all the way up to life-
including ones of the - threatening ventricular tachycardia, atrial tachycardia with
atrioventricular block
- A-sequence (aglycone digitoxigenin): purpurea glyco-
side A (primary glycoside), digitoxin (secondary glycoside) Central nervous system: stupor, visual disorders, depression,
confused states, hallucinations, psychoses
- B-sequence (aglycone gitoxigenin): purpurea glycoside
Lethal dosages lead to heart failure or asphyxiation. Admin-
B (primary glycoside), gitoxin (secondary glycoside), Digita-
istration over extended periods leads in rare cases to
linum verum
gynecomastia. Because of the difficulties in standardizing
- E-sequence (aglycone gitaloxigenin): glucoverodoxin, the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be
glucogitaloxin, gitaloxin preferred (digitoxin).
Pregnane glycosides: including digipurpurin, diginin, The first measures to be taken in case of poisoning are
digitalonin gastric lavage and activated charcoal instillation. All other
2 5 0 /DIGITALIS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
measures proceed according to the symptoms. For loss of Thomas R e t al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:1649.
potassium, careful replenishment is necessary. For ectopic Tschesche R, Briigmann G, Tetrahedron 20:1469-1475. 1964.
irritation build-up in the ventricle, administration of pheny-
Voigt G, Hiller K, Sci Pharm 55:201-207. 1987.
toin as an antiarrhythmatic is recommended. Lidocaine
should be used in cases of ventricular extrasystole, and for Wichtl M, Buhl W, Huesmann G, DAZ 127:2391-2400. 1987.
partial atrioventricular block, atropine is recommended. The Further information in:
prophylactic installation of a pacemaker is often necessary. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
For elimination of the glycosides hemoperfusion is possible, Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
the administration of cholestyramine for interrrupting the Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
enterohepatic circulation and/or the application of digitoxin Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
antibodies (antigen-binding fragments, digitalis antidote Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
{Boehringer Mannheim}, is very likely only fully effective (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
with digitoxin poisoning). 1994.
The drugs and pure glycosides should be administered in the Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
following situations (among others): atrioventricular block of Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
the 2nd and 3rd degree, hypercalcaemia, hypocalcaemia, Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ven- Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
tricular tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm, WPW- Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
syndrome. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
DOSAGE Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Mode of Administration: Today, the drug is obsolete. Due to Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
the lack of reproductivity of content, the use of appropriate Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
pure glycosides is advisable. Digitoxin is contained in mono Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
preparations (extract) and used as an isolated pure substance. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Preparation: Tincture: shaken for 1 day in 25% ethanol at a mbH Stuttgart 1997.
ratio of 1:10. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
The manufacture of the digoxin and digitoxin is a complicat- York 1995.
ed process that involves fermentation, extraction and
evaporation.
LITERATURE
Digitalis Lanata
Brisse B, Anwendung pflanzlicher Wirkstoffe bei kardialen Digitalis lanata
Erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(4): 107. 1989. DESCRIPTION
Buschauer A, Entwicklung neuer positiv inotroper Arzneistoffe: Medicinal Parts: The leaves are the medicinal part of the
Suche nach einm "Digitalisersatz". In: PZW 134(1)3. 1989. plant.
Cohn JN, (1974) J Am Med Ass 229: 1911.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is long and densely
Holtje HD, Molecular Modelling von Digitaloiden. In: PZ flowered, with racemes facing all directions. The bracts are
137(37):2812. 1992. glandular-haired with ciliate edges. The flower structures are
Ikeda Y et al., Quantitative HPLC analysis of cardiac in fives. The sepals are fused, the calyx tubular. The petals
glycosides in Digitalis purpurea. In: JNP 58(6):897-901. 1995. are fused to a campanulate corolla, which is glandular-haired
Lichius JJ, Weber R, Kirschke M, Liedtke S, Brieger D, Neues on, the outside, white with yellow-brown spots, 18 to 25 mm
vom Fingerhut und seinen Kaffeesaureestern. In: DAZ long and unevenly bilabiate. The upper lip has 4 points, and
135(40):3794-3800. 1995. is flat and hem-like. The lower lip is almost as long as the
Lustenberger, B, In: Lustenberger J (Basler Dissertationen zur corolla tube and is turned away from it. There are 4 stamens,
Geschichte der Pharmazie und Naturwissenschaften, Bd. 4), Der often stretching out of the corolla tube. The ovaries are
Weg zur Etablierung der Reinglykoside in der Digitalistherapie. superior, 2-chambered, clavate, glandular-haired, gradually
Juris Druck - Verlag Dietikon. 1993. merging into the stigmas. The fruit is a 10 mm long
Rail B, Herzinsuffizienz: Was bringt die Digitalis-Therapie? In: septicidal, brittle capsule. The seeds are approximately 1.5
DAZ 137(3): 126-27. 1997. mm long and red-brown.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS DIGITALIS LANATA/251
Leaves, Stem and Root: Digitalis lanata is a herbaceous qualities, the drug is now obsolete and has been replaced by
biennial or perennial, upright, up to 1.2 m high. The leaves pure cardenolide glycosides.
are sessile, simple, narrow-lanceolate, 15 to 35 cm long,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
entire and ciiiate in the upper area of the shoot axis. The
stem is upright, usually green, grooved-edged, usually Because of the unsatisfactory reproducibility during produc-
glabrous below and long woolly-haired in the upper half. tion, this drug is obsolete today; the pure cardenolide
The plant has a primary root with no shoot-bearing roots. glycosides are used. The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xan-
Habitat: The plant's habitat extends from Greece and the thines, phosphodiestrase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the
Balkans across the northern coast of the Black Sea to the risk of cardiac arrhythmias.
Caucasus and the Caspian Sea.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Production: Woolly foxglove leaves are the dried leaves of General: Because of the difficulties involved in standardiz-
Digitalis lanata. Annual cultivation begins with sowing in ing the drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be
April; harvesting is between September and November. The preferred (digitoxin, digoxin, alpha-acetyldigoxin, beta-ace-
roughly cut leaves are dried for 10 to 12 hours at 50° C. tyldigoxin, lanatoside C, deslanoside). Patients receiving no
more than therapeutic dosages might experience the follow-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ing side effects: hypertonias in gastrointestinal area, loss of
COMPOUNDS
appetite, vomiting, diarrhea and headache.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides) (0.5 to 1.5%)
of the following series, including: Drug Interactions: Neither the drug nor pure glycosides
should be administered in the presence of first- and second-
A-series (aglycone digitoxigenin): including lanatoside A degree AV-Block, hypercalcemia, hypokaliemia, hypertro-
(0.05 to 0.25%) glucodigifucoside (0.01 to 0.15%), glucoe- phic cardiomyopathy, carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle
M* vatromonoside (0.02 to 0.05%), digitoxin, alpha- and beta- tachycardia, thoracic aortic aneurysm or WPW syndrome.
acetyldigoxin
OVERDOSAGE
B-series (aglycone gitoxigenin): lanatoside B (0.01 to With overdosage, in addition to the symptoms above, the
0.15%), glucogitoroside (0.02 to 0.12%), Digitalinum verum following can also occur:
(0.02 to 0.12%), gitoxin, alpha- and beta-acetylgitoxin
Heart: Cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threaten-
C-series (aglycone digoxigenin): lanatoside C (0.08 to ing ventricular tachycardias and atrial tachycardias with
0.24%), desacetyl lanatoside C, digoxin atrioventricular block.
D-series (aglycone diginatigenin): lanatoside D, diginatin, Central nervous system: Dizziness, vision disorders, depres-
diginatigenin gitaloside sions, states of confusion, hallucinations, psychoses.
E-series (aglycone gitaloxigenin): lanatoside E, glucovere-
Lethal dosages (for humans, 2 to 3 g of the drug) initially
doxin (0.01 to 0.14%), glucoverodoxin (0.02 to 0.12%),
lead to signs of nausea, vomiting and diarrhea caused by
gitaloxin
irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. Slowed pulse, extrasys-
Pregnane derivatives: including digifolein, glucodigifolein, toles and conduction disturbances result from resorption.
diginin, digipronin, lanafolein, gitonine These are followed by ventricular fibrillation and later death
from cardiac arrest.
Steroid saponins: including lanagitosides I and II, tigonin,
desglucolanatigonin, aglycones including tigogenin, diga- The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric
logenin, digitogenin, gitogenin lavage and instillation of medicinal charcoal. All otherr
measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful
EFFECTS potassium substitution for potassium; phenytoin as an
The cardioactive cardenolide glycosides contained in the antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the
drug are positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic. ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine for
Digitalis lanata is known to be highly resorbent when partial atrioventricular block.
administered orally. It produces rapid results and wide-
ranging effects; has strong diuretic properties; is quickly The prophylactic insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is
abating; and demonstrates good tolerability. Digitalis lanata recommended. Hemoperfusion for the elimination of the
has three times the physiological effect of Digitalis purpurea glycosides and cholestyramine administration for the inter-
and is preferred for its fast-acting effect. Despite these ruption of the enterohepatic circulation are possible.
2 5 2 / D I G I T A L I S LANATA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
DOSAGE The stem is branched above, with a bluish bloom. The leaves
Mode of Administration: The drug is not used today. The are double and more pinnate, feathery, white-tipped leaflets
following preparation and supply information is for historical with a deep groove on the upper surface. The leaf sheath is
reference. oblong with a thick-skinned edge.
How Supplied: Whole and powdered drug. Characteristics: Dill has an aromatic scent.
Preparation: Tincture; powder: ethanol 25%; 1:10; suc- Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean
cussed for 24 hours. region, southern Russia, and cultivated throughout Europe as
Storage: Store securely and protect from light. well as North and South America.
LITERATURE Production: Dill herb consists of the fresh or dried leaf and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers upper stem of Anethum graveolens. Dill seed consists of the
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 dried fruit of Anethum graveolens.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Other Names: Dilly
Kallfelz HC, Reinhardt D, Treatment of heart insufficiency in ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
infancy and childhood with a combined drug made of digitalis
C O M P O U N D S : DILL HERB
lanata glycosides, Thei Ggw, 110:357-8 passim, 1971 Mar.
Volatile oil (0.5 to 1.5%): chief constituents are carvone, dill
Pitra J, Hor(3k P. Cardiac glycosides. XII. Digoxin, the apiole, (+) limonene
fermented drug of undulating foxglove (Digitalis lanata EHRH)
Cesk Farm, 21:142-4. 1972 May. Phthalides
Schneider KW, Gattenlohner W, Different changes of central
hemodynamic: due to Digitalis purpura and ianata preparations, E F F E C T S : DILL HERB
C O M P O U N D S : DILL FRUIT
Volatile oil (2.5 to 4.0%): chief constituents are carvone
(approximately 50%), dill apiole, (+) — limonene
Digitalis lanata
See Digitalis Lanata Phtalides
Fatty oil
E F F E C T S : DILL F R U I T
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm tall. The Indian Medicine: Dill is used for halitosis, worm infestation,
stem is erect, round, smooth, dark-green and white-striped. complaints of the repiratory tract and syphilis.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS DIVI-DIVI / 2 5 3
DOSAGE
DILL F R U I T
Mode of Administration: Whole seeds and crushed fruits are
used to make teas and other galenic preparations for internal Dionaea muscipula
application. See Venus Flytrap
Habitat: Sri Lanka, Brazil, South America Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a leafless parasite up to
150 cm high. The stem is yellow or reddish, thread-like,
Production: Nikkar nuts are the seeds of Caesalpinia
branched, with sucking roots, and climbing.
bonducella.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe, Asia and South Africa.
- Other Names: Nikkar Nuts, Nichol Seeds, Gray Nicker
Production: Dodder is the whole plant of Cuscuta
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
epithymum.
COMPOUNDS
Fatty oil (20 to 25%, bonduc nut oil): chief fatty acids are Other Names: Lesser Dodder, Dodder of Thyme, Devil's
linoleic acid, oleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid Guts, Beggarweed, Hellweed, Strangle Tare, Scaldweed
Proteins ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Starch
Saponins
Diterpenes: including, among others, alpha-, beta-, gamma-,
eta-caesalpine Tannins
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an approximately 1 to 3 INDICATIONS AND USAGE
m high shrub with hanging branches and erect root shoots DOG ROSE FRUITS
that are covered in tough, sickle-shaped prickles that are Unproven Uses: Dog Rose fruits are used in folk medicine
appressed below. The leaves are pinnatifid with 5 to 7 for disorders of the efferent urinary tract and the kidneys.
ft, leaflets. They are markedly petiolate, obovate, smooth-mar- kidney stones, rheumatic conditions such as rheumatism, and
gined, glabrous, glossy and dark green above, lighter and gout, colds, scurvy and febrile conditions.
simple-serrate beneath.
DOG ROSE SHELLS
Characteristics: The sepals revolute at the end of the Unproven Uses: Dog Rose shells are used in folk medicine
flowering period and drop when the fruit ripens. for colds and 'flu,1 intestinal conditions, digestive com-
plaints, vitamin C deficiency, gallstones, subacidic-stomach.
Habitat: Rosa canina grows in Europe and North Africa and
infectious diseases, conditions of the efferent urinary tract.
is extensively cultivated.
edema, rheumatism and gout, bleeding and leucorrhea.
Production: Dog Rose fruit consist of the ripe, dried fruit
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
(nutlet) of various species of the genus Rosa particularly
DOG ROSE FRUITS AND SHELLS
Rosa moschata. The fruits are secondary products of Dog
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Rose shells. Dog Rose shells consist of the ripe, fresh or
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dried, opened seed receptacle, whole or cut and freed from
dosages.
hairs, of Rosa canina, Rosa pendulina, Rosa rugosa, Rosa
moschata and other Rosa species. The ripe receptacles are DOSAGE
harvested by hand and dried in the air, sun or in drying plants DOG ROSE FRUITS
at a maximum temperature of 80° C. The dry Dog Roses are Mode of Administration: Dog Rose fruits are available as
broken up and the fruit and skins are separated by sieving. whole and powdered drug.
\
Other Names: Brier Hip, Hip, Rose Hip, Sweet Briar, Brier Daily Dosage: The single dose is 2 gm drug.
Rose, Eglantine Gall, Hogseed, Dog-Berry, Sweet Brier,
Storage: Dog Rose should be stored in a dry and dark place.
Wild Brier, Witches' Brier
DOG ROSE SHELLS
A C T I O N S A N D PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: DOG ROSE FRUITS Mode of Administration: Dog Rose shells are available as
whole, crude and powdered drug.
Fatty oil (8 to 10%)
Daily Dosage: Tea: 2 to 5 gm drug added to 1 cup and
Tocopherol (vitamin E) steeped for 10 to 15 minutes
Volatile oil (0.3%) Storage: Should be stored in dark place.
Proteic substances LITERATURE
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer Other Names: Dog-Tree, Box Tree, Boxwood, Budwood,
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. False Box, Cornelian Tree, Cornel, Bitter Redberry, Green
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Ozier, Swamp Dogwood, Silky Cornel, Osier, Rose Willow
Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und COMPOUNDS
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena, New
Steroid saponins: including sarsapogenin-O-beta-D-galacto-
York 1995.
side, sarsapogenin-0-beta-D-xylosyl-( I (2)-beta-D-galacto-
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. side
Stuttgart 1997.
Iridoide monoterpenes: cornin (verbenalin)
DOG ROSE FRUITS
Czygan FC, Rosa canina L. - Die Hunds- oder Heckenrose. In:
Tannins
ZPT 10(5): 162. 1989.
Jaretzky R. Pharm Zentralh 82:229. 1941. EFFECTS
Luckner M, Bepler O. PA 21:197. 1966. Effect on mollusks: The drug destroys the biomphalaria
glabratus snails (carrier of bilharziose).
Further information in:
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Cardiac effect: Heart activity, at different levels up to the
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag cessation of heartbeat, is examined depending on the
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. concentration of the methanol extract.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Antiplasmodic effect: Induced malaria on chicks and Peking
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New York
ducks was treated for 5 days with a water-insoluble fraction.
1980.
As a result, antiplasmodic activity toward P. cathemerium
could be observed, similar to that deployed by quinine and
sulfadiazine. To date, the results cannot be sufficiently
assessed.
Dogwood
Comus florida The bark works as a tonic, an astringent and a stimulant.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried bark. Fresh Unproven Uses: In North America, the dried bark was used
bark is also used occasionally. in folk medicine for strength, to stimulate appetite, for fever
and for chronic diarrhea. It is used externally as an astringent
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are sessile, small, greenish, for wounds and boils. Formerly, it was in use as a
and in clusters of 12 to 20 at the splayed end of a tough, 3 replacement for quinine. It is still used for headaches and
cm long stem. The bracts are white or pale reddish, ovate to fatigue.
long and are longer than the inflorescence. The petals are
about 4 mm long. The fruit is a scarlet berry. Homeopathic Uses: Uses include for poor digestion and
chronic attacks of fever.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a deciduous shrub or a 4
to 9 m high tree, which is heavily branched and has a dark PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
gray, thick and rough bark. The branches are smooth and Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
covered in leaf scars. The leaves are 7 to 10 cm long, tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
opposite, petiolate, entire, ovate acuminate at both ends, and
somewhat rough. The upper surface is dark green. In autumn DOSAGE
the upper surface is bright red to violet. The underside is Mode of Administration: Formerly the drug was used
always whitish-green. The leaves are slightly pubescent internally as a tincture as an alternative to quinine and
when young. externally as a liquid extract.
Habitat: Cornus florida is indigenous to eastern and southern Homeopathic Dosage: Oral: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules
North America; other varieties are found in Europe. every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily;
Production: American Boxwood bark and root-bark are the chronic: once a day (HAB34).
dried and occasionally fresh bark and root-bark of Cornus
florida. It is collected in the wild. Preparation: Decoction or infusion (no specifications).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS D R Y O P T E R I S FILIX-MAS / 2 5 7
See Ammoniac Gum Mode of Administration: The resin is used in a powder form.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
* Dorstenia contrayerva Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
See Contrayerva Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Merlini L, Gasini G, J Chem Soc Perkin I 1976:1570. 1976.
Dragon's Blood (Xue-Jie) Rao SR et al., JNP 45:646. 1982.
Daemonorops draco
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the red resin from the
fruit, which is extracted from both Daemonorops draco and
Drimys winteri
Daemonorops propinquis. See Winter's Bark
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged along the
branch. The fruit is a cherry-sized berry ending in a point.
When the fruit are ripe, they are covered in a reddish,
resinous substance, which is separated in various ways.
Drosera ramentacea
See Sundew
Leaves, Stem and Root: Dragon's Blood is a tree with long,
thin, flexible stems, which are inclined to climb when they
are older. The leaves have thorny petioles, which grow into
long appendages. The bark is covered in hundreds of
flattened thorns. Dryas octopetala
See Mountain Avens
Habitat: Malaysia, Indonesia.
Production: Dragon's Blood resin is the resin of Daemono-
rops draco.
Other Names: Dracorubin, Sanguis Draconis, Draconis Dryopteris filix-mas
Resina, Xue-Jie See Male Fern
258/DUCKWEED PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Duckweed DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The plant is available as fresh or
Lemna minor ground herb and as an extract.
DESCRIPTION Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant. 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic:
Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers infrequently. The tiny
once a day (HAB1).
inconspicuous flowers have 2 unevenly sized stamens and 1
pistil. A delicate membranous bract surrounds 3 flowers, LITERATURE
which are located on the edge of the stem. The fruit is Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
tubular with 1 ovule. The seeds have longitudinal ribs. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Leaves, Stem and Root: Lemna minor is a water plant with 1994.
leaf-like organs that are 2 to 6 mm long. They are flat, have 3 Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
to 5 ribs, and are sometimes pigmented with red. Two to six Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
leaf-like shoots stick together, and each bears a root with a
rounded root cover.
Swietek L, Dombrowicz E, (1984) Farm Pol 40(12):729. Characteristics: The taste is slightly sweet then bitter
Ulubelen A et al., (1971) Lloydia 34(2):258. leaving a tingling sensation on the tongue. The odor is faintly
aromatic.
Further information in:
Chan, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Habitat: Echinacea purpurea and Echinaceae pallida grow in
J^, Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. the middle or eastern U.S. and is cultivated in Europe.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Production: Echinacea purpurea herb consists of the fresh,
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. above-ground parts, harvested at flowering time. The root
consists of the fresh or dried underground part, gathered in
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used autumn. Echinacea pallida herb consists of the fresh or dried
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New above-ground parts, collected at the time of flowering.
York 1980.
Echinacea angustifolia herb and root consist of the fresh or
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug dried roots, or above-ground parts collected at the time of
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. flowering.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Not to be Confused With: The herbs and roots of Echinacea
purpurea, Echinacea angustifolia and Echinacea pallida have
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
different medicinal properties. Some Echinacea species may
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
be confused with or adulterated with Parthenium
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, integrifoium.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Other Names: Black Sampson, Niggerhead, Rudbeckia,
Stuttgart 1997. Sampson Root, Purple Coneflower, Hedgehog, Red
Sunflower
Caffeic and ferulic acid derivatives (0.6-2.1%): including Alkamides (0.01%): including dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z- tet-
cichoriic acid, cichoriic acid methyl ester, 2-0- caffeoyl racetyl isobutylamide
tartaric acid
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica
Alkamides (0.01-0.04%): including undeca-2E,4Z-dien-8,10- epoxide, in dehydrated roots only traces
diinacetyl- and dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tetracetyliso-buty-
EFFECTS: ALL VARIETIES
lamide
General
Polyynes (0.01 mg/%): including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11 -pen-
tain, trideca-1,1 l-dien-3,5,7,9,-tetraine, trideca-8,10,12-trien- Echinacea activity is directed towards the nonspecific
2,4,6-triine, pontica epoxide cellular immune system. The herb exerts anti-inflammatory,
immunostimulating, bactericidal, and wound healing actions,
Effective pyrrolizidine alkaloids: tussilagine, isotussilagine depending on the type of plant species. The main active
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB
principles of the immunostimulating, antibacterial and viros-
Volatile oil (0.1%)- including 1,8-pentadecadien tatic drug are the alkamides, glycoproteins, caffeic acid
derivatives (cichoriic acid and echinosides) and
Flavonoids: in particular rutin polysaccarides.
Caffeic acid derivatives: Cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid, Immunostimulating
isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside
Ethanolic root extracts of the Echinacea purpurea, Echinacea
Alkamides: including dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyliso- pallida and Echinacea angustifolia were shown to cause a
butylamide 23% increase of the phagocytosis rate in granulocyte smears
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA PALLIDA ROOT in vitro (Jurcic, 1989; Melchart 1995). Confirmed by the
Water-soluble immunstimulating polysaccharides (arabino- carbon clearance test and granulocyte tests, the ethanolic root
rhamnogalactans) extracts significantly enhance phagocytosis (Bauer, 1988).
The ethanolic extracts of aerial parts of Echinacea angustifo-
Volatile oil (0.2 - 2%): chief components include pentadeca- lia and Echinacea purpurea exert immunostimulatory effects
8Z-en-2-on, pentadeca-1,8Z-dien, 1 -pentadecan also through metabolic and bactericidal activities of perito-
Caffeic acid derivatives: echinacoside neal macrophages. The ethanolic extracts of both Echinacea
plants also increase the total weight of the spleen (Bukovsky,
Alkamides: including isomeric dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E/Z-tet- 1993).
raenic acid-isobutylamide
Anti-Inflammatory
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentain, pontica
epoxide Polyunsaturated alkamides in Echinacea angustifolia exert
anti-inflammatory effects through inhibition of cyclooxyge-
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB
nase and 5-lipoxygenase (Muller-Jakic, 1994). The polysac-
Volatile oil (under 0.1%): typical components consist of charide fraction of Echinacea angustifolia exerts anti-
epishyobunol, beta-farnesene, alpha- and beta-pinenes, myr- inflammatory effects (Tubaro, 1987), and the polysaccharide
cene, carvomenthene, caryophyllene from Echinacea purpurea induces an acute phase reaction.
Flavonoids The acute phase reaction occurs with enhancing the sponta-
neous motility of PMN and increasing the ability of these
Caffeic acid derivatives: cichoriic acid, chlorogenic acid, cells to kill bacteria such as staphylococci. (Roesler, 1991).
isochlorogenic acid, verbascoside, echinacoside
Cytokine Stimulation
Alkamides: including dodeca-2E,4E-8Z,10E-tetracetyl-
isobutylamide Arabinogalactan, a highly purified polysaccharide from plant
cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea, is effective in activating
Polyynes: including trideca-l-en-3,5,7,9,11-pentaine, pontica
macrophage cytotoxicity actions against tumor cells and
epoxide
microorganisms (Leishmania enriettii). This polysaccharide
COMPOUNDS: ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA ROOT induces macrophages to produce tumor necrosis factor
Volatile oil (under 1%): components include dodeca-2,4- (TNF-alpha), interleukin-1 (TL-1), interleukin-6 (IL-6), inter-
dien-1-ylisovalerate, as well as palmitic acid, linolenic acid leukin-10 (IL-10) and interferon-beta. The component also
induces a slight increase in T-cell proliferation (Burger,
Flavonoids
1997; Luettig, 1989; Roesler, 1991). Extracts of Echinacea
Caffeic acid derivatives (0.3 to 1.3%): echinacoside, cynarin purpurea stimulate cell-mediated immunity through the
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ECHINACEA / 263
production of lymphokines by lymphocytes (Coeugriiet, results do not prove efficacy of prophylaxis, the authors
1987). Echinacea purpurea herb has shown some short-term conclude that Echinacea may reduce the risk of developing a
viral resistance against influenza, herpes, and vesicular URTI by 10 to 20% (Melchart, 1998).
stomatitis viruses, which has been credited to an interferon-
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study was
like effect (Wacker, 1978).
conducted to determine the effect of an extract of Echinaceae
Collagen Protectant pallidae root with influenza infections of the upper respira-
tory tract. A dose of 900 mg daily was evaluated for the
The caffeic acid derivatives exert a protective effect on the
relief of symptoms, including shortening of the illness period
free-radical-induced degradation of Type HI collagen. Colla-
and curing cough and hoarseness. The length of the illness
gen degradation was inhibited the greatest by echinacoside
period was reduced significantly with the extract from 13 to
and chicoriic acid, then cynarine and chlorogenic acid. The
9 days compared with placebo. The strongest effects on the
collagen protection from free radical damage is through a
clinical symptoms were achieved after 8-10 days (Brauning.
scavenging effect on reactive oxygen species and/or C-, N-,
1993).
S-centered secondary radicals. These activities may be useful
for the treatment/protection of photodamage of the skin by INDICATIONS AND USAGE
UVA/UVB radiation, in which oxidative stress plays a ECHINACEA PURPUREA HERB
critical role (Facino, 1995). Approved by Commission E:
wounds and inflammatory conditions such as abscesses and ECHINACEA PURPUREA ROOT
leg ulcers. Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions
and galenic preparations.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS Daily Dosage: When using the tincture, 30 to 60 drops
Because of a possible activation of autoimmune aggressions should be taken three times a day.
and other overreactive immune responses, the drug should
not be administered in the presence of multiple sclerosis, Storage: Echinacea should be protected from light sources,
leukosis, collagen disease, AIDS or tuberculosis. Parenteral and, if possible be uncomminuted.
administration should not be used in patients with tendencies ECHINACEA PALLIDA HERB AND ROOT
to allergies, especially allergies to members of the composite Mode of Administration: As a liquid preparation for oral use.
family (Asteraceae). Echinacea should not be used during
pregnancy. Preparation: A 1:5 tincture is made using 50% (V/V)
ethanol and native dried extract (50% ethanol in a 7 to 11:1
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
proportion)
ALL VARIETIES AND FORMS
General: When used parenterally, dose-dependent short-term Daily Dosage: The daily dose is 900 mg of drug. The drug
fever reactions, nausea and vomiting can occur. Caution should be used for a maximum of 8 weeks.
should be exercised if the drug is administered parenterally
Storage: Protect from light sources. If possible, store
to people with diabetes. Hypersensitivity reactions with
uncomminuted.
anaphylaxis have been reported (Mullins, 1998). Rashes,
itching, occasional swelling of the face, breathing difficul- ECHINACEA ANGUSTIFOLIA HERB AND ROOT
ties, dizziness and a drop in blood pressure have been Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy in the claimed
observed after administration of preparations containing areas of application has not been documented, therapeutic
Echinacea. application cannot be recommended. Because of the risks,
the use of parenteral preparations is not justified.
Fertility: High concentrations of Echinacea had adverse
effects on oocytes in animal models (Ondrizek, 1999). How Supplied:
Pregnancy: Parenteral administration should be avoided Capsule — lOOmg, 125mg, 250mg, 380mg 390mg, 400mg,
during pregnancy. 430mg, 450mg, 500mg
Daily Dosage: When used internally, the recommended Bauer R, Echinacea. In: PM 59(6):94. 1992.
dosage is 6 to 9 ml of the expressed juice. The recommended Bauer R, Jurcic K, Puhlmann J, Wagner H, Immunologische in
dosage for parenteral administration should be individual- vivo- und in vitro Untersuchnugnen mit Echinacea-Extrakten.
ized, depending on the seriousness of the condition as well as In: Arzneim Forsch 38:276-281. 1988.
the specific nature of the respective preparation. Parenteral Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und
application requires a gradation of dosage, especially for "Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer
children. The manufacturer is required to show this informa- Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993.
tion for the respective preparation. When used externally, Bauer R, Remiger P, Jurcic K, Wagner H, Beeinflussung der
semi-solid preparations containing at least 15% pressed juice Phagozytoseaktivitat durch Echinacea-Extrakte. In: ZPT 10:43-
are used for a maximum of 8 weeks. 48. 1989.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ECHINACEA / 2 6 5
Bauer R, Remiger P, Wagner H, Echinacea-Vergleichende DC- Dorn M, (1989) Milderung grippaler Effekte durch ein
und HPLC-Analyse der Herba-Drogen von Echinacea purpurea, pflanzliches Immunstimulans. Natur- und Ganzheitsmedizin
Echinacea pallida und Echinacea angustifolia. In: DAZ 128:174- 2:314-319.
180. 1988.
Facino RM; Carini M; Aldini G et al. Echinacoside and
Bauer R~ Wagner H, Echinacea - Der Sonnenhut - Stand der caffeoyl conjugates protect collagen from free radical-induced
Forschung. In: ZPT 9(8): 151. 1988. degradation: a potential use of Echinacea extracts in the
Bauer R, Wagner H, Echinacea-Drogen - Who is who? In: ZPT prevention of skin photodamage. Planta Med 1995
9(6):191. 1988. Dec;61(6):510-4.
Bauer R, Wagner H, Echinacea. Wissenschaftliche Forth H, Beuscher N, Beeinflussung der Haufigkeit banaler
Verlagsgesellschaft mbH Stuttgart 1990. Erkaltungsinfekte durch Esberitox. In: Z Allgemeinmed 57:2272-
2275. 1981.
Bauer, R et aL, (1985) Helv Chim Acta 68:2355.
Bauer, R et al., (1987) Phytochemistry 26(4): 1198. Grimm W, Muller H. A randomized controlled trial of the
effect of fluid extract of Echinacea purpurea on the incidence
Becker H. (1982) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 122(45):2320. and severity of colds and respiratory infections. Am J Med
Beuscher N, Scheit KH, Bodinet C. Egert D, Modulation der 1999 Fee; 106(2): 138-43.
korpereigenen Immunabwehr durch polymere Substanzen aus Harnischfeger G, Stolze H, (1980) Notabene Medici 10:484.
Baptisia tinctoria und Echinacea purpurea. In:
Immunotherapeutic prospects of infectious diseases, Hrsg. Jacobson M, (1967) J Org Chem 32:1646.
Masihi KN. Lange W. Springer, Heidel. Jurcic K, Melchart D. Holzmann M, Martin P, Bauer R,
Beuscher N, Uber die medikamentose Beeinflussung zellularer Doenecke A, Wagner H, Zwei Probandenstudien zur
Resistenzmechanismen im Tierversuch. Aktivierung von Stimulierung der Granulozytenphagozytose durch Echinacea-
Peritonealmakrophagen der Maus durch pflanzliche Reizkorper. Extrakt-haltige Praparate. In: ZPT 10(2):67-70. 1989.
In: Arzneim Forsch 32(1): 134-138. 1977.
Kinkel HJ, Plate M. Tullner HU, Objektivierbare Wirkung von
Bodinet C, Beuscher N, Antiviral and immunological activity of Echinacin-Salbe auf die Wundheilung. In: Med Klinik 79:580-
glykoproteins from the root of Echinacea purpurea. In: PM, 583. 1984.
Abstracts of the 39th Annual Congress of Medicinal Plant
Luettig B; Steinmuller C; Gifford GE et al. Macrophage
Research. 1991.
activation by the polysaccharide arabinogalactan isolated from
Bohlmann F, Hoffman H. (1983) Phytochemistry 22(5): 1173. plant cell cultures of Echinacea purpurea. J Natl Cancer Inst
Braunig B, Dorn M, Knick E, Echinaceae purpureae radix: zur 1989 May 3;81(9):669-75.
Starkung der korpereigenen Abwehr bei grippalem Infekten. In: May G, Willuhn G, (1978) Arzneim Forsch 28:1.
ZPT 13(1):7. 1992.
Melchart D, Linde K, Worku F, Bauer R, Wagner H, (1994)
Brinkeborn R, Shah D, Degenring F. Echinaforce and other Immunomodulation with Echinacea - a systematic review of
Echinacea fresh plant preparations in the treatment of the controlled clinical trials. Phytomedicine 1:245-254.
common cold. A randomized, placebo controlled, double-blind
clinical trial. Phytomedicine. 1999 Mar;6(l):l-6. Melchart D; Walther E; Linde K et al. Echinacea root extracts
for the prevention of upper respiratory tract infections:a double-
Bukovsky M, Kostalova D, Magnusova R et al: Testing for
blind, placebo-controlled randomized trial. Arch Fam Med 1998
immunomodulating effects of ethanol-water extracts of the
Nov-Dec;7(6):541-5.
above-ground parts of the plants echinaceae Moench and
Rudbeckia L. Cesk Farm 1993a;42:228-231. Mose JR, (1983) Med Welt 34:51.
Burger RA; Torres AR; Warren RP et al. Echinacea-induced Muller-Jakic B; Breu W; Probstle A et al. In vitro inhibition of
cytokine production by human macrophages. Int J cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase by alkamides from
Immunopharmacol 1997 Jul;19(7):371-9. Echinacea and Achillea species. Planta Med 1994 Feb;60(l):37-
Busing KH, Hyaluronidasehemmung durch Echinacin. In: 40.
Arzneim Forsch 2:467-469. 1952. Mullins RJ. Echinacea-associated anaphylaxis. Med J Aust 1998
Cheminat A, Zawatzky R, Becker H, Brouillard R, Feb 16; 168(4): 170-1.
Caffeoylconjugates from Echinacea Species: Structure and Ondrizek RR, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A. An alternative
biological activity. In: PH 27(9):2787-2794. 1988. medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free
Coeugniet EG & Elek E. Immunomodulation widi Viscum hamster oocytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic
album and echinacea purpurea extracts. Onkologie 1987; acid. Fertil Steril 1999 Mar;71(3):517-22.
10(suppl 3):27-33. Parnham MJ, Benefit-risk assessment of the squeezed sap of the
Die Chemie der Pflanze (Standard, Wirksamkeit). In: Symbiose purple coneflower (Echinacea purpurea) for long-term oral
4(3): 11. 1992. immunostimulation. In: Phytomedicine 3(1):95-102. 1996.
2 6 6 /ECHINACEA
Proksch A, (1982) Uber ein immunstimulierendes Wirkprinzip Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
aus Echinacea purpurea. Dissertation, Ludwig-Maximilians- Heidelberg 1996.
Universitat, Miinchen.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Roesler J, Emmendorffer A, Steinmuller C et al. Application of Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
purified polysaccharides from cell cultures of the plant
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
echinacea purpurea to test subjects mediates activation of the
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
phagocyte system. Int J Immunopharmacol 1991; 13:931-941.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Samochowie CE et al., (1979) Wiad Parazyt. 25(1) 77.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Schoneberger D. Einflup* der immunstimulierenden Wirkung von
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Prefisaft aus herba Echinaceae purpureae auf Verlauf und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Schweregrad von Erkaltungskrankheiten. Forum Immunologic
York 1995.
1992;8:18-22.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Schulte KE et al., (1967) Arzneim Forsch 17:825.
Stuttgart 1997.
Schulte KE, Riicker G, Perlick J, Das Vorkommen von
Polyacetylen-Verbindungen in Echinacea purpurea MOENCH
und Echinacea angustifolia DC. In: Arzneim-Forsch 17:825-829.
1967.
Schumacher A, Echinacea angustifolia und die spezifische und
Echinaceae species
unspezifische zellulare Immunantwort der Maus. In: Dissertation See Echinacea
Heidelberg. 1989.
Stimpel M et al., (1984) Infect Immunol 46(3):845.
Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H et al., (1984) Macrophage
activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity by purified
Elecampane
polysaccaride fractions from the plant Echinacea purpurea. Inula helenium
Infect Immunity 46:845-849.
DESCRIPTION
Stimpel M, Proksch A, Wagner H, Lohmann-Matthes ML, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried or fresh
Macrophage activation and induction of macrophage cytotoxicity rhizome.
by purified polysccharide fraction from plant Echinacea
purpurea. In: Infect Immun 46:845-849. 1984. Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are yellow composite
Tubaro A, Tragni E, Del Negro P et al: Anti-inflammatory flowers in loose, terminal, panicled cymes. They are 7 to 8
activity of a polysaccharide fraction of echinacea angustifolia. J cm in diameter. The involucre is imbricate and cup-shaped.
Pharm Pharmacol 1987; 39:576-569. The inner bracts are dry at the tip and splayed, the outer ones
Vergin H, Wolter R, Untersuchungen zur Phagozytose-Aktivitat are like leaves and ovate. The female lateral florets are
der isoliert perfundierten Rattenleber mit Echinacea purpurea- narrowly linguiform. The androgynous disc florets are
haltigen Praparaten. In: Natura med 1/2:27-29. 1988. tubular. The receptacle is flat, slightly pitted and glabrous.
The flowers are a bright yellow. The achaenes are cylindri-
Vomel Th, (1985) Arzneim Forsch 3511(9): 1437.
cal, 4 to 5 mm long, brown, glabrous and have 4 tips. The
Von Roder E et al., (1984) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 124(45):2316. pappus is 8 to 10 mm long and consists of brownish, fine,
Wacker A, Hilbig W, (1978) Planta Med 33:89. rough, brittle bristles.
Wacker A, Hilbig W, Virushemmung mit Echinacea purpurea. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 80 to 180
In: PM 33:89-102. 1978.
cm high. The rhizome is short with compact branches. It is
Wagner H et al., (1984) Arzneim Forsch 34:659. tuberous and has sturdy, 1 cm thick and 50 cm long roots.
Wagner H, Stuppner H, Puhlmann J, Briimmer B, Deppe K, The stem is erect, branched above and villous. The leaves are
Zenk MH, Gewinnung von immunologisch aktiven large, tomentose beneath and irregularly dentate. The cauline
Polysacchariden aus Echinacea-Drogen und - Gewebekulturen. leaves are cordate-acute. The basal leaves are oblong and
In: ZPT 10(2):35. 1989. petiolate.
Further information in:
Characteristics: The rhizome has a strong odor, the taste is
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers pungent, bitter and tangy.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Habitat: Indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, intro-
1994. duced to the U.S. and China.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ELECAMPANE/267
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Production: Bergeniae rhizoma are the dried rhizomes of
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Bergenia crassifolia. They are collected in the wild and air-
Iijima K, Kiyohara H, Tanaka M, Matsumoto T, Cyong JC, dried for 2 weeks.
Yamada H, Preventive effect of taraxasteryl acetate from Inula
Other Names: Learner Bergenia, Siberian Tea
britannica subsp. Japonica on experimental hepatitis in vivo.
Planta Med, 61:50-3, 1995 Feb. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Jiang B, Liao X, Jia X, Ye X, Ding J, Yu X, Wu Y, Studies COMPOUNDS
and comparisons on chemical components of essential oils from Hydroquinone glycosides: arbutin (1.8 to 2.3%)
Clematis hexapetala Pall, and Inula nervosa Wall. Chung Kuo
Chung Yao Tsa Chih, 15:488-90 512, 1990 Aug. Phenol carboxylic acids: bergenin (6.7 to 10.1%, lactones)
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Stuttgart 1997. No health hazards are known in conjunction wim the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Because of
its high tannin content, the intake of preparations of the drug
could lead to digestive disorders; individuals with sensitive
Elephant-Ears stomachs may experience nausea and vomiting.
Bergenia crassifolia OVERDOSAGE
DESCRIPTION
Overdose could lead to inflammatory irritation of the
Medicinal Parts: Whole plant has medicinal properties. mucous membranes of the bladder and urinary tract,
accompanied by urgency and blood in the urine. Long-term
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in curled cymes. administration of the drug could lead to liver damage, due to
Their structures are arranged in fives and tfiey are radial with the possible hepatotoxicity of the hydroquinone released,
the 2 to 3 ovaries joined only at the base. The petals are red particularly among children.
or pink-violet and up to 1.5 cm long. The ovary is superior,
DOSAGE
and the fruit has numerous seeds. The seeds are brown to
brown-black, edged, up to 2 mm long and 0.5 mm thick. Mode of Administration: Whole drug preparations for
internal and external use.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Bergenia crassifolia is a herbaceous
LITERATURE
perennial that grows up to 50 cm high. The leaves are basal,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
oval, up to 20 cm long, over 10 cm wide, orbicular, fleshy,
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
glabrous, with indented glands and slightly dentate. The
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
rhizome is up to 3 cm thick, above ground and covered with 1994.
the sheaths of the previous year's leaves.
Kindl H, Conversion of (4-3H)L-phenylalanine into (4-
Habitat: Russia, Mongolia 3H)pyrocatechol and (3-3H)hydroquinone in leaves of Bergenia
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ENGLISH A D D E R S T O N G U E / 2 6 9
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ulmus minor is a 40 m high tree Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
with black-brown, finely fissured bark. The branches, which Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 1992-
develop long grooves, have alternate, petiolate, 6 to 10 cm
1994.
long leaves with 8 to 12 lateral ribs. The leaves are ovate.
The lamina is irregular and the margin double-serrate. The Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
petioles are 8 to 15 mm longer than the buds, which develop Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
in spring on short branches and form into clusters before
flowering.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe as far as the
Mediterranean.
English Adder's Tongue
Ophioglossum vulgatum
Production:. Smooth-leaved Elm bark is the bark of Ulmus
DESCRIPTION
minor. The bark is gathered for therapeutic or medicinal
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
purposes. It is manually cut in circles and the bark is
root and leaves.
removed from the young (new) twigs (the diameter of the
twig should not be more than 1 cm). The long grain and the Flower and Fruit: The plant's 12 to 40 ripe yellow sporangia
upper layer of the bark must be removed, then the bark is on either side of the middle panicle form an acuminate spike.
dried. The tip contains no sporangia.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Leaves, Stem and Root: This fern grows from 8 to 25 cm
COMPOUNDS high. The stems, covered in the remains of leaves, grow
Mucilage: yielding mainly D-galactose, L-rhamnose, D-ga- singly from the underground roots. The stems consist of a
lacturonic acid after hydrolysis few sturdy, yellow fibers and are round, hollow and
2 7 0 / E N G L I S H A D D E R ' S TONGUE
succulent. Each bears a smooth, oblong-oval, acuminate, receptacle is clavate, filled with latex, and covered at the
entire frond. edge with slit bracts. The linguiform florets are female and
silver-white. The tubular florets are androgynous and yellow.
Characteristics: Though a member of the Fern family, the
The corolla of every floret has a short appendage at the base,
appearance of English Adder's Tongue is not at all typically
which surrounds the tip of the fruit. The achaenes are 2 mm
fern-like.
long, light brown and almost triangular with vertical ribs.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Britain. The achaenes are smooth and have no pappus.
Production: English Adder's Tongue is the aerial part of Leaves, Stem and Root: The 15 to 30 cm high plant has a
Ophioglossum vulgatum. deeply buried rhizome. The rhizome sprouts numerous,
ascending, occasionally upright, simple or branched, round-
Not To Be Confused With: English Adder's Tongue is not
ed, vertically grooved, pubescent stems. The stems are
related to American Adder's Tongue (Erythronium
covered in alternating, heavily segmented, gray-green to
americanum).
rich-green leaves that are 2 to 4 cm long.
Other Names: Serpent's Tongue, Christ's Spear
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern and western
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Europe and northern Africa, and is cultivated all over
COMPOUNDS Europe. The main exporters are Belgium, France, Great
Flavonoids: including among others quercetin-3-methyl Britain and Italy, as well as Poland, the Czech and Slovakian
ether-7-diglucoside-4' glucoside Republics, North America and Argentina.
The constituents of the drug have not been thoroughly Production: English Chamomile consists of the dried flowers
investigated. of the cultivated double flowered variety of Chamaemelum
EFFECTS
nobile. The plant is harvested in June and July, then dried at
See Erythronium americanum. temperatures of 35°C.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Other Names: Ground Apple, Whig Plant, Roman
See Erythronium americanum. Chamomile
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Volatile oil: chief components include ester of angelic- or
dosages. tiglic acid with isobutanol, isoamyl alcohol or 3-methyl-
pentan-1-ol, to some extent present as hydroperoxides
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: See Erythronium americanum. Sesquiterpene lactones: in particular nobilin, besides 3-
epinobilin, 1,10-epoxynobilin, 3-dehydronobilin that is
LITERATURE
present to some exient as hydroperoxides, including 1-beta-
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. hydroperoxy-isonobilin and 4-alpha-hydroperoxy-manolide
Flavonoids: including anthemoside, cosmosioside, luteolin-
7-0-glucoside
DOSAGE
English Hawthorn
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed Crataegus laevigata
uses is not documented and there is a certain risk involved, a
TRADE NAMES
therapeutic application cannot be recommended. English
Hawthorn, Hawthorn Extract (available from numerous
Chamomile is used in folk medicine as a fluid extract,
manufacturers and as a combination product), Hawthorne
tincture, elixir, wine, syrup, ointment and powder.
Berries, Hawthorn Flowers, Leaves & Berries, Standardized
Preparation: To prepare a decoction, add 3 g drug to 100 ml Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Extract, Hawthorn Power,
water. An infusion is prepared using 7 to 8 capitula per cup. Time Release Hawthorn Power, HeartCare
A liquid rub is prepared using 1 dsp diluted in 250 ml water. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are generally white
Daily Dosage: The average single dose of the drug is 1.5 g at
thorn flowers, leaves, fruit, and various mixtures of different
the main meals. The average daily dose of an infusion is 50
plant parts.
ml to 200 ml. When used as a bath additive, add 50 g to 10
liters of water. Liquid rubs are applied as poultices or washes Flowers and Fruit: The white flowers are in richly-blos-
2 to 3 times daily. somed cymes. The sepals are usually short, more or less
triangular, entire-margined or, particularly the American
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
variety, fairly long with glandular tips. The petals are usually
30 to 60 minutes for acute conditions. For chronic condi-
separate, orbicular, crenate, white or occasionally red. There
tions: 1 to 3 times daily; Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute 3
are 10 to 20 stamens and 1 to 5 carpels, which are more or
times daily; Chronic: once a day (HAB1)
less fused to the receptacle. There are 2 ovules, the upper one
Storage: Store in well-sealed glass or metal containers is sterile and covers the lower fertile one like a cap. There is
protected from moisture. 1 seed in each chamber. The false fruit is ovoid or globose
and crowned by the remains of the sepals. It is red, black, or
LITERATURE yellow and mealy.
Damiani P et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 54:213.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hawthorn is a bulky shrub or small
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5(3):234. tree, 1.5 to 4 m high with hard wood and usually thorny
Herisset A et al., (1974) Plant Med Phytother 8(4):306 and 287. branches. The leaves have many forms. They are shallow, 3
Holub M, Samek Z, (1977) Collect Czech Chem Commun 42: to 5 lobed, with the lobes pointed forward. The leaves are
1053. unevenly serrate, obovate, yellowish-green, and glossy.
Isaac O, Chamaemelum nobile (L.) Allioni - Rdmische Kamille. Characteristics: The flowers have an unpleasant smell and a
In: ZPT 14(4):212. 1993. slightly bitter taste; the fruit has a sour taste.
2 7 2 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
=
.- Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northern temperate zones INDICATIONS AND USAGE
of Europe, Asia, and North America. Approved by Commission E:
Production: Hawthorn consists of the leaves and flowers of • Decrease in cardiac output (Stage II NYHA)
Crataegus laevigata and. occasionally other species. The
Hawthorn is used for senile heart, chronic cor pulmonale,
medicinal parts of the Hawthorn plant are collected in the
and mild forms of bradycardia! arrhythmias.
wild and dried at room temperature.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Hawthorn is also used as a
Not to be Confused With: Hawthorn is sometimes mistaken cardiotonic, for hypertension, ischemia of the heart, arrhyth-
for the flowers, leaves, and fruit of Robinia pseudoacacia, mia and as a sedative. Hawthorn has a high flavonoid content
Sorbus aucuparia or Prunus spinosa. and is used to prevent collagen destruction in joints and
decrease inflammation and decrease the fragility of capillar-
Other Names: Haw, May, Whitethorn, Hawthorn ies. Hawthorn has shown some effectiveness in lowering
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
cholesterol levels in at least one study. Several extracts from
COMPOUNDS
different componants of the plant have demonstrated antioxi-
Flavonoides (1.8%): O-glycosides, including hyperoside dant effects.
(0.28%), rutin (0.17%) Chinese Medicine: In China, Hawthorn is used to reduce
food stagnancy and blood stasis (Chen, 1995).
6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds, including vitexin
(0.02%), vicenin-1, orientin Homeopathic Uses: Therapeutic dilutions are used for
cardiac insufficiency, senile cardiac insufficiency, dysrhyth-
6-C- and 8-C-glycosyl compounds, linked O-glycosidically mia, and angina pectoris.
as well as with other monosaccharides, including vitexin-2"-
O-alpha-L-rhamnoside (0.53%), vitexin-2"-0-alpha-L- CLINICAL STUDIES
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins (2.4%) Several studies that have used animal models demonstrate
the cardiac effects of Hawthorn. The influence of the main
Biogenic amines, including tyramine flavonoids from Hawthorn on coronary flow, heart rate, left
ventricular pressure and the velocity of contraction and
Triterpenes ( 0.6%): including oleanolic acid, ursolic acid, 2- relaxation was investigated on isolated guinea pig hearts
alpha-hydroxy oleanolic acid (crataegolic acid) maintained at a constant perfusion pressure was the focus of
one study. The study recorded an increase in coronary flow
EFFECTS of 186% for one of the main glycosides, luteolin-7-gluco-
The active principles are procyanidins and flavonoids. They side; 66% for the hyperoside component and 66% for the
cause an increase in coronary blood flow due to dilatory rutin flavonoid. Coronary relaxation velocity increased by
effects resulting in an improvement of myocardial blood 104% in the luteolin-7-glucoside arm, 62% for hyperoside
flow. The drug is positively inotropic and positively chrono- and 73% for rutin. Positive inotropic and chronotropic
tropic. The cardiotropic effect of Crataegus is said to be effects were noted for all of the above extracts as well. The
caused by the increased membrane permeability for calcium beta adrenergic effects of the flavonoids were prevented by
as well as the inhibition of phosphodiesterase with an the addition of propranolol. The authors postulate that the
increase of intracellular cylco-AMP concentrations. In- mechanism of action for the cardiac effects of Hawthorne is
creased coronary and myocardial circulatory perfusion and due to the inhibition of the 3', 5'-cyclic adenosine mono-
reduction in peripheral vascular resistance were observed. phosphate phosphodiesterase enzyme (Schussler, 1995). It
High doses may cause sedation. This effect has been should be noted that in a more recent study, the positive
attributed to the oligomeric procyanidins (Anonym, 1994). inotropic effect of Hawthorn was not attributed to phospho-
diesterase inhibition or to a beta-sympathomimetic effect
Crataegus extract has been found to prolong the refractory (Muller, 1999).
period and increase the action potential duration in guinea
pig papillary muscle. One study demonstrated that a Cra- Another small, placebo controlled, randomized double-blind
taegus extract blocked the repolarizing potassium currents in study was performed to test the efficacy of a special extract
ventricular myocytes of guinea pigs. This effect is similar to (WS 1442) of Hawthorn in a group of 30 patients with stage
that of class HI antiarrhythmic drugs and may explain the II NYHA cardiac insufficiency. Treatment duration was 8
antiarrhythmic effect of Hawmorn (Muller, 1999). weeks. Primary parameters were alteration in the pressure-x-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S ENGLISH HAWTHORN/273
age. Use of Hawthorn during the first trimester of pregnancy Mode of Administration: The dried and comminuted drug for
is contraindicated. decoctions as well as liquid or dry extracts for oral intake.
Drug Interactions Hawthorn may potentiate the effects of Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
cardiac glycosides. If Hawthorn therapy is initiated in globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
patients taking digoxin, digitoxin or g-strophanthin, the a week; ointment 1 to 2 times a day (HAB1)
dosage of standard cardiac glycosides should be adjusted Storage: Hawthorn should be protected from light and
downward. moisture in well-sealed containers at temperatures below
25° C.
Hawthorn may cause a hypertensive effect when used in
combination with beta-blockers (Murray & Pizzorno, 1996). LITERATURE
Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Crataegus, Toxikologie und
Because Hawthorn has an action similar to Class III Pharmakologie. Teil 1, Toxizitat. Planta Med 43:105-120.
antiarrhythmics, use with other antiarrhythmics should be Ammon HPT, Handel M, (1981) Planta Med 43:105, 209 et
discouraged. 313.
Hawthorn has been found to inhibit the inward flow of Anonym, 5. KongreJJ fur Phytotherapie: Phytoforschung
potassium channels resulting in an increased action potential intensiviert. In: DAZ 133(48):4593. 1993.
in cardiac ventricular cells. Drugs that act in a similar Anonym, Behandlung der leichten Herzinsuffiziens:
manner such as cisapride are likely to interact with Hawthorn Weijklornextrakt und ACE-Hemmer im Vergleich. In: DAZ
and should therefore not be taken in conjunction with 134(39):3749. 1994.
Hawthorn. Anonym, Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava,
Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995.
Pregnancy: Hawthorn is contraindicated during the first
Anonym, Weipdorn bei Herzinsuffiziens und Angina pectoris.
trimester of pregnancy.
In: Symbiose 4(3): 16. 1992.
Nursing Mothers: There are no warnings in the literature Bahorun T, Gressier B, Trotin F, Brunet C, Dine Th, Luyckx
regarding use of Hawthorn in nursing mothers. M, Vasseur J, Cazin M, Cazin JC, Pinkas M, Oxygen species
scavenging activity of phenolic activities, fresh plant organs and
Pediatrics: Hawthorn is not recommended for children under pharmaceutical preparations. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(11): 1086-
the age of 12 years. 1089. 19%.
2 7 4 / E N G L I S H HAWTHORN PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Bahorun T, Trotin F, Pommery J, Vasseur J, Pinkas-M, Leuchtgens H, Cratagus Special Extract WS 1442 in NYHA II
Antioxydant activities of Crataegus monogyna extracts. In: PM heart failure. A placebo controlled randomized double-blind
60(4):323-328. 1994. study. In: Fortschr Med 20;111(20021: 352-4 Jul 20,1993.
Beretz A et al., (1980) Planta Med 39(3):241. Loew D, (1994) Crataegus-Spezialextrakte bei Herzinsuffizien.
Chen JD, WU YZ, Tao ZL et al: Hawthorn (shan zha) drink Kassenarzt 15:43-52.
and its lowering effect on blood lipid levels in humans and Loew D, Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):92-
rats. World Rev Nutr Diet 77:147-154. 1995. 96. 1997.
Ciplea AG, Richter KD, (1988) The protective effect of Allium Meier B, Neue Erkenntnisse zur Analytik und Wirksamkeit von
sativum and Crataegus on isoprenaline-induced tissue necroses Wei|3dorn. In: DAZ 136(44):3877-3879. 1996.
in rats. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 38:1588-1592.
Murray M & Pizzorno J: A Textbook of Natural Medicine, 2nd
Czygan FC, Crataegus-Arten- WeipMorn. Portrait einer ed. Batyr University Publications, Seattle, WA, USA, ppV
Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 15(2): 117. 1994. Cratag-1-4. 1996.
Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo, Muller A, Linke W, Klaus W: Crataegus extract blocks
Hypericum und Kava-Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995. potassium currents in guinea pig ventricular cardiac myocytes.
Duke JA: Handbook of Medicinal Herbs, 2nd ed. CRC Press, In: Planta Med 65(4): 335-9 May, 1999.
Inc, Boca Raton, FL, pp 146-147. 1985. Popping S, Rose H, Ionescu I, Fischer Y, Kammermeier H,
Eichstadt H, Bader M, Danne O, Kaiser W, Stein U, Felix R, (1995) Effect of a Hawthorn Extract on Contraction and Energy
(1989) Crataegus-Extrakt hilft dem Patienten mit NYHA II- Turnover of Isolated Rat Cordiomyocytes. Arzneim Forsch/Drug
Herzinsuffizien Therapiewoche 39: 3288-3296. Res 45:1157-1161.
Ficarra P et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10)342. Rehwald A et al., HPLC analysis of the flavonoids of Crataegi
Ficarra P et al., (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(5)148. folium cum flore. In: PM 59(7)28. 1993.
Fischer K, Jung F, Koscielny J, Kiesewetter H, (1994) Reuter HD, Crataegus als pflanzliches Kardiakum. In: ZPT
Crataegus-Extrakt vs. Methyldigoxin. EinfluP auf Rheologie und 15(2):73. 1994.
Mikrozirkulation bei 12 gesunden Probanden. Miinch Med Rewerski W et al., (1971) Arzneim Forsch 21:886.
Wschr 136 (Suppl 1), 35-38.
Schlegelmilch R, Heywood R, (1994) Toxicity of Crataegus
Forster A, Forster K, Buhring M, Wolfstadter HD, (1994) (Hawthorn) Extract (WS 1442). J Am Coll Toxicol 13:103-111.
Crataegus bei ma(3ig reduzierter linksventrikularer
Auswurffraktion. Ergospirometrische Verlaufsuntersuchung bei Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994)
72. Patienten in doppelblindem Vergleich mit Plazebo. Miinch Wirksamkeit des Extraktes LI 132 (600 mg/Tag) bei 8wochiger
Med Wschr 136 (Suppl I). 21-26 Therapie. Plazebokontrollierte Doppelblindstudie mit Weifklorn
an 78 herzinsuffizienten Patienten im Stadium II nach NYHA.
Iwamoto M et al., (1981) Planta Med 42(1 ):1 Munch Med Wschr 136(Suppl 1): 13-20.
Joseph G, Zhao Y, Klaus W (1995) Pharmakologisches Schussler M et al., Effect of flavonoids from Crataegus species
Wirkprofil von Crataegus-Extrakt im Vergleich zu Epinephrin, in Langendorf perfused isolated guinea pig heart. In: PM
Amrinon, Milrinon und Digoxin am isoliert perfundierten 58(7)46. 1992.
Meerschweinchenherzen. Arzneim Foisch/Drug Res 45: 1261-
1265 Schuessler M et al., Cardiac effects of flavonoids from
Crataegus species. In: PM 59(7)88. 1993.
Kaul R, Pflanzliche Procyanidine. Vorkommen, Klassifikation
und pharmakologische Wirkungen. In: PUZ 25(4): 175-185. Schussler M, Holzl J, Fricke U, Myocardial effects of
1996. flavonoids from Crataegus species. In: Arzneimittelforschung
45(8): 842-5, Aug, 1995.
Klensch O, Nagell A, Die Darreichungsform Tee am Beispiel
Weipdornblatter mit Bluten. In: DAZ 134(32):3005. 1994. Siegel G, Casper U, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore. In,
Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und
Krzeminski T, Chatterjee SS, (1993) Ischemia and early
klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 1-14.
reperfusion induced arrhythmias, beneficial effects of an extract
of Crataegus oxyacantha L. Pharm Pharmacol Lett 3:45-48. Siegel G, Casper U, Walter H, Hetzer R, (1994) WeipMorn-
Extrakt LI 132. Dosis- Wirkungs-Studie zum Membranpotential
Kurcok A, (1992) Ischemia- and reperfusion-induced cardiac
und Tonus menschlicher Koronararterien und des
injury; effects of two flavonoids containing plant extracts
Hundepapillarmuskels. Miinch med Wschr 136(Suppl l):45-56.
possessing radical scavenging properties. Naunyn-
Schmiedebergs's Arch Pharmacol 345 (Suppl RB 81) Abstr Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988.
322. Sticher O, Rehwald A, Meier B, (1994) Kriterien der
Kurzmann M, Schimmer O, Weifkiorn - Flavonoidmuster und pharmazeutischen Qualitat von Crataegus-Extrakten. Miinch Med
DC-Identitatspriifung. In: DAZ 136(33):2759-2764. 1996. Wschr 136(Suppl l):69-73.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ENGLISH I V Y / 2 7 5
Tauchert M, Loew D, (1995) Crataegi folium cum flore bei densely covered in 1- or more-celled tomentose hairs with
HerzinsuffizienZ In, Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) few glands and a mild odor. The stem is erect, simple or
Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. branched, up to 1 m high, tough and obtusely angular. The
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 137-144. leaves are sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, usually acumi-
^ Tauchert M, Ploch M, Hubner WD, (1994) Wirksamkeit des nate, with 6 to 12 pairs of curved pinnate veins. The
~* Weipdorn-Extraktes LI 132 im Vergleich mit Captopril. underside of the leaves are gray to white tomentose.
Multizentrische Doppelblindstudie bei 132 Patienten mit
Herzinsuffizienz im Stadium II nach NYHA. Munch Med Production: English Horsemint is the aerial part of Mentha
Wschr 136(Suppl l):27-34. longifolia, the dried herb.
Tauchert M, Siegel G, Schulz V, (1994) Weipdom-Extrakt als
pflanzliches Cardiacum (Vorwort). Neubewertung der Habitat: The plant is common in all of Europe to southern
tfierapeutischen Wirksamkeit. Miinch Med Wschr Sweden.
136(Suppl l):3-5.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Trunzler G, Phytotherapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und COMPOUNDS
arteriellen Gefafkrkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989. Volatile oil: chief components piperitone (share 60-80%),
Wagner H, Grevel J, (1982) Planta Med 45:98. furthermore beta- caryophyllene (5-15%), germacren D (5-
Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992. 15%), 1,8-cineole (2-7%), limonene (1-8%), with other
Further information in: chemotypes chief components D-carvone, piperitone, iso-
menthone + menthofurane, menthone, piperitol, men-
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
thol or linalool
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Flavonoids: including among others diosmin, hesperidin,
1994.
quercitrin, thymonin, apigenine-7-glucuronide
0Q Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. EFFECTS
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag English Horsemint has carminative and stimulant effects.
Heidelberg 1996.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. particularly for flatulence. Historically, it has been used for
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. all kinds of pain, headaches in particular.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotiierapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
York 1995. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The ground drug is used internally
as an infusion; it is used externally as a bath additive.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are greenish-yellow Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Ivy is used
umbels, which form dense, semi-globular clusters. The calyx internally for liver, spleen and gallbladder disorders and for
tips are short, almost triangular, tomentose and drooping. gout, rheumatism and scrofulosis. Externally, it is used for
The 5 petals are oblong and slightly involute. There are 5 burn wounds, calluses, cellulitis, inflammations, neuralgia,
stamens and 1 inferior ovary with 5 valves. The style is fused parasitic disorders, ulcers, rheumatic complaints and
into a column. The fruit is a globular, usually 5-valved berry, phlebitis.
which becomes black and ripens in spring. It contains 3 to 5
Homeopathic Uses: English Ivy is administered in homeopa-
reniform, triangular, acute seeds, which are reddish-violet
thy for rachitic states.
when young, later dark brown, and finally black.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen perennial,
Health risks or sid^ effects following the proper administra-
which creeps or, by means of adventitious roots, climbs to a
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. The
length of 3 to 15 m. The stem is branched, the leaves are
drug has a medium potential for sensitization through skin
alternate, petioled, glabrous, glossy, coriaceous. Younger
contact.
leaves are 5-lobed; the leaves of older flowering plants are
ovate-rhomboid. DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: English Ivy is available as commi-
Characteristics: The berries and leaves have a bitter taste. nuted drug and other galenic preparations for internal
Habitat: English Ivy is indigenous to the temperate regions external use.
of Europe, and also north and central Asia. It is cultivated in How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa-
the U.S. rations include drops, suppositories and tablets.
Production: English Ivy leaf consists of the dried leaves of Preparation: Prepare a tea by adding 1 heaped teaspoonful
Hedera helix. of drug to 1/4 liter of hot water and steeping the mixture for
Other Names: Gum Ivy, True Ivy, Woodbind 10 minutes. A poultice is prepared by mixing fresh Ivy
leaves 1:3 with linseed meal. To make an infusion, add 1
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
heaping teaspoonful of drug to one-quarter cup boiling water
COMPOUNDS
and steep for 10 minutes.
Triterpene saponins: aglycone hederagenin, oleanolic acid,
bayogenin, chief components hederosaponin C (hederacoside Daily Dosage: Tea and other infusions can be taken
C, slightly transforming into alpha-hederin, aglycone heder- internally 3 times daily. The average daily dose is 0.3 to 0.8
agenin), additionally hederosaponin B (hederacoside B) g of drug. Fresh leaves may be laid upon festering wounds
and burns; a decoction of fresh leaves (200 gm/liter water)
Volatile oils: including some with methylethylketone,
may be used externally for rheumatism. The daily dose of a
methylisobutylketone tincture is 40 to 50 drops; single dose: 5 to 10 drops.
Polyynes: including falcarinol, 11,12-didehydrofalcarinol
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
Flavonoids: including rutin
a day (HAB1).
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
English Ivy is an expectorant and antispasmodic. In animal Balansard G et al., (1980) Planta Med 39:234.
experiments, the drug is anti-exudative and cytotoxic.
Czygan FC, Hedera helix L. - Der Efeu. In: ZPT 11 (4): 133.
Hedera saponin C exhibits an antiviral, antibacterial, antimy- 1990.
cotic, anthelmintic and mollusicidal, as well as an antiflagel-
late, effect. The fresh leaves are an irritant to the skin and Elias R et al., JNP 54:98-103. 1991.
mucosa and can have an allergenic effect. Gladtke E, Zur Wirksamkeit eines Efeublatterpraparates
(Prospan).1 In: Intern Praxis 32(1)187. 1992.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285.
Approved by Commission E:
Julien J et al., (1985) Planta Med (3):205.
m Cough
Mahran GH et al., (1975) Planta Med 29:127.
• Bronchitis
Trute A, Gross J, Mutschler E, Nahrstedt A, In vitro
English Ivy is a respiratory catarrh used for the symptomatic antispasmodic compounds of the dry extract obtained from
treatment of chronic inflammatory bronchial conditions. Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 125-129. 1997.
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS ENGLISH L A V E N D E R / 2 7 7
Trute A, Nahrstedt A, Identification and quantitative analysis of is amethyst-colored, tomentose and after flowering it is
phenolic dry extracts of Hedera helix. In: PM 63(2): 177-179. closed by a lidlike appendage of its upper tip. The corolla is
1997. longer with a cylindrically fused base, the lips are flat, and
Tschesche R, Schmidt R, Wulff G, Z Naturforsch 20B:708-709. the upper lip is larger with 2 lobes. The lower lip is 3-lobed
1965. with even* tips. The stamens are enclosed in the tube. The
^* Wulff G, DAZ 108:797-807. 1968. ovary consists of 4 carpels and has a nectary below it. The
Further information in:
fruit is a glossy brown nutlet.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir Leaves, Stem and Root: English Lavender is a 60 cm high
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL, Wiss. subshrub and is heavily branched with leafy, erect, rod-like,
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. gray-green, young branches. The leaves are sessile, oblong-
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers lanceolate, entire-margined, involute, gray, later green with
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 -6 glandular spots beneath.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Characteristics: The flowers have a fresh aromatic
fragrance.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug but is common in most of southern Europe and is cultivated
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. extensively.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. Production: English Lavender flower consists of the dried
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. flower of Lavandula angustifolia, gathered shortly before
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, fully unfolding, as well as its preparations. Flowering shoots
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. are harvested when the middle section of the spike is
*fc Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag flowering; it is cut 10 cm beneath the insertion of the spike.
Heidelberg 1996. The most valuable part is the receptacle.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of lavender such as
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Lavendula intermedia (Lavendin) and Lavendula latifolia.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. The varieties are often mixed commercially. When the drug
mbH Stuttgart 1997. material has a high proportion of stem and leaf material, it is
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, considered less valuable.
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Other Names: French Lavender, Garden Lavender, Lavender
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
York 1995. COMPOUNDS
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Volatile oil (1-3%): chief components (-)-linalool (making
Stuttgart 1997. up 20-50%) and linalyl acetate (30-40%), furthermore,
including among others, cis-ocimene, terpinene-4-ol, beta-
caryophyllene, lavandulyl acetate
Hydroxycoumarins: including among others, umbelliferone,
English Lavender herniarin
Lavandula angustifolia Tannins (13%)
DESCRIPTION
Cqffeic acid derivatives: including among others, rosmaric
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the essential oil acid
extracted from the fresh flowers and/or the inflorescences,
the flowers collected just before opening and dried, the fresh EFFECTS
flowers and the dried flowers. The drug contains essential oil. The main active constituents
are linalyl acetate and linalool.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in false whorls of 6 to 10
blossoms forming interrupted terminal spikes. The pedicles In a 1936 study, a choleretic and cholagogic effect was
are 10 to 15 cm long downy stems. The bracts are 5 mm described. In addition, an antimicrobial effect has been
long, ovate to broadly triangular, often brown and brown- demonstrated in vitro. In animal experiments a neurodepres-
violet or violet-tinged. The tubular calyx has 5 uneven tips, it | sive effect was demonstrated (shortening of the falling-
278/ENGLISH LAVENDER PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
asleep period and lengthening of sleep duration) and a Guillemain J, Rousseau A, Delaveau P. (1989) Effets
reduction of motor activity. neurodepresseurs de l'huile essentielle de Lavandula angustifolia
Mill. Ann Pharmaceutiques Francaises 47:337-343.
In humans, after inhalation of the drug, an effect on the
Herisset A et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:305.
limbic cortex (similar to nitrazepam) was demonstrated.
Ianova LG et al., (1977) Khim Prir Soedin 1:111.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Kaiser R, Lamparsky D, (1977) Tetrahedron Lett 7:665.
Approved by Commission E:
Meyer A, Der Duft des Monats: Lavendel. In: DAZ
• Loss of appetite 133(40):3667. 1993.
• Nervousness and insomnia Mukherjee BD, Trenkle RW, (1973) J Agric Food Chem
• Circulatory disorders 21:298.
• Dyspeptic compaints Schilcher H, Pflanzliche Psychopharmaka. Eine neue
Klasbifizierung nach Indikationsgruppen. In: DAZ 135(20): 1811-
Internally, English Lavender is used for mood disturbances
1822. 1995.
such as restlessness or insomnia, functional abdominal
complaints (nervous stomach irritations, Roehmheld syn- Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997.
drome, meteorism, nervous intestinal discomfort).
Ter Heide R et al., (1970) J Chromatography 50:127.
Externally, English Lavender is used in balneotherapy for
Timiner R et al., (1975) J Agric Food Chem 23:53.
treatment of functional circulatory disorders.
Further information in:
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, English Lavender is used Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
for migraine, cramps and bronchial asthma. Externally, it is Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
used for rheumatic conditions (the drug as an extract in (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
liniments), as a sedative in cases of tension, exhaustion; also 1994.
for poorly healing wounds (lavender baths) and for sleep as Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
aroma therapy (herb pillow). Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
dosages. The volatile oil possesses a weak potential for 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
sensitization. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The whole drug is used for Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
infusions, as an extract and as a bath additive. Combinations Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
with other sedative and/or carminative herbs may be Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
beneficial. Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 5 to 10 ml of
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
drug per cup of hot water (150 ml), draw for 10 minutes, and
York 1995.
strain. For external use as bam additive, 100 g of drug is
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
scalded or boiled with 2 liters of water and added to the bath.
Stuttgart 1997.
Daily Dosage: A tea prepared as indicated above can be
administered 1 cup three times daily. One to 4 drops of
Lavender oil may be placed on a sugar cube.
LITERATURE
English Plantain
Atanassova-Shopova S, Roussinow KS, (1970) On certain Plantago lanceolata
central neurotropic effects of lavender essential oil. Bull Inst
DESCRIPTION
Physiol 8:69-76.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves,
Buchbauer G, Jirovet L, Jager W, Dietrich H, Plank C, the dried herb and the fresh plant.
Karamat E, (1991) Aromatherapy: Evidence for Sedative Effects
of the Essential Oil of Lavender after Inhalation. Z Naturforsch Flower and Fruit: The globular or shortly cylindrical spikes
46c: 1067-1072. are on erect or ascending, 5-grooved, appressed pubescent
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ENGLISH PLANTAIN/279
peduncles. The flowers are small, almost colorless behind INDICATIONS AND USAGE
scarious, narrow-acuminate bracts. The scarious calyx is Approved by Commission E:
deeply divided into 4 parts and has a cylindrical tube and a
margin with 4 ovate tips. There are 4 long stamens with • Common cold
yellowish-white filaments and anthers and 1 superior ovary. • Cough/bronchitis
The fruit is a bivalvular, 3 to 4 mm long capsule. The seeds • Fevers and colds
are oblong, 2 mm long and blackish. • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
• Inflammation of the skin
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows
from 5 to 50 cm high. It has a very fibrous root. All the Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the pressed juice of
leaves are in basal rosettes and are lanceolate or linear- English Plantain is used internally for conditions of the
lanceolate, deeply 3 to 5 ribbed, entire-margined or short- respiratory tract, cystitis, enuresis, liver disease, stomach
dentate. cramps, diarrhea and as a diuretic.
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the cool temperate Externally the plant is used for wounds, furuncles, conjuncti-
regions of the world. vitis and as a hemostyptic.
Production: English Plantain herb consists of the fresh or PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
dried above-ground parts of Plantago lanceolata, harvested at No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
flowering season (May to September) and dried quickly at 40 with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
to 50° C. dosages.
DOSAGE
Not to be Confused With: the similar Digitalis-lanata leaves.
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb and other
Other Names: Buckhorn, Chimney-Sweeps, Headsman, galenic preparations for internal and external use. It is
Narrow-Leaved Plantain, Ribgrass, Ribwort, Ripplegrass, available as macerations, liquid extracts, lozenges, syrup and
Soldier's Herb pressed juice of the fresh plant. The drug is available in
many standardized preparations of antitussives and
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
expectorants.
COMPOUNDS
Iridoide monoterpenes (2-3%): chief components are aucu- Preparation: To make an infusion, pour boiling water over 2
bin (rhinantin) and catalpol as well as asperuloside to 4 gm cut drug (or put in cold water brought to a boil) and
strain after 10 minutes (1 teaspoonful = approximately 0.7
Mucilages (2-6%): glucomannans, arabinogalactane, rham- gm drug).
nogalacturonane
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 to 6 gm of herb.
Flavonoids: including among other chief components apige-
nine-6,8-diglucoside, luteolin-7-glucuronide Tea—1 cup of freshly made tea to be drunk several times a
day.
Cqffeic acid esters: chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid,
acteoside (verbascoside) LITERATURE
Brautigam M, Franz G, Schleimpolysaccharide aus
Tannins Spitzwegerichblattem. In: DAZ 125:58. 1985.
Hydroxycoumarins: aesculetin Davini E, The quantitative isolation and antimicrobial activity
of aglycone of aucubin. In: PH 25:2420. 1986.
Saponins (traces)
Elich J, Die antibakterielle Aktivitat einiger einheimischer
Silicic acid Plantago-Arten. In: Disseration Universitat Berlin. 1962.
Koedam A, Plantago - history and use. In: Pharm Weekbl
EFFECTS
112(10):246-252. 1977.
Liquid extract and the pressed juice of fresh Plantain herb
Murai M et al., Phenylethanoids in the herb of Planatago
have a proven bactericidal effect. The aucubigenin (hydrol-
lanceolata and inhibitory effects on arachidonic acid-induced
ised acubin) and an antimicrobial saponin are believed to be
mouse ear edema. In: PM 61(5):479-480. 1995.
responsible for the antibacterial effect. In addition, accelera-
tion of blood clotting has been demonstrated and a possible Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
epithelization effect has been mentioned. kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
280/ENGLISH PLANTAIN PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Further information in: of the fungus begins with the infection of the ovary by an
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers ascospore. The spore, usually deposited by a visiting insect,
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 germinates on the stigma, and the hyphae grows down into
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- the ovary where it appropriates food destined for the grain.
1994. When the ovary has been completely destroyed, the myceli-
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, um grows. Horizontal walls are formed and fat vacuoles *f£
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. become visible. The hyphae of the skin layer store purple
pigment 3 weeks after the infection a long, curved, black
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996. sclerotium develops. It reaches a length of up to 8 cm and
bears minute condia, which are made up of the remains of
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer the ovary and the style embedded into the loose mycelium.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
The sclerotium usually falls to the ground before harvest and
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. survives the winter. In the spring, 1 to 3 cm long red-
Stuttgart 1997. stemmed, capitula-like, pink fruiting bodies grow out of it,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und which in turn produce 50 to 70 u.m long thread-like
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New ascospores.
York 1995.
Habitat: Claviceps purpurea grows as a parasite on rye
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. (occasionally on other grasses), and is found in all areas of
the world where rye is cultivated.
Production: Ergot consists of the sclerotium of Claviceps
purpurea, a parasitic fungus harvested after it has grown on
Ephedra sinica cultivated rye.
See Ma-Huang Other Names: Cockspur Rye, Hornseed, Mother of Rye, *
Smut Rye, Spurred Rye
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
action of ergot is traceable to its stimulation of the smooth Drug overdose is managed by1 gastrointestinal emptying
musculature. However, therapeutic use cannot be recom- through inducement of vomiting and gastric lavage with
mended because of the risks involved. burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium
sulfate. That is followed by installation of activated charcoal
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
and shock prophylaxis (quiet and warmth). The therapy for
^| Unproven Uses: Although the risk involved is too high to poisonings consists of treating angiospasms with Nitrolingu-
recommend therapeutic use, ergot and ergot preparations al-spray and vascular massage, sedatives for spasm (di-
were previously used in gynecology and obstetrics. Uses azepam or chloral hydrate), administration of blocking
included hemorrhages, climacteric hemorrhages, menorrha- agents, electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of
gia and metrorrhagia, before and after miscarriage, for acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and
removal of the placenta and shortening of the afterbirth oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
period, for atonia of the uterus and also for migraine.
DOSAGE
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include uterine and Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30
muscle spasm, convulsions, paralysis, circulatory problems to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
accompanying arterial disease and a tendency to bleed. parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc: acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
Efficacy has not been proven. a day (HAB1).
CONTRAINDICATIONS Storage: Ergot must be stored in tightly sealed containers
Ergot is now contraindicated for all therapeutic use, but and kept in a cool place, protected from light. The powdered
especially in the presence of peripheral blood flow disorders form should not be stored.
such as Raynaud's disease. Thrombangitis obliterans, severe
LITERATURE
arteriosclerotic vascular changes, liver function disorders,
Anon., Ergotamin. Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 134 (1994), 1887
severe coronary insufficiency, kidney damage, pregnancy,
£- nursing, infectious diseases, sepsis, hypertonia and severe Anon., Hepetitis C - Hohes Riskiko fur Medizinberufe. In: PUZ
hypotonia. 25(6):344. 1996.
Anon., Parkinson-Krankheit: Mehe Lebensqualitat bei
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
(Combination von L-DOPA mit Dopaminagonisten. In: PUZ
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper 24(2): 101. 1995. Anon
administration of designated therapeutic dosages, but thera-
Anon. Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen.
peutic use is not recommended because of the many side
Deutsche Apotheker Ztg 132 (1992), 1235
effects. Among side effects that may occur are queasiness,
vomiting, feeling of weakness in the legs, muscle pain, Crespi-Perellino N et al., JNP 50:1065-1074. 1987.
numbness in the fingers, angina complaints, tachycardia or Ergotamin. In: DAZ 134(20): 1887. 1994.
bradycardia, localized edema and itching. Flieger M et al., JNP 47:970-976. 1984.
OVERDOSAGE Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Overdosage or long-term administration can lead to throm- Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
bosis, damage to the vessels of the retina (combined with Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
optic atrophy) gangrene of the extremities, hemiplagia and Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
convulsions. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Symptoms of acute poisonings include queasiness, vomiting, 1994.
diarrhea, thirst, skin coolness, itching of the skin, rapid and Kobel H, Sanglier JJ, Biotechnology 4:569-609. 1986.
weak pulse, paresthesia, numbness of the extremities,
confusion or unconsciousness. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
fc
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Chronic poisonings appear as: Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Ergotismus gangrenosus: characterized by painful arterial
blood flow disorders of the extremities with dry gangrene, Marshall M, Wiistenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der
angina complaints, field of vision losses, aphasias.
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe
Ergotismus convulsivus: characterized by muscle twitching, 1994. 1994.
later clonic spasm and ultimately tonic spasms, hemiplagia, Milhahn HC et al., Contributions to the dissociation between
loss of consciousness and death. antineoplastic and mutagenic activities of the ergot minor
282/ERGOT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Flower and Fruit: The plant bears small terminal cymes on
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. oval to globular capitula on sweeping inflorescences. The
linear-lanceolate to awl-shaped bracts terminate in sharp
Schlenger R, 50 Jahre LSD. In: DAZ 133(32):2903. 1993.
thorns. The sepals are lanceolate, terminate in thorny tips and
Schmidt M, LSD, Psilocybe, Ololiuqui. In: PTA 8(3): 186. 1994. are twice as long as the white or gray-green petals. The fruit
Seeger R, Neumann HG, D-(+)-Lysergsaurediethylamid is compressed obovate with lanceolate, pointed scales.
(LSD). In: DAZ 132(42):2244. 1992.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 15 to 60 cm high,
Seiffer B, Therapie der Akromegalie. In: Med Mo Pharm perennial, with a whitish or yellow-green color. The
15(5): 159. 1992. bifurcated stem is erect, thick, grooved and spare. The stem
Stadler PA, PM 46:131-144. 1982. forms a round bush with the branches. The leaves are tough,
short-petioled or sessile. The upper leaves are clasping,
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer double pinnatesect and thorny dentate. The root is cylindri-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. cal, thick, brown and woody.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Characteristics: The root is spicy.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Habitat: The plant grows in most parts of Europe and
Stuttgart 1997. northern Africa and has been introduced into North America.
Vom Ergolin-Pharmakophor zu selektiven Arzneistoffen. In: Production: Eryngo root is the root of Eryngium campestre,
DAZ 132(23): 1235. 1992. which is gathered and dried in the spring and autumn. It is
gathered in uncultivated regions. The roots are halved and
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New air-dried. Eryngo herb is the dried leaves and blossoms of
York 1995. Eryngium campestre.
Wang BH, Polya GM, The fungal teratogen secalonic acid D is Other Names: Eringo, Sea Holly, Sea Holme, Sea Hulver
an inhibitor of protein kinase C and of cyclic AMP-dependent
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
protein kinase. In: PM 62(2): 111-114. 1997.
COMPOUNDS: ERYNGO ROOT
Wenzlaff H, Dihydroergotamin. In: DAZ 136(26):2179-2181. Triterpene saponins
1996.
Furanocoumarins
Leaves, Stem and Root: Eucalyptus is a deciduous tree up to Euglobale: macrocarpale (with acylphloroglucinol-monoter-
40 m tall with silver-gray bark, which has scattered warts. pene or else sesquiterpene- parent substances)
The trunk is twisted. The juvenile leaves are 7 to 16 by 4 to 9
cm, ovate to broadly lanceolate, cordate, very glaucus. The Flavonoids: rutin, hyperoside, quercitrin
mature leaves are 10 to 13 by 3 to 4 cm, lanceolate to E F F E C T S : E U C A L Y P T U S LEAF
falcate-lanceolate, acuminate, asymmetrical rounded and The drug has been shown to be secretolytic, expectorant,
glossy green. weakly antispasmodic, deodorizing, cooling and diuretic. In
animal experiments the blood-sugar level of uninfluenced
Habitat: Eucalyptus is indigenous to Australia and Tasma-
plasma insulin was reduced. The euglobulin is said to have
nia. It is cultivated today in some subtropical regions of
an anti-inflammatory and antiproliferative effect in animal
southern Europe, Africa, Asia and America.
experiments and inhibits in vitro TPA-induced EBV-EA
Production: Eucalyptus oil consists of the volatile oil from activity.
various cineol-rich species of Eucalyptus, such as Eucalyptus
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
globulus, Eucalyptus fructicetorum (syn. Eucalyptus poly-
E U C A L Y P T U S OIL
bractea) and/or Eucalyptus smithii. The oil is obtained by
Approved by Commission E:
steam distillation, followed by rectification of the fresh
leaves and branch tops. Eucalyptus leaf consists of the dried, • Cough/bronchitis
mature leaves from older trees of Eucalyptus globulus. To • Rheumatism
harvest eucalyptus, the trees are cut down; drying takes place
in the shade. Eucalyptus oil is used internally and externally for catarrh of
the respiratory tract and externally for rheumatic complaints.
Not To Be Confused With: Camphor oil and by-products of
turpentine manufacture: the oil is also blended with other Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the oil is used for asthma,
expensive oils, such as rosemary and thyme. The properties coughs, diseases of the frontal sinuses, fever, flu, gastric
of Eucalyptus leaves vary from species to species. complaints, hoarseness, incipient scarlet fever and measles,
worm infestation and as an intestinal antiseptic.
Other Names: Blue Gum, Fever Tree, Gum Tree, Red Gum,
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Stringy Bark Tree
Approved by Commission E:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
C O M P O U N D S : EUCALYPTUS OIL
• Cough/bronchitis
Chief constituent of the rectified volatile oil: 1,8-cineol (over Eucalyptus leaf is used internally as a catarrh of the
80%), furthermore p-cymene, alpha-pinenes, limonene, gera- respiratory tract.
niol, camphene
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, it is used internally for the
E F F E C T S : EUCALYPTUS OIL treatment of bladder diseases, asthma, fever, flu, whooping
Some of the subsequent properties mentioned refer to cough, liver and gallbladder complaints, loss of appetite and
isolated cineole. As the standardized commodity, the drug diabetes. It is used externally for wounds, acne, poorly
contains 80 to 90% cineole. healing ulcers, stomatitis, bleeding gums, pain and rheuma-
tism, neuralgia, gonorrhea and as a gastrointestinal remedy.
In vitro, eucalyptus oil has an antibacterial and fungicidal
effect. The drug inhibits prostaglandin biosynthesis and has a PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
mild hyperemic, expectorant and secretolytic motor effect EUCALYPTUS OIL
when used topically. In animal experiments eucalyptus was General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases
demonstrably cough relieving and displayed a surfactant to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken
effect. In vitro, the oil was enzyme inducing and improved internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and
pulmonary compliance. It is secretolytic, expectorant, mildly the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver.
antispasmodic, and a mild local hyperemic.
Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have
COMPOUNDS: EUCALYPTUS LEAF preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this
Volatile oil: chief constituent 1,8-cineol (45-75%), in addi- practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like
tions myrtenol, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, pinocarvon, attacks or even death by asphyxiation.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUCALYPTUS/285
EUCALYPTUS LEAF tions for internal and external application. The drug may also
General: The administration of the drug leads in rare cases be administered by inhalation.
to nausea, vomiting and diarrhea. It should not be taken
Preparations:
internally with inflammation of the gastrointestinal area and
Eucalyptus tincture — 1:5 70% ethanol (V/V)
the biliary ducts or with severe illnesses of the liver.
Poisonings occur with the volatile oil but are not likely with Eucalyptus liquid extract — 60% 1:1
administration of the leaf drug.
Eucalyptus syrup — pour 1500 ml on 100 gm cut drug and
Pediatric Use: Infants and small children should not have leave to draw for 6 hours and strain. 180 gm sugar is added
preparations containing the oil applied to their faces as this to 100 ml infusion, brought to a simmer and filtered.
practice can lead to glottal or bronchial spasms, asthma-like
attacks or even death by asphyxiation. Tea — pour boiling water over 1.5 to 2 gm of the finely cut
drug, cover and leave to draw for 5 to 10 minutes, strain.
OVERDOSAGE
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 gm of drug,
EUCALYPTUS OIL
divided up every 3 to 4 hours. Single dose: 1.5 gm several
Overdoses can lead to life-threatening poisonings. Severe
times a day
poisonings are possible for children after a few drops;
poisonings have been known in adults with 4 to 5 ml. The average dose for the tincture is 3 to 4 gm.
Symptoms include drop in blood pressure, circulatory
disorders, collapse and asphyxiation. Because of the danger Eucalyptus tea — 1 cup up to 3 times a day.
of aspiration, vomiting should not be induced. Following the Eucalyptus syrup — 2 to 5 dessertspoons daily.
administration of activated charcoal, therapy consists of
diazepam for spasms, atropine for colic, electrolyte replen- Eucalyptus powder — daily dose 4 to 16 gm; divided over 3
ishment and sodium bicarbonate infusions for any acidosis to 4 hours.
that may arise. Intubation and oxygen respiration may also Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightly-
be necessary. sealed, non-synthetic containers; different consignments
DOSAGE must be stored separately.
EUCALYPTUS OIL LITERATURE
Mode of Administration: Essential oil and other galenic EUCALYPTUS OIL
preparations are available for internal and external Anonym, Phytotherapie:Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
application. bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
Preparation: 1,8-cineole is recovered through a renewed Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ. Brophy JJ,
House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp.
fractional distillation of the oil.
1992.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, the average daily dose is 0.3 Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In:
to 0.6 gm eucalyptus oil. Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991.
Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119.
Inhalation: 2 to 3 drops in boiling water, inhale the steam
(single dose: 0.2 gm corresponding to 10 drops). Oil: 3 to 6 Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor,
drops added in 150 ml water, to be taken several times a day. eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and
nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161.
When used externally, the concentration is 5 to 20% Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol on
essential oil,.in oil and semi-solid preparations and 5 to 10% the vascular state of the mucos membrane. Arch Otolaryngol 6:
essential oil, in aqueous-alcoholic preparations. If the 112-122.
essential oil is used, several drops may be nibbed into the Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und
skin. Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen
Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33.
Storage: Eucalyptus must be kept in appropriate, tightly
sealed containers protected from light; different consign- Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H. Heuss D, (1995)
ments must be stored separately. Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:
93-102.
EUCALYPTUS LEAF Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
Mode of Administration: Eucalyptus leaf is administered as Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine 2:
the comminuted leaf for infusions and other galenic prepara- 93-103.
286/EUCALYPTUS PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and Heidelberg 1996.
experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14:
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
228-234.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. -
menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat
mbH Stuttgart 1997. ^i
bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N
(Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184. pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der ArzneimitteltJherapie im
Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
EUCALYPTUS LEAF
Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M. (1989) Therapeutischer
Anonym, Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis.
bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156.
Boland B, In: Eucalyptus leaf oils. Boland DJ, Brophy JJ,
Linsenmann P, Swoboda M. (1986) Therapeutische Wirksamkeit
House APN (Eds.). Inkata Press, Melbourne, XII + 252 pp.
atherischer Ole bei chronisch-obstruktiver Bronchitis.
1992.
Therapiewoche 36:1161-1166.
Boland DJ, Brophy JJ, House APN, Eucalyptus leave oils. In:
Osawa K et al., Macrocarpals H, I, and J from the leaves of
Inkata Press Melbourne. 1991.
Eucalyptus globulus. In: JNP 59(9):824-827. 1996.
Boukef K et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:24, 30:119.
Patel S, Wiggins J, (1980) Eucalyptus oil poisoning. Arch Dis
Childh 55:405-406. Burrow A, Eccles R, Jones AS, (1983) The effects of camphor,
eucalyptus and menthol vapor on nasal resistance to airflow and
Rommelt H, Schnizer W, Swoboda M, Senn E, (1988) nasal sensation. Acta Otolaryng (Stockholm) 96:157-161. ™
Pharmakokinetik atherischer Ole nach Inhalation mit einer
terpenhaltigen Salbe. Z Phytother 9:14-16. Fox N, (1977) Effect of Camphor, Eucalyptol and Menthol«M*C"*»^,.
the vascular state of the mucous membrane. Arch Otolaryngol
Ziinker KS, Bliimel G. (1983) Terpene-induced lowering of 6: 112-122.
surface tension in vitro. In: A rationale for surfactant
substitution. Resp Exp Med 182:33-38. Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und
Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen
Zanker KS, Bliimel G, Probst J, Reiterer W, (1984) Theoretical
Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33.
and experimental evidence for the action of terpens as
modulators in lung function. Prog Resp Res 18:302-304. Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine
Further information in: 2:93-102.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M, Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995)
CRC Press 1975. Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir 2:93-103.
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia 14:
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 228-234.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Gobel H, Stolze H, Dworschak M, Heinze A, (1995) Oleum
1994.
menthae piperitae, Wirkmechanismen und klinische Effektivitat
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp. In: Loew D, Rietbrock N ^
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung und klinischer Anwendung. W
York 1980. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S. 177-184.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der Arzneimitteltherapie im
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Ikeda RM et al., (1962) J Food Sci 27:455.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Linsenmann P, Hermat H, Swoboda M, (1989) Therapeutischer
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Wert atherischer Ole bei chronisch-abstruktiver Bronchitis.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Atemw Lungenkrankh 15:152-156.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUROPEAN E L D E R / 2 8 7
Flower and Fruit: The strongly perfumed, yellowish-white mouthwash and for respiratory disorders such as coughs,
flowers are in large, flat, apical, richly and densely blos- head colds, laryngitis, flu, and shortness of breath. Elder is
somed erect cymes with 5 main branches. The edge of the used occasionally by nursing mothers to increase lactation.
calyx is small and 5-tipped. The corolla is rotate, deep, and Externally, herbal pillows are used for swelling and
has 5 petals. There are 5 stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The inflammation.
fruit is a black-violet, berry-like drupe with blood-red juice.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy is inflam-
The seeds are brownish, ovate, and domed on the outside.
mation of the respiratory tract.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a shallow-rooted, up to
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
7 m high tree or bush with spreading branches containing dry
white latex. The bark of the trunk is light brown to gray, and No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
fissured. The bark on the young branches is green and with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
covered with gray lenticles. The leaves are odd 3 to 7 dosages.
pinnate. They are matte green above and light blue-green DOSAGE
beneath. The leaflets are ovate or oblong acuminate, and Mode of Administration: Whole herb and other galenic
densely serrate. preparations for infusions.
Characteristics: The flowers have a strong, somewhat Preparation: To prepare an infusion, brew 2 teaspoonfuls (3
numbing perfume. to 4 g) of elder flowers in 150 ml of boiling water and strain
Habitat: European Elder is indigenous to almost all of after 5 minutes.
Europe.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug is 10 to 15
Production: Elder flowers consist of the inflorescence of gm. The infusion (tea) should be freshly prepared and drunk
Sambucus nigra, which are collected in the wild, sifted and in doses of 1 to 2 cups several times—especially in the
dried. afternoon and evening.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion sometimes arises with Homeopathic Dosage: For adults, 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10
the flowers of Sambucus ebulus. globules every 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily
(chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily;
Other Names: Black Elder, Black-Berried Alder, Boor Tree,
chronic once a day (HAB1). Adjust dosages for children.
Elder, Bountry, Ellanwood, Ellhorn
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Storage: Elder should be stored where it is protected from
COMPOUNDS light and moisture.
Flavonoids (up to 3%): chief components are rutin, isoquer- LITERATURE
citrin, quercitrin, hyperoside, astragalin, nicotoflorin Bauer R et al., (1985) Helv Chim Acta 68:2355.
Volatile oil (0.03-0.14%): higher share (65%) of free fatty Czygan FC, Holunder wird wieder gesellschaftsfahig. In: ZPT
acids, including among others palmitic acid (share 38%) 15(2): 111. 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives (3%): chlorogenic acids Eberhardt R, Pfannhauser W, Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 181:97.
1985.
EFFECTS
Inoue T, Sato K, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1871.
Animal tests have shown that Alder increases bronchial
secretion. A diaphoretic effect is apparent, but the mecha- Lawrie W et al., (1964) Phytochemistry 3:267.
nism is unknown. Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Paulo E, (1976) Folia Biol 24(2):213.
Approved by Commission E:
Petitjean-Freytet C et al., J Pharm Belg 46:241. 1991.
• Cough/bronchitis Richter W, Willuhn G, DAZ 114:947. 1974.
• Fevers and colds
WiUuhn G, Richter W, PM 31:328. 1977.
The drug is used for colds and coughs. It is a sweat- Further information in:
producing remedy for the treatment of feverish colds.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Elder flowers are used Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
internally as a sudorific tea and for colds and other feverish (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
conditions. Elder is also used as an infusion, as a gargle/ 1994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUROPEAN GOLDEN ROD / 289
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients; Used Other Names: Cinquefoil, Five Fingers, Five-Finger Blos-
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York som, Sunkfield, Synkfoyle
1980.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
COMPOUNDS
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Tannins (6 to 12%)
jf? Schuiz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996. Flavonoids: including quercetin-3,7-diglucuronide
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
EFFECTS
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
The drug is astringent and has wound healing effect due to
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. the tannin content.
Stuttgart 1997.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und INDICATIONS AND USAGE
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New Unproven Uses: European Five-Finger Grass is used inter-
York 1995. nally for diarrhea and fever; externally for inflammation of
the mucous membranes of mouth and gums, toothache, and
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. heartburn.
digitate. The basal stipules are fused to the petiole. The Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
leaflets are obovate, 10 to 70 mm long, dentate to serrate and Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
pubescent or almost glabrous. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Habitat: Europe. The plant is common in Europe, Western
^ Asia, North America, Ethiopia and the Near East. Potentilla
canadensis is indigenous to Canada and the U.S. and is very
similar. European Golden Rod
Production: European Five-Finger Grass and root is the Solidago virgaurea
complete plant of Potentilla reptans.
DESCRIPTION
The drug is a mixture of green and brown in color and has no Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
particular smell or taste. The roots are dug up in September/ parts collected during the flowering season, the fresh
October and then dried in a sunny, airy place. inflorescences and the flowering twigs.
2 9 0 / E U R O P E A N CrOLDEN ROD PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The yellow composite flowers are in erect Carotinoids (as blossom pigments)
racemes facing all directions and are simple or compound.
Flavonoids (I.I to 2%): chief component rutin (0.8 %),
They are medium-sized. The involucral bracts are imbricate
including as well hyperoside, isoquercitrin, avicularin, quer-
and arranged in numerous rows. The ray florets are narrow,
cetin-3-O-beta-D-robinoside, astragalin, nicotiflorin, ka-
lingual and female. The disc florets are funnel-shaped, 5-
empferol-3-O-beta-D-galactoside, kaempferol- 3-0-
tipped and androgynous. The fruit is a cylindrical achene
alpha- arabinoside, kaempferol - 3 - O - beta - D - robinobioside,
with numerous ribs. It is brown, sparsely pubescent and 3.5
isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D- galactoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O -
to 4.5 mm long with a tuft of hair.
beta - D - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - beta - D - rutinoside,
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that ranges rhamnetin - 3 - O - glucorahamnoside
in size from a few centimeters to over 1 m. The rhizome is
cylindrical, noded, diagonally ascending and short. The stem Phenol glucosides (hydroxy benzylbenzoyte diglucosides, 0.2
is erect, cane-like, angularly grooved above, usually red- to 1.0%): leicarposide (0.2 to 1%), virgaureoside A (0.01 to
tinged beneath, and glabrous to loosely appressed pubescent 0.14%), benzyl-2,6-dimethoxy-benzoate
higher up. The basal leaves are long-petioled, elliptical, Caffeic acid derivatives (0.2 to 0.4%): including chlorogenic
acuminate and narrowing to the winged stem. The lower acid, neochlorogenic acid, 3,5-dicaffeoyl quinic acid
ones are serrate and the upper ones entire-margined.
Phenol carboxylic acids: salicylic acid (0.1%), as well as
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia and North vanillic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, caffeic acid,
America. sinapineic acid—free, estered or glycosylated
Production: Golden Rod is the aerial part of Solidago Polyynes (in the roots): 2,8-cis-trans-matricaria ester, 2,8-
virgaurea. It occurs in the wild in Hungary, former Yugosla- cis-cis-matricaria ester, cis-lachnophyllum ester, matricaric
via, Bulgaria and Poland acid lactone, lachnophyllum lactone
Not to be Confused With: Despite qualitative and quantita- EFFECTS
tive differences in their effects, drugs containing Solidago The drug has a diuretic effect due to the leiocarposide and
gigantea or Solidago canadensis are exchanged with Solida- the phenol glycosides. Golden Rod also inhibits the forma-
go virgaurea on the market; confusions with Senecio species tion of urinary calculi. Leiocarposide displays an analgesic
are also conceivable. effect. The saponin is antimicrobial, weakly spasmolytic and
Other Names: Aaron's Rod, Woundwort, Goldenrod anti-exudative.
diseases, and the drug should be used in this patient Vonkruedener S et al., Effects of extracts from Populus tremula
population only under physician supervision. L., Solidago virgaurea L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. on various
myeloperoxidase systems. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(8):809-814.
DOSAGE 1996.
Mode of Administration: As chopped drug by itself or in
Further information in: *
. combination preparations.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Preparation: To make an infusion, 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls (3 to Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
5 gm) of drug is scalded with simmering water (150 ml) and (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
strained after 15 minutes. 1994.
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 6 to 12 gm of Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
comminuted drug prepared as an infusion. The infusion Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
dosage is one cupful, 2 to 4 times daily between meals. The Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
recommended dosage for the liquid extract is 0.5 to 2 ml Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
liquid extract (1:1) in 25% ethanol 2 to 3 times daily. A Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
dosage of 0.5 to 1 ml tincture (1:5) in 45% ethanol, 2 to 3 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
times daily is commonly used. Ample fluid intake should be Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
ensured. In folk medicine, 0.5 to 2 gm drug as an infusion is Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
taken 3 times daily. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Stuttgart 1997.
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
a day (HAB1) York 1995.
Storage: The drug must be protected from light and Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997,
moisture.
LITERATURE
Bader G et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42(2): 140.
Bader G, Plohmann B, Franz G, Hiller K, Saponins from
Solidago virgaurea L. - Possible agent for therapy of cancer?
European Mistletoe
In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 21.
Viscum album
1996. DESCRIPTION
Bader G, Wray V, Hiller K, The main saponins from the aerial Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
parts and the roots of Solidago virgaurea subsp, virgaurea. In: twigs collected before the berries form, the fresh herbs of
PM 61(2);158-161. 1995. certain host plants, the fresh leafy twigs with fruit collected
Goswami A et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(4):837. in the autumn, the whole fresh plant collected from apple
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewerrung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. trees, the leaves and the berries.
In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995. Flower and Fruit: The flower is yellowish-green, dioecious
Hiller K, Bader G, Goldruten-Kraut Portrait einer Arzneipflanze. and appears in insignificant, small, 3 to 5 flowered clusters.
In: ZPT 17(2): 123-130. 1996. The perigone of the male flower is 4 tipped. The stamens are
Inose Y, Miyase T, Ueno A, Studies on the constituents of fused with the tips. The female flower is smaller and has 4
Solidago virga-aurea L. 1. Structural elucidation of saponins in tepals with a thick stigma sitting on die short style. The fruit
the herb. In: Chem Pharm Bull 39: 2037. 1991. is a glossy, white, globular, pea-sized berry with thick sticky
Kalemba D, Phenolic acids in four Solidago species. In: PA flesh. When ripe, it is white to yellowish or orange and has 1
47:471-472. 1992. to 2 oval or angular seeds.
Lassere B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaft 70:95. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a semi-parasitic, almost
Metzer J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(12):869. round bush growing on deciduous trees, which are 30 to 80
Schilcher H, Boesel R, Effenberger ST Segebrecht S, Neuere cm in diameter. The round branches are repeatedly bifurcat-
Untersuchungsergebnisse mit aquaretisch, antibakteriell und ed and thickened to knots at the joints and are the same
prostatotrop wirksamen Arzneipflanzen. In: ZPT 10(3):77. 1989. yellowish-green as the leaves. The leaves are alternate,
Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8. sessile, lanceolate or lanceolate-spatulate, coriaceous and
1989. evergreen.
292/EUROPEAN MISTLETOE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: European Mistletoe is found mostly in Europe and Lignans: including among others syringaresinol and its
as far as Iran. It is not found in America or Australia. It is glycosides
cultivated in central Europe and China.
Triterpenes: including among others alpha-amyrin (alpha-
Production: European Mistletoe berries are the fresh or dried viscol), beta-amyrin acetate, betulic acid, oleanolic acid,
fruit of Viscum album. Mistletoe stem is the fresh or dried ursolic acid * .^
stem of Viscum album. Mistletoe herb consists of fresh or %
dried younger branches with flowers and fruits of Viscum E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E HERB
album. The drug is collected in the wild during the spring The Mistletoe lectins in the drug are hypotensive, cytotoxic
and is air-dried or put in driers at a maximum temperature of and immune-stimulating. It causes significant improvement
40° C. of the symptoms of chronic joint conditions, and a signifi-
cant lengthening of survival times of cancer patients as well
Other Names: Mistletoe, Mystyldene, All-Heal, Birdlime, an improvement of quality of life.
Devil's Fuge
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E FRUIT
Unproven Uses: The fruit acts on circulation by regulating
Mucilage (2%, referred to as Viscin): The mock berries of
blood pressure. It is also an expectorant and a tonic. In
the Mistletoe have not been fully investigated. Presumably,
addition, the fruit is used to treat internal bleeding, epilepsy,
they lack the toxic lectins and viscotoxins.
arteriosclerosis, cramps, gout, hysteria and major blood loss.
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N MISTLETOE FRUIT
E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
No information is available.
Unproven Uses: The stem of European Mistletoe is used for
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM its calming effect; in the treatment of mental and physical
The Mistletoe stems contain the same constituents as the exhaustion; and as a tranquilizer against nervous conditions
Mistletoe foliage (Visci alhi herba), but because of the high such as agitation, anxiety and increased excitability. 41
percentage of support elements lacking any effective ingredi-
ents, these constituents exist only in very low concentrations. EUROPEAN M I S T L E T O E HERB
Approved by Commission E:
E F F E C T S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E STEM
No information is available. • Rheumatism
• Tumor therapy (adjuvant)
C O M P O U N D S : E U R O P E A N M I S T L E T O E HERB
Lectins (glycoproteins with 11% carbohydrate): Mistletoe Unproven Uses: For treating degenerative inflammation of
lectin I (ML I, VAA 1, viscumin), mistletoe lectin II (ML II), the joints and as palliative therapy for malignant tumors
mistletoe lectin III (ML III, VAA II), the lectin fractions through nonspecific stimulation. Other uses include long-
named are isolectin mixtures term therapy for cases of mild high blood pressure and as an
arteriosclerosis prophylactic.
Polypeptides (built up out of 46 amino acids, 0.05-0.1%):
viscotoxins A2, A3, B, Ps 1- European Mistletoe tea may be used for high blood pressure,
Mucilages (knovm as viscin, 4-5%): including among others epilepsy, whooping cough, asthma, vertiginous attack, amen-
galacturonans, arabino galactans orrhea, diarrhea, chorea, nervous tachycardia, hysteria and
nervousness.
Sugar alcohols: including among others mannitol, quebra-
chitol, pinitol, viscumitol Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for joint pain, tendon
and muscle pain, lumbago, back pain, vaginal bleeding
Flavonoids: including glycosides of quercetin, quercetin during pregnancy and agalactia.
methyl ethers, isorhamnetin, sakuranetin and homoeriodic-
tyol; in the subspecies V. album ssp. platyspermum: Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for dizziness, high and ™
homoeriodictyol - 7 - O - glucoside, isorhamnetin - 3 - O - rutino- low blood pressure, cardiac arrhythmia and joint
side, isorhamnetin-3-[apiosyl (l->6)]-glucosyl-7-0-rham- degeneration.
noside, 5,7-dimethoxyflavanone-4'-0-glucoside, 3',5,7-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
trimethoxyflavanone-4' - O-glucoside
EUROPEAN MISTLETOE HERB
Phenyl alyl alcohols: including among others syringin Contraindications for parenteral administration of the herb
(syrigenin-4'-0-glucosides), coniferyl-4'-[apiosyl (1-2')] include protein oversensitivity, chronic-progressive infec-
glucoside tions, e.g., tuberculosis, and conditions of high fever.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUROPEAN MISTLETOE/293
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Joshi SS, Koch B, Schroeder M, Manzke Schwarz T et al., Stimulation by a stable, standardised
WM, Westerhausen M, (1994) From ill-defined extracts to the Mistletoe preparation of cytokine production in an in vitro
immunomodulatory lectin: Will there be a reason for human skin bioassay. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann
oncological application of Mistletoe? Planta Med 60:2-7. Congress of GA, 1996.
Gabius HJ, Gabius S, Miinchner-Phytotherapietagung 1992. Stirpe F et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257(22): 13271.
Neues iiber die Misteltherapie. In: ZPT 14(1): 17. 1993.
Timoshenko AV et al., Influence of the galactoside-specific
Gabius HJ, Mythos Mistel: Anspruch und Wirklichkeit. In: PZ lectin from Viscum album and its subunits on cell aggregation
140(12): 1029-1030. 1995. and selected intracellular parameters of rat thymocytes. In: PM
Hajto T, Hostanka K, Frei K, Rordorf Chr, Gabins H-J. (1990a) 61 (2): 130-133. 1995.
Increased secretion of tumor necrosis factor interleukin 1: und Uhlenbrock S, Weihnachten, Miraculix und die Anthroposophie.
interleukin 6 by Heiman mononuclear cells exposed to In: PZ I40(5I/52):4602-4603. 1995.
galactoside - specific lectin from clinically applied Mistletoe
extract. Cane Res 50:3322. Wagner H et al., (1986) Planta Med (2): 102.
Hajto T, Hostanka K. Gabius HI. (1989) Modulatory potency of Wagner H, Die Mistel in der Tumortherapie. In: DAZ
the galactoside-specific lectin from Mistletoe extract (Iscador), 132(20): 1087/1088. 1992.
the host defense system in vivo in rabbits, patients. Cane Res Wagner H, Jordan E, (1986) Structure, properties of
49:4803. polysaccarides from Viscum album (L). Oncology (Suppl 1):8-
Hajto T, Hostanka K, Gabius HI. (1990) Zytokine als Lectin- 15.
induzierte Mediatoren in der Misteltherapie. Therapeutikon Wagner H. Pflanzliche Immunstimulanzien. In: DAZ
4:136-145. 131(4): 117. 1991.
Hamacher H. Mistel (Viscum album L.) - Forschung und
Wasielewski S, Krebserkrankungen: Streit um alternative
therapeutische Anwendung. In: ZPT 18(l):34-35. 1997.
Heilverfahren in der Onkologie. In: DAZ 135(24):2234-2235.
Hamacher H. Scheer R, Anthroposophie/Phytotherapie: Mistel- 1995.
Forschung und therapeutische Anwendung. In: DAZ
Woynarvski JM et al., (1980) Hoppe-Seylers Z Physiol Chem
136(34):2904-2905. 1996.
361(10): 1525 et 1535.
Hassauer W et al., (1979) Onkologie 2(1):28.
Further information in:
Hauser SP. (1993) Mistel - Wunderkraut oder Medikament?
Therapiewoche 43(3):76-81. Frohne D. Pfiinder HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. Verlags-
Keine H, (1989) Klinische Studien zur Misteltherapie Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
karzinomatoser Erkrankungen. Eine Obersicht. Therapeutikon
3:347-353. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6
Kleijnen J, Knopschild P, (1994) Mistletoe treatment for cancer. (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Review of controlled trials in humans. Phytomedicine 1:255- 1994.
260.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Kwaja TA et al., (1980) Experientia 36:599.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Loew, B, In: Loew D, Rietbrock N: Phytopharmaka II:
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Forschung und klinische Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag,
4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Darmstadt, 1996.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Luther P et al., (1980) Int J Biochem 11:429.
Heidelberg 1996.
Muller J, (1962) Ger Offen DE 1:130:112.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
Olsn'es S et al., (1982) J Biol Chem 257:1371. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Rentea R et al., (1981) Lab Invest. 44(1 ):43.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Saenz MT, Ahumada MC, Garcia MD, Extracts from Viscum Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
and Crataegus are cytotoxic against larynx cancer cells. In: Z
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Naturforsch C 52(l-2):42-44. 1997.
Stuttgart 1997.
Salzer G, Havelec L, (1978) Onkologie 1(6):264.
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Salzer G, Muller H, (1978) Prax Klein Pneumol 32(11):721. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Samuellson G et al., (1981) Acta Pharm Sueca 18:179. York 1995.
Schmidt S, Unkonventionelle Heilverfahren in der Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Tumortherapie. In: ZPT 17(2): 115-117. 1996. Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EUROPEAN PEONY/295
EFFECTS: EUROPEAN PEONY FLOWERS Preparation: To make an infusion, use 1 g Tree Peony
The plant contains anthocyanin glycosides and tannins (main flowers per cup water.
active principle: paeonidin-3, 5-diglucoside). Animal tests Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of infusion per day.
have demonstrated strong uterine contraction, tone reduction
in the gastrointestinal tract and a drop in blood pressure. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops. 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Anticonvulsive and analgesic effects could not be demon- 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic).
strated, although hypertonia has been reported in animal Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily: chronic: once
tests. a day (HAB1).
2 9 6 /EUROPEAN PEONY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial, plant grows 20 to 40
longer than 1 year. cm high. The short rhizome is solid, horizontal, multi-
segmented, broken off and covered in thick fibers. It has
E U R O P E A N PEONY ROOT
scales formed by leaf stalk remnants at the neck and has a
Mode of Administration: European Peony root is adminis-
number of segments. The stem is usually undivided, erect,
tered as a tincture. European Peony flowers are used as an
grooved, and has only 1 to 2 sessile leaves. The leaves are
inactive ingredient in cough and fumigant teas and as a
basal, long-petioled, and palmate with 5 lobes. The tips are
coloring agent in cough syrup.
3-lobed. The lateral tips are divided in 2 and especially
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa- glossy underneath.
rations include drops and compound preparations.
Characteristics: The taste is slightly salty, bitter and dry.
Daily Dosage: Tincture: 30 to 50 drops daily.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, Asia Minor, the
Storage: Store protected from light and moisture for no Caucasus, western Siberia, northern Africa, and in the
longer than 1 year. mountains of tropical Africa.
LITERATURE
Caesar W, Die Pfingstrose. In: DAZ 130(23): 1339. 1990. Production: European Sanicle consists of the dried, above-
ground parts of Sanicula europaea, which is collected in the
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers wild.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- Not to be Confused With: Commercially, the herb may be
1994. mixed with leaves of Cardamine enneaphylos. In some areas,
Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I., Astrantia major is labeled as sanicle and used accordingly in
Academic Press UK 1985. folk medicine.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Other Names: Poolroot, Self-Heal, Sanicle
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Triterpene saponins (up to 13%): including among others,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. acyl-saniculosides A-D, aglycones including A1-barrigenol,
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Rl-barrigenol, barringtogenol
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid, chlorogenic acid
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Flavonoids: chief components rutin, isoquercitrin, astragalin
EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Characteristics: The rhizome has a bad odor and is
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction extremely poisonous.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and Asia.
3 dosages.
Other Names: Cowbane
DOSAGE
w* Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for decoctions ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
and other preparations for oral application. COMPOUNDS
How Supplied: Commercial pharmaceutical preparations Polyynes: including cicutoxin (0.07-0.2^ in the fresh
include juices, tablets and compound preparations. rhizome tuber), isocicutoxin, cicutol, cicudiole. falcarindiol
Furanocoumarins
Preparation: No information is available.
Alky I phthalides
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 6 g of the herb.
EFFECTS
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
No information is available.
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (Chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily: chronic once a INDICATIONS AND USAGE
day (HAB34). Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used in homeopathic
dilutions for migraine, painful menstruation, worm infesta-
Storage: The drug must be kept in sealed containers,
tion and inflammation of the skin.
protected from light.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
The freshly harvested root stock is extremely poisonous due
Engel S, Horn K, Phytodermatosen (lurch Dictamnus albus.
to its cicutoxin content. The plant itself is weakly poisonous.
Sanicula europaea und Philodendron consanguineum. In: Dermat
j£ Mschr 158(l):22-27. 1972. OVERDOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Two to 3 gm of the root stock are said to be fatal for an
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 adult. The toxicity of the drug declines through dehydration
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- and storage. Symptoms of poisoning, following the initial
1994. stupor and nausea, include severe tonic-clonic spasms,
Hiller K et aL PA 24:178. 1969. unconsciousness, canosis and extremely widened pupils.
Hiller K et al., PA 22:220-221. 1967. Death occurs through asphyxiation at the peak of a convul-
sive attack or through heart failure.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Forced diuresis, hemodialysis and hemoperfusion are initiat-
ed as treatment for poisonings. Gastric lavage should only be
carried out under anesthetic because of the danger of
convulsion. Benzodiazepine or barbiturates are used to
European Water Hemlock lessen the effects of the spasms.
Cicuta virosa DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used topically and
DESCRIPTION
internally as a dilution of the mother tincture.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome with
roots. LITERATURE
Bilia AR, Ctalano S, Fontana C, Morelli I, Palme E. A new
Flower and Fruit: The flower is a white umbelliferous saponin from Potentilla tormentilla. In: PM 58(7)23. 1992.
blossom with distinct calyx tips. The petals have indented
Strauss U, Wittstock U, Schubert R, Teuscher E, Jung S, Mix
tips. The style cushion is flat. The fruit is brown-yellow, 2.5
E, Cicutoxin from Cicuta virosa—a new and potent potassium
mm by 3 mm, and has dark-brown stripes. channel blocker in T lymphocytes. Biochem Biophys Res
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows to a height of 30 to Commun, 219:332-6. 1996.
120 cm. The leaves are 2- to 3-pinnate. The leaflets are Wittstock U, Hadacek F, Wurz G, Teuscher E, Greger H.
lanceolate and sharply serrate. The whole plant is glabrous. Polyacetylenes from water hemlock, Cicura virosa. In: PM
The rhizome is tuberous, fleshy and hollow. The stem is 61(5):439-445. 1995.
erect, round, hollow, glabrous, branched above, and forms Wittstock U, Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of cicutoxin
adventitious roots at the nodes. and related polyacetylenes from cicuta virosa on neuronal action
2 9 8 / E U R O P E A N WATER HEMLOCK FDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
potentials: a comparative study on the mechanism of the Leaves, Stem and Root: This biennial grows up to 1 m and
convulsive action. In: PM 63(2): 120-124. 1997. has a spindle-shaped, fleshy, turnip-like root, which pro-
Wittstock U. Lichtnow KH, Teuscher E, Effects of duces leaf rosettes in the first year. The stem is erect,
polyacetvlenes from Cicuta virosa on the electrical activity of unbranched or branched higher up and angular. The ovary is
molluscan giant neurones. In: PM 61 (Abstracts of 43rd Ann a capsule covered in short glandular hairs, with simple, light
Congr):84. 1995. hairs on the purple papilla. The cauline leaves are short-
Wittstock U. Wurz G. Hadacek F, Greger H, Teuscher E, petioled or sessile, often hanging, oblong-lanceolate, point-
Biocative polyacetylens from Cicuta virosa. In: PM 58(7)22. ed, irregular and finely dentate.
1992.
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and open in the
Further information in: evening.
Frohne D. Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Habitat: Originally indigenous to North America, it is now
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
naturalized throughout most of Europe and parts of Asia.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Production: Evening Primrose oil is the fatty seed oil of
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag Oenothera biennis. The oil is extracted by means of a cold-
Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1969. extraction process, which involves hexane in steel or glass-
lined tanks. The extract is washed and the solvent removed
Lewin L. Girte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. using low pressure.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Other Names: Fever Plant, King's Cureall, Night Willow-
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. herb, Scabish, Sun Drop
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
4.Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E. Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. Fatty oil: chief fatty acids linoleic acid (65-80%), gamma-
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. linolenic acid (8-14%), oleic acid (6-11%), palmitic acid (7-
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. 10%)
mbH Stuttaart 1997.
EFFECTS
Gamma-linolenic acid (a component in Evening Primrose
oil) is converted to dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid and then to
prostaglandin El (PGE1) in-vivo by the enzyme delta-6-
Evening Primrose desaturase. PGE1 has anti-inflammatory and cell membrane
Oenothera biennis stabilizer activity in the body. Evening Primrose oil supple-
ments provide increased levels of dihomo-gamma-linolenic
TRADE NAMES
acid in the blood of people with a deficiency of the enzyme
Evening Primrose Oil Capsules (available from numerous delta-6-desaturase. Gamma-linolenic acid is also a compo-
manufacturers), Mega Primrose Oil, Oil of Evening Prim- nent in breast milk, but is not added to infant formulas. It has
rose. Original Primrose for Women, Royal Brittany Evening been postulated that gamma-linolenic acid may be beneficial
Primrose Oil to neural development in breast-fed infants (Newall, 1996).
DESCRIPTION
A review of the literature involving human trials shows that
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fatty oil
EPO has not been effective in the treatment of atopic asthma,
extracted from the ripe seeds and the fresh plant gathered at
weight loss, atopic dermatitis, arthritis, attention deficit
the beginning of the flowering season.
disorder, diabetes or premenstrual syndrome. Animal studies
Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are 2 to 3 cm long have demonstrated benefits in treating hypertension, throm-
and are solitary in the leaf axils. The open ones are lower bosis, hypercholesterolemia and platelet aggregation.
than the buds. The sepals are lanceolate, acuminate, turned
CLINICAL TRIALS
down, thin, more or less pale green and smooth on the
Mastalgia
outside with a few scattered hairs. The petals are obovate.
The ovary is inferior. The style has a 4-sectioned stigma. The A retrospective study covering seven years involving 566
fruit is a linear-oblong, quadrangular, downy-villous capsule women with cyclical breast pain (mastalgia) was performed.
that's up to 3 cm long. The seeds are 1.5 mm long, dark gray Most women were first treated with Vitamin B-6 (pyridoxine
to black with irregular sharp edges. HCL) 100 mg daily for a 3-month period. Those that did not
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS EVENING PRIMROSE / 2 9 9
respond were given 3 g of Evening Primrose Oil (EPO) daily Pediatric—2 to 4 grams daily in divided doses
for a one-month period followed by 2 g daily for an
Mastalgia (breast pain)
additional two months. Other women were given the
Evening Primrose oil regimen as first-line treatment. 5 8 % of 3 to 4 grams daily in divided doses
the pyridoxine/EPO treatment group reported pain relief and
Storage: Evening Primrose oil is rinsed in nitrogen and
w 59% of the EPO first-line group reported relief. The author
stored in cooled tanks lined with polyethylene. Commercial
concluded that good responses can be obtained from
products should be stored at room temperature in an area that
products devoid of significant side effects, such as EPO and
is dry and not in direct sunlight.
Vitamin B-6 as a first line treatment (McFayden, 1992).
Tamoxifen and danazol should be reserved for those patients LITERATURE
who do not respond to EPO or pyridoxine. Berth-Jones J, Placebo controlled trial of essential fatty acid
supplementation in atopic dermatitis. In: Lancet 341:1557-1560.
Premenstrual Syndrome 1993.
A meta-analysis of 7 placebo-controlled trials involving the Budeiri D, Li Wan Po A, Doman JC, Is Evening Primrose oil
use of EPO for the treatment of premenstrual syndrome of value in the treatment of premenstrual syndrome? Control
(PMS) was carried out in 1996. The authors note that two Clin Trials 17:60-68. 1996.
well-constructed studies in the group failed to show any Haslett C et al., (1983) Int J Obesity 7(6):549.
statistically relevant beneficial effects with EPO in treating Horrobin DF. (1983) J Reprod Med 28(7):465.
PMS symptoms. The scoring in the remaining studies was
Ihrig M, Blume H, Nachtkerzenol-Praparate: Ein
not consistent and therefore the authors were not able to pool Qualitatsvergleich. In: PZ 139(9):668. 1994.
the results for statistical analysis (Budeiri, 1996).
Ippen H, Gamma-Linolensaure besser aus Nachtkerzen- oder aus
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Borretschol? In: ZPT 16(3): 167-170. 1995.
^ Unproven Uses: Evening Primrose oil is used for neuroder- McFayden IJ. Forrest AP, Chetty U, Cyclical breast pain -
matitis, premenstrual syndrome and as a dietary aid. The some observations and the difficulties in treatment. BJCP
drug is also used to treat hyperactivity in children, high 46:161-164.1992.
cholesterol levels, menopausal hot flashes and mastalgia. Midwinter RE et al., (1982) Lancet I, 339.
Capsules containing 500 mg of Evening Primrose oil have Pye J K et al., (1985) Lancet II, 373.
been approved for use in Germany, in the treatment of and to Seaman GVF et al., (1979) Lancet 1:1139.
relieve the symptoms of atopic eczema.
Ten Hoor F. (1980) Nutr Metab 24(Suppl. 1):162.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Willuhn G, Phytopharmaka in der Dermatologie. In: ZPT
There are case reports of seizures in schizophrenic patients 16(6):325-342. 1995.
that were being treated with Evening Primrose oil along with Wright S, Burton JL, (1982) Lancet II, 1120.
phenothiazine medications. Practitioners should be aware
Further information in:
that Evening Primrose oil has a potential to lower the seizure
threshold in patients with seizure disorders or those being Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
treated with drugs that lower the seizure threshold.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
DOSAGE 1994.
Mode of Administration: Evening Primrose oil is available in Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
capsules for oral administration. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
How Supplied: Newall CA, Anderson LA & Phillipson JD, Herbal Medicines.
_ Capsules—500 mg, 1300 mg. The Pharmaceutical Press, London, 110-113.1996.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Most commercial products (capsules) are standardized for Heidelberg 1996.
gamma linolenic acid content of 9%.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Daily Dosage: Treatment with Evening Primrose oil may Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
require up to 3 months duration before positive results are Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
attained for all indications listed below (Newall, 1996). Stuttgart 1997.
The calyx has 4 tips and is glabrous to short bristly. The Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy of the claimed
corolla is bilabiate and is 8 to 12 mm long. The upper lip is uses is undocumented, and external eye application is not
domed, helmet-like and revolute at the tips. The lower lip absolutely hygienic, therapeutic use cannot be
has 9 dark violet long stripes. There are 4 stamens and 1 recommended.
superior ovary. The fruit is a narrow, oblong capsule with a
ciliate edge. The seeds are numerous and grooved. Preparation: To prepare a tea, add 2 to 3 gm of finely cut
drug to boiling water; strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is about 30 cm high. It is
annual. The stem is rigid, erect, lightly branched below. The Decoction — 2%.
leaves are opposite, sessile and grass-green. They are ovate
or oblong-ovate and twice as long as wide. The involucral Daily Dosage: A decoction is used 3 to 4 times daily for eye
bracts have 4 to 7 teeth. rinses.
Lignans: dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene lignans, including binan- Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial with a strong
kadsurin-A-ester leafy stem 30 to 90 cm high. The stem is undivided, smooth
and angular. The foliage leaves are alternate; the lower ones
EFFECTS
spatulate and the upper ones lanceolate. The basal leaves are
Although clinically unsubstantiated, False Schisandra fruit is
20 cm long, 1.25 cm wide, narrow and whorled at the base.
credited in classical Chinese-Tibetan medicine with an
The rhizome is tuberous and stunted. It is approximately 1.25
efficacy analogous to that of Schisandra fruit. That drug
cm long.
exhibits liver-protective, inflammation- and tumor-inhibit-
ing, neuroleptic and anti-convulsive effects, as well as a non- Characteristics: False Unicom Root has a bitter taste.
specific enhancement of physical performance ability.
Experimental documentation regarding analogous efficacy of Habitat: The plant grows in the Mississippi Delta region.
kadsura fruit has not been forthcoming, however. Production: False Unicorn Root is the rhizome of Veratrum
INDICATIONS AND USAGE luteum.
Unproven Uses: The fruit is used for chronic coughs and Other Names: Starwort, Helonias Root, Blazing Star, Fairy-
asthma, chronic diarrhea, enuresis, spermatorrhoea, night Wand
sweats and insomnia.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
H Chinese Medicine: The fruit is used as an analgesic for pains COMPOUNDS
in the bones, ligaments, stomach and during menstruation, as Steroid saponins: (mixture is referred to as chamaelirin, ca.
well as for spontaneous, painful local swellings. 10%), aglycone diosgenin
DOSAGE
EFFECTS
Preparation: Before being dried and cut, the fruits are
Oxytocic, diuretic, anthelmintic
simmered in vinegar.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Daily Dosage: 1.5 to 6 g
Unproven Uses: False Unicom Root is used for menstrual
Chinese Dosage: 9 to 15 g drug daily disturbances, dysmenorrhea and pregnancy complaints.
302 /FALSE UNICORN ROOT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Fennel seed consists of the dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in vulgare.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
Other Names: Large Fennel, Sweet Fennel, Wild Fennel,
therapeutic dosages. The appearance of gastric complaints is
Fenkel, Bitter Fennel
conceivable with the drug, due to the high saponin content,
particularly in cases of overdosage. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: FENNEL OIL
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
When extracted from bitter fennel the chief components are:
LITERATURE
Trans-anethols (50-75%)
Atta-Ur-Rahman, Ali RA, Choudhary MI, New steroidal
alkaloids from rhizomes of Veratrum album. In: JNP 55:565- Fenchone (12-33%)
570. 1992.
Estragole (2-5%?)
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston, Berlin 1962-1997 (unter Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, p-
Chamaelirium luteum (L.) GRAY). cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, gamma-terpenes, terpinols, cis-ocimene
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter
When extracted from sweet fennel the chief components are:
Helionas dioica).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Trans-anethole (80-90%)
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Fenchone (1-10%?)
York 1995.
Estragole (3-10%c)
Additional components are - alpha-pinenes. camphene, p-
cymene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
Fennel gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen
Foeniculum vulgare
EFFECTS: FENNEL OIL
DESCRIPTION Stimulation of gastrointestinal motility; in higher concentra-
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the Fennel oil tions, antispasmodic; experimentally, anethole and fenchone
extracted from the ripe fruit and the dried ripe fruit and have shown a secretolytic action on the respiratory tract. In
Fennel seeds of Foeniculum vulgare. vitro, it is antimicrobial.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is fairly large umbels COMPOUNDS: FENNEL SEED
almost 15 cm across on very irregular rays. The flowers are Volatile oil
fairly small and usually androgynous. The petals are a rich
With bitter fennel the chief components are:
yellow, broadly ovate and have an involute lobe at the tip.
The style is very short and almost wart-like. The fruit is Trans-anethole (50-75%)
glabrous, brownish or greenish-gray. They are 6 to 10 mm
Fenchon (12-33%)
long, somewhat cylindrical with blunt ribs and strongly
domed. Estragole (2-5%)
Leaves, Stem and Fruit: The plant is biennial to perennial, Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cy-
about 80 to 15.0 cm high, glabrous, sea-green to glaucous and mene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
has a strong spicy smell. The stem is erect, round, glabrous, gamma-terpenes, terpinols cis-ocimene
smooth and filled with latex. The lower leaves are petiolate
and have long sheaths. With sweet fennel the chief components are:
Trans-anethole (80-90%)
Characteristics: Fennel has a spicy aroma.
Fenchon (1-10%)
Habitat: Fennel is indigenous to the Mediterranean region,
has spread to England, Germany, South Tyrol and Argentina. Estragole (3-10%)
Fennel is also found today in Iran, India and China.
Additional components - alpha-pinenes, camphene, p-cy-
Production: Fennel oil is the essential oil obtained from the mene, myrcene, limonene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene,
dried, ripe fruits of Foeniculum vulgare by steam distillation. gamma-terpenes, terpinols, gamma-fenchen
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS FENNEL/303
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Steroid saponin-peptide ester: including foenugraecin
Stuttgart 1997
Sterols: chief constituents 24xi-ethyl-cholest-5-en-3beta-ole
(65%), sterols that are to some extent estered
Flavonoids: including isoorientin, isovitexin, orientin, orien-
Fenugreek tin arabinoside, isoorientin arabinoside, saponaretin, vicenin-
Trigonella foenum-graecum 1, vincenin-2, vitexin
Daily Dose: The daily internal dose ot the drug is 6 gm. One
Ferula gummosa
cup of the tea may be taken several times a day. For loss of See Galbanum
appetite, take 2 gm of cut drug with fluid 3 times daily,
before meals. The cold maceration can be drunk several
times a day.
LITERATURE
Ferula sumbul
Abdo MS. Al-Khafawi AA, (1969) Planta Med 17:14. See Sumbul
Adamska M. Lutomski J, (1971) Planta Med 20:224.
Al-Meshal IA et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 56 (4):232.
Ali L et al.. Characterization of the hypoglycemic effect of
Trigonella foenum graecum seed. In: PM 61(4):358-360. 1995.
Fever Bark
Bohlmann MB et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:1513. AI st on ia constrict a
Girardon P et al.. (1985) Planta Med 51 (6):533. DESCRIPTION
Girardou P et al., PM 51:533. 1985. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the bark of the root
and trunk.
Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 23:2605. 1984.
Gupta RK. Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 24:2399. 1986. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are creamy white and star-
shaped.
Gupta RK, Jain DC, Thakur RS, PH 25:2205. 1986.
Hardman R et al., (1980) Phytochemistry 19:698. Leaves, Stem and Root: Alstonia are evergreen trees, which
Ribes G et al.. (1986) Ann Nutr Metab. 28:37. grow to a height of 15 m. The leaves are glossy, oblong and
petiolate. The tree has a 2 to 7 cm rusty-brown, rugose
Ribes G et al., (1986) Phytother Res 1(1):40. periderm, which is deeply fissured. The inner surface is
Ribes G et al.. (1986) Proc. Soc Exp Biol Med 183:159. yellowish brown and coarsely striated longitudinally, frac-
Sood AR et al., (1976) Phytochemistry 15:351. ture fibrous.
Weder JK. Heufiner K, Z Lebensm Untersuch Forsch 193:242 Characteristics: The tree is a protected species in some
et 321. 1991. countries. The taste is very bitter, the odor is slightly
Further information in: aromatic.
Chan, EH et al., (Eds.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Habitat: Alstonia constricta is indigenous to Australia;
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Alstonia scholaris is indigenous to India and the Philippines.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Production: Alstonia bark is the trunk and branch bark of
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Alstonia constricta.
1994.
Other Names: Australian Quinine, Australian Febrifuge,
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Alstonia Bark, Devil Tree, Dita Bark, Pale Mara, Devil's Bit,
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Australian Fever Bush, Pali-Mara
# York 1980.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Indole alkaloids: including reserpine, deserpidine, alstonine,
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. tetrahydroalstonine, alstonidine, yohimbine
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. EFFECTS
mbH Stuttgart 1997. The drug is said to be a febrifuge, antispasmodic and
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. antihypertensive. The antihypertensive effect is due to the
Stuttgart 1997. reserpine and echitamin content.
3 0 6 / F E V E R BARK PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant originated in southeastern Europe and is
Mode of Administration: The forms available are powder, now found all over Europe, Australia and North America.
liquid extract, infusion and tincture. Up-to-date information Production: Feverfew leaves are the leaves of Tanacetum
on usage is not available. parthenium. The plant is cut before full flowering. It is dried
in thin layers in the shade, at temperatures not exceeding 35°
Preparation: Fever Bark is available as an infusion, 1:20, a
C.
tincture, 1:8 or 1:10 and as a liquid extract, 1:1.
Other Names: Featherfew, Featherfoil, Midsummer Daisy
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the infusion is 15
to 20 ml; tincture, 2 to 4 ml; liquid extract, 4 to 8 ml. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
LITERATURE
Volatile oil (0.75%): chief constituents are L-camphor, trans-
Atta-ur-Rahman AM, et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24:2771. chrysanthyl acetate, including, camphene, p-cymene, gam-
Chopra RN, et al., (Eds.) Chopra's Indigeneous Drugs of India, ma-terpinene, D-germacrene, linalool, borneol,
Vol 1, Dhur and Sons Calcutta 1938. terpinenes-4-ol
Goyal H, et al., (1981) J Res Ayur Siddha. 2 (3):286. Sesquiterpene lactones: especially parthenolide, and also 3-
Khan I. Qureshi Z, (1967) J Pharm Pharmacol 19:815. beta-hydroxy-parthenolide, costunolid, reynosin, 8-beta-hy-
Kucera MV, et al., (1973) Afric J Pharm Pharm Sci: 3228. droxy-reynosin, tanaparthin-alpha-peroxide, canin, artecanin,
secotanapartholide A
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986. Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-0-glucuronide, chrysoer-
iol-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0-glucuronide, luteolin-7-0-
Sharp TM, (1934) J Chem Soc 287.
glucoside, tanetin
Further information in:
Polyynes: presumably only in fresh plants
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag EFFECTS
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Sesquiterpene lactones, especially parthenolide, are the
active compounds in Feverfew (Groenewegen, 1986; Sum-
ner, 1992). Parthenolide, although a key determinant of
biological activity for Tanacetum parthenium leaf extracts, is
Feverfew not the sole pharmacologically active constituent (Brown,
1997). Other sespuiterpene lactones such as 3-beta-hydroxy-
Tahacetum parthenium parthenolide, secotanapartholide A, canin and artecanin,
TRADE NAMES contain an alpha-methylene butyrolactone unit responsible
Feverfew (available from numerous manufacturers), Fever- for anti-secretory (anti-inflammatory) activity (Groeneweg-
few Extract, Herbal Sure Feverfew, NuVeg Feverfew Leaf, en, 1986). Physiochemical methods were used to measure
Premium Feverfew Leaf, Feverfew Traditional Herb, Stand- partholide in several purported commercial Feverfew prod-
ardized Feverfew Extract, Feverfew Leaf, Mygrafew ucts. The results found a wide variation in partholide content
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS FEVERFEW/307
and in some products, partholide was not detected (Heptin- treatment group, thus suggesting that Feverfew may be taken
stall, 1992). prophylactically to prevent attacks of migraines (Johnson,
1985).
Crude chloroform extracts of fresh Feverfew leaves (rich in
sesquiterpene lactones) and of commercially available pow- A double-blind, placebo-controlled study evaluated the use
ag dered leaves (lactone-free) produce a dose-dependent inhibi- of dried chopped Feverfew (70-86 mg) in patients with
tion of thromboxane B2 and leukotriene B4 (eicosanoids) for symptomatic rheumatoid arthritis. There were 41 patients
an anti-inflammatory effect (Sumner, 1992). Anti-inflamma- involved in the study, and they were observed during a 6-
tory properties of Feverfew also consist of inhibition of week period. Variables assessed in the study included
cellular phospholipases. which prevents release of arachidon- stiffness, pain (visual analogue scale), grip strength, articular
ic acid (Makheja, 1982). Parthenolide and chrysanthenyl index, full blood count, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, urea,
acetate have also been shown to inhibit prostaglandin creatinine, C reactive protein, complement breakdown prod-
synthetase (Pugh, 1988). Extracts of Feverfew also inhibit ucts, rheumatoid factor titre, immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA,
granule secretion in blood platelets and polymorphonuclear IgM), functional capacity, and patient and observer global
leukocytes (Heptinstall. 1985). opinions. There were no important differences in clinical or
laboratory variables between the groups during the study
Major flavonol and flavone methyl ethers (tanetin) of the period (Pattrick, 1989).
herb inhibit the major pathways of arachidonate metabolism
in leukocytes (Williams, 1999). INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Feverfew is used mainly for migraine, arthritis, rheumatic
Feverfew extract and parthenolide inhibit human blood diseases and allergies.
aggregation and serotonin (5-HT) secretion by platelets
(Groenewegen, 1990). The extract does this through neutral- Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Feverfew is used for
izing cellular sulfhydryl-affecting substances, which are cramps, as a tonic, a stimulant, a digestive agent and a blood
fm properties of monocyte adherence (Krause, 1990). The purifier. Other uses in folk medicine include migraine
chloroform extract of the Feverfew leaf contains an unidenti- prophylaxis, digestion problems, intestinal parasites and
fied substance capable of producing a selective, open- gynecological disorders. The herb is also used as a wash for
channel block of voltage-dependent potassium channels, inflammation and wounds, as a tranquilizer, an antiseptic,
which results in an anti-spasmodic effect (Barsby, 1993). and following tooth extraction as a mouthwash. The infusion
Feverfew extract inhibited anti-IgE-induced histamine re- is used for dysmenorrhea. In post-natal care, Feverfew is
lease in a unique way, which concludes that Feverfew extract used to reduce lochia. The drug is used externally as an
contains a novel type of mast cell inhibitor (Hayes, 1987). antiseptic and insecticide.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
CLINICAL TRIALS
The efficacy of dried Feverfew leaves for migraine prophy- The herb is not to be used during pregnancy or during breast-
laxis was assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled, feeding.
double-blind, cross-over study. The study consisted of 72 PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
patients with classic or common migraine headaches for over General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
2 years. The effect of 1 capsule daily of Feverfew was conjunction with the proper administration of designated
determined by the use of diary cards and visual analogue therapeutic dosages. The drug has a high potential for
scores. Duration of treatment was 4 months. After this time, sensitization via skin contact. Feverfew has been known to
Feverfew was associated with a reduction in number and cross-react with Tansy, Yarrow, Marguerite, Aster, Sunflow-
severity of attacks in each 2-month period. The degree of er, Laurel and Liverwort (Schmidt, 1986). A post-Feverfew
vomiting was also reduced in the Feverfew treatment group. syndrome has been reported in about 10% of migraine
A significant improvement in the visual analogue scale was patients who abruptly stopped taking Feverfew. Rebound
ffr also observed in the Feverfew treatment group (Murphy, headaches, insomnia, muscle stiffness, joint pain, fatigue,
1988). nervousness and tension have occurred (Miller, 1998).
Patients already taking Feverfew for migraine prophylaxis Gastrointestinal: Gastrointestinal irritation and abdominal
were randomized in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. pain or heartburn have been reported (Johnson, 1985;
The placebo groups had a significant increase in the Murphy, 1988; O'Hara, 1998). Glossitis and stomatitis are
frequency and severity of headache, nausea and vomiting significant problems if they do occur (Brown, 1996). The
with the emergence of untoward effects during the early occurrence of glossitis and stomatitis with encapsulated
months of treatment. There was no change in the frequency products has not been shown to be more common than
or severity of symptoms of migraine in the Feverfew | placebo (Johnson, 1985; Murphy, 1988).
308 /FEVERFEW PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Drug Interactions: Although reports are sketchy, and most Brown AMG et al., Inhibition of human neutrophils by aqueous
and organic extracts of Tanacetum ssp. In: PM 62, Abstracts of
involve animal subjects and in vitro research, there is a
the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 66. 1996.
strong possibility that Feverfew may interact with thrombo-
lytics, anticoagulants and platelet aggregation. The mecha- Brown AM, Edwards CM, Davey MR et al., Pharmacological
activity of Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium (L.) Schultz-Bip):
nism of action is believed to be inhibition of arachidonic
assessment by inhibition of human polymorphnuclear leukocyte
acid, which is a precursor for prostaglandins that are
chemiluminescence in-vitro. J Pharm Pharmacol 1997
involved in the clotting mechanism. May;49(5):558-61.
DOSAGE Christensen LP; Jakobsen HB; Paulsen E et al. Airborne
Mode of Administration: Feverfew preparations are used Compositae dermatitis: monoterpenes and no parthenolide are
both internally and externally. released from flowering Tanacetum parthenium (feverfew)
plants. Arch Dermatol Res 1999 Jul-Aug;291(7-8):425-31.
How Supplied: Collier HOJ et al., (1980) Lancet 11:922.
Capsules — 80 mg, 380 mg, 384 mg, 400 mg, 500 mg, 1000 Deweerdt CJ, Bootsma HPR, Hendricks H, Herbal medicines in
mg migraine prevention. In: Phytomedicine 3(3):225-230. 1996.
Tablets — 12mg (standardized to 600 meg sesuiterpine Govindachari TR et al., (1964) Tetrahedron 21(6): 1509.
lactone content) Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, A comparison of the effects
of an extract of Feverfew and parthenolide, a component of
Preparation: To make an infusion, use 2 teaspoonfuls of the Feverfew, on human platelet activity in-vitro. J Pharm
drug per cup, allow to draw for 15 minutes. To make a Pharmacol 1990 Aug;42(8):553-557.
strong infusion, double the amount and allow to draw for 25 Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall S, Lancet, No 8471, 44-45.
minutes. 1986.
Heptinstall S. Awang DVC, Dawson BA, Kindack D, Knight OHara MA, Kiefer D, Farrell K et al., A review of 12
DW, May J, J Pharm Pharmacol 44:391-395. 1992. commonly used medicinal herbs. Arch Fam Med 1998; 7:523-
Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J 536.
Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-456. 1984. Pattrick M, Heptinstall S, Doherty M, Feverfew in rheumatoid
Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J arthritis: a double-blind, placebo-controlled study. Ann Rheum
& Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987. Dis 1989 Jul;48(7):547-9.
Heptinstall S. Groenewegen WA. Spangenberg P, Losche W, J Paulsen E. Occupational dermatitis in Danish gardeners and
Pharm Pharmacol 39:459-465. 1987. greenhouse workers (II). Etiological factors. Contact Dermatitis
1998 Jan:38(l):14-9.
Heptinstall S. J R Soc Med 81:373. 1988.
Heptinstall S. White A. Williamson L, Mitchell J, Extracts of Pugh WJ. Sambo K. Prostaglandin synthetase inhibitors in
Feverfew inhibit granule secretion in the blood platelets and Feverfew. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988 Oct;40(10):743-5.
polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Lancet 1985 May Romo de Viva A, Jiminez H, (1965) Tetrahedron 21(7): 1742.
ll;l(8437):1071-4.
Schmidt RJ, Plant dermatitis. Compositae. Clin Dermatol 1986
Hylands PJ. Hylands DM. Dev Drugs Mod Med 100-104. 1986. Apr-Jun:4(2):46-61.
Johnson ES. Kadam NP. Hylands DM et al., Efficacy of Sumner H. Salan U, Knight D. Hoult J, Inhibition of 5-
Feverfew as prophylactic treatment of migraine. Brit Med J lipoxygenase and cyclo-oxygenase in leukocytes by feverfew.
1985 Aug 31:291(6495) 291:569. Involvement of sesquiterpene iactones and other components.
Krause S, Arese P. Heptinstall S. Losche W. Influence of Biochem Pharmacol 1992Jun 9:43(11):2313-20.
substances affecting cell sulfhydryl/disulfide status on ahderence
Voyna-Yasenetskaja TA. Losche W, Groenewegen WA,
of human monocytes. Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Jun;40(6):689-
Heptintall S, Repin VS, Till U, J Pharm Pharmacol 40:501-502.
92.
1988.
Losche W. Mazurov AV et al.. An extract of Feverfew inhibits
Warren RG. Austr J Pharm 67:475. 1986.
g| interaction of human platelets with collagen substrates. Thromb
Res. 1987; 48(5):511-518. Williams CA, Harborne JB, Geiger H, Hoult JR, The flavonoids
Losche W, Mazurov AV, Heptinstall S, Groenewegen WA, of Tanacetum parthenium and T. vulgare and their anti-
Repin VS, Till U, Throm Res 48:511-518. 1978. inflammatory properties. Phytochemistry 1999 Jun;51(3):417-23.
Losche W. Mazurow AV. Voyno-Yasenetskaja TA. Williams CA, Hoult JR, Harborne JB et al., A biologically
Groenewegen WA, Heptinstall. Repin VS. Folia Haematol active lipophilic flavonol from Tanacetum parthenium.
115:181184. 1988. Phytochemistry 1995 Jan;38(l):267-70.
Losche W, Michel E. Heptinstall S, Krause S, Groenewegen Willuhn G, Parthenolid - Sesquiterpenlacton zur
WA, Pescarmona GP, Thielmann K, Plant Med 54:381-384. Migriineprophylaxe. In: DAZ 133(37):3292. 1993.
1988.
Further information in:
Makheja AN, Bailey JM, (1981) Lancet 11:1054.
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Makheja AN, Bailey JM, A platelet phospholipase inhibitor Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
from the medicinal herb Feverfew (Tanacetum parthenium).
Prostaglandins Leukot Med 1982 Jun;8(6):653-60. Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Makheja AN. Bailey JM. Prostaglandins Leukot Med 8:653-660. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
1982.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Mensing H, Kimmig W & Hausen BJ, Airborne contact
Heidelberg 1996.
dermatitis. Hautarzt 1985; 36:398-402.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte =- Biologie, Chemie,
Mervyn L, Standardized Feverfew preparations. Lancet 1986;
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
r 1:209.
Miller LG, Herbal medicinals: selected clinical considerations Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
focusing on known or potential drug-herb interactions. Arch pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Intern Med 1998; 158:2200-2211. York 1995.
androgynous heads are 2 to 4 cm in diameter and contain 85 No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
to 100 florets. The female capitula are smaller and contain 55 with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
to 60 florets. The florets are blue-lilac, occasionally red-lilac dosages.
or yellowish-white to pure white. The lateral florets are ray- DOSAGE
like. The 2- to 3-rowed involucre bracts are lanceolate, Mode of Administration: Decoction and infusion prepara-
compressed and long-haired. The edge of the calyx has 8 to tions are used both internally and externally.
16 bristles. The corolla is fused and 4 tipped. There are 4
stamens and 1 inferior ovary. The fruit is a nutlet 5 to 6 mm Preparation: For preparation of the drug, use approximately
long and about 2 mm wide. The fruit is thickly covered in 30 gm infusion or decoction, add to 1 liter of hot water,
vertical hairs. strain and cool.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and 30 to 150 Daily Dosage: For chronic eczema, add 4 teaspoonfuls to 2
cm high. The rhizome is branched and has a strong taproot. glasses of water, leave to draw for 10 minutes and drink
The rhizome produces a flowering stem from the leaf rosette, during the course of the day.
which survives the winter. The stem is erect, lightly Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
branched and has short gray hairs. The leaves are opposite, 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
gray-green and matte. The lower ones are petioled, oblong parenterally: 1 to 2 ml s.c, acute: 3 times daily; chronic:
and entire-margined. The upper leaves are sessile, pinnatisect once a day (HAB1).
and have lanceolate tips.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe except the Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Arctic. It is also found in the Caucasus and western Siberia. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Production: Field Scabious herb consists of the leafy stems 1994.
and flower heads and also occasionally the root of Knautia Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
arvensis. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Other Names: Devil's Bit, Seabridge
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Figs
Triterpene saponins: knautioside (1.1-1.7%) Ficus carica
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol glucoside, knautio- DESCRIPTION
sides A and B Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fruit and the
tree sap latex.
Iridoide monoterpenes: including dipsacan
Flower and Fruit: In its known form, the fig is neither a fruit
Flavonoids: including leucanthoside, luteoloside nor a flower. It is a hollow, fleshy receptacle enclosing
Tannins numerous flowers, which are never exposed to sunlight, but
nevertheless develop fully and produce seeds. The inflores-
EFFECTS cence is hidden in the body of the fruit. The edge of the pear-
The drug is said to have an astringent, antiseptic, expectorant shaped receptacle is curved inwards forming an almost
and even purgative effect. None of these effects have been closed hollow space. The numerous fertile and sterile florets
proven. are on the inner surface. When it ripens, the receptacle
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS FIGWORT/311
enlarges and the one-seeded fruit becomes embedded in it. It Flower and Fruit: The reddish-brown or greenish-yellow
appears as a single purple-brown fruit. flowers are in terminal panicles. The calyx has 5 segments,
with ovate, narrow-tunicate margined cusps. The corolla is a
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ficus carica is a deciduous, heavily
bilabiate, swollen, almost globular tube. The upper lip is
branched tree growing to 4 m or more. The leaves are downy
divided into 2 and the lower lip is 3-lobed with revolute
A. beneath and are 10 to 20 cm long, broad-ovate to orbicular
lobes. There are 4 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is
with 3 to 5 deep lobes. an ovate, many-seeded, and pointed green capsule.
Habitat: Indigenous to Asia Minor, Syria and Iran. It is Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows from 50
cultivated or grows wild in many subtropical regions. to 100 cm high. The root capitula have ovate, tuberous
Production: Figs consists of the dried fruits of Ficus carica. nodes. The stem is erect, sharply quadrangular, often purple,
glabrous, and has a row of hairs at the nodes. The leaves are
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
crossed opposite, dark green, oblong, double serrate and
COMPOUNDS
often cordate at the base.
Furanocoumarins: including psoralen, bergaptene
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, central Asia, and
Fruit acids: citric acid, malic acid North America.
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (approximately 50%), to Other Names: Throatwort, Carpenter's Square, Kernel wort,
some extent transformed into inverted sugar Heal-All Scrofula Plant, Rosenoble
Mucilages ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pectin
Iridoides: including monoterpenes
Vitamin B and C
Flavonoids: including among others, diosmin
^ EFFECTS
Tannins
No information is available
Saponins
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Fig preparations are used as a laxative. EFFECTS
Figwort has a diuretic and mildly laxative effect. (No new
Chinese Medicine: In China, figs are used for dysentery and
research is available.)
enteritis.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Unproven Uses: External uses as folk remedies have
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction included skin rashes, venereal warts, hemorrhoids, lacrima-
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic tion and earache. According to English sources, the plant
dosages. was used as a remedy for rabies.
LITERATURE
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for low resistance,
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der chronic tonsillitis, and tonsillar hypertony as well as for
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
lymphedema.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Siewek F et al. (1985) Z NaturForsch 40 (1/2): 8. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
dosages.
« DOSAGE
Preparation: Homeopathic preparations of the mother tinc-
Figwort ture are derived from the whole Figwort plant in dilutions.
Scrophularia nodosa Homeopathic Dosage: 15 to 20 drops to be taken orally 3
DESCRIPTION
times daily. Scrophularia nodosa can be administered by
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the injection for long-term treatment
dried herb harvested before flowering, the herb with the root, LITERATURE
and the root alone. Inouye H et al., (1974) Planta Med 25:285.
3 1 2 /FIGWORT PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Jerznanowska Z, Pijewska L, (1954) Acta Polon. Pharm l l : l . of about 30 to 35 anthers. The pollen is round and
Kato Y, (1946) Foha Pharmacol Jap. 42:37 (via CA 47:1843) tricolporate. The female flowers have 3 tepals as well as
small staminoids. The 3 or 4 carpels are set sideways on a
Pauli GF, Ofterdinger-Daegel, S, Teborg D, Digitalis,
Scrophularia & Co. In: DAZ 135(2): 111.1995. central, erect fruit axis that becomes conically oblong when
the fruit ripens. The style is inserted in the side and the
Pethes E et al., (1973) Herba Hung 12:101.
stigma is turned back. The drupes are globose to reniform, 9
Swann K, Melville C, (1972) J Pharm Pharmacol 24:170P. to 11 mm long, glabrous, and sit on the short, spreading
Weinges K, Von der Eltz H. (1978) Justus Liebigs Ann Chem branches of the fruit axis. The fruit is about 1 cm long,
1968. blackish, and contains a horseshoe-shaped seed.
Further information in: Leaves, Stem and Root: Anamirta cocculus are hardy, woody
Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Antibacterial activity of lianas with ash-gray to straw-yellow striped bark. The leaves
the phenolic acids fractions of Scrophularia frutescens and are ovate to cordate. The leaf blade is 16 to 28 cm long and
Scrophularia sambucifolia. J Ethnopharmacol, 53:11-4, Jul 26 10 to 24 cm wide and coriaceous. The main veins are
1996. arranged in palmate fashion at the base with parallel
Fernandez MA. Garcia MD. Saenz MT Anti-inflammatory secondary veins. The 6 to 18 cm petiole is thickened at both
effects of different extracts and harpagoside isolated from ends.
Scrophularia frutescens L. Farmaco. 53:443-6, Jun 1996.
Characteristics: The fruit shell is tasteless, the seed is bitter
Fernandez MA, Garcia MD. Saenz MT Gas chromatographic and oily.
determination of chlorothalonil in leaves and roots of
Scrophularia and in soil. J AOAC Int. 53:587-8, Mar-Apr 1996. Habitat: The plant grows in India. Sri Lanka and Malaysia.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: Production: Fish Berry seeds are the fruit of the false myrtle
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. Anamirta cocculus. They are collected in the wild and sun-
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der dried after harvesting.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl.. Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Other Names: Levant Nut, Crow Killer, Fish Killer, Indian
Berry, Cocculus Indicus
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
pflanzliehe Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Sesquiterpens: picrotoxin, a mixture of picrotoxinine and its
York 1995. by product picrotin, picrotoxin acid methyl ester
Fatty oil
Filipendula ulmaria EFFECTS
See Meadowsweet The effect of the drug is due to the picrotoxin content.
Picrotoxin paralyzes presynaptic blocking mechanisms and,
like strychnine, has an analeptic effect in low doses. The
central ends of the parasympathetic nerves are stimulated, as
Fish Berry is the medulla oblongata. Breathing frequency is initially
increased and subsequently decreased. The pulse slows due
Anamirta cocculus
to the stimulation of the vagus and an increase in blood
DESCRIPTION pressure. Central nervous system-stimulated vomiting along
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the ripe, with an increase in perspiration and saliva are probably also
dried fruit. due to the action of picrotoxin.
Flower and Fruit:' The plant's petiolate inflorescences are INDICATIONS AND USAGE
panicle-like, 16 to 40 cm long and usually inserted in the Unproven Uses: In the past, the drug was used as an
stem. Male flowers are occasionally axillary. The two outer insecticide in powder form for scabies. Its use against skin
petals are smaller and about 1 mm long. The inner ones are parasites and lice, while not substantiated, seems plausible. It
whitish or yellowish-green, broad-elliptoid, 2 to 3 mm long, was also used in cases of barbituric acid poisoning. In more
in 2 alternating, triple whorls and are imbricate. The recent times, it has been used in the treatment of peripheral
synandria are formed from a short-stemmed, globose cluster and vestibular nystagmus, and in both long and short-term
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS FLAX/313
therapy for peripherally based dizziness as well as travel Storage: Because they are poisonous, preparations should be
sickness. secured in tightly closed containers, protected from light and
unauthorized access.
Indian Medicine: The seeds have been used externally in
India and on the Malaysian archipelago for gout, skin LITERATURE
diseases and parasites. The tender leaves are used as a Frohne D, Pikrotoxin - Renaisssance eines "obsoleten""
contracting agent for the womb after birth. pflanzlichen Arzneistoffes. In: ZPT 10(3): 101. 1989.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for nervous exhaustion,
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
attacks of dizziness, cramps, paralysis, dysmenorrhea and (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
occipital headaches. Efficacy has not been proven. 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl.. Bde 1-3. W.
The drug is very poisonous. Mild poisonings cause head- de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
ache, dizziness, nausea, coordination disturbances, general Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
depression and spastic twitching. Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: In combination preparations.
How Supplied: Commercial preparations include ampules, Flax
drops and tablets. Linum usitatissimum
Preparation: Liquid extract is prepared using a l:l ratio of TRADE NAMES
the drug and 90% ethanol A mixture of the extract and Bio flax, Flaxseed Oil, New Energy
coconut oil is prepared using a ratio of 1:8
DESCRIPTION
Tincture: 1:10 tincture: 70% ethanol Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the stem as a sterile
linen thread, the oil extracted from the seeds, the dry ripe
Unguetum cocculi: 125 g extract plus 650 g coconut oil plus
seeds, the linseed cakes and the fresh flowering plant.
50 g beeswax and 250 g paraffin
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are panicle-like loose cymes
Picrotoxin extraction is made using special procedures;
on long peduncles in the leaf axils of the upper part of the
maximum yield 1.5%
stem. They have 5 ovate, acuminate, finely ciliate sepals and
Daily Dosage: One to 5 mg can be taken by healthy patients 5 obovate petals, which are sky blue and longer than the
who do not experience side effects. For peripheral states of sepals. There are 5 stamens fused at the base and 1 ovary.
dizziness: 1 mg to 5 mg (picrotoxin) slow intravenous The fruit is an almost globular, 6 to 8 mm long capsule on an
infusion. As a long-term treatment: 1 mg suppositories for 3 erect or slightly bent stem. The seeds are flat, brown and
weeks. glossy.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grow>
30 to 60 minutes (for acute conditions), or 1 ml twice a week from 20 to 150 cm high. The root is short, fusiform and light
sc or ointment 1 or 2 times daily for chronic conditions. I| yellow. The stem is unbranched, erect or ascending in shon
314/FLAX PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
curves. The leaves are smooth edged, gray-green, sessile and • Inflammation of the skin
almost awn-like acuminate.
Unproven Uses: Internally, Flax is used for irritable colon,
Characteristics: The plant flowers only in the morning. diverticulitis and as mucilage for gastritis and enteritis. A
decoction is used for bladder catarrh and inflammation,
Habitat: The plant is cultivated in temperate and tropical, gastritis.
regions the world over.
Externally, Flaxseed is used for removing foreign bodies
Production: Flaxseed consists of the dried, ripe seed of the from the eye. A single Flaxseed is moistened and placed
collective variations of Linum usitatissimum as well as its under the eyelid, the foreign body should stick to the mucous
preparations. The various cultivars of Linum usitatissimum secretion of the seed; as cataplasm for local skin
are equally acceptable for the indications listed. The plant is inflammation.
cultivated. The ripe seeds are recovered from the capsules by
threshing. The oil contained within the seeds is perishable. Indian Medicine: Flax is used in India as a tea for coughs,
Processing of the seeds should take place by cold pressing at bronchial conditions, urethritis, diarrhea and gonorrhea;
externally for skin infections. The seeds are also used in
a temperature below 40° C.
Indian veterinary medicine.
Not to be Confused With: Lolium temulentum and weed
CONTRAINDICATIONS
seeds. Flaxseed is contraindicated in the following conditions:
Other Names: Flaxseed, Lint Bells, Winterlien, Linseed ileus, stricture of the esophagus and in the gastrointestinal
area, acute inflammatory illnesses of the intestine, of the
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
esophagus and of the stomach entrance.
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages (3-10%, in the epidermis, high swelling capacity): PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
including arabinoxylans, galactans, rhamnogalacturonans General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
Cyanogenic glycosides (0.05-0.1%): linustatin and neolinus- therapeutic dosages. The use of large quantities of the drug
tatin (yielding under optimal conditions 30-50 mg HCN per as a laxative with too little fluid intake can lead to an ileus.
100 gm) The cyanogenic glycosides present no danger with the intake
of therapeutic dosages; the glycosides are broken down only
Fatty oil (30-45%): chief fatty acids linolenic acid (40-70%),
to a limited extent in the body. An elevation in the
linoleic acid (10-25%), oleic acid (13-30%)
concentration of cyanide ions and of the detoxification
Proteins (20-27%) product thiocyanic acid in the blood could not be
demonstrated.
Lignans: secoisolariciresinol-diglucoside
It is recommended that if flaxseed is taken for inflammatory
Phenylpropane derivatives: including among others, bowel conditions, that the flaxseed be preswollen before use
linusitamarine (Bisset & Wichtl, 1994).
EFFECTS Drug Interactions: The absorption of other drugs taken
The bulk material and mucins (swelling agent and mucilage) simultaneously may be delayed.
are responsible for the laxative effect.
Food Interactions: The absorption of Flaxseed oil is
In animal experiments a reduction of cholesterol levels in the facilitated when taken with food.
liver was observed (due to the unsaturated fatty acids). A
DOSAGE
blood sugar lowering effect was also proven. The antitumo-
Mode of Administration: Internally, the cracked or coarsely
ral effect is attributed to the lignans (lignans are antimycotic,
ground seed, in which only the cuticle and mucilage
anti-oxidative and anti-estrogenic).
epidermis are damaged is used. Linseed gruel and other
Toxic principle: there is a discussion on the toxic effect of galenic preparations are also available for internal use.
the cyanogenic glycosides in the drug which may cause Externally, as linseed meal or linseed expellent.
prussic acid poisoning in humans. However, neither high How Supplied:
single doses nor chronic intake of linseed have caused any
signs of poisoning in humans. Capsules — 1000 mg, 1300 mg
Preparation: To prepare a demulcent for use in gastritis and Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen.
enteritis, allow 5 to 10 gm of whole seeds to stand in cold In: DAZ 135(16): 1425-1440. 1995.
water for 20 to 30 minutes, then pour off the liquid (Bisset &
Schiebel-Schlosser G, Leinsamen - die richtige Wahl. In: PTA
Wichtl, 1994). 8(4):300. 1994.
Daily Dosage: Schulz V, (1984) Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Nitroprusside,
Constipation — l dessertspoon of whole or bruised (not Cyanide, Thiosulphate and Thiocyanate. Clinical
ground) seed with at least 150 ml of liquid 2 to 3 times daily. Pharmacokinetics 9:239-251.
Lower Cholesterol — 35 to 50 gm daily of the crushed Schulz V, Loffler A, Gheorghiu Th, (1983) Resorption von
seeds. May be incorporated into muffins or breads (Arjmandi Blausaure aus Leinsamen. Leber Magen Darm 13:10-14.
et al, 1998).
Sewing KFR, (1986) Obstipation. In: Fulgraff G, Palm D
Decrease platelet aggregation — l to 2 tablespoonfuls (Hrsg) Pharmakotherapie. Klinische Pharmakologie, 6. Auflage.
Fischer, Stuttgart, S 162-168.
flaxseed oil daily (Allman et al, 1995).
annual or biennial plant. The root is thin, spindle-shaped and Mode of Administration: The juice of the fresh drug is used
whitish. The stem is erect, round, grooved, hollow, glabrous in poultices; also available as alcoholic extracts.
and usually forked with a bluish bloom, which rubs off when
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, l tablet or 5 to 10
handled. The leaves are glossy, dark green above and light
globules, I to 3 times daily; injection solution l ml twice
green beneath. Leaflets are serrate with a triangular outline
weekly sc (HABl).
and double to treble pinnatifid. They give off an unpleasant
garlic odor when rubbed. LITERATURE
EFFECTS Preparations:
The bark contains anthracene derivatives and their aglycones Tea — scald 2 gm finely cut drug and strain after 15
which have an anti-absorptive and hydrogogic effect. The minutes. The drug may also be left to steep in cold water for
anthracene derivatives induce active secretion of electrolytes 12 hours.
and water in the intestinal lumina and inhibit the absorption
of electrolytes and water from the colon by stimulating Dry extract — percolation of 100 gm bark with methanol,
propulsive contractions. This results in accelerated intestinal after 1 day 400 gm to 500 gm percolate are extracted. The
passage time. In this manner, the increased water and liquids (percolate and pressed juice) are left to stand for 8
subsequent volume of the intestinal content raise pressure days at 2 to 8° C before being filtered and dried. The
and stimulate intestinal peristalsis. glucofrangulin content must be stabilized at 15 to 17%.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Other Names: Olibanum
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
^tk 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Volatile oil (5-9%): chief components 1-octyl acetate (sliare
60%), 1-octanol (share 12.7%), including as well alpha-
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
pinene (3.5%), incensol (2.7%)
Heidelberg 1996.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Resins (60%): components including among others alpha-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. boswellic acid, beta-boswellic acid, methyl ester of 3-acetyl-
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, pVboswellic acid
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Mucilages (12-20%)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997. EFFECTS
Wagner H. Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Externally, Frankincense can cause mild irritation of the
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New skin. Internally, it is a mild carminative.
York 1995.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. The drug is considered obsolete for medicinal use because its
Stuttgart 1997. mode of action has not been documented. In vitro, the alpha
and beta boswellic acids showed antimicrobial activity and
inhibited the complementary system. The mucin, triterpene
and essential oil content make application for respiratory
# Frankincense conditions and its use for wounds seem plausible.
Boswellia carteri
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
DESCRIPTION The drug is considered obsolete, even though no health
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the resin hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with the
gum exuded when incisions are made in the bark of the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
trunk.
DOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary on short stalks Preparation: The Frankincense resin is obtained by tapping
and single axillary inflorescences. The calyx is small, 5- the bark and leaving the exudate for about three months,
toothed and perennial. The corolla has 5 elongated petals, during which time it hardens slightly, allowing the resin to
and there are 5 stamens. The long anthers fall early. The fruit be collected.
is a capsule divided into 3 parts with a seed in each section.
LITERATURE
The seeds are surrounded by a wide membranous leaf.
Ammon HPT, Entziindliche Darmerkrankungen: Weihrauch bei
Leaves, Stem and Root: Boswellia carteri is a richly foliated Colitis ulcerosa, siehe auch folgenden Artikel. In: DAZ
tree whose leaves alternate unevenly on the branches to the 137(3): 125. 1997.
tips. The 10 pairs and one leaflet are short-stalked, elongat- Ammon HPT, Hemmstoffe der Leukotrienbiosynthese. In: DAZ
ed, blunt, serrate, finely pubescent and mostly alternate. The 137(3): 139-40. 1997.
base of the leaf is a fleshy cup-shaped disc that is larger than
Ammon HPT, Weihrauch - ein neuer Weg in der Therapie der
the corolla. The plant grows on few roots, which appear to be
•"Entziindungen. In: DAZ 132(45).2442. 1991.
* fused with the stony soil via an inert mass.
Ammon S, Ein pflanzliches Antirheumaticum. In: DAZ
Habitat: Boswellia carteri is found in Somalia and parts of 131(19):972. 1991.
Saudi Arabia.
Ammon T, Lipoxygenasehemmer aus Weihrauch. In: DAZ
Production: (Indian) Frankincense or Olibanum is the 133(37):3295. 1993.
hardened gum resin of Boswellia carteri, which exudes when
Anonym, Weihrauchtherapie. In: DAZ 134(4):324-325. 1995.
incisions are made in the trunk. It is collected after being
allowed to harden in the open air for about three weeks. Hoernlein RF et al., Die Hemmung der 5-Lipoxygnesae durch
Acetyl-11-keto-P-Boswelliasaure (AKBA): Struktur-
Not to be Confused With: The exuded gum resin of the trunk Wirkungsbeziehungen. In: 8. Fruhjahrstagung der DPhG, Salzau,
of Boswellia serrata also is called Frankincense or Olibanum. Abstracts, in PUZ 25(3): 140. 1996.
320 /FRANKINCENSE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der which are bushily branched with flowering branches at the
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag top. The leaves are simple, lanceolate-linear, 2 to 10 cm by 2
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. to 10 mm, thorn-tipped, entire or slightly serrate, and
Kreymeier J, Rheumatherapie mit Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ somewhat glossy.
137(8):611-613. 1997.
Characteristics: The odor is aromatic and intense.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Germany, Russia and
southern Europe.
Martinetz D, Der Indische Weihrauch - neue Aspekte eines
alten Harzes. In: ZPT 13(4): 121. 1992. Production: French Tarragon leaves or herbs are picked
Miiller-Bohn T, Chemie und Pharmakologie des Weihrauchs: when in bloom and carefully dried.
Boswelliasauren gegen chronische Polyarthritis und Colitis
Other Names: Little Dragon, Mugwort, Estragon
ulcerosa. In: DAZ 136(48):4324-4325. 1996.
Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatric In: ZPT ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Polyynes
EFFECTS
Fraxinus excelsior The essential oil of the drug is an appetite stimulant.
Characteristics: Fringetree is almost odorless and very Flower and Fruit: The plant flowers twice each season, once
bitter. The bark is so dense that, unlike most other barks, it early and again near the end. The first flowers are flat with
sinks in water. large, bright yellow petals. The second flowers are in
terminal clusters.
Habitat: Fringetree grows in the central and southern U.S.
and also in eastern Asia. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial that grows 3
to 6 cm high and has a simple, erect and sparsely branched
Production: Fringetree root bark is the root bark of white stem. The few branches are slender and purplish-green
Chionanthus virginicus. with opposite leaves and leaf scars. The leaves are linear, up
to 1.5 cm long, grayish-green and downy.
Other Names: Gray Beard Tree, Old Man's Beard, Poison
Ash, Snowflower, White Fringe, Chionanthus, Snowdrop Characteristics: The taste is astringent and bitter. The plant
Tree is odorless.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Habitat: Frostwort is indigenous to the eastern U.S., but is
COMPOUNDS now also found in Europe.
Lignane glycosides: phillyrin (chioanthine)
Production: Frostwort is the aerial part of Helianthemum
Saponins canadense.
3 2 2 /FROSTWORT PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Other Names: Frost Plant. Frostweed, Rock-Rose, Sun Rose crimson to pink. But like the inner petals they are dark-red to
black at the tip and have a green keel. The fruit, which
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
appears in the flowering season, is nut-like, globular, slightly
COMPOUNDS
flattened at the side, green and has a dent in the top.
Tannins
Glycoside: helianthinin Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 10 to 50 cm high and ^
has a tender, erect, angular, branched, hollow and glabrous
The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated. stem which, like the leaves, is bluish green. The leaves are
alternate and divided into 3-pinnate sections. They are
EFFECTS
petiolate, double pinnate, soft with petioled palmate or
Frostwort is astringent and tonic.
pinnatifid pinna.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
The herb is used internally for digestive disorders and Characteristics: The herb has a bitter, salty taste.
externally for ulcers. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS to northern Africa and in all of Europe and Siberia. The herb
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- has been introduced into North and South America.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Production: Common Fumitory herb consists of the dried,
DOSAGE above ground parts of Fumaria officinalis, gathered during
Mode of Administration: Frostwort is administered as a the flowering season.
liquid extract.
Not to be Confused With: The very similar species F.
LITERATURE vaillanti and F. schleicheri.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.h Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Other Names: Earth Smoke, Hedge Fumitory, Beggary, ^
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. Fumus, Vapor, Wax Dolls
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Flavonoids: including rutin
pflanzliche Homopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena. New
York 1995. Hydroxycinnamic acid derivatives: including caffeoylmalic
acid
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in loose, globose
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- inflorescences. The flowers are fused and grow in fives. The
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. corolla is funnel-shaped, the 2-part ovary is inferior. The
fruit is a loculicidal capsule opening on 2 sides. The seeds
DOSAGE
are long-winged at both ends.
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal and
external use. Leaves, Stem and Root: This woody liana or climbing shrub
has leaves that are opposite and short-petiolate. Young
LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.l. Hagers Handbuch der branches are 4-sided or orbicular and have pairs of stipules.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Autl. Bde 1-8. Springer Verlag Using Uncaria gambir as a prototype, the calyx is 5-tipped,
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. the corolla light purple. The leaves are 6 to 11 mm long with
a I to 2 cm long petiole, coriaceous, lanceolate to oval,
entire, pubescent at the veins. After the leaf-axillary flower
branches drop, a barbed tendril, which is 1 to 2 cm long and
Galega officinalis woody, is formed.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Flower and Fruit: The racemes are terminal or axillary. The
COMPOUNDS sepals are elliptical, 1 to 1.5 mm long and bristly downy. The
Resins (70-75%): consisting mainly of yellow or red-colored petals are longer than the calyx, white or reddish, oblong-
benzophenones and xanthones, including morellic acid, spatulate and indistinctly stemmed. The anthers are often
isomorellic acid, alpha-gambogic acid (alpha-guttic acid) violet. The fruit is a compressed, orbicular-ovate, 5 to 6 mm
long, clearly winged small pod on an erect stem. The seeds %
Mucilages (25-30%)
are ovate, almost smooth and red-brown.
EFFECTS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Garden Cress is a 20 to 40 cm high
The drug's mucilage content produces a strong laxative
herb with a glabrous bluish bloom. The stem is erect, round
effect. The beta gutteriferine componant acts as a strong
and branched. The leaves are light green and thin. The basal
irritant to intestinal mucous membranes and also exhibits
leaves are usually lyrate-pinnatesect. The lower cauline
antimicrobial properties.
leaves are usually doubly or singly pinnatesect. All leaves
INDICATIONS AND USAGE have dentate to prickly segments.
Unproven Uses: Gamboge is used for the treatment of
digestive disorders, in particular constipation, and is used in Characteristics: Garden Cress has a radish-like taste. The
combination with other laxatives. seeds have a slimy skin and swell in water.
See Gamboge The antibacterial action of Garden Cress has been demon-
strated in various tests. It was completely inhibitory in the
case of 3 microorganisms, although the antibacterial charac- W
teristics depended largely on the age of the plants used. An
Garden Cress antiviral effect against the encephalitis virus Columbia SH,
was demonstrated in tests on mice. Its diuretic action has not
Lepidium sativum been proven through experiments.
DESCRIPTION INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh or dried Unproven Uses: The herb is used for coughs, vitamin C
herb harvested during or shortly after the flowering season. deficiency, constipation, poor immunity and as a diuretic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GARLIC / 3 2 7
Indian Medicine: Garden Cress is used for vitamin C plants, which shed simultaneously. The flowers usually
deficiency, liver disease, asthma, hemorrhoids and as an remain in bud form and often do not produce any seed. The
abortifacient. petals are reddish or greenish-white and longer than the
stamens. The anthers of the middle stamens are spread at the
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
base and have fan-shaped tips.
*/*• No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Leaves, Stem and Root: Allium sativum is a perennial plant
dosages. The mustard oil contained in Garden Cress can that grows 25 to 70 cm high. The plant contains an erect,
cause skin blisters and necrosis in higher concentrations. It is rigid or curved stem, which is leafy in the middle. The leaves
sometimes misused as an abortifacient because the internal are flat, 4 to 25 mm, straight and broad, with a wedge-shaped
administration of mustard oil causes severe anemia of the tip; they can be rough or smooth-edged. The sheath, or lower
internal organs. part of the leaf surrounding the stem, is pointed and longer
DOSAGE
than the flower cluster. The garlic bulb is usually a
Mode of Administration: Garden Cress is administered as a compound bulb, and the secondary bulbs are oval in shape.
freshly cut herb in oral preparations. The bulb skin color is either silky white or green.
key enzymes in cholesterol biosynthesis, including HMG Note: There are contradicting results regarding the lipid-
CoA reductase (Gebhardt, 1993; Gebhardt, 1996). lowering effect of garlic, which may be attributed to lack of
manufacturing standardization of the products used in the
Garlic tablets studied in vitro were found to enhance natural studies. The fresh garlic may contain higher amounts of the
killer (NK) cells, which are an important part of the immune active ingredient, allicin, which is inactivated upon cooking.
system in fighting cancers, viruses and certain bacteria.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Antioxidative effects of garlic, determined by an increase in
intracellular glutathione (GSH) levels, are responsible for Approved by Commission E:
decreasing poor cellular function and premature aging. • Arteriosclerosis
Antiviral activity was also noted in vitro with garlic tablets • Hypertension
(See, 1999). • Raised levels of cholesterol
Ajoen is the antithrombotic compound that inhibits fibrino- Garlic is used internally as an adjuvant to dietetic measures
gen receptors on platelets (Robbers, 1996). The allicin and for elevated lipid levels. The herb is also used for prevention
oligosulfides in garlic oil have antiplatelet activity through of age-related vascular changes and arteriosclerosis.
inhibition of adenosine diphosphate, collagen and beta-
thromboglobulin release after collagen stimulation. The Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, garlic is utilized internally
compounds also exert antithrombotic effects through inhibi- for inflammatory respiratory conditions, whooping cough
and bronchitis. Garlic is also used for gastrointestinal
tion of platelet thromboxane formation (Bordia, 1998;
ailments, particularly digestive disorders with flatulence and
Legnani 1993).
gastrointestinal spasms. Other uses consist of menstrual
CLINICAL TRIALS
pains, treatment of diabetes, and as a tonic for diverse
A randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind study in- illnesses and debilities. Externally, garlic is used for corns,
volving 42 outpatients was conducted over a 12-week period warts, calluses, otitis, muscle pain, neuralgia, arthritis and
to assess the effects of standardized garlic powder tablets on sciatica.
serum lipids and lipoproteins, glucose and blood pressure. Indian Medicine: Garlic is used in bronchitis, constipation,
Standardized garlic powder administered 900 mg daily joint pain and fever.
produced a significantly greater reduction in serum total
cholesterol (262+/- 34mg/dL to 247 +/-40mg/dL with garlic Homeopathic Uses: Garlic is used in conditions such as
compared to 276+/-34mg/dL to 274+/- 29mg/dL with inflammation of the upper respiratory tract, digestive com-
placebo). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) was plaints and muscle rheumatism in the lumbar region.
significantly reduced with garlic treatment by 11% compared
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
to 3% with placebo treatment. No significant change was
General: Adverse effects such as headache, myalgia, fatigue
demonstrated in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglyc- and vertigo have been seen with therapeutic doses of garlic
erides, serum glucose, blood pressure and other monitored (Holzgartner, 1992).
parameters (Jain, 1993).
Allergic Reactions: Frequent contact with the drug may
The lipid-lowering effect of garlic powder tablets was tested result in allergic reactions such as contact dermatitis and
by administering a dose of 900 mg daily (equivalent to asthma (Asero, 1998; Lee, 1991).
approximately 2.7 grams or 1 clove of fresh garlic daily) to
28 outpatients with hypercholesterolemia. After 12 weeks of Burns: Garlic associated partial thickness burns and necrosis
treatment, there were no significant lipid or lipoprotein have been reported in several case studies in which the herb
changes in either the placebo- or garlic-treated groups remained in contact with the skin for a minimum of 6 to 18
(Isaacsohn, 1998). hours (Roberge, 1997; Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987).
Nursing: Not to be used while nursing. Hypertension — The effective dose is garlic powder taken
200-300 mg three times daily (Auer, 1990; Sigagy, 1994).
Drug Interactions: Concomitant use of garlic with antico-
agulants such as Coumadin and antiplatelets such as aspirin External — Fresh garlic applied to the skin as an antimicro-
and dipyridamole could increase the risk of bleeding due to bial dressing should not be left for more than a few hours
the effect of garlic on platelet aggregation and fibrinogen. due to case reports of burns (Garty, 1993; Parish, 1987:
(Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993; Newall, 1996; Roberge, 1997).
Robbers, 1996). NSAID's, such as indomethacin, could Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
increase bleeding time by decreasing platelet aggregation 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
(Agerwal, 1996; Bordia, 1998; Legnani, 1993). parenterally: 1 to 2 times daily sc; ointment 1 to 2 times
daily (HAB1)
^ DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The minced bulb and preparations Storage: Garlic should be hung in plaits in a dry place.
are for internal use and external treatment. Garlic oil
LITERATURE
maceration or garlic oil resulting from steam distillation is Agarwal KC, Therapeutic actions of garlic constituents. Med
widely available. Res Rev 1996; 16(1): 111-124.
How Supplied: Anonym, Knoblauch. Blockade der Cholesterinsynthese in der
Leber. In: DAZ 134(45):4468. 1994.
Capsules — 3 mg, 100 mg, 270 mg (total allicin 5000 meg),
300 mg, 500 mg, 580 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 600 mg (total Apitz-Castro R et al., (1983) Thromb Res 32:155.
allicin 2500 meg or standardized to 500 meg allicin), 1000 Asero R, Mistrello G, Roncarolo D et al., A case of garlic
mg, 1500 mg, 5000 mg allergy. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998 Mar;101(3):427-8.
Augusti KT, Therapeutic values of onion (Allium cepa L.) and
Dried powder garlic (Allium sativum L.). Indian J Exp Biol 19%
Oil macerations Jul;34(7):634-40.
Augusti KT, Benaim ME, (1974) Clin Chim Acta 60:121.
Tablets — 300 mg, 400 mg (total allicin 3 mg), 500 mg, 600 Augusti KT, Mathew PT, (1974) Experientia 30:468.
mg (total allicin 5000 meg), 810 mg
Block E et al., (1984) J Am Chem Soc 106:8295.
Preparation: Garlic oil maceration — Bulbs are homoge- Berthold HK, Sudhop T, von Bergmann K, Effect of garlic oil
nized and stirred in fatty oil (1:1) for 48 hours, then filtered. preparation on serum lipoproteins and cholesterol metabolism: a
randomized controlled trial. JAMA 1998 Jun 17,279(23): 1900-2.
£. Solid garlic extract — An extraction of the chopped bulbs Bordia A et al., Effect of garlic (Allium sativum) on blood
with ethanol or methanol is allowed to evaporate. lipids, blood sugar, fibrinogen and fibrinolytic activity in
patients with coronary artery disease. Prostaglandins Leukot
Aqueous extract — Fresh bulbs are macerated in cold water Essent Fatty Acids. 1998 Apr;58(4):257-63.
(1:1). Brahmachar MD, Augusti KT, (1962) J Pharm Pharmacol 14:
Fermented garlic — The minced drug is soaked over a long 254 and 617.
duration in a water-ethanol mixture, volatile agents escape, Burnham BE, Garlic as a possible risk for postoperative
and the garlic becomes odorless. Steam distillations and bleeding. Plast Reconstr Surg 1995 Jan;95(l):213.
tinctures are also possible. Chaudhuri BN et al., (1984) Biomed Biochim Acta 41:1045.
330/GARLIC PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Garty BZ, Garlic Burns. Pediatrics 1993 Mar;91(3):658-9. Koch HP, Saponine in Knoblauch und Kiichenzwiebel. In: DAZ
Gebhardt R, Multiple inhibitory effects of garlic extracts on 133(41):3733. 1993.
cholesterol biosynthesis in hepatocytes. Lipids 1993;28:613-619. Koch HP. Wie "sicher" ist Knoblauch? Toxische, allergische
und andere unerwiinschte Nebenwirkungen. DAZ (1992)
Gebhardt R, Beck H, Differential inhibitory effects of garlic-
132(27):1419.
derived organosulfur compounds on cholesterol biosynthesis in
primary rat hepatocyte cultures. Lipids 1996 Dec;31(12):1269- Koch B, In: Koch HP, Lawson.LD: Garlic - The Science and
76. Therapeutic Application of Allium sativum L. and Related
Species, Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore. 1996.
German K, Kumar U, Blackford HN, Garlic and the risk of
TURP bleeding. Br J Urol 1995 Oct:76(4):518. Kubitschek J, Knoblauch blockiert Cholesterolsynthese in der
Leber. ZPT (1995) 16(2):74, s. auch (3):146.
Harenberg J, Giese C, Zimmermann R. Effect of dried garlic on
blood coagulation, fibrinolysis, platelet aggregation and serum Lawson LD, Wang ZJ, Pre-hepatic fate of the organosulfur
cholesterol levels in patients with hyperlipoproteinemia. compounds derived from garlic (Allium sativum). PM (1993)
Atherosclerosis 1988 Dec;74(3):247-9. 59(7)88.
Holzgartner H, Schmidt U, Kuhn U, Comparison of the efficacy Lee TY, Lam TH, Contact dermatitis due to topical treatment
and tolerance of a garlic preparation vs. bezafibrate. with garlic in Hong Kong. Contact Dermatitis 1991
Arzneimittelforschung 1992 Dec;42( 12): 1473-7. Mar;24(3): 193-6.
Ide N et al., Aged garlic extract and its constituents inhibit Legnani C, Frascaro M, Guazzaloca G et al., Effects of a dried
Cu+-induced oxidative modification of low density garlic preparation on fibrinolysis and platelet aggregation in
lipoproteins.PM (1997) 63(3):263-264. healthy subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1993 Feb;43(2): 119-22.
Lybarger JA, Gallagher JS, Pulver DW et al., Occupational
Imai J et al., Antioxidant and radical scavenging effects of aged
asthma induced by inhalation and ingestion of garlic. J Allergy
garlic extracts and its constituents. PM (1994) 60(5):417.
Clin Immunol 1982 May;69(5):448-54.
Isaacsohn JL, MoserM, Stein EA et al.. Garlic powder and
Mader FH. Treatment of hyperlipidemia with garlic-powder
plasma lipids and lipoproteins: a multicenter, randomized.
tablets. Evidence from the German Association of General
placebo-controlled trial. Arch Intern Med 1998 Jun
Practitioners' multicenter placebo-controlled double-blind study.
8:158(11): 1189-94.
Arzneimittelforschung 1990 Oct;40(10): 1111-6.
Jain AK, Vargas R, Gotzkowsky S, McMahon FG, Can garlic
Miitsch-Eckner M, Erdelmeier CAJ, Sticher O, A novel amino
reduce levels of serum lipids? A controlled clinical study. Am J
acid glycoside and three amino acids from Allium sativum. JNP
Med (1993) 94:632-635.
(1993) 56(6):864.
Jain RC, Vyas CR, (1974) Brit Med J 2:730.
Nagae S et al., Pharmacokinetics of the garlic compound S-
Jung EM, Jung F, Mrowietz C et al.. Influence of garlic allylcystein. PM (1994) 60(3):241.
powder on cutaneous microcirculation. A randomized placebo- Newall CA, Anderson LA, Philpson JD, Herbal Medicine: A
controlled double blind cross-over study in apparently healthy Guide for Healthcare Professionals. London, UK: The
subjects. Arzneimittelforschung 1991 Jun;41(6):626-30. Pharmaceutical Press, 1996.
Jung F, Kiesewetter H, Mrowietz C, Pindur G, Heiden M, Parish RA, Mclntire S, Heimbach DM, Garlic burns: a
Miyashita C, Wenzel E, (1989) Akutwirkungen eines naturopathic remedy gone awry. Pediatr Emerg Care 1987
zusammengesetzten Knoblauchpraparates auf die Flie(3fahigkeit Dec;3(4):258-60.
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Reuter HD, 6. Kongrep der Gesellschaft fur
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factors. Int J Clin Pharmacol Ther Toxicol 1991 Apr;29(4):151- Anwendung von Knoblauch. ZPT (1989) 10(4): 124.
5.
Reuter HD, II. Internationales Knoblauch-Symposium. ZPT
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(1996) 25(4): 186-191. <
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Koch HP, Epidemiologic der Knoblauchforschung. DAZ Pharmacobiotechnology. Baltimore, MD: Williams & Wilkins,
(1992)132(40):2103. 1996.
Koch HP, Hormonwirkungen bei AIlium-Arten. ZPT Roberge RJ, Leckey R, Spence R, Krenzelok EJ, Garlic burns
(1992)13(6):177. of the breast. Am J Emerg Med 1997 Sep;15(5):548.
Koch HP, Metabolismus und Pharmakokinetik der Inhatsstoffe Rose KD, Croissant PD, Parliament CF, Levin MB.
des Knoblauchs. Was wissen wir dariiber? ZPT (1992) 13(3):83. Spontaneous spinal epidural hematoma with associated platelet
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GERMAN C H A M O M I L E / 3 3 1
florets are tubular, androgynous, 5-toothed, with a hollow kines. This activity is through a mechanism unrelated to free
receptacle. radical scavenging or leukocyte formation (Panes, 1996).
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 20 to 40 cm high herb Antioxidant Effects
with an erect, glabrous stem, which is branched above. The
leaves are 2 to 3 pinnatisect and have a narrow thorny tip. Chamazulene, a volatile oil, exerts antioxidant effects
through inhibition of lipid peroxidation (Rekka, 1996).
Characteristic: The receptacle of the compound head of Chamazulene also blocks chemical peroxidation of arachi-
German Chamomile is hollow which distinguishes it from donic acid for antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects
other types of chamomile. (Safayhi, 1994).
Habitat: German Chamomile is indigenous to Europe and
Antineoplastic Effects
northwest Asia, naturalized in North America and elsewhere.
Production: German Chamomile consists of the fresh or Apigenin applied topically has effects on skin tumorigenesis
dried flower heads of Matricaria recutita and their through inhibition of skin papillomas and a tendency to
preparations. decrease the conversion of papillomas to carcinomas (Li,
1996; Wei, 1990). Apigenin inhibits UV-induced tumorigen-
Other Names: Pin Heads, Chamomilla. Chamomile, Single esis when applied topically via G2/M and Gl cell-cycle
Chamomile, Hungarian Chamomile arrest in keratinocytes (Lepley, 1996; Lepley, 1997). The
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
chemoprevention mechanisms occur through inhibition of
COMPOUNDS
the mitotic kinase activity, perturbation of cyclin Bi levels,
Volatile oil {0.4-1.5%): chief components (-)-alpha-bisabolol and inhibition of protein kinase C (Lepley, 1996; Lin, 1997).
(levomenol), bisabolol oxide A, bisabolol oxide B, bisabolo- Apigenin suppresses transcriptional activation of cycloox-
lone oxide A, beta-trans-farnesene, trans-en-yne-dicycloether ygenase-2 and inducible nitric oxide synthase in macro-
(polyyne spiroether, adjoining cis-en-yn-dicycloether), cha- phages, which is important for the prevention of
mazulene (blue in color, arising from the non-volatile carcinogenesis and inflammation (Liang, 1999).
proazulene matricin after steam distillation), spathulenol Anxiolytic Effects
Flavonoids: flavone glycosides: aglycones apigenin, luteolin,
Flavonoids are CNS-active molecules and the chemical
chrysoeriol, chief glycosides apigenin-7-O-glucoside, apige-
modification of the flavone nucleus dramatically increases
nin glucoside acetate, - flavonol glycosides, aglycones
the anxiolytic potency (Paladini, 1999). Apigenin is a ligand
including quercetin, isorhamnetin, patuletin, for example
for the central benzodiazepine receptors exerting anxiolytic
rutin, hyperoside
and slight sedative effects (Viola, 1995).
Unbound, Highly Methoxylized Flavonoids: jaceidinem
chrysospenol, chrysosplenetin Miscellaneous Effects
Hydroxycoumarins: including umbelliferone, herniarin Apigenin has been associated with an increase in atrial rate
as a result of a reduction in noradrenaline uptake and a
Mucilages: (10% in the mucilage ribs, fructans) including reduction in monoamine oxidase activity (Lorenzo, 1996).
rhamanogalacturonane The herb exerts antibacterial and drying effects on weeping
EFFECTS wound areas, which increase healing (Glowania, 1987).
Gastrointestinal Effects Chamomile oil has antimicrobial activity against some skin
pathogens such as Staphylococcus and Candida species
The proteolytic activity of pepsin is reduced by (-)-alpha- (Aggag, 1972).
bisabolol in the gastrointestinal tract (Isaac, 1975). The (-)-
alpha-bisabolol exerts a protective effect from gastric CLINICAL TRIALS
toxicity produced by acetylsalicylic acid (Torrado, 1995). A Phase III, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial evaluated
chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-fluorouracil(5-
Anti-Inflammatory Effects
FU) chemotherapy induced oral mucositis. There were 164
Chamazulene exerts anti-inflammatory effects through inhi- patients included in the study at the time of their fist cycle of
bition of leukotriene B4 formation (Safayhi, 1994). The en- 5-FU based chemotherapy, All patients received oral cryo-
yne dicycloether inhibits degranulation of mast cells to therapy for 30 minutes with each dose of 5-FU. Chamomile
prevent histamine release (Miller, 1996). Apigenin, a flavo- mouthwash was administered three times daily for 14 days in
noid, effectively blocks intercellular adhesion molecule-1 the treatment group. Stomatitis scores determined by health
upregulation and leukocyte adhesion in response to cyto- care providers and by patients suggested no difference of
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GERMAN C H A M O M I L E / 3 3 3
stomatitis between the chamomile and placebo-treatment Contact Dermatitis: Chamomile, a Compositae plant, is
group (Fidler, 1996). associated with allergic contact dermatitis (Hausen, 1996;
Pereira, 1997; Rodriguez-Serna, 1998).
The efficacy of Kamillosan cream (topical chamomile
cream) was compared to steroidal (0.25% hydrocortisone, Allergic Conjunctivitis: Chamomile tea eye washing to treat
"ffe 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester) and non-steroidal (5% bufexa- ocular reactions has induced allergic conjunctivitis witii lid
mac) deramatologic agents for the maintenance therapy of angioedema (Subiza, 1990).
eczematous disease. There were 161 patients suffering from
Drug Interactions:
inflammatory dermatoses on hands, forearms, and lower legs
included in the study. The patients had initially been treated Coumarin Anticoagulants — Due to the content of hydroxy-
with 0.1% difluocortolone valerate. The Kamillosan cream coumarins in chamomile, there may be an additive effect
was slightly less effective as 0.25% hydrocortisone and when taken with warfarin.
superior to 5% bufexarnac and 0.75% fluocortin butyl ester
(Aertgeerts, 1985). Alcohol/Benzodiazepines — Chamomile has week anxiolyt-
ic properties at benzodiazepine receptor sites, thus concomi-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE tant use of alcohol and benzodiazepines should be avoided.
Approved by Commission E:
DOSAGE
(5 % Bufexamac) Externa in der Erhaltungstherapie von umstrittener Memoden. Deutscher Arzte-Verlag Koln, S 197-
Ekzemerkrankungen. Z Hautkr 60:270-277. 212.
Aggag M, Yousef R. Study of antimicrobial activity of Lepley DM; Pelling JC. Induction of p21AVAFl and Gl cell-
chamomile oil. Planta Med 1972 Sep;22(2): 140-4. cycle arrest by the chemopreventive agent apigenin. Mol
Carcinog 1997 Jun;19(2):74-82.
Albring M, Albrecht H, Alcorn G, Liicker PW, (1983) The
measuring of the anti-inflammatory effect of a compound of the Lepley DM; Li B; Birt DF; Pelling JC. The chemopreventive
skin of volunteers. Meth Find Exp Clin Pharmacol 5:75-77. flavonoid apigenin induces G2/M arrest in keratinocytes.
Ammon HPT, Kaul R. (1992) Pharmakologie der Kamille und Carcinogenesis 1996 Nov;17(l l):2367-75.
ihrer Inhaltsstoffe! Dtsch Apoth Z 132(SuppI 27):3-26. Li B; Pinch H; Birt DF. Influence of vehicle, distant topical
delivery, and biotransformation on the chemopreventive activity
Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientziindliche Drogen. In: ZPT
of apigenin, a plant flavonoid, in mouse skin. Pharm Res 1996
14(1 ):26. 1993.
Oct; 13(10): 1530-4.
Fidler R, Loprinzi C, O'Fallon J et al. Prospective evaluation of
Liang YC; Huang YT; Tsai SH et al. Suppression of inducible
a chamomile mouthwash for prevention of 5-FU-induced oral
cyclooxygenase and inducible nitric oxide synthase by apigenin
mucositis. Cancer 1996 Feb l;77(3):522-5.
and related flavonoids in mouse macrophages. Carcinogenesis
Fuller E et al.. Anti-inflammatory activity of Chamomilla 1999 Oct;20( 10): 1945-52.
polysaccharides. In: PM 59(7)66. 1993.
Lin JK; Chen YC; Huang YT; Lin-Shiau SY. Suppression of
Fuller E, Franz G, Neues von den Kamillenpolysacchariden. In: protein kinase C and nuclear oncogene expression as possible
DAZ 133(45 ):4224. 1993. molecular mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by apigenin
Gasic O et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 2:51. and curcumin. J Cell Biochem Suppl 1997:28-29:39-48.
Glowania HJ; Raulin C; Swoboda M. Effect of chamomile on Lorenzo PS; Rubio MC; Medina JH; Adler-Graschinsky E.
wound healing—a clinical double-blind study. Z Hautkr 1987 Involvement of monoamine oxidase and noradrenaline uptake in
Sep 1:62(17): 1262, 1267-71. the positive chronotropic effects of apigenin in rat atria. Eur J
Pharmacol 1996 Sep 26;312(2):203-7.
Habersang S, (1979) Planta Med 37(2): 115.
Maiche AG. Grohn P. Maki-Hokkonen H. (1991) Effect of
Hausen HM, Busker E, Carle R. (1984) Ober das chamomile cream and almond ointment of acute radiation skin
Sensibilierungsvermogen von Compositenarten. VII. reaction. Acta Oncol 30:395-396.
Experimentelle Untersuchungen mit Ausziigen und Inhaltsstoften
von Chamomilla recutita L. Rauschert und Anthemis cotula L. Miller Th, Wittstock U. Lindequist U, Teuscher E, Effects of
Planta Med 50:229-234. some components of the essential oil of chamomile,
Chamomilla recutita, on histamine release from mast cells.
Heilmann J, Kamillenflavonoide: Nur Aglyka dringen in die Planta Med 1996 Feb:62(l):60-61.
Haut ein. In: DAZ 133(37):3296. 1993.
Nissen HP, Blitz H, Kreysel HW. (1988) Profilometrie, eine
Isaac D, (1980) Die Kamillentherapie - Erfolg und Bestatigung. Methode zur Beurteilung der therapeutischen Wirksamkeit von
Dtsch Apoth Ztg 120:567-570. Kamillosan-Salbe. Z Hautkr 63:184-190.
Isaac O, (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3, 118. Paladini AC: Marder M; Viola H et al. Flavonoids and the
Isaac O; Thiemer K. Biochemical studies on camomile central nervous system: from forgotten factors to potent
components/Ill. In vitro studies about the antipeptic activity of anxiolytic compounds. J Pharm Pharmacol 1999 May:51(5):
(-)-alpha-bisabolol. Arzneimittelforschung 1975 Sep;25(9):1352- 519-2.
4. Panes J; Gerritsen ME; Anderson DC et al. Apigenin inhibits
Jakovlev V et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(2):3. tumor necrosis factor-induced intercellular adhesion molecule-1
upregulation in vivo. Microcirculation 1996 Sep;3(3):279-86.
Jakovlev V et al., (1983) Planta Med 49(2):67.
Pereira F; Santos R; Pereira A. Contact dermatitis from
Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, (1983) Pharmakologische chamomile tea. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Jun:36(6):307.
Untersuchungen von Kamillen-Inhaltsstoffen. VI.
Untersuchungen zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen Rekka EA; Kourounakis AP; Kourounakis PN. Investigation of
und Matricin. Planta Med 49:67-73. the effect of chamazulene on lipid peroxidation and free radical
processes. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 1996
Jakovlev V, Isaac O, Flaskamp E, Pharmakologische Jun;92(3):361-4.
Untersuchungen von Kamilleninhaltsstoffen VI. Untersuchungen
zur antiphlogistischen Wirkung von Chamazulen und Matricin. Redaelli C et al., (1981) J Chrom. 209:110.
In: PM 49:67. 1983. Redaelli C et al., (1981) Plant Med 42:288.
Jenss H, (1985) Zur Problematik funktioneller Magen-Darm- Rodriguez-Serna M; Sanchez-Motilla JM; Ramon R; Aliaga A.
Krankheiten am Beispiel des Colon irritabile. In: Oepen I Allergic and systemic contact dermatitis from Matricaria
(Hrsg) An den Grenzen der Schulmedizin, eine Analyse chamomilla tea.Contact Dermatitis 1998 Oct:39(4): 192-3.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GERMAN IPECAC / 3 3 5
Safayhi H et al., Chamazulene: an antioxidaht-type inhibitor of Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
leukotriene B4 formation. In: PM 60(5):410. 1994. Stuttgart 1997.
Schilcher H, (1987) Die Kamille. Handbuch fur Arzte,
Apotheker und andere Naturwissenschaftler. Wissenschaftliche
Verlagsgesellschaft, Stuttgart Ammon HPT, Sabieraj J, Kaul R,
™ Kamille - Mechanismus der antiphlogistischen Wirkung von
Kamillenextrakten und -inhaltsstoffen. In: DAZ 136(22): 1821-
German Ipecac
1834. 1996. Cynanchum vincetoxicum
Sorkin B, Untersuchungen zur Wirksamkeit von Kamille am DESCRIPTION
Menschen. In: Seifen, Ole. Fette. Wachse 108(1):9-10. 1982. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
Subiza J; Subiza JL; Hinojosa M et al. Anaphylactic reaction leaves or rhizome with the attached roots.
after the ingestion of chamomile tea: a study of cross-reactivity
with other composite pollens. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1989 Flower and Fruit: The plant has small white flowers in
Sep;84(3):353-8. peduncled cymes, 5 sepals and a wheel-shaped corolla.
There is a 5-lobed secondary corolla. There are 5 stamens
Subiza J, Subiza JL, Alonso M et al. Allergic conjunctivitis to
whose anthers are fused to a 5-sectioned wreath. The 2
chamomile tea. Ann Allergy 1990 Aug;65(2): 127-32.
superior ovaries have a common stigma. The fruit is a 5 cm
Szelenyi I et al., (1979) Planta Med 35(3):218. long, glabrous, striped, clavate follicle. The seeds have silky
Torrado S; Torrado S; Agis A et al. Effect of dissolution tufts of hair.
profile and (-)-alpha-bisabolol on the gastrotoxicity of
acetylsalicylic acid. Pharmazie 1995 Feb:50(2): 141-3. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 30 to 100 cm.
Vilagines P et al., (1985) C R Acad Sci (111)301(6):289. The underground creeping rhizome has heavily branched
runners. The stem is unbranched, thin and erect. The leaves
Viola H: Wasowski C: Levi de Stein M et al. Apigenin, a
are opposite, short petioled, ovate to oblong and entire-
£ component of Matricaria recutita flowers, is a central
margined.
benzodiazepine receptors-ligand with anxiolytic effects. Planta
Med 1995 Jun;61(3):213-6. Characteristics: The fresh rhizome has an intensive odor.
Wei H, Tye L, Bresnick E. Birt D. Inhibitory effect of The taste is sweet, then bitter-hot. It is poisonous.
apigenin, a plant flavonoid. on epidermal ornithine
decarboxylase and skin tumor promotion in mice. Cancer Res Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
1990 Feb l;50(3):499-502.
Production: German Ipecac herb and rhizome are the leaves
Further information in: and rhizome (including attached roots) of Cynanchum
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers vincetoxicum. The subterranean rhizome, including parts of
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 the roots, are dug up in autumn, cleaned and quickly dried at
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- temperatures of up to 50° C.
1994 (unter Chamomilla recutita).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988 (unter Chamomilla COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Unproven Uses: The drug was formerly used as a diuretic,
Stuttgart 1997. diaphoretic and emetic, and for the treatment of kidney
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und complaints, edema, the plague, snake bite and dysmenorrhea.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Today, it is used in the treatment of digestive and kidney
York 1995. disorders and for dysmenorrhea. The poultices heal swellings
336/GERMAN IPECAC PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
and bruising. The drug can also be found in homeopathic both ends, and the tube has a winged edge. The flowers form
preparations. many blossomed spikelets, which in turn form a terminal,
oblong ear. The middle spikelets contain male flowers at the
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
tip and female flowers at the base. The upper spikelets are
According to older scientific literature, "vincetoxin" in high
male. "
dosages causes vomiting, apnea and cardiac paralysis in
animal experiments. Seed extracts led to advancing paralysis Leaves, Stem and Root: German Sarsaparilla is a 15 to 45 cm
of the central nervous system. Poisonings of humans have high plant with a 2 to 5 mm thick, horizontally creeping
not been found in recent reports. rhizome, which produces extremely long runners. The plant
DOSAGE
has black-brown basal leaves, which break up into long
Mode of Administration: As an infusion, powdered drug. fibers. The stem is sturdy, upright and about 1 mm thick. It is
alcoholic extract and homeopathic dilution. sharply triangular, rough above, and surrounded by brown
leaf sheaths at the base. The leaves are linear and usually
Preparation: The drug is prepared as an infusion. grooved. The lamina are rigid and gradually tapering forward
to the involute tip. The roots form such a thick mass that they
Daily Dosage: The infusion should be administered under
prevent water from getting in and thus prevent the washing
medical supervision.
away of dykes and dams.
LITERATURE
Froiine D, Plunder HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Characteristics: The rootstock has an aromatic-turpentine
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Autl. Wiss. odor.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe mainly on the Atlantic,
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Baltic and southern Scandinavian coasts as far as central
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Germany. It was introduced to the American Atlantic coast.
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
1994. Production: German Sarsaparilla consists of the dried,
Kennard O et al.. Tetrahedron Letters 3799-3804. 1968. underground parts of Carex arenaria. The root is dug up in
Lewin L. Gifte und Vergihungen. 6. Autl., Nachdruck. Haug March and April, dried and cut into pieces for sale.
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992.
Not to be Confused With: Other Carex varieties
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Other Names: Red Sedge, Sand Sedge, Red Couchgrass, Sea
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Sedge
4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer COMPOUNDS
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Saponins
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Volatile oil: contents include methyl salicylate and cineol
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is somewhat hanging INDICATIONS AND USAGE
and consists of 6 to 16 ovoid, 1 cm long, terminal, straight, Unproven Uses: There are no documented indications to
greenish spikes. The lower ones are female; the middle ones date. In folk medicine, preparations of German Sarsaparilla
are female at the base and male at the tip. The upper ones are are used for the prevention of gout, rheumatism, inflamma-
only male. These are simple greenish unisexual flowers tion of the joints, for skin ailments and as a diaphoretic and
without a corolla. They have 1 husk with an ovary diuretic; further, for venereal disease, flatulence, colic, liver
surrounded by a tubular-like involucre. The style has 2 disorders, diabetes, edema, lung tuberculosis and
stigmas, 3 stamens and a fruit oval. It is somewhat acute at amenorrhea.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GERMANDER / 3 3 7
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Production: Germander is the aerial part of Teucrium
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction chamaedrys.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
dosages.
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE Volatile oil (0.07%): chief components beta-caryophyllene
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed (20%), humulene (15%)
uses are not documented, a therapeutic application cannot be
recommended. The cold maceration and the decoction are Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, harpagide,
used in folk medicine. acetyl harpagide
Preparation: A decoction is prepared by adding 3 gin drug Diterpenes: including among others, teugin. teuflin, teufli-
to 1 cup water. A cold maceration is made by adding 2 din, dihydroteugin, teucrin A, B, E, F, G, marrubiin
teaspoonfuls drug to 1/4 liter water. Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others, teucroside
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 gm drug as a Flavonoids: including among others, cirsiliol, cirsimaritin,
decoction. The cold maceration is dosed 1 cup, 2 to 3 times luteolin
daily.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
The drug, which contains strong amaroids, is said to have a
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
cholagogic effect, but this has not been scientifically proven.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- The toxic principle is therefore unknown. Higher doses or
1994. poisoning results in hepatitis-like symptoms, which may
include liver cell necrosis.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Germander is used as a digestive aid, as a
rinse for gout, as weight-loss aid and for fever.
Germander CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is highly toxic and should not be used (see
Teucrium chamaedrys PRECAUTIONS).
lived main root from which grow long-reaching, branched, Chialva F et al., J High Res Chromatogr Chromatogr Commun
jm, thin woody roots and a stem-producing runner. The stems 5:182. 1982.
are usually erect and branched. The older branches are Fikenscher LH, Hegnauer R, Plant Med Phytother 3(3): 183.
decumbent; the younger ones erect, tough, round and lanate. Malakov PY et al., PH 24:301-303. 1985.
The branches are occasionally covered in glandular hairs,
Reinbold AM, Popa PD, (1974) Khim Prir Soedin. 589.
which are often red-violet. The leaves are in close pairs and
are always covered in teeth. They are summer-green and Rodriguez MC et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(7): 1467.
have distinctly protruding pinnatifid ribs. Rodriguez MC et al., PH 23:2960-2961. 1984.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region Rovesti P, (1957) Ind Perf. 12:334.
as far as Anatolia and the Urals. Savona G et al., PH 21:721-723. 1982.
3 3 8 /GERMANDER PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Sticher O, Lahloub MF, (1982) Planta Med 30:124. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Further information in:
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids): calotropin,
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur calactin and uscharidin
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, taraxasterol
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 The drug contains cardioactive cardenolide glycosides and
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- exhibits an emetic-cathartic effect resembling that of Ipeca-
1994. cuanha. The calotropin demonstrates anti-tumor qualities
against human epidermoid carcinoma cells of the nasophar-
ynx, in vitro.
elliptical. The stem is woody. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Habitat: India, China, and Malaysian archipelago (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Other Names: Giant Swallow Root, Swallow Wort, Crown Kiuchi F, Fukao Y, Maruyama T, Obata T, Tanaka M, Sasaki
Flower T, Mikage M, Haque ME, Tsuda Y, Cytotoxic principles of a
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GINGER/339
trip were symptom-free for the 6-hour duration. The = It has been reported that administration of 6 grams of dried
incidence of severe vomiting did not differ in a statistically powdered Ginger has been shown to increase the exfoliation
significant way between Ginger and any of the other test of gastric surface epithelial cells in human subjects. It is
groups (Schmid, 1994). postulated that this action may possibly lead to ulcer
formation. Therefore, it- is recommended that dosages on an
Postoperative Nausea and Vomiting
empty stomach be limited to 6 grams (Desai, 1990).
A double-blind, placebo-controlled study involving 120
females that underwent gynecologic outpatient surgery was There have been reports that Ginger can cause hypersensitiv-
performed. The participants were randomly given either 1 ity reactions resulting in dermatitis. Large overdoses can
gm of powdered Ginger root or 10 mg of metoclopramide cause central nervous system depression and cardiac
orally and evaluated for incidence of postoperative nausea arrhythmias.
and vomiting. Ten percent of the patients in the Ginger group Pregnancy: A study in 27 pregnant patients with hypereme-
had one or more episodes of vomiting. 17.59c of the sis gravidarum (persistent vomiting occurring prior to the
metoclopramide arm and 22.5% of the placebo group had 20th week of pregnancy and requiring hospitalization) found
one or more episodes of vomiting. Fifteen percent of the that 1 gram per day (250 milligrams 4 times a day) for 4 days
Ginger group and 32.5% of the metoclopramide group caused no adverse effects. One spontaneous abortion oc-
required antiemetic treatment compared to 37.5% of the curred; a causal relationship between the abortion and the
placebo group. The authors concluded that the Ginger group use of Ginger was not determined. All infants were normal
had a statistically significant lower incidence of nausea and (Fischer-Rasmussen, 1990).
vomiting when compared to placebo (Phillips, 1993).
Drug Interactions: More than one in-vitro study confirms an
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
antithrombotic effect. It is recommeded that patients taking
Approved by Commission E: anticoagulants or those with bleeding disorders avoid the use
• Loss of appetite of large doses of Ginger.
• Travel sickness OVERDOSAGE
• Dyspeptic complaints According to research, the LD50 of 6-gingerol and 6-shogaol
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine. Ginger is used as a is set between 250 and 680 mg/kg. (Fulder & Tenne, 1991;
carminative, expectorant, and astringent. Suekawa et al, 1984.) Toxicity tests in mice using a Ginger
extract via lavage resulted in no mortality or adverse effects
Chinese Medicine: In China. Ginger is used to treat colds, in doses up to 2.5 g/kg over a 7 day period. When the dose
nausea, vomiting and shortness of breath. was increased to between 3 and 3.5 g/kg, a 10% to 30%
Indian Medicine: Indian medicine uses include anorexia, mortality rate was reported (Macola, 1989.)
dyspeptic symptoms and pharyngitis. Overdosage may cause cardiac arrhythmia and CNS depres-
CONTRAINDICATIONS sion (Iwu, 1993).
The German Commission E contraindicates the use of
DOSAGE
Ginger in morning sickness associated with pregnancy. Most
Mode of Administration: Comminuted rhizome and dry
research provides evidence that Ginger can be used and is
extracts for teas and other galenic preparations for internal
effective in the treatment of morning sickness. It is
use. The powdered drug is used in some stomach
recommended that excessive doses are avoided for this
preparations.
purpose (see PRECAUTIONS and ADVERSE REACTIONS).
How Supplied:
Because of its cholagogic effect, the drug should not be
taken in the presence of gallstone conditions except after Capsules — 100 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 460 mg, 470 mg, 500
consultation with a physician. mg, 550 mg, 1000 mg
Ginger has been found to inhibit thromboxane synthesis, Chewable Tablets — 67.5 mg
therefore it should not be used by patients who are at risk for
hemorrhage (Bracken, 1991) Fluid Extract — 1:1
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Liquid — 1:4
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction wiuh the proper administration of designated Oil — 100%
therapeutic dosages. Tea Bags
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GINGER /341
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over Erler J et al., Z Lebensm Unters Forsch 186:231. 1988.
0.5 to 1 g drug and strain after 5 minutes (1 teaspoonful = 3 g Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT
drug). 15(3): 137. 1994.
intermittent claudication. The mean pain-free walking dis- The drug is contraindicated in patients knowa to be
tances were very similar at the beginning of the treatment hypersensitive to Ginkgo biloba preparations.
period. After 8, 16 and 24 weeks, the EGb treatment group Patients with known risk factors for intracranial hemorrhage
was significantly better than the placebo group with maxi- (systematic arterial hypertension, diabetes amyloid senile
mum walking distance and relative increases of the pain-free plaques) should avoid the use of Ginkgo biloba due to a
walking distance. The doppler indices remained nearly recent case report of subarachnoid hemorrhage associated
unchanged during the coarse of therapy (Peters, 1998). with the herb (Vale, 1998).
3 4 4 /GINKGO PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS parenterally: 1 to 2 ml acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper day (HAB1).
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
Storage: Ginkgo must be protected from light and moisture.
recorded. Mild gastrointestinal complaints could occur as
side effects (Cohen, 1998). Also, blood pressure problems, LITERATURE
allergic reactions and phlebitis have occasionally been American Psychiatric Association (Ed.), DSM-IV. Diagnostic
documented after parenteral administration. Allergic skin and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Ed. R. R.
reactions have been observed on extremely rare occasions. Donnelly & Sons Company 1994.
The possible hypersensitivity reactions consist of occurrence Amling R. Phytotherapeutika in der Neurologic In: ZPT
of spasms and cramps and, in cases of acute toxicity, atonia 12(1):9. 1991.
and adynamia. Anonym. Ginkgo und Crataegus. In: DAZ 137(20): 1751-1753.
1997.
Fertility: Ginkgo has adverse effects on oocytes (Ondrizek,
1999): Anonym. Phytopharmaka fur altere Menschen: Ginkgo, Kava,
Hypericum und Crataegus. In: DAZ 135(5):400-402. 1995.
Hematologic Effects: Spontaneous bilateral subdural hemato- Anonym. Psycho-Phytos: Ginkgo, Johanniskraut und Kava-Kava.
mas, subarachnoid hemorrhage and an increase in bleeding In: DAZ 135(18): 1632-1634. 1995.
time have been associated with chronic Ginkgo biloba
Bach D, Behandlung der benignen Prostatahypertrophie. In: ZPT
ingestion (Rowin, 1996; Vale. 1998).
17(4):209-218. 1996.
Drug Interactions: Antithrombolytic Agents (anticoagulants, Bauer R, Zschocke S, Medizinische Anwendung von Ginkgo
antiplatelets and aspirin) — Spontaneous bleeding has been biloba Geschichtliche Entwicklung. In: ZPT 17(5):275-283.
associated with the herb due to its potent inhibitory effect on 1996.
the platelet-activating factor (PAF). Case reports involving Beske F, Kunczik T, (1991) Fruhzeitige Therapie kann
the herb associated with subarachnoid hemorrhage and Milliarden sparen. Der Kassenarzt 42:36-42.
intracerebral hemorrhage suggests an additional risk of Blaha L, (1989) Differential diagnose der zerebralen Insuffizienz
intracerebral hemorrhage with the use of thrombolytic in der Praxis. Geriatrie und Rehabilitation 2,1:23-28.
therapy (Matthews, 1998; Rowin, 1996; Vale, 1998).
Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology,
DOSAGE Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol I. JR Prous
Mode of Administration: Ginkgo is available in liquid or Science, Barcelona 1988.
solid pharmaceutical forms, for oral intake and parenterally Braquet P (Ed.), Ginkgolides. Chemistry, Biology,
for homeopathic use. Pharmacology and Clinical Perspectives. Vol II, JR Prous
Science, Barcelona 1989.
How Supplied:
Briichert E, Heinrich SE, Ruf-Kohler P, (1991) Wirksamkeit
Capsules—30 mg, 40 mg, 50 mg, 60 mg, 100 mg, 120 mg, von LI 1370 bei alteren Patienten mit Hirnleistungsschwache.
260 mg, 400 mg, 420 mg, 440 mg, 450 mg, 500 mg Munch Med Wschr 133(Suppl 1):9-14.
Bundesgesundheitsamt, (1991) Empfehlungen zum
Extract—50:1 Wirksamkeitsnachweis von Nootropika im Indikationsbereich
"Demenz" (Phase HI). Bundesgesundheitsblatt 7:342-350.
Liquid—40mg/5mL
Burkard G, Lehrl S, (1991) Verhaltnis von Demenzen vom
Tablets—30 mg, 40 mg, 60 mg, 80 mg, 120 mg, 260 mg Multiinfarkt- und vom Alzheimertyp in arztlichen Praxen.
Daily Dosage: Ginkgo biloba extract should be standardized Munch Med Wschr 133(Supp. l):38-43.
to contain 24% flavone and 6% terpene lactones: 40 to 80 Caesar W, Alles uber Ginkgo. In: DAZ 134(44):4363. 1994.
mg three times a day (van Beek, 1998). Studies have Cesarani A, Meloni F, Alpini D et al., Ginkgo biloba (EGb
demonstrated efficacy with 120 mg daily in 2 to 3 divided 761) in the treatment of equilibrium disorders. Adv Ther 1998
doses for dementia, peripheral arterial occlusive disease and Sep-Oct;15(5):291-304.
for equilibrium disorders like tinnitus or vertigo (Cesarani,
Chung KF, Dent G, McCusker M et al., Effect of a ginkgolide
1998; Le Bar, 1998; Peters, 1998). mixture (BN 52063) in antagonising skin and platelet responses
to platelet activating factor in man. Lancet 1987 Jan
Chinese Medicine: In traditional Chinese medicine, the daily
31;1(8527):248-51.
dose is 3 to 6 g of leaves as an infusion.
Cohen AJ & Bartlick B: Ginkgo biloba for antidepressent-
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every induced sexual dysfunction. J Sex Marital Ther 1998; 24:139-
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); 143.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GINKGO / 3 4 5
Delia Loggia R, Sosa S, Tubaro A, Bombardelli E, Anti- Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992a) Ginkgo biloba for cerebral
inflammatory activity of Ginkgo biloba flavonoids. In: PM 59 insufficiency. Br J Clin Pharmac 35:352-358.
(1992), A588.
Kleijnen J, Knipschild P, (1992b) Ginkgo biloba. Lancet, 1136-
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Koalik F et al., (1992) Kombinierte Anwendung von nootroper
^••Klassifikation der Krankheiten und verwandter
Therapie und kognitivem Training bei chronischen organischen
Gesundheitsprobleme. 10. Revision. Bd 1. Urban &
Psychosyndromen. Neuropsychiatrie 6:47-52.
Schwarzenberg, Munchen Wien Baltimore 1994.
Koc R, Akdemir H, Kurtsoy A et al., Lipid peroxidation in
Dfeudis FV, Ginkgo biloba extract (EGb 761): Pharmacological
experimental spinal cord injury. Comparison of treatment with
activities and clinical applications. In: Elsevier Editions
Ginkgo biloba, TRH and mehtylprednisolone. Res Exp Med
Scientifiques Paris. 1991.
(Berl) 1995;195(2): 117-23.
Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo,
Koltringer P, F.ber O, Lind P et al., Mikrozirkulation und
Hypericum und Kava- Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995.
Viskoelastizitaet des Vollblutes unter Ginkgo-biloba extrakt.
Dorman D, Cote L, Buck W, Effects of an extract of Gingko Eine plazebokonntrollierte, randomisierte Douppelblind-Studie.
biloba on bromethalin-induced cerebral lipid peroxidation and Perfusion 1989: 1:28-30.
edema in rats. Am J Vet Res 1992 Jan;53(l): 138-42.
Krieglstein J, Neuroprotective properties of Ginkgo biloba-
Dom M. Braunig B, Gross HD, Ginkgo-Dragees bei zerebraler constituents. In: ZPT 15(2):92-96. 1994.
Leistungsschwache. In: ZPT 12(6): 180. 1991.
Kurz A, Ginkgo biloba bei Demenzerkrankungen. In: Loew D,
Ermini-Funfschilling D, (1992) Moglichkeiten und Grenzen Rietbrock N (Hrsg.), Phytopharmaka. Steinkopff Verlag,
eines Gedachtnistrainings mit Patienten bei beginnender Darmstadt 1995, S 145-149.
Demenz. Z Moderne Geriatrie 12:459-456.
Le Bars PL, Katz MM, Berman N et al., A placebo-controlled,
Gravel E, (1989) Vergleich zweier Personengruppen beziiglich double-blind, randomized trial of an extract of Ginkgo biloba
jfcder Auswirkungen des mentalen Trainings ("Gehirn-Jogging") for dementia. North American EGb Study Group. JAMA 1997
auf die Selbsteinschiitzung der Leistungsfiihigkeit in Oct 22-29;278(16): 1327-32.
Abhangigkeit von der Trainingszeit (Tageszeit der
Matthews MK, Association of Ginkgo biloba with intracerebral
Trainingsdurchfuhrung). Geriatrie & Rehabilitation 2,1:44-46.
hemorrhage. Neurology 1998;50:1933-4.
Hartmann A, Schulz V (Hrsg.), (1991) Ginkgo biloba, Aktuelle
Nieder M, (1991) Pharmakokinetik der Ginkgo-Flavonole im
Forschungsergebnisse 1990/91. Munch Med Wschr 133:1-64.
Plasma. Munch Med Wschr 133:61-62.
Hellegouarch A, Baranes J, Clostre F et al.. Comparison of the
Oberpichler-Schwenk H, Krieglstein J, (1992) Pharmakologische
contractile effects of an extract of Ginkgo biloba and some
Wirkungen von Ginkgo-biloba-Extrakt und -Inhaltsstoffen.
neurotransmitters on rabbit isolated vena cava. Gen Pharmacol
Pharmazie in unserer Zeit 21:224-235.
1985; 16:129-132.
Ondrizek RR, Chan PJ, Patton WC, King A. An alternative
Hopfenmuller W, (1994) Nachweis der therapeutischen
medicine study of herbal effects on the penetration of zona-free
Wirksamkeit eines Ginkgo biloba-Spezialextraktes. Metaanalyse
hamster occytes and the integrity of sperm deoxyribonucleic
von 11 klinischen Studien bei Patienten mit
acid. Fertil Steril 1999 Mar;71(3):517-22.
Hirnleistungsstorungen im Alter Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res
44:1005-1013. Otamiri T, Tagesson C: Ginkgo biloba extract prevents mucosa
damage associated with small-intestinal ischaemia. Scand J
Israel L, Dell'Accio E, Martin G, Hugonot R, (1987) Extrait de
Gastroenterol 1989; 24:666-670.
Ginkgo biloba et exercices d'entra nement de la memoire.
Evaluation comparative chez personnes (gees ambulatoiRes Peters H, Kieser M, Holscher U. Demonstration of the efficacy
Psychologie Medicinale 19(8):1431-1439. of Ginkgo biloba special extract EGb 761 on intermittent
claudication—a placebo-controlled, double-blind multicenter trial.
Joyeux M et al., Comparative antilipoperoxidant, antinecrotic Vasa 1998 May;27(2):106-10.
i y a n d scavenging properties of terpenes and biflavones from
Ginkgo and some flavonoids. In: PM 61(2): 126-129. 1995. Pfister-Hotz G, Phytotherapie in der Geriatrie. In: ZPT
18(3): 165-162. 1997.
Kanowski S, (1991) Klinischer Wirksamkeitsnachweis bei
Nootropika. Munch Med Wschr 133:5-8. Riederer P, Laux G, Poldinger W (Hrsg.),
Neuropsychopharmaka. Band 5: Parkinsonmittel und Nootropika.
Kanowski S, Herrmann WM, Stephan K, Wierich W, Horr R,
Springer Verlag, Wien Noew York 1992, S. 161-324.
(1995) Proof of efficacy of the Ginkgo biloba special extract
EGb 761 in outpatients suffering from primary degenerative Rosenblatt M, Mindel J, Spontaneous bilateral hyphema
dementia of the Alzheimer type and multi-infarct dementia. associated with ingestion of Ginkgo biloba extract. N Engl J
Pharmacopsychiatry 4:149-158. Med. 1997 Apr 10; 336(15): 1108.
3 4 6 /GINKGO PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Schmid B, In: Schmid, Schmoll gen. Eisenwert: Ginkgo, Ur- Tang W, Eisenbrand G. Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Baum und Arzneipflanze, Mythos, Dichtung und Kunst. 1994. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Schwabe U, Paffrath D (Hrsg.), Arzneiverordnungsreport '95.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Gustav Fischer Verlag. Stuttgart Jena 1995, S 214-224, 373-
374. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Sowers S. Weary PE, Collins OD, Cnoley EP, Ginkgo tree
York 1995.
dermatitis. In: Arch Dermatol 81:452-456. 1965.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Spegg H, Ginkgo biloba - ein Baum aus Urzeiten, ein Stuttgart 1997.
Phytopharmakon mit Zukunft. In: PTA 4(12):576. 1990.
Sprecher E, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: ZPT 9(2):40. 1988.
Sticher O, (1993) Ginkgo biloba - Ein modernes pflanzliches
Arzneimittel. Vierteljahresschrift der Naturforschenden Ginkgo biloba
Gesellschaft in Zurich 138/3:125-168. See Ginkgo
Sticher O, Hasler A. Meier B, Ginkgo biloba - Eine
Standortbestimmung. In: DAZ 131(36): 1827. 1991.
Sticher O. Quality of Ginkgo preparations. In: PM 59(1):2-11.
1993. Ginseng
Struillon L, Cohen Y, Vilde JL et al.. Ginkgo biloba extract Panax ginseng
EGb 761 is not active against Mycobacterium avium infection TRADE NAMES
in C57BL/6 mice. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995;
Ginseng (available from numerous manufacturers), Ginsana,
39:1013-1014.
Gin Zip, Chinese Red Panax Ginseng, Manchurian Ginseng,
Vale, S, Subarachnoid hemorrhage associated with Ginkgo Premium Blend Korean Ginseng, Ginseng Complex, Korean
biloba. Lancet 1998 Jul 4;352(9121):36. Ginseng, Siberian Ginseng, Korean Ginseng Extract, Korean
Vesper J, Hansgen KD, (1994) Efficacy of Ginkgo biloba in 90 White Ginseng, The Ginseng Solution, Herbal Sure Korean
Outpatients with Cerebral Insufficiency Caused by Old Age. Ginseng, American Ginseng Root, Korean Ginseng Root,
Phytomedicine 1:9-16. Standardized Siberian Ginseng Root, Natural Ginseng,
Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Ginkgo biloba - Grundlagen und Ginseng Up, Herbal Sure Chinese Red Ginseng, Siberian
Anwendung in der Psychiatric Psychopharmakotherapie 1:70-76. Ginseng Power Herb, Time Release Korean Ginseng Power,
American Ginseng, Chinese Red Panax, Concentrated Gin-
Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Kava-Kava und Kavain in der
seng Extract, Eleuthero Ginseng Root, Siberian Ginseng
Psychopharmakotherapie. Psychopharmakotherapie 1:33-39.
Root, Korean White Ginseng Root, Centrum Ginseng, Gin-
Vorberg G, Schenk N, Schmidt U, (1989) Wirksamkeit eines Action, Ginsai, Ginseng Concentrate, Ginseng Manchurian,
neuen Ginkgo-biloba- Extraktes bei 100 Patienten mit zerebraler Ginseng Natural, Ginseng Power Max 004X G-Sana, Lynae
Insuffizien. Z Herz & plus; GefafJe 9:396-401. Ginse-Cool, Power Herb Korean Ginseng
Wichtl M, Pflanzliche Geriatrika. In: DAZ 132(30): 1576. 1992.
DESCRIPTION
Woerdenberg HJ, Van Beek TA, Ginkgo biloba. In: DeSmet Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root.
PAGM, Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF ed., Adverse Effects
of Herbal Drugs. Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 1997; 3:51- Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is simple or branched
66. with 1 to 3 umbels of 15 to 30 flowers. The flowers are
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS GINSENG / 3 4 7
"androgynous and have greenish-yellow corollas. The ovary non-ginsenoside component of the herb has demonstrated
is inferior. The fruit is a pea-sized, globular to reniform, affinity for the nicotinic receptor. This binding of the
scarlet, smooth and glossy drupe, which contains 2 seeds. compound to the receptor results in nicotinic activity (Lewis,
3 1999). Ginsenoside-Rg2 and -Rg3 block nicotinic acetylcho-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, and stands
line and gamma-aminobutyric acid receptors. This results in
&- erect from 30 to 80 cm high. It has a smooth, round stem and
an inhibitory effect of the acetylcholine-evoked secretion of
bears terminal whorls of 3 to 5 palmate leaves. The leaflets
catecholamines. (Tachikawa, 1999). These different effects
are thin, finely serrate, gradually acuminate, 7 to 20 cm long
of Panax gingseng contribute to the variety of pharmacologi-
and 2 to 5 cm wide. The rhizome tapers at the ends and is
cal effects.
often palmate at the tip, giving it a human-like form.
Habitat: Panax ginseng is indigenous to China. It is Antineoplastic Effects
cultivated in China, Korea, Japan and Russia. A protopanaxadiol component of Ginseng was shown to
Production: Ginseng root consists of the dried main and inhibit proliferation of pulmonary adenocarcinoma cells
lateral root and root hairs of Panax ginseng. resistant to cisplatin (Lee, 1999). Ginsenoside-Rs4 and -Rs3
elevates protein levels of p53 and p21WAFl, which are
Other Names: Five-fingers, Red berry, American Ginseng, associated with the induction of apoptosis in human hepato-
Chinese Ginseng, Korean Ginseng, Oriental Ginseng ma cells (Kim, 1999). Ginsenoside Rh2 induces apoptotic
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY cell death in the glioma cell line through activation of
COMPOUNDS caspase and production of oxygen species (Kim, 1999).
Triterpene saponins
Antioxidant Effects
Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxadiol: including ginsenoside Ral,
Ra2, Ra3, Rbl, Rb2, Rb3, notoginsenoside R4, Rsl, Rs2, The antioxidant effects of Ginseng protect against oxidative
^r Rs3, Rs4, malonylginsenoside Rbl, Re, Rd DNA and protein (globin) damage caused by free radicals
(Lee, 1998). Antioxidant activity of the herb also provides a
Aglycone (20S)-protopanaxytriol: including ginsenoside Re, hepatoprotective effect by increasing hepatic gluathione
Rf, Rgl, notoginsenoside Rl peroxidase activity (Voces, 1999). Antioxidant intervention
by Ginseng is exerted by weak radical scavenging activity
Aglycone oleanolic acid: including ginsenoside Ro, chikuset-
and stimulation of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in
susasaponin-V Rbl, Rb2, Re, Rd, Re, Rgl
cardiac tissue (Maffei, 1999).
Water-soluble polysaccharides: panaxane A to U
Antiplatelet Effects
Polyynes: including falcarinol (panaxynol), falcarintriol
(panaxytriol), examples estered with acetic acid or linolenic The antiplatelet components consist of panaxynol and
acid ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 in the diethyl ether and 1-
butanol fractions of the herb. Panaxynol inhibits the aggrega-
EFFECTS
tion, release reaction, and thromboxane formation in platelets
The main active component in Ginseng consists of the while ginsenosides Ro, Rgl, and Rg2 suppress the release
ginsenosides, a diverse group of steroidal saponins. There reaction only (Kuo, 1990; Teng, 1989).
are twenty-five ginsenosides that have been separated and
detected based on the sugar unit sequences and aglycone Antiviral Effects
moieties (Attele, 1999; Fuzzati, 1999; Wang, 1999). The
ginsenosides demonstrate the ability to target a myriad of Ginseng induces production of interferon, enhances natural
tissues, producing a variety of pharmaceuticalr responses killer cell and antibody dependent cytotoxic activities, and
gL quite different from one another. A single ginsenoside may stimulates cell mediated immunity (Singh, 1983; Singh,
initiate multiple or opposing actions in the same tissue, thus 1984).
making the overall phamacology of ginseng complex (Attele, Decrease in Alcohol Levels
1999).
The effect of ginseng in the reduction of blood ethanol levels
Cognitive Function Effects
may be attributed to different mechanisms. Ginseng in-
The loss of nicotinic receptor binding has been associated creases alcohol dehydrogenase and aldehyde dehydrogenase
with age-related cognitive impairments. Nicotinic receptor activity at high concentrations due to an augmented induc-
stimulation of the central nervous system is beneficial for tion of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system. Ginseng
neuroprotection against age associated cognitive disorders. A enhances blood alcohol clearance in man (Lee, 1987). The
3 4 8 /GINSENG PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ginsenosides also reduce plasma ethanol by a delay in gastric mood, improved psychophysical performance, and reduced
emptying time (Koo, 1999). fasting blood glucose and weight (Sotaniemi, 1995).
Hypolipidemic/Cardiac Effects Antiviral
Ginseng saponins activate lipoprotein lipase, an enzyme that The properties of a standardized extract of ginseng root for
reduces chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins, and inducing a higher immune response in vaccination against
results in a decrease of triglycerides and cholesterol (Inoue, influenza were evaluated in 227 volunteers. The placebo-
1999). The ginsenosides demonstrate negative chronotropic controlled, randomized, double-blind study was conducted
effects and positive and negative inotropic effects on the over a 12-week period. Oral standardized ginseng extract
heart (Wu, 1988). The anti-arrhythmic properties of Rgl 100 mg daily was given over the entire 12-week period, with
consist of prolonged ventricular refractoriness and repolari- anti-influenza polyvalent vaccination given to all volunteers
zation, and increased ventricular fibrillation threshold (Wu, at week 4. There were significantly fewer cases of influenza
1995). or the common cold in the ginseng-treatment group, and
significantly higher antibody titers and natural killer cell
Miscellaneous Effects levels at 8 and 12 weeks in the ginseng treatment group
(Scaglione, 1996).
Stimulation of corticotrophin secretion and increased hepatic
ribonucleic acid (RNA) and protein synthesis are effects of INDICATIONS AND USAGE
the saponin glycosides in Ginseng. Panax ginseng is Approved by Commission E:
comprised of at least 28 different saponin glycosides, which
contain nuclei resembling those of steroids (Punnonen, • Lack of stamina
1980). The ginsenosides also stimulate insulin release and Ginseng is used internally for fatigue and debility, and for a
increase insulin receptors to exert a hypoglycemic effect decrease capacity for work and concentration.
(Guodong, 1987). Ginseng also decreases blood sugar
through glucose metabolism related to adrenergic receptors. Unproven Uses: In Folk medicine, Ginseng is used for loss
Ginseng decreases lactic acid and stimulates other respira- of appetite, cachexia, anxiety, impotence and sterility,
tory enzymes in the electron transport chain to promote neuralgia and insomnia.
aerobic oxidation (Yao, 1990). The saponins have shown Chinese Medicine: In Chinese medicine, Ginseng is used for
enhancement of erectile capacity mediated by endothelium- hemoptysis, gastric disturbances, and vomiting.
derived relaxing factor and peripheral neurophysiologic
enhancement (Choi, 1999; Choi, 1995). Homeopathic Uses: Ginseng is used for rheumatism and
debility.
CLINICAL TRIALS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Cognitive Function
General: Caution should be taken in patients with cardiovas-
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was cular disease or diabetes. Hypertension resulting from
conducted to evaluate the effect of Ginseng on cognitive Ginseng Abuse Syndrome is associated with prolonged high
function over an 8-week period. There were 112 healthy dose Ginseng with concomitant use of caffeine (Siegel,
volunteers over 40 years of age. The primary outcome was 1979; Siegel, 1980). General adverse effects include insom-
the change in score on each cognitive test, evaluated at nia, epistaxis, headache, nervousness, and vomitting.
baseline, and again at 8 weeks. Oral standardized ginseng
400 mg daily was significantly better compared to placebo Mastalgia: Mastalgia with diffuse breast nodularity has been
with abstract thinking and a tendency toward faster simple reported with Ginseng use (Palmer, 1978).
reaction times. There was no difference between the groups Vaginal Bleeding: Oral Ginseng and Ginseng face cream
with regard to concentration, memory, or subjective experi- have been associated with post menopausal vaginal bleeding
ence (Sorenson, 1996). (Greenspan, 1983; Hopkins, 1988).
Hypoglycemic Pregnancy/Lactation: Maternal use of Ginseng has been
associated with neonatal androgenization, thus it is not
The effect on blood glucose with Ginseng was demonstrated
recommended for use during pregnancy or lactation (Awang,
in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study including 36
1991).
newly diagnosed Type 2 diabetic patients. Ginseng 200 mg
daily improved glycated hemoglobin, serum aminoterminal- Drug Interactions:
propetptide concentration and physical activity after 8 weeks Diabetic Agents/Insulin — Caution should be taken when
of therapy. Ginseng 100 mg and 200 mg daily dose elevated taking an antidiabetic agent or insulin to lower blood glucose
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GINSENG/349
because Ginseng has been shown to have hypoglycemic Erectile Dysfunction — Korean Red Ginseng given orally as
effects (See EFFECTS and CLINICAL TRIALS). 600 mg three times daily has been effective (Choi, 1995).
Warfarin/NSAIDS/Antiplatelet Agents — A case report of a Physical and Psychological Performance Capacity (lack of
47-year old male with a mechanical valve in the aortic stamina) — Ginsana given 100 mg twice daily has improved .
position taking warfarin had a decrease in the INR 2 weeks oxygen capacity, reduction of maximum stress frequency,
after initiating Ginseng therapy. The INR returned to normal increase in ling function parameters and shortened reaction
2 weeks after discontinuation of warfarin (Awang, 1991). time to visual stimulants after 11 weeks (Forgo, 1985).
Due to the antiplatelet effect of Ginseng, avoid concomitant
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 globules or 1
use with antiplatelet agents or NSAIDS.
mL injection solution sc twice weekly.
Phenelzine (MAOI) — Headache, tremors, and mania have
LITERATURE
been reported with concomitant use of phenelzine and
Anonym, Kann Ginseng die Leistungsfahigkeit erhohen? In:
Ginseng (Jones, 1987). DAZ 132(12):XLVMI. 1992.
Loop Diuretics — Germanium, present in most Ginseng Anonym, Mythos-Tonikum-Arzneimittel. Ginsengextrakt bei
products, was reported to cause loop diuretic resistance in a Atemwegserkrankungen. In: DAZ 134(26):2461. 1994.
63 year old male with glomerulonephritis. Germainium Attele AS; Wu JA; Yuan CS. Ginseng pharmacology: multiple
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OVERDOSAGE Avakian EV et al., (1984) Planta Med 50:151.
Massive overdosages can bring about Ginseng Abuse Awang DV. Maternal use of ginseng and neonatal
Syndrome, which is characterized by hypertension, insom- androgenization. JAMA 1991 Jul 17;266(3):363. '
nia, hypertonia and edema. Baldwin CA et al., (1986) Pharm J 237:583.
DOSAGE Bauer R, Neues von "immunmodulierenden Drogen" und
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug infusions, pow- "Drogen mit antiallergischer und antiinflammatorischer
der and galenic preparations for internal use. Various Wirkung". In: ZPT 14(l):23-24. 1993.
standardized preparations containing Ginseng root are Becker BN; Greene J; Evanson J et al. Ginseng-induced
available. diuretic resistance. JAMA 1996 Aug 28;276(8):606-7.
Cognitive Function — Oral standardized Ginseng 400 mg Fulder SJ, (1981) Am J Chin Med 9:112.
daily was effective in improving cognitive function (Soren- Fuzzati N; Gabetta B; Jayakar K et al. Liquid chromatography-
son, 1996). electrospray mass spectrometric identification of ginsenosides in
Panax ginseng roots. J Chromatogr A 1999 Aug 27;854(l-2):69-
Hypoglycemic Effects — Dosage of 100-200 mg of oral 79.
standardized Ginseng has been effective in Type 2 diabetic
Greenspan EM. Ginseng and vaginal bleeding. JAMA 1983 Apr
patients (Sotaniemi, 1995).
15;249(15):2018.
Antiviral — Studies have proven efficacy in addition Guodong L, Zhongqui L. Effects of ginseng saponins on insulin
vaccination with 100-200 mg daily of oral standardized release from isolated pancreatic islets of rats. Chin J Integr
Ginseng extract (Scaglione, 1996). Trad Western Med 1987;7:326.
3 5 0 /GINSENG PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hansen L, Boll PM, (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):285. Obermeier A, (1980) Zur Analytik der Ginseng- und
Hirakura K, Morita M, Nakajima K, Ikeya Y, Mitsuhashi H, Eteutherococcusdroge. Dissertation Ludwig-Maximilians-
Polyacetylenes from them roots of Panax ginseng. In: PH Universitat Miinchen.
30:3327-3333. 1991. Palmer BV, Montgomery ACV, Monteiro JC. Ginseng und
Hopkins M, Androff L, Benninghoff A. Ginseng face cream mastalgia. BMJ 1978; 1:1284.
and unexplained vaginal bleeding. Am J Obstet Gynecol Petkov VD et al., Memory effect of standardized extracts of
1988,159:1121-1122. Panax ginseng(G 115), Ginkgo biloba(GK 501) and their
Hyo-Won B, Il-Heok K, Sa-Sek H, Byung-Hun H, Mun-Hae H. combination Gincosan (PHL-00701). In: PM 59(2).106. 1993.
Ze-Hun K, Nak-Du K, (1987) Roter Ginseng. Schriftenreihe des
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Inoue M; Wu CZ; Dou DQ et al. Lipoprotein lipase activation
by red ginseng saponins in hyperlipidemia model animals. Ploss E, (1988) Panax Ginseng C. A. Meyer. Wissenschaftlicher
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Kim HE, Oh JH, Lee SK, Oh YJ. Ginsenoside RH-2 induces
apoptotic cell death in rat C6 glioma via a reactive oxygen and Ro JY; Ahn YS; Kim KH. Inhibitory effect of ginsenoside on
caspase dependent but Bcl-X(L)-independent pathway. Life Sci the mediator release in the guinea pig lung mast cells activated
1999;65(3):PL33-40. by specific antigen-antibody reactions. Int J Immunopharmacol
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p53 and p21WAFl leading to induction of apoptosis in SK- safety of the standardised Ginseng extract G115 for potentiating
HEP-1 cells. Anticancer Res 1999 Jan-Feb;19(lA):487-91. vaccination against the influenza syndrome and protection
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Siegl RK, (1980) Ginseng and the high blood pressure. J Am
Kitigawa I, (1983) Yaligali Zasshi 103:612.
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Konno C et al., (1984) Planta Med 50(5):434.
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Koo MW. Effects of ginseng on ethanol induced sedation in mice with Panax ginseng extract and interferon inducer.
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Kuo SC; Teng CM; Lee JC et al. Antiplatelet components in Med. 1983 Apr;47(4):234-6.
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Singh VK, Agarwal SS, Gupta BM. Immunomodulatory activity
Lee FC; Ko JH; Park JK; Lee JS. Effects of Panax ginseng on of Panax ginseng extract. Planta Med 1984 Dec;50(6):462-5.
blood alcohol clearance in man. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol
1987 Jun;14(6):543-6. Sonnenborn U, Proppert Y, (1990) Ginseng (Panax ginseng
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Lee BM, Lee SK, Kim HS. Inhibition of oxidative DNA
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HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GLOBE FLOWER / 3 5 1
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Unproven Uses: Formerly, the plant was used to treat scurvy.
York 1995. It loses most of its active properties on drying.
352/GLOBE FLOWER PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS surface is brownish and striated. The fracture is laminated
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction with yellow fibers.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Characteristics: The taste is mucilaginous and bitter, and the
dosages. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested,
odor is slight but disagreeable.
bruised plant can lead to blisters and cauterizations due to
the resulting protoanemonine formation, which is severely Habitat: The tree grows in Brazil.
irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
Production: Goa powder is exuded from the nuclear cavity
If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal of Andira araroba. The exuded substance is purified by
tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation recrystalization in benzol, thus producing raw chrysarobin.
of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Because of the
Other Names: Araroba, Bahia Powder, Brazil Powder,
very low level of protoanemonine-forming substances in the
Chrysatobine, Crude Chrysarobin, Ringworm Powder
plant, the danger of poisoning is quite low.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete.
Anthrone derivatives: in particular chrysophanolanthrone,
LITERATURE dehydroemodine anthrone monomethyl ether, emodine an-
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der throne monomethyl ether, dimerics of these compounds
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. EFFECTS
The powder is a strong reducing agent. It causes severe
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. erythema upon contact with the skin. It inhibits glucose-6-
4. Aufl.. Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
phosphate-dehydrogenization in psoriatic skin conditions.
The drug easily absorbs through the skin.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug been documented, nor have die reported aggregation-inhibit-
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. ing, lactagogic and diuretic effects.
Thomson RH, Naturally Occurring Quinones, 2nd Ed., INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Academic Press New York 1971.
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Goat's Rue herb are used as
a diuretic, and also as supportive therapy for diabetes.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Goat's Rue General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages have not
Galega officinalis
been recorded.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves collected Poisonings have only been observed in animals, and then
only following the intake of large quantities of the plant.
at the beginning of the flowering season and dried, as well as
Sheep reportedly experienced salivation, spasms, paralyses
the tips of the flowering branches.
and death through asphyxiation following ingestion of
Flower and Fruit: The plant's long-peduncled, axillary inordinate amounts.
racemes are made up of numerous 1 cm long, slightly
inclined florets. The petals are bluish-white and short Drug Interactions: A possible interaction exists with hypo-
stemmed. The filaments are fused. The fruit is a round, glycemic medication. Goat's Rue should not be used by
diabetics currently maintained with commercial pharmaceu-
indented pod that grows 2 to 3 cm long and 2 to 3 mm thick,
tical hypoglycemics.
and contains many seeds.
DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The strong, bright green shrub has
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed
numerous 40 cm to 1 m high, erect, branched, hollow stems.
uses is not documented, therapeutic application cannot be
It has a divided rhizome with brown fibers sprouting
recommended. Goat's Rue cannot be recommended for
numerous erect, corrugated, round, tall stems. The leaves are
diabetes mellitus because of the severity of the disease and
odd-pinnate; the leaflets are 1.5 to 4 cm long and 4 to 16 mm
the availability of effective therapeutic alternatives.
wide, elliptical to lanceolate and thorny-tipped with a rich
green upper surface and a lighter undersurface. Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
2 gm of ground drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes.
Characteristics: The plant is odorless unless bruised, where-
upon it emits a disagreeable smell, which probably gave rise Liquid Extract — Drug 1:1
to the common name Goat's Rue.
Tincture — 1:10 45% ethanol
Habitat: Goat's Rue grows wild throughout Europe and
LITERATURE
Asia.
Barthel A, Reuter G, PA 23:26. 1968.
Production: Goat's Rue herb consists of the dried, above- Reuter G, Flora 154:136. 1964.
ground parts of Galega officinalis, harvested during the
Schreiber K, Pufahl K, Brauninger H, Liebigs Ann Chem
flowering season. 671:142. 1964.
Other Names: Italian Fitch, French Lilac Further information in:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
COMPOUNDS Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Guanidine derivatives: galegine, 4-hydroxygalegine
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Quinazoline alkaloids: (+)-peganine Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lectins
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Flavonoids: including galuteolin Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
EFFECTS
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
The herb contains galegin, which affects blood sugar. In
vitro, an inhibiting effect on the glucose transport of human Poisonous Plants in Britain and Their Effects on Animals and
Man, Ministry of Agriculture Fisheries and Food. HMSO, UK
epithelium cells has been demonstrated. The reported blood
1984.
sugar-lowering effect of Goat's Rue herb on humans has not
3 5 4 / G O A T ' S RUE PDR FOR H E R B A L M E D I C I N E S
Senecio aureus Life Root should not be taken internally. Hepatotoxicity and
carcinogenicity are possible due to the pyrrolizidine alka-
DESCRIPTION loids and 1,2-unsaturated necic parent substances.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh plant
DOSAGE
harvested during the flowering season and the dried herb.
Mode of Administration: Internal use of Life Root is not
Flower and Fruit: The few capitula are in a loose, many- recommended.
blossomed corymb that is up to 2.5 cm wide. They are
Daily Dosage: The traditional average daily dose of the drug
surrounded by a double involucre and consist of 8 to 12
as a liquid extract is 4 g taken 3 to 4 times daily. (See
yellow lingual, female florets. There are also numerous
Precautions and Adverse Reactions.)
androgynous, tubular ray florets, which are somewhat
darker. LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows up to 60 Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
cm tall. The rhizome is 2 to 5 cm thick, has numerous (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
thread-like roots, and produces an erect or ascending stem. 1994.
The root bark is hard and blackish. It surrounds a ring of Nachmann RJ, PH 22:780-782. 1983.
whitish, woody bundles and a large, dark, central pith. The
Resch JF et al., PM 47:255. 1983.
stem is fluffy-haired when young, later glabrous, and bears
alternate leaves. The basal leaves grow up to 15 cm long. Roder E et al., (1983) Planta Med 49:57.
They are long-petioled, simple, round, and reniform with a Roder E, DAZ 132:2427. 1992.
cordate base. The cauline leaves are shorter, incised and
Zalkow LH et al., (1979) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 1:1542.
pinnatifid, becoming bracts.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in loose, hanging, 30 to
COMPOUNDS 50 cm long racemes. There are 5 pale yellow, ovate petals.
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: chief alkaloids are floridanine, The diameter of the corolla is approximately 3.8 cm. The
florosenine, otosenine calyx is deeply divided and 5-toothed. There are 10 stamens.
The fruit is a legume, 30 to 60 cm long, hanging and
Sesquiterpenes of the eremophilane-type: including among indehiscent.
others, ligularenolide, tetrahydroligularenolide, dehydrofuki-
none, trans-9-oxofuranoeremophilane Leaves, Stem and Root: Cassia fistula is a tree, that grows up
to 9 m high. The leaves are 20 to 40 cm long, 4- to 8-paired
Flavonoids: including among others, kaempferol-3-O-gluco- pinnate. The leaf spindle is hairy and the leaflet is petiolate,
syl acetate, quercetin-3-O-glucosyl acetate ovate to oval, acuminate, 5 to 12 cm long, 4 to 9 cm wide
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GOLDENSEAL/355
and silvery haired underneath. The young bark is smooth and lytes, particularly of potassium ions, which in turn leads to
greenish-gray. Older bark is dark brown and rough. aldosteronism, albuminuria, hematuria, inhibition of intesti-
nal motility, muscle weakness, enhancement of the effect of
Habitat: India, Africa and South America
cardioactive steroids and an influence upon the effect of
Production: Cassia pods are the dried ripe fruit of Cassia antiarrhythmics. In rare cases, administration of the drug
fistula. may lead to cardiac arrhythmia, nephropathy, edema and
accelerated osteoclasis.
Not to be Confused With: Very occasionally the tree has
been confused with South American Cassia species. DOSAGE
Other Names: Canafistula. Indian Laburnum, Pudding Pipe Mode of Administration: Whole drug preparations are for
Tree, Purging Cassia internal use.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Preparation: To prepare an extract, use pulp and distilled
COMPOUNDS water in a 1:1 ratio, macerate, then exhaustively percolate
Anthracene derivatives (1% in the mesocarp): sennosides, with distilled water and filter. Evaporate to a soft extract.
fistulinic acid
Daily Dosage: 4 to 8 gm of fruit pulp
Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides (50%): particularly sac-
LITERATURE
charose
el-Saadany SS, el-Massry RA, Labib SM, Sitohy MZ, The
Fruit acids: citric acid biochemical role and hypocholesterolaemic potential of the
legume Cassia fistula in hypercholesterolaemic rats. Nahrung,
Steroids: sterols (in the seeds), including beta-sitosterol 35:807-15, 1991.
Fatty oil (in the seeds) Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta
MP, Evaluation of traditional medicine: effects of Cajanus cajan
EFFECTS
L. and of Cassia fistula L. on carbohydrate metabolism in mice.
The anthracene derivatives have a laxative effect. Prepara- Rev Med Panama, 16:39-45, 1991 Jan.
tions from the fruit have demonstrated antimicrobial and
Esposito Avella M, Diaz A, de Gracia I, de Tello R, Gupta
antiviral effects in vitro.
MP, Studies on the possibilities to infect the cells of callus of
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Cassia fistula by an animal virus & induce production of
Indian Medicine: Golden Shower Tree is used for flatulence, interferon-like antiviral factor(s). Indian J Exp Biol, 16:349-55,
constipation, fever, anorexia, gout, jaundice, itching and skin 1981 Apr.
conditions. Efficacy for constipation is plausible because of Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
the anthranoid content; the other indications have not been Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
proven. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated with ileum, acute-inflammatory
diseases of the intestine and appendicitis. It is also contrain-
dicated for children under 12 years of age and for women
during pregnancy or while nursing. Goldenseal
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hydrastis canadensis
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper TRADE NAMES
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The ques- Golden Seal, Goldenseal (Available from numerous manu-
tion of the increase in probability of the appearance of facturers), Goldenseal Power, Golden Seal Herb, Golden
carcinomas in the colon following long-term administration Seal Root, Golden Seal Plus, Goldenseal Root Alcohol Free,
of Anthracene drugs has not yet been fully clarified. Recent Herbal Sure Goldenseal Root
studies, however, have revealed no connection between the
administration of Anthracene drugs and the frequency of DESCRIPTION
carcinomas of the colon. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the air-dried
rhizome with the root fibers.
OVERDOSAGE
In the case of overdose, cramp-like gastrointestinal com- Flower and Fruit: The flower is small, solitary, terminal and
plaints could occur as a side effect of the laxative effect of erect. It has 3 small greenish white petals which drop as soon
the drug. Prolonged administration leads to loss of electro- as they come out. The fruit is a group of small, fleshy,
356/GOLDENSEAL PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
oblong carmine berries with 1 or 2 hard, black and glossy 1982). Berberine is also active against other intestinal
seeds. The fruit is similar to the raspberry but is not edible. infections that cause aute diarrhea such as Shigella dysenteri-
ae, Salmonella paratyphi and various Klebsiella species.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a low herbaceous
Berberine sulfate has been shown to block the adherence of
perennial about 30 cm high. It has a horizontal bright yellow,
Streptococcus pyrogenes and E. coli to host cells, possibly
knotty and twisted rhizome about 0.6 to 1.8 cm thick out of
explaining it's mechanism of action against numerous
which the root fibers grow. It is folded longitudinally and
pathogens (Sun, 1988).
encircled by old leaf scars. The fracture is short and shows a
dark, yellow cut surface, thick bark, large pith and broad
Berberine was found to be the active constituent in an extract
medullary rays. The flowering stem appears in spring and is
of Hydrastis canadensis root that demonstrated activity
erect, cylindrical, downward pubescent, 15 to 30 cm tall and
against a multiple drug-resistant strain of Mycobacterium
has a few short brown scales at the base. It bears 2 clearly
tuberculosis (Gentry, 1998). Berberine also inhibits Helico-
ribbed, dark green and pubescent, cauline leaves. The lower
bacter pylori (Bae, 1998).
one is sessile the upper one petiolate, round and divided into
7 lobes and finely serrate. There is also a root leaf on a long
Berberine has a long history of use for eye infections. In one
petiole, which is similar to the cauline leaves but larger.
study that looked at effectiveness in treating trachoma,
Characteristics: The taste is very bitter, the smell is strong, berberine was more effective than sulfacetamide in eradicat-
characteristic and disagreeable. ing Chlamydia trachomatis from the eye and preventing
relapse of symptoms (Babbar, 1982; Mohan, 1982).
Habitat: Indigenous to the U.S., cultivated elsewhere.
Production: Goldenseal root is the rhizome of Hydrastis Berberine has a choleretic (bile-stimlating) effect and has
canadensis. The root is dug up in the autumn and dried. been shown to lower bilirubin levels (Chan, 1977).
Not to be Confused With: Goldenseal is often adulterated Berberine inhibited the effects of tumor promotors on the
with Bloodroot. skin using a mouse model (Nishino, 1986). There is evidence
Other Names: Orange Root, Yellow Root, Yellow Puccoon, that berberine also has a direct tumor killing effect and has
Ground Raspberry, Wild Curcuma, Turmeric Root, Indian the ability to stimulate production of white blood cells
Dye, Eye Root, Eye Balm, Indian Paint, Jaundice Root, (Zhang, 1990; Liu, 1991).
Warnera, Indian Plant
Berberine has hypotensive, antisecretory and sedative ef-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY fects. The mechanism for these effects may be explained by
COMPOUNDS the fact that berberine has platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptor
Isoquinoline alkaloids: chief alkaloids hydrastine (1.5 to agonist activity that is similar to that of clonidine (Hui,
4%), berberine (0.5 to 6%), (-)-canadine (0.5%) 1984).
Starch
CONTRAINDICATIONS
EFFECTS Goldenseal is contraindicated in pregnancy.
Many of the studies that have been conducted focus on the
berberine and hydrastine componants that are found not only Goldenseal is contraindicated in people with glucose-6-
in Goldenseal, but also in numerous other herbs commonly phosphate-dehydrogenase deficiency (Chan, 1993).
used in Chinese and Indian medicine. The effects reported
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
here focus on these componants and not necessarily the
Goldenseal in it's raw form. Unproven Uses: Goldenseal is used as an antiseptic external-
ly on wounds and herpes labialis. It is also used for gastritis
Berberine sulfate has been shown to inhibit the growth of and as an astringent. The berberine componant is used to
Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia and Trichomonas treat acute diarrhea caused by numerous gastrointestinal
vaginalis, in vitro. The parasites all exhibited morphological pathogens. Berberine is also used as an adjunct treatment in
changes after exposure to berberine sulfate (Kaneda, 1991). various cancers and in neutropenia resulting from radiation
In one experiment by Swab et al (1981), berberine hydro- and chemotherapy. Berberine has been used to treat tracho-
chloride reduced the cholera toxin-induced secretion of ma, gastric ulcers and gallbladder disease.
water, sodium and chloride in perfused rat ileum. Berberine
was also found to inhibit the intestinal secretory response of Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathic dilutions, Hydrastis
Vibrio cholerae and Escherichia coli enterotoxins without canadensis is used for the treatment of irregular menstrua-
causing histological damage to the intestinal mucosa (Sack, tion, digestive problems and bronchitis.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GOLDENSEAL/357
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Storage: Store at room temperature. Avoid moisture, high
General: If taken over an extended period, the drug can temperatures and direct light.
bring about digestive disorders, mucous membrane irritation,
LITERATURE
constipation, excitatory states, hallucinations and occasional-
Babbar OP, Chhatwal VK, Ray IB et al: Effect of berberine
ly deliria. chloride eye drops on clinically positive trachoma patients. Ind
Pregnancy: Goldenseal should not be taken during J Med Res 76(suppl):83-88. 1982.
pregnancy. Bae EA. Han MJ, Kim NJ et al: Anti-helicobacter pylori
activity of herbal medicines. Biol Pharmaceut Bull 21(9):990-
Drug Interactions: Berberine has an antagonistic effect on 992. 1998.
the anticoagulant activity of heparin (Preininger, 1975).
Chan MY: The effect of berberine on bilirubin excretion in the
There have been reports of decreased vitamin B absorption rat. Comp Med East West 5:161-168. 1977.
with higher doses of Goldenseal (Tierra, 1980). Galefi C et al., Canadinic acid: an alkaloid from Hydrastis
canadensis. In: PM 63(2): 194. 1997.
Drug/Laboratory Interactions: At one time it was believed
Gentry EJ, Jampani HB, Keshavarz-Shokri A et al:
that Goldenseal could mask the detection of tetrahydrocanna-
Antitubercular natural products: berberine from the roots of
binol (THC/Marijuana) in illicit drug urinalysis. This effect
commercial Hydrastis canadensis powder. J Nat Prod
has since been disproved (Mikkelsen & Ash, 1988). 61(10): 1187-1193. 1998.
OVERDOSAGE Gleye J et al., (1974) Phytochemistry 13:675.
The LD50 for berberine in rats was found to be greater than Grieve M: A Modern Herbal. Dover Publications, Inc. New
1,000 mg/kg of body weight making the toxicity of this York, New York, p 362-364. 1971.
componant in Goldenseal very low (Haldon, 1975). The
Haginiwa J, Harada M, (1962) Yakugaku Zasshi 82:726.
hydrastine componant appears to be the toxic compound in
Goldenseal. High doses result in strychnine-like convulsions Haldon B: Toxicity of berberine sulfate. Acta Pol Pharm
32:113-120. 1975.
and gastrointestinal relaxation (Osol & Garrar, 1955). Other
effects of overdose that have been reported include difficulty Hui K. Yu J, Chan W, Tse E: Interaction of berberine with
in breathing, bradycardia and central paralysis. human platelet alpha 2 adrenoceptors. Life Sci 49(4): 315-24.
1991.
Following stomach and intestinal emptying (inducement of Kaneda Y, Torii M & Tanaka T: In vitro effects of berberine
vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium sulfate on the growth of Entamoeba histolytica, Giardia lamblia
permanganate solution, sodium sulfate) the treatment for and Tricomonas vaginalis. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 85:417-425.
poisonings consists of the instillation of activated charcoal 1991.
and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth). The treatment of Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
spasms with diazepam (I.V.), electrolyte substitution and the Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
countering of any acidosis imbalance that may appear with Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
sodium bicarbonate infusions may be necessary. In the event
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused.
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New-
Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be required. York 1980.
DOSAGE Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Daily Dosage: Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Extract — Standardized extract (5% hydrastine) 250-500 mg Liu CX et al: Studies on plant resources, pharmacology and
3 times daily (Werbach & Murray, 1994) clinical treatment with berbamine. Phytother Res 5:228-230.
1991.
Fluid extract — l U to 1 teaspoonful (1.25-5 ml) (Grieve,
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
1971)
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Solid extract — 325-520 mg (Grieve, 1971) Mikkelsen SL & Ash KO: Adulterants causing false negatives
in illicit drug testing. Clin Chem 34:2333-2336. 1988.
Local antiseptic — 1 teaspoonful powder steeped in 1 cup
Mohan M, Pant CR, Angra SK et al: Berberine in trachoma.
boiling water for 15 minutes. Swish around the mouth or
Ind J Opthalmol 30:69-75. 1982.
gargle for mouth or throat sores (Tyler, 1997).
Nishino H, Kitagawa K, Fujiki H et al: Berberine sulfate
Travelers diarrhea — One capsule (500-1000 mg root) 3 inhibits tumor-promoting activity of teleocidin in two stage
times daily (Tyler, 1997) carcinogenesis on mouse skin. Oncology 43:131-134. 1986.
358/GOLDENSEAL PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Osol A & Farrar CG (eds): The Dispensatory of the United Habitat: Coptis trifolia is indigenous to India and Coptis
States of America, 25th ed. JB Lippincott Company, groenlandica, which is also used, is indigenous to Greenland
Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 660-661. 1955. and Iceland.
Preininger V: The pharmacology and toxicology of the
Papaveraceae alkaloids, in Manske RHF & Holmes HL (eds): Production: Goldthread rhizome is the rhizome of- Coptis
The Alkaloids, Vol. 15. Academic Press, p 239. 1975. trifolia.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Other Names: Mouth Root, Cankerroot, Yellowroot, Coptis,
Sack RB & Froehlich JL: Berberine inhibits intestinal secretory Coptide, Coptis Groenlandica
response of Vibrio cholerae toxins and Escherichia coli
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
enterotoxins. Infect Immun 35:471-475. 1982.
COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl.. Springer
Isoquinoline alkaloids (6 to 9%): including coptin, berberine
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Sun D, Courtney HS & Beachey EH: Berberine sulfate blocks EFFECTS
adherence of Streptococcus pyogenes to epithelial cells,
The herb is a bitter tonic.
tibronectin, and hexadecane. Antimicrob Agents Chemother
32:1370-1374. 1988.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Swabb EA, Tai YH & Jordan L: Reversal of cholera toxin- Unproven Uses: Goldthread is used in digestive disorders.
induced secretion in rat ileum by luminal berberine. Am J
Physiol 1981; 241:G248-252. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tierra M: The Way of Herbs. Unity Press. Santa Cruz, CA, General: Health risks or side effects following the proper
USA, 1980. administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not
Tyler VE: The Honest Herbal. George F Stickley Company, recorded.
Philadelphia, PA, USA, pp 111-112. 1982.
Tyler VE: Golden Seal: can this herb boost immunity. Berberine has a mutagenic effect upon yeast cells and in the
Prevention July:68-70. 1997. Ames test (intercalation into the DNA), although that does
not necessarily mean a mutagenic effect for the drug when
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homdopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New administered to humans.
York 1995.
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
Zhang RX, Dougherty DV & Rosenblum ML: Laboratory
studies of berberine used alone and in combination with 1,3- DOSAGE
bis(2-chloroethyl)-l-nitrosourea to treat malignant brain tumors.
Mode of Administration: Internally as a powdered drug or a
Chinese Med J 103:658-665. 1990.
liquid extract.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen. Bde 1-11,
Goldthread Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Coptis trifolia Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Ed), Hagers Handbuch der
DESCRIPTION Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the rhizome and Berlin, Heidelberg, New York 1969.
sometimes the stems and leaves.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary flowers are small and white,
and are arranged on leafless scapes.
Characteristics: Goldthread has a very bitter taste and slight Gossypium hirsutum
odor. See Cotton
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GOTU KOLA/359
Production: Hydrocotyle herb is the aerial part of Centella Asiaticoside facilitates wound healing through an increase in
asiatica. The plant is gathered throughout the year and dried peptidic hydroxyproline content, tensile strength, collagen
in the sun. synthesis, angiogenesis and epithelialization, as shown in
animal models (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1990; Shukla, 1999).
Other Names: Indian Pennywort, Marsh Penny, Indian Asiatic acid and madecassic have also demonstrated an
Hydrocotyle, White Rot, Thick-leaved Pennywort, Hydro- increase in peptidic hydroxyproline showing an increased
cotyle remodeling of the collagen matrix (collagen synthesis) in
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
wounds (Bonte, 1994; Maquart, 1999). Asiaticoside also
induces enzymatic and non-emzymatic antioxidants, namely
COMPOUNDS
t Triterpene acids: including asiatic acid, madecassic acid (6- superoxide dismutase, catalase, glutathione peroxidase, vita-
hydroxy asiatic acid), terminolic acid min E, and ascorbic acid in newly formed tissue (initial stage
of wound healing) (Shukla, 1999).
Triterpene acid ester from oligosaccharides (pseudosapo-
CLINICAL TRIALS
nins): including asiaticoside, asiaticoside A, asiaticoside B
Chronic Venous Insufficiency
Volatile oil (0.1%)
A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study evalu-
EFFECTS ated the efficacy of a titrated extract of Centella asiatica in
The main constituents of the drug are triterpene acids and treating chronic venous insufficiency. Ninety-four patients
their sugar residues (asiaticoside and madegassoside). , with chronic venous insufficiency were included in the
360/GOTU KOLA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
study. The asiaticoid mixture, administered as 60 mg daily Daily Dosage: 0.6 gm of dried leaves or infusion taken 3
and 120 mg daily for 2 months, led to significant improve- 1 times daily; normal single dose is 0.33 to 0.68 gm.
ment in subjective (heaviness in the legs, pain in standing up,
edema) and objective (plethysmographic measurements of Varicose Veins — Centella asiatica extract administered as
vein tone) parameters compared to placebo (Pointel, 1987). 60 mg daily has shown improvement (Arpaia, 1990).
Chen YJ; Dai YS; Chen BF et al. The effect of tetrandrine and mercaptoethylamine in male Wistar rats. C R Acad Sci Hebd
extracts of Centella asiatica on acute radiation dermatitis in rats. Seances Acad Sci D 1974 Apr 29;278(18):2317-21.
Biol Pharm Bull 1999 Jul:22(7):703-6.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
Danese P; Carnevali C; Bertazzoni MG. Allergic contact 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
dermatitis due to Centella asiatica extract. Contact Dermatitis
1994 Sep;31(3):201. Shukla A; Rasik AM; Jain GK et al. In vitro and in vivo
wound healing activity of asiaticoside isolated from Centella
Di Carlo FI et al., (1964) J Reticuloendothelial Soc 1:224.
asiatica. J Ethnopharmacol 1999 Apr;65(l):l-ll.
Dutta T, Basu UP, (1968) Ind J Exp Biol 6(3): 181.
Shukla A; Rasik AM; Dhawan BN. Asiaticoside-induced
Dutta T, Basu UP, (1967) Ind J Chem 5:586. elevation of antioxidant levels in healing wounds. Phytother Res
Dutta T Basu UP, Bull Nat Inst Sci India 37:178-184. 1968. 1999 Feb:13(l):50-4.
Gonzalo Garijo MA, Revenga Arranz F, Bobadilla Gonzalez P. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl.. Springer
Allergic contact dermatitis due to Centella asiatica: a new c^ise. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Allergol Immunopathol (Madr), 24:132-4. 1996 May-Jun.
Suguna L, Sivakumar P, Chandrakasan G. Effects of Centella
Grimaldi R et al., Pharmacokinetics of the total triterpenic
asiatica extract on dermal wound healing in rats. Indian J E\p
fraction of Centella asiatica after single and multiple
Biol, 24:1208-11, 1996 Dec
administrations to healthy volunteers. A new assay for asiatic
acid. J Ethnopharmacol. 24:235-41, 1990 Feb. Tang W. Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin.
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Vecchaio AD et al.. (1984) Farm Ed Prat 39(10):355.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka unJ
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
York 1995.
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988.
Hausen BM. Centella asiatica (Indian pennywort), an effective
therapeutic but a weak sensitizer. Contact Dermatitis 1993
Oct;29(4): 175-9.
Kim YN; Park YS; Kim HK et al. Enhancement of the
Goutweed
attachment on microcarriers and tPA production by fibroblast Aegopodium podagraria
cells in a serum-free medium by the addition of the extracts of
Centella asiatica. Cytotechnology 1993;13(3):221-6. DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The flowers range from 50 to 100 cm.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
They have large white or reddish double umbels that are
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
usually androgynous. The flowers have no involucre and no
Maquart FX, Bellon G, Gillery P, Wegrowski Y, Borel JP,
calyx. The petals are white or pink, about 1.5 mm long,
Stimulation of collagen synthesis in fibroblast cultures by a
obcordate and cuneate at the base. The fruit is oblong and
triterpene extracted from Centella asiatica. Connect Tissue Res.
brownish with pale veins. The fruit is slightly pressed in at
24:107-20, 1990.
the sides, unwinged, unstriped, with a 3 mm-long mericarp.
Maquart FX: Chastang F: Simeon A et al., Triterpenes from
Centella asiatica stimulate extracellular matrix accumulation in Leaves, Stem and Root: The stem is erect, angular, grooved.
rat experimental wounds. Eur J Dermatol 1999 Jun;9(4):289-96. hollow, glabrous and branched. The lower leaves are double
Montecchio GP, Samaden A, Carbone S, Vigotti M, Siragusa S, trifoliate, and the upper leaves trifoliate. The leaflets are
Piovella F, Centella asiatica Triterpenic Fraction (CATIF) ovate and crenate-serrate.
reduces the number of circulating endothelial cells in subjects
with post phlebitic syndrome. Haematologica, 48:256-9, 1991 Characteristics: Propagates via underground runners.
May-Jun.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe (not Spain), West Asia.
Pointel JP; Boccalon H; Cloarec M et al., Titrated extract of
Centella asiatica (TECA) in the treatment of venous- Production: Goutweed is the aerial part of Aegopodium
insufficiency of the lower limbs. Angiology 1987 Jan;38(l Pt
podagraria.
l):46-5.
Rao PS, Seshardri TR, (1969) Curr. Sci 38:77. Other Names: Goutwort, Ground Elder, Gout Herb. Herb
Ravokatra A; Loiseau A; Ratsimamanga-Urverg S et al., Action Gerard(e), Jack-Jump-About, Goatweed, Ashweed,
of asiaticoside (pentacyclic triterpene) extracted from Achweed, English Masterwort, Pigweed, Eltroot, Bishop's
Hydrocotyle madagascariensis on duodenal ulcers induced with Elder, Weyl Ash, White Ash, Bishopsweed, Bishopswort.
3 6 2 /GOUTWEED PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Habitat: The plant is indigenous to tropical West Africa.
COMPOUNDS
Not to be Confused With: The seeds can be mistaken for
Volatile oil
peppercorns.
Polyynes: only in freshly-harvested leaves
Other Names: Guinea Grains, Melegueta Pepper, Mallaguet-
Flavonol glycosides: including hyperoside, isoquercitrin ta Pepper
Cajfeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Ascorbic acid
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
No information available. Pungent substances: including hydroxyphenylalkanones and
hydroxyphenylalkanoles
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The herb is used internally as an infusion Tannins
for gout and rheumatic diseases. It is used externally in Starch
macerations for poultices and baths for hemorrhoids, gout
and rheumatic diseases, as well as for kidney and bladder Fatty oil
disorders and intestinal disorders.
EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS The seed is a stimulant.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Unproven Uses: Grains-of-Paradise was used as a stimulant.
dosages.
Now it is obsolete as a drug.
DOSAGE
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Mode of Administration: Internally as a tea; externally, the
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
fresh herb is squeezed for poultices.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Daily Dosage: There is no exact dosage. A daily recom- dosages.
mended dose consists of 1 to 2 dessertspoonfuls (30ml) of
OVERDOSAGE
the juice of the fresh plant.
Due to the constituent pungent substances, the intake of
LITERATURE larger dosages may lead to irritation of the stomach and the
Bohlmann F et al., Chem Ber 93, 981. 1968. urinary tract.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers LITERATURE
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Connell WD, J Chem 23:369. 1970.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
1994. Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3, W.
de Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Harborne JB, Williams CA, PH 11 (5): 1741-1750. 1972.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Schneider V, Ernahr-Umschau 31(2):54-57. 1984.
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Grains-of-Paradise
Aframomum melegueta Grape
DESCRIPTION Vitis vinifera
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds.
TRADE NAMES
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, mauve and wax- Grape Seed Extract (Available from numerous manufactur-
like. The fruit is 10 cm long, pear-shaped and scarlet. The ers), Red Wine Extract, Grape Seed, Activin, Dr. Masqueli-
seeds are small, hard, shiny, reddish-brown and oyster- er's Authentic OPC
shaped. They have an aromatic and pungent taste and smell.
DESCRIPTION
Leaves, Stem and Root: Aframomum melegueta is a reed- Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the fruit
like plant, 1 to 2.5 m high. The leaves are long and narrow. and the juice.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GRAPE/363
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compound compact and vitamin E succinate (Bagchi, 1997). The compound also
panicles. The petals are about 5 mm long and droop like the inhibits peroxidation of phosphatidylcholine liposomes
sepals. The fruit is oblong to globular. 6 to 22 mm long, dark (Plumb, 1998).
blue-violet, red, green or yellow, juicy, sweet or sour. The
seeds are pear-shaped, with hard skin and two long dimples Hair Growth: Proanthocyanidins extracted from Grape
on the side. Seeds promote proliferation of hair follicle cells, and possess
remarkable hair-cycle converting activity from the telogen
Leaves, Stem and Root: The vine is a 30 cm high climber phase to the anagen phase. Epicatechin and catechin are the
with deep, heavily-branched roots and a woody trunk. The constitutive monomers inducing the degree of polymeriza-
trunk has striped, loose bark. The brown-red to brown- tion inducing hair growth (Takahashi, 1998).
yellow branches are glabrous or slightly downy and finely
grooved. The leaves are orbicular, generally in 3 to 5 lobes Hepatoprotective Effects: Proanthocyanidin has been shown
or blades. They are deeply notched at the stem. The upper to significantly attenuate acetaminophen induced hepatic
surface of the leaves is glabrous, the under surface is lanate. DNA damage, apoptosic and necrotic cell death of liver
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to southern Europe and cells. The component also antagonizes acetaminophen in-
western Asia and is cultivated today in all temperate regions duced changes in bcl-Xl expression (Ray, 1999).
of the world.
Ischemia Prevention: Maintenance of microvascular injury
Production: Vine leaves are the foliage leaves of Vitis by procyanidins occurs through the scavenger effect of
vinifera. reactive oxygen species (Maffei Facino, 1994). Procyanidins
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY also reduce ventricular contraction in a dose-dependent
COMPOUNDS fashion. Procyandins decrease coronary perfusion pressure
Flavonoids (4 to 5%): including. kaempferol-3-O-gluco- and improve cardiac mechanical performance. (Maffei Faci-
4p" sides, quercetin-3-O-glucosides no R, 1996).
Tannins: procyanidolic oligomers (proanthocyanidins), in- Vascular Effects: Procyanidins isolated from Grape Seed
cluding constituent monomers of catechin epicatechin stabilizes capillary walls and prevents increases in perme-
Non-flavonoids (Stilbenes): resveratrol and viniferins ability which inhibits edema (Robert, 1990; Zafirov, 1990).
Overproduction of hyaluronan content associated with patho-
Fruit acids: including, tartaric acid, malic acid, succinic logic venous walls, in particular vein-lymphatic edema, is
acid, citric acid, oxalic acid decreased by procyanidolic oligomers (Drubaix, 1997).
Procyanidolic oligomers cross-link collagen fibers, resulting
Phenylacrylic acid derivatives: p-cumaroyl acid, caffeoyl
in reinforcement of the natural cross-linking of collagen that
acid, feruloylsuccinic acid
forms the collagen matrix of vascular connective tissue
EFFECTS (Tixier et al, 1984). The vascular activity of procyanidin has
Antiatherosclerotic Effects: The oxidation of low-density positive effects on diabetic retinopathy, night vision and
lipoproteins (LDL) by free radicals is associated with the ocular stress (Boissin, 1988; Corbe, 1988; Soyeux, 1987).
initiation of atherosclerosis. Proanthocyanidin decreases the
number of LDL-positive macrophage-derived foam cells in CLINICAL TRIALS
atherosclerotic lesions. The compound also inhibits the Peripheral Venous Insufficiency
oxidation of cholesteryl linoleate in LDL to exert a reduction
in atherosclerosis of the aorta (Nuttall, 1998, Yamakoshi, The efficacy of Grape Seed extract was evaluated for the
1999). treatment of venous insufficiency and symptoms due to
hormonal supplementation. Grape Seed extract (150 mg
^ Anticarcinogenic/Antitumor: Chemoprotective properties of
twice daily) was administered to 4,729 patients in an open-
proanthocyanidins include activity against free radicals and
label study. Peripheral venous insufficiency was evaluated
oxidative stress (Ye, 1999). The anti-tumor-promoting acitv-
45 and 90 days after treatment. The efficacy score was based
ity due to strong antioxidant effects of the compound has
on symptoms of nocturnal cramps, paresthesias, sensation of
been demonstrated in animal models (Zhao, 1999).
warmth, cyanosis and edema. The sensation of heaviness in
Antioxidant Effects: Proanthocyanidin from the Grape Seed the legs decreased in 57% of cases by day 45 and 89.4% by
extract exerts a concentration-dependent inhibition of oxy- day 90. In addition, the improvement of symptoms occurred
gen free radicals. In one study, the antioxidant effect of in 66% of cases by day 45 and 79-83% of cases by day 90
proanthocyanidin was more potent compared to vitamin C (Henriet, 1993).
364/GRAPE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Soyeux A; Seguin JP; Le Devehat C; Bertrand A. Endotelon. Leaves, Stem and Root: Gray Wallflower is a herbaceous
Diabetic retinopathy and hemorheology (preliminary study). Bull biennial or perennial upright that grows up to 1.2 m high.
Soc Ophtalmol Fr 1987 Dec;87(12):1441-4. The leaves are alternate. The lower ones are petiolate, 1 to 8
Takahashi T; Kamiya T; Yokoo Y. Proanthocyanidins from mm wide, gray-haired, narrow, linear-lanceolate, entire or
grape seeds promote proliferation of mouse hair follicle cells in dentate; the middle and upper ones are sessile. The stem is
vitro and convert hair cycle in vivo. Acta Derm Venereol 1998 edged, covered in jointed hairs and branched in larger plants.
Nov;78(6):428-32. The root is thin, spindle-shaped and branched.
Tebib K, Rouanet JM, Besancon P. Effect of grape seed tannins
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Commonwealth of
on the activity of some rat intestinal enzyme activities. Enzyme
Independent States and Hungary.
Protein l994-95;48(l):51-60.
Tixier JM; Godeau G; Robert AM: Hornebeck W. Evidence by Production: The gray-leaved wild radish is collected during
in vivo and in vitro studies that binding of procyagenols to the flowering season of the two-year-old plants of Erysimum
elastin affects its rate of degradation by elastases. Biochem diffusum and dried after harvesting at a maximum tempera-
Pharmacol 1984 Dec 15:33(24):3933-9. ture of 40° C.
Yamakoshi J; Kataoka S; Koga T; Ariga T. Proanthocyanidin-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
rich extract from grape seeds attenuates the development of
COMPOUNDS
aortic atherosclerosis in cholesterol-fed rabbits. Atherosclerosis
1999 Jan; 142(1): 139-49. Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids, 1 to 3%): chief
component erysimoside (primary glycoside, aglycone k-stro-
Ye X; Krohn RL: Liu W et al. The cytotoxic effects of a
phanthidin, 0.6%)
novel IH636 grape seed proanthocyanidin extract on cultured
human cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem 1999 Jun; 196(1-2):99- Helveticoside {secondary glycoside)
108.
Canescine
Zafirov D; Bredy-Dobreva G; Litchev V et al. Antiexudative
and capillaritonic effects of procyanidines isolated from grape Cheirotoxin
seeds (V. Vinifera). Acta Physiol Pharmacol Bulg
1990;16(3):50-4. Erycanoside
Zhao J, Wang J, Chen Y, Agarwal R. Anti-tumor-promoting EFFECTS
activity of a polyphenols fraction isolated from grape seeds in
the mouse skin two-stage initiation-promotion protocol and The drug contains cardioactive glycosides of the cardenolide
identification of procyanidin B5-3'-gallate as the most effective type with k-strophantidin as the aglycone. It is accordingly
antioxidant constituent. Carcinogenesis 1999 Sep;20(9): 1737-4. positively inotropic and negatively chronotropic in its effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug was used in the past for cardiac
insufficiency (NYHA I and II), but can no longer be
Gratiola officinalis recommended.
See Hedge-Hyssop PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Gray Wallflower Although poisonings among humans are both unknown and
unlikely, due to the difficulties accompanying resorption of
Erysimum diffusum the glycosides, the possibility of a poisoning resulting from
DESCRIPTION either high dosages of the drug or its glycosides through
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the plant's radish. peroral administration is not to be completely ruled out.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1994. Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for female
disorders, menorrhagia during menopause, hot flushes,
dysentery, enteritis, diarrhea, bladder restraint, hemorrhoids,
phlebitis, and varicose veins. Externally, Great Burnet is
Great Burnet used in plaster for wounds and ulcers. Folk medicine uses
included administration of the plant latex as a remedy for
Sanguisorba officinalis
pulmonary tuberculosis.
DESCRIPTION
Chinese Medicine: The Chinese use Great Burnet as an
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
astringent and hemostyptic for nosebleeds, dysentery, reptile
fresh aerial parts, the dried herb, the rhizomes and roots.
bites and bloody coughs.
Flower and Fruit: The composite heads are ovate-oblong. Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are uterine
approximately 1 to 2 cm long and consist of 5 to 10 usually bleeding, varicose veins and diarrhea.
androgynous flowers. The calyx has 4 dark red-brown tips, 4
stamens with stiffly patent red filaments and yellow anthers. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The smooth, spike-like, quadrangular fruit calyx has 1 carpel No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
and 1 style and is narrowly winged. The fruit is a nut with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
enclosed in the perigone tube. dosages.
DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: Great Burnet is a semi-rosette shrub
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and
with a strong dark brown root that produces thick fibers and
externally. It is available in ground form and is used as an
a short rhizome. The stems are erect, angular, glabrous, and
extract, juice or tea. A plaster is used externally.
bifurcated. The rosette leaves are 20 to 40 cm long and
consist of 7 to 15 ovate leaflets, which are cordate at the base Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
and blue-green beneath. There are only a few cauline leaves. 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic);
which taper towards the top. parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34).
Characteristics: The brown-red composite head is character-
istic for this plant. LITERATURE
Bastow KF et al.. Inhibition of DNA topoisomerase by sanguiin
Habitat: The plant is widespread in the northern, temperate H-6, a cytotoxic dimeric ellagitannin from Sanguisorba
regions of Europe, temperate Asia, and North America. officinalis. In: PM 59(3):240. 1993.
Chang, EH et al. (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Production: Great Burnet is the Sanguisorba officinalis plant
Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
in flower. The fresh aerial parts are collected in the wild
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
during the flowering season. The rhizomes and roots are
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
harvested in autumn, then washed and dried.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1994.
COMPOUNDS Kaneta M et al., Agric Biol Chem 43:657. 1979.
Flavonoids: including among others, rutin, flavonoid sulfates Kashiwada Y, Nonaka GI, Niskioka I, Chang JJ, Lee KH,
Antitumor agents, 129. Tannins and related compounds as
Tannins: including ellagitannins, sanguinarine H-ll, selective cytotoxic agents. In: JNP 55:1033-1043. 1992.
casuarinin
Kosuga T et al., (1981) Yakugaku Zasshi 101(6):501.
Triterpene glycosides: aglycones pomolic acid, tormentolic Kosuga T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(11):448.
acid, including among others, ziyuglycosides I and II Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
(sanguisorbin), betulinic acid, ursolic acid Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Sterols: including beta-sitosterol Nonaka GI et al., (1982) J Chem Soc Perkin Trans. 10(4): 1067.
Nonaka GI et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(2):483.
EFFECTS
Reher G et al., PH 31:3909-3914. 1992.
The drug has been credited with decongestant, astringent and
diuretic properties, but no investigation into effects has been Sunstar Inc. (1980) Pat. JP 80/120509 Japan.
carried out. Tanaka T et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22(11):2575.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GREEK SAGE/367
Tanaka T et al., (1984) Chem Pharm Bull 32(1): 117. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Tanake T et al., (1985) J Chem Res (S)6:176. Unproven Uses: Greater Bindweed is used for fevers, urinary
tract diseases, as a purgative for constipation and to increase
Yosioka I et al., Chem Pharm Bull 19:1700. 1971. the production of bile.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Greater Bindweed with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. It is conceivable that an overdose of the drug would
Calystegia sepium trigger intestinal colic.
DESCRIPTION DOSAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole flower- Mode of Administration: The pressed juice, powdered root
ing plant and the root. and an infusion are used internally. The drug is rarely used
anymore due to its strong intestinal effects.
Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are about 5 cm
long, the pedicle is quadrangular. Under the calyx there are 2 Preparation: An infusion is prepared by adding 1 to 2
cordate, pointed, red-bordered bracts, which extend to cover teaspoons of cut drug per cup of water.
the calyx. There are 5 sepals. The corolla is fused and
conical. There are 5 stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit LITERATURE
Characteristics: The flowers close in damp weather. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg / Lech 1993.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe and eastern U.S. Van Damme EJ, Barre A, Verhaert P, Rouge P, Peumans WJ,
Molecular cloning of the mitogenic mannose/maltose-specific
Production: The upper part of the herb is harvested during rhizome lectin from Calystegia sepium. FEBS Lett, 14:352-6,
the flowering season and dried at temperatures of no more 1996.
than 40° C in a well-aired place.
stem is square, appressed pubescent, grayish-white beneath Storage: Store tightly sealed and protected from light.
and green above.
LITERATURE
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Greece, the Common- Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
wealth of Independent States, Albania, Turkey and Cyprus. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Various species are particularly widespread in the Mediterra- (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
nean region. 1994.
Ulubelen A, Ozturk S, Isildatici S, A new flavone from Salvia
Production: Greek Sage leaves are the dried leaves of Salvia triloba L.f (Labiatae). J Pharm Sci, 57:1037-8, 1968 Jun.
triloba, which are harvested once a year if collected in the
wild and three times a year when cultivated.
Other Names: Three-Lobed Sage, Turkish Sage
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Green Hellebore
COMPOUNDS Helleborus viridis
Volatile oil (1.5 to 3.5%): chief component 1.8-cineole (40 DESCRIPTION
to 67%), camphor (2 to 25%), thujone (5 to 6%), including Medicinal Parts: The drug derived from the plant's rhizome
as well camphene, beta-caryophyllene, myrcene, alpha-pi- and roots is obsolete in medicine today.
nene, beta-pinene
Flower and Fruit: There are 2 to 3 flowers with a diameter
Flavonoids: including 7-O-gIucosides and 7-O-glucuronides of 4 to 7 cm and 5 ovate, grass-green, broad flower bracts.
of apigenin, chrysoeriol, hispidulin, luteolin, 6-methyl luteo- The petals are in the form of petaloid honey glands, and
lin, as well as salvigenin, jaceosidin there are numerous stamens. The ovary is superior with the
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid (1.0 to 2.5%) carpels only fused at the base. The fruit is a 25 to 28 mm
long follicle with beak. The seeds have a narrow longitudinal
Diterpenes: including carnosol (0.5%) strip with a ring at the end.
Triterpenes (8%): ursolic acid, oleanolic acid Leaves, Stem and Root: This herbaceous perennial grows
EFFECTS
upright, up to 40 cm high. There are 2 basal, long-petioled
leaves; the lamina is divided like a foot into 7 to 13 sections
The chief active ingredient (cineole) of the drug's essential
that are narrow-lanceolate, serrate and dark green. The stem
oil has an antimicrobial effect. The combined action of the
is upright, branching higher up and leafless to that point. The
essential oil and the tannins is antiseptic and anti-inflamma-
cauline leaves are similar to the basal ones but sessile and
tory, particularly in the region of the mouth and throat.
smaller. The rhizome is usually branched.
Decoctions and infusions of the leaves exhibit antihyperten-
sive, spasmolytic and blood sugar-reducing effects in animal Habitat: The various species of Hellebore grow mainly in
experiments, during which the plasma insulin levels remain mountainous regions of Europe and North America. The
unchanged. The hypoglycemic effect is traced to the plant is most commonly found in the Alps; Helleborus viridis
inhibition of intestinal glucose resorption. A sedative effect is found growing as far north as northwest France.
has also been described.
Production: Green Hellebore root is the dried rhizome with
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
roots of Helleborus viridis.
Unproven Uses: Salvia triloba is used internally for diabetes
in Israel and Cyprus, and elsewhere for cardiac symptoms, Not to be Confused With: Adulteration and mistaken identity
lung complaints, colds, coughs, nervousness and digestion can occur with Hellebori nigri rhizoma, Actaea spicata,
problems. Externally it is used to treat skin damage. Adonis vernalis, Trollius europaeus and Eupatorium
cannabium.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with die proper Other Names: Bear's Foot
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: Aqueous decoctions and infusions Cardioactive steroid glycosides (bufadienolids, 0.5 to 1.5%):
prepared from the whole, cut and powdered drug are used chief component hellebrin, including deglucohellebrin
internally. The fresh cut leaves are applied topically.
Alkaloids of unknown structure: celliamine, sprintillamine,
Preparation: The literature contains no detailed descriptions. sprintilline
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GREEN TEA / 3 6 9
The steroid saponin mixture helleborin is severely toxic and Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
irritating to mucous membranes (ptarmic). It exhibits digi- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
«• talis-like effects through the cardioactive glycosides it
1994.
contains (hellebrin). The alkaloids it contains produce an
excitation of the motor centers, eventually leading to Johnson CT, Routledge JK, Suspected helleborus viridis
convulsions and respiratory failure and triggering bradycar- poisoning of cattle. Vet Rec, 89:202, 1971 Aug 14.
dia in the heart and a negatively inotropic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: The drug is obsolete today because the risks
of use are considered too high, given that efficacy for
Green Tea
previously accepted indications has not yet been proven. Camellia sinensis
TRADE NAMES
Previous uses in folk medicine included nausea, constipation
and worm infestation. Root preparations were used also for Green Tea Leaf (available from numerous manufacturers and
heart failure and as a diuretic. Helleborus viridis was as a combination product,) Green Tea Extract, Green Tea,
employed as a laxative according to Hager (around 1930) Standardized Green Tea Extract, Green Tea Power, Chinese
and was important in homeopathic medicine. Green Tea Bags, Green Tea Power Caffeine Free
DESCRIPTION
Homeopathic Uses: Helleborus viridis is used for diarrhea.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the very young
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS downy leaves, from which green or black tea is prepared
^ The drug is not to be administered in allopathic medicine. No according to the treatment being given.
risks are known in connection with the administration of
homeopathic dosages of the drug. Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow short-pedicled and
singly or in clusters of a few flowers in the leaf axils. They
OVERDOSAGE are white or pale pink and have a diameter of 3 to 5 cm. The
The mucous membrane-irritating effect of the saponins flowers have between 5 and 7 sepals and petals at a time.
appears to play the largest role in poisonings with the drug. The petals are fused at the base with the numerous stamens.
resulting in scratchiness in mouth and throat, salivation. The ovary has 3 chambers. The fruit is a greenish-brown,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, dizziness, shortness of breath, woody capsule with a diameter of 1 to 1.5 cm and contains 1
and possible convulsions and asphyxiation. The ingestion of to 3 smooth brown seeds.
very large dosages leads to disorders of cardiac function
(cardiac arrhythmias). Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen, heavily-
branched shrub. The leaves are glossy dark green, alternate,
Following gastrointestinal emptying (gastric lavage, sodium short-petiolate, coreacious, lanceolate or elongate-ovate and
sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal, the roughly serrate. The young leaves appear silver because of
treatment for poisonings consists of the treatment of spasms the covering of downy hairs on the surface.
with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution and the counter-
ing of any acidosis that may appear through sodium Habitat: The plant does not originate in the wild. It was
bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may originally cultivated in China and is grown as a tea plant
also be required. today in India, China, Sri Lanka, Japan, Indonesia, Kenya,
Turkey, Pakistan, Malawi and Argentina.
Cases of fatal poisonings are known among animals who fed
Production: Tea leaves are the fermented and/or dried leaves
£f on the leaves of the plant.
of Camellia sinensis. Harvesting takes place under stringent
DOSAGE quality control. Green Tea is produced by steaming the
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug. fresh-cut leaf. Black Tea is produced by allowing the leaves
to oxidize. During oxidation, enzymes present in the tea
Daily Dosage: 1 g drug; maximum single dosage: 0.2 g drug.
convert many of the polyphenolic therapeutic substances to
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every less active compounds. Oxidation does not occur with Green
to 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Tea because die steaming process inactivates die enzymes
parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once a responsible for oxidation. The anti-oxidant activity of Green
day (HAB34). Tea is six times greater than that of Black Tea.
370/GREEN TEA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Other Names: Black Tea, Chinese Tea, Green Tea CLINICAL TRIALS
Cancer Treatment/Prevention
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS A large (n = 2226) case-control study was conducted in
Purine alkaloids (methyl xanthines): caffeine (previously China, where recently diagnosed cancer cases (pancreatic,
referred to as theine or teine; depending upon the develop- colon and rectum) among residents between the ages of 30
ment stage of the leaves, 2.9-4.2%, content declining with and 74 years were included. Controls (n = 1552) were
age), theobromine (0.15-0.2%), theophylline (0.02-0.04%) selected and matched to cases by age and gender and
adjustments were made for age, income, education and
Thterpene saponins (theafolia saponins): aglycones includ- cigarette smoking. As tea consumption increased, the inci-
ing among others, barringtogenol C, Rl-barringenol dence of all three cancers decreased. Women with the
Catechins: in unfermented (green) tea 10-25%, with fermen- highest tea consumption (> or = 200 g/month) had a 33%
tation partially changing over into oligomeric quinones with reduced risk for colon cancer, 43% reduced risk of rectal
tannin character, into theaflavine, theaflavin acid, thearubi- cancer and 47% reduction in the risk for pancreatic cancer
gene, or into non-water soluble polymeric- flavonoids: (p= 0.07, 0.001 and 0.008 respectively). For men who
including, among others, quercetin, kaempferol, myrecetin consumed > or = 300 g/month of Green Tea, the risk of
colon cancer was reduced by 18%, for rectal cancer there
Flavonoids: including quercetin, kaempferol, myricetin was a 43% reduction of risk and for pancreatic cancer the
risk reduction was 47% (p= 0.38, 0.04 and 0.04 respectively)
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others, chlorogen-
(Ji, 1997).
ic acid, theogallin
A two-part case control study of 472 Japanese women with
Anorganic ions: high fluoride content (130-160 mg/kg),
stage I, II or III breast cancer was conducted. The first part
potassium and aluminum ions
of the study assessed the association between consumption
Volatile oil: chief components linalool, in fermented tea also of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer and the number of
2-methyI-hept-2-en-6-on, alpha-ionon and beta-ionon, more axillary lymph node metastases for premenopausal women or
than 300 volatile compounds are involved in tea aroma the increased expression of progesterone receptor and
estrogen receptor among postmenopausal women with stage
EFFECTS I or II cancer. The second part of the study investigated the
The caffeine in the drug has a centrally stimulating and recurrence rate of those with stage I or II breast cancer in
antidepressive effect (adenosine antagonism.) Adenosine relation to the amount of Green Tea consumption. There was
antagonism leads to dilation of the renal vessels with a an inverse relationship between the amount of Green Tea
consecutive increase of the rate of filtration (diuresis). consumption and the rate of cancer recurrence. The recur-
Caffeine is positively inotropic, promotes the secretion of rence rate was 16.7% for those that consumed > or = 5 cups/
gastric juices, glycolysis and lipolysis. In animal tests, day and 24.3% among those consuming < or = 4 cups/day (p
bradykinin and prostaglandin antagonism caused a capillary < 0.05). The authors concluded that increased consumption
sealing and anti-inflammatory effect. of Green Tea prior to clinical cancer onset is significantly
associated with improved prognosis of stage I and II breast
An antidiarrheal effect can be attributed to a combination of
cancer, and that this association may be related to a
the tannin effect and the fact that doses of 400 mg
modifying effect of Green Tea on the clinical characteristics
polyphenols administered three times daily promotes the
of the disease (Nakachi, 1998).
growth of Lactobacillis and Bifidobacter species while
inhibiting the growth of Clostridium perfringens and Clos- Dental Caries Prevention
tridium difficile (Yamamoto, 1997).
An extract of oolong tea (semifermented tea leaves of
There is clinical evidence that Green Tea has cancer Camellia sinensis) containing polymerized polyphenols in
preventive effects. The types of cancer that Green Tea has 0.2% ethanol was administered to 35 volunteers between 18
been shown to prevent as demonstrated in well controlled and 29 years of age to test the inhibitory effect of the extract
clinical studies include cancers of the pancreas, colon, small on dental plaque deposition. The study was repeated 1 week
intestine, stomach, breast and the lung. after the first trial using 0.2% ethanol without the tea extract.
The oolong tea cohort showed significant inhibition of
Green Tea mouthwashes have been shown to inhibit the plaque deposition (Ooshima, 1994).
growth of cavity-associated bacteria such as Streptococcus
mutans, Streptococcus salivarius and Escherichia coli (Ra~ In another study, it was demonstrated that total inhibition of
sheed 1998; Haider, 1998). Streptococcus mutans was possible after exposure to a 0.1%
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GREEN T E A / 3 7 1
infusion of Chinese Green Tea polyphenols (CTP) for 5 Children: There have been reports of microcytic anemia in
minutes. Plaque Index and Gingival Index decreased signifi- infants that were fed an average of 250 ml Green Tea daily.
cantly (p < 0.001) after a 0.2% CTP rinse and brush regimen This effect may possibly be due to impairment of iron
was used by the shidy participants. The authors conclude that metabolism (Merhav, 1985).
CTP is an effective agent to prevent dental caries (Chung,
1 Drug Interactions: The resorption of alkaline medications
1993).
can be delayed because of chemical bonding with the
INDICATIONS AND USAGE tannins.
Though no Commission E monograph is available for Green
OVERDOSAGE
Tea, there is clinical evidence that Green Tea is likely to be
Overdosage (quantities corresponding to more than 300 mg
useful as a cancer preventive and as a preventive for dental
caffeine, or 5 cups of tea as a beverage) can lead to
caries.
restlessness, tremor and elevated reflex excitability. The first
Unproven Uses: Internal application: Green Tea is used for signs of poisoning are vomiting and abdominal spasm. Fatal
stomach disorders, migraine, symptoms of fatigue, vomiting poisonings are not possible with tea beverages.
and diarrhea when taken as a beverage. It can be used to DOSAGE
increase performance (stimulant effect). Mode of Administration: Green Tea is administered as an
Homeopathic Uses: Camellia sinensis is used for cardiac and infusion or in capsule form for internal use.
circulatory conditions, headaches, states of agitation, states How Supplied: The usual concentration of total polyphenols
of depression and stomach complaints. in dried Green Tea leaf is around 8% to 12%. One cup of
Indian Medicine: In India, tea preparations are used for Green Tea normally contains 50 to 100 milligrams polyphe-
diarrhea, loss of appetite, hyperdipsia, migraine, cardiac nols (Murray & Pizzorno, 1998; Yamamoto, 1997).
pain, fever and fatigue. Capsules — 100 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, 333 mg, 383 mg, 500
Chinese Medicine: In China Green Tea is used to treat mg
migraine, nausea, diarrhoea resulting from malaria and Liquid — 1:1
digestion problems. It is also used as a cancer preventive.
Tablets — 100 mg
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with Dried extract (instant tea) — Processed using steam extrac-
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. tion followed by drying
Side effects of tea consumption are possible with persons Filter tea bags — Available commercially containing 1.8 to
who have sensitive stomachs, chiefly due to the chlorogenic 2.2 gm tea
acid and tannin content. Hyperacidity, gastric irritation,
reduction of appetite, as well as obstipation or diarrhea, Preparation: To prepare a tea, boiling water is poured over a
could be the result of intense tea consumption. These side heaped teaspoon of leaf tea, a level teaspoon of crushed
effects can be generally avoided by the addition of milk leaves or a tea bag and left to draw for 3 to 10 minutes as
(reduction of the chlorogenic acid and other tannins). required. The caffeine is almost completely drawn after
approximately 3 minutes. The tannin-containing substance
Care should be taken with patients that have weakened (and with it the antidiarrheal action) increases when the tea is
cardiovascular systems, renal diseases, thyroid hyperfunc- left to brew.
tion, elevated susceptibility to spasm and certain psychic
disorders, such as panicky states of anxiety. With long-term Daily Dosage: A daily dose of 300 to 400 mg of polyphenols
intake of dosages above 1.5 g caffeine per day, non-specific is typical. The amount of polyphenols in 3 cups of Green Tea
symptoms occur, such as restlessness, irritability, sleepless- is between 240 and 320 mg.
ness, palpitation, vertigo, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of appetite Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
and headache. globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should not exceed a dosage of weekly (HAB1).
300 mg per day (5 cups of tea spread out over the course of a Storage: Store tightly sealed and dried; store separately from
day). other chemicals and aromatic substances.
Nursing Mothers: Infants whose nursing mothers consume LITERATURE
beverages containing caffeine could suffer from sleep Anonym, Griiner Tee schutzt vor Krebs. In: DAZ 137(24):2045.
disorders. 1997.
372 /GREEN TEA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Biiechi S, Antivirale Saponine, pharmakologische und klinische Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Untersuchungen. In: DAZ 136(2):89-98. 1996. Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Graham B, In: Graham HN: Tea: The Plant and Its Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Manufacture, Chemistry, and Consumption of the Beverage. In: Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
The Methylxanthine Beverages and Foods: Chemistry. -
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Consumption, and Heath Effects, Alan R. Liss, New York,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
S.29-74. 1984.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Haslam E, Natural polyphenols (vegetable tannins) as drugs:
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
possible modes of action. In: JNP 59(2):205-215. 1996.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Imai K, Nakachi K, Cross sectional study of effects of drinking
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Green Tea on cardiovascular and liver disease. In: Brit Med J
310:693-696. 1995. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Jain AK, Shimoi K, Nakamura Y, Kada T. Hana Y, Tomita J,
Crude tea extracts decrease the mutagenic activity of N'-methyl- Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine in-vitro and in gastric tract of rats. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
In: Mutat Res 210(1)1-8. 1989. York 1995.
Ji BT, Chow WH, Hsing AW et al., Green Tea consumption Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
and the risk of pancreatic and colorectal cancer. Int J Cancer Stuttgart 1997.
70(3):255-258. 1997.
John TJ, Mukundan P, Antiviral property of tea. In: Curr Sci
47:159. 1978.
Ludewig R, (1995) Schwarzer und Griiner Tee als Genup*- und Grindelia camporum
Heilmittel. Dtsch Apoth Z 135:2203-2218. See Gumweed
Murray MT & Pizzorno: Camellia Sinensis (green tea), in A
Textbook of Natural Medicine. Churchill Livingstone, pp 625-
627. 1998.
Nakachi K, Suemasu K, Suga K, Takeo T. Imai K, Higashi Y. Ground Ivy
Influence of drinking Green Tea on breast cancer malignancy Glechoma hederacea
among Japanese patients. In: Jpn J Cancer 89(3): 254-61. Mar,
89. DESCRIPTION
Rasheed A & Haider M, Antibacterial activity of Camellia Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb collected
sinensis extracts against dental caries. Arch Pharm Res 21:348- during the flowering season and dried, the fresh aerial parts
352. 1998. collected during the flowering season, and the whole plant.
Scholz E, Camellia sinensis (L.) O. KUNTZE. Der Teestrauch. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2- to 6-blossomed false
In: ZPT 16(4):231-250. 1995. whorls in the axils of the foliage leaves. The individual
Schroder B, In: Schroder R: Kaffee, Tee und Kardamom. flowers are 1 to 2 cm long with distinct pedicles and
Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart. 1991. bracteoles that are 1 to 1.5 mm long. The calyx is bilabiate
Sur P, Ganguly DK, Tea root extract (TRE) as an and tubular, with 5 tips. The bilabiate corolla is 15 to 22 mm
antineoplastic agent. In: PM 60(2): 106. 1994. long, usually blue-violet but occasionally red-violet or white.
Yamamoto T, Juneja LR, Chu DC et al.. Chemistry and The fruit is a nut of about 2 mm.
Applications of. green tea. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, USA,
Leaves, Stem and Root: This perennial herb grows 15 to 60
1997.
cm high and has a creeping main stem, which roots at the
Yoshizawa S et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):44. lower nodes and keeps its leaves in winter. The quadrangular
Further information in: stem is up to 2 mm thick and often tinged with blue-violet, as
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers are the petioles. The leaves are crossed opposite, long-
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 petioled, reniform to broadly cordate, crenate; dark green
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- above and paler green beneath.
1994.
Characteristics: The plant has a mild unpleasant smell; the
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used taste is hot and bitter.
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York
1980. Habitat: Ground Ivy is a common wild plant in Europe.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS GROUND PINE/373
Production:' Ground Ivy is the aboveground part of Glecho- Preparations: The liquid extract (1:1) is prepared by using
ma hederacea, gathered when in flower (from April to June). 25% ethanol.
It is air-dried in the shade to keep loss of the essential oil to a
Daily Dosage: The normal single daily dose of the dried
minimum. s
drug is 2 to 4 gm internally; externally, crushed leaves are
Other Names: Alehoof. Gill-Go-over-the-Ground, Lizzy- placed on the affected areas.
Run-up-the-Hedge, Gill-to-by-the-Hedge, Robin-Run-in-the-
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Hedge, Catsfoot, Hedgemaids, Tun-Hoof, Haymaids,
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Turnhoof, Creeping Charlie. Cat's-Paw
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY a day; suppositories: 1 suppository 2 to 3 times daily
COMPOUNDS (chronic and acute) (HAB34)
Volatile oil (traces): chief components (-)-pinocarvone, (-)-
Storage: Ground Ivy should be stored where it is not
menthone, (+)-pulegone. also including germacran D, germa-
exposed to light.
cran B, cis-ocimene
LITERATURE
Sesquiterpenes: glechomafuran, glechomanolide Barberan FAT, (1986) Fitoterapia 57(2):67.
Hydroxy fatty acid: 9-hydroxy-10-trans, 12-cis-octadeca- Bohinc P, Korbar-Smid J, Cicerov-Cergol M, Uber die
diendic acid kardiotonischen Substanzen des Gnadenkrautes - Gratiola
officinalis. In: Sci Pharm 47:108-113. 1979.
Cajfeic acid derivatives: rosmaric acid
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Flavonoids: including cymaroside, cosmosyin, hypersoside Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
isoquercitrin (Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
EFFECTS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
^r The drug is said to be an anti-inflammatory, which is
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
believed to be due to the tripterpen content. No detailed
information is available. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res l(l):28.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used internally
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
for inflammation of gastrointestinal mucous membranes and
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
diarrhea. Ground Ivy is also used for mild respiratory
complaints of the upper bronchia; in the symptomatic Sevenet T, Looking for new drugs: what criteria? J
Ethnopharmacol, 32:83-90, Apr 1991.
treatment of coughs; and as a diuretic in cases of bladder and
kidney stones. Externally, the drug is used for the treatment
of poorly healing wounds, ulcers and skin diseases. In Italy,
it is used for arthritis and rheumatism.
Ground Pine
Chinese Medicine: Ground Ivy is used to treat carbuncles,
Ajuga chamaepitys
erysipelas, lower abdominal pain, scabies, scrofulous, irregu-
lar menstruation, coughs, dysentery and jaundice. Efficacy DESCRIPTION
has not, however, been proven for these indications. Flower and Fruit: The plant has 2 to 4 flowers at each node.
The petals are 4 to 6 mm. The tips of the petals are as long as
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include diarrhea or shorter than the tube: The corolla is yellow with red or
and hemorrhoids. purple markings, rarely entirely purple. The lower lip is
<4(r PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS entire, and the stamens are exerted. The filaments are hairy.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- The mericarps are 2 to 5 mm long, obovate and reticulate-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Fatal wrinkled with a pitted surface.
poisonings were observed among horses following intake of
Leaves, Stem and Root: Ground Pine is an annual or short-
large quantities of the fresh plant. Mice who were fed solely
lived perennial. The stem is 5 to 30 cm long. It is usually
on the plant died after 3 to 4 days.
heavily branched, glabrous to densely villous. The leaves are
DOSAGE 3-partite with linear segments. They are 0.5 to 4 mm wide.
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well The segments are sometimes 3-pinnatifid. The bracts are
as externally. similar to the leaves.
3 7 4 / G R O U N D PINE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Habitat: Sandy, stony areas of southern Britain and parts of Habitat: The plant is common in all of Europe, northern and
Europe. central Asia, northern Africa and has been introduced into
various other parts of Africa as well as Australia and the
Other Names: Yellow Bugle
Americas.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Production: Groundsel is the flowering plant of Senecio
COMPOUNDS
vulgaris. The herb is gathered in uncultivated regions and
Volatile oil
dried in the shade.
Diterpene bitter principles
Other Names: Grundy Swallow, Ground Glutton, Simson
Caffeic acid derivatives: including rosemary acid ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
EFFECTS COMPOUNDS
Emmenagogue (stimulates menstrual flow), stimulant, Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (up to 0.16% in the fresh foliage):
diuretic. chief alkaloids are senecionine, seneciphylline
LITERATURE
Unproven Uses: Internal use of Groundsel is not recom-
mended because, similar to S. jacoboeae, it contains toxic
Camps F, et al.. (1985) An Quim 8IC(l):74-75.
and carcinogenic pyrrolizidine alkaloids. Prior uses have
Kooiman P, (1972) Acta Bot Nederl 21(4):417. included the treatment of worm infestations, colic and
epilepsy. The pressed juice has been used for dysmenorrhea,
epilepsy, and as a styptic in dentistry.
Characteristics: The shavings turn green on exposure to the Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4 to 5 g of the drug.
air and blue-green in the presence of nitrogen. When using a tincture (Guajaci Ligni Tinctura), 20 to 40
drops make a single dose.
Habitat: The plant grows in Florida, on the Antilles, in
Guayana, Venezuela and Columbia. It is closely related to LITERATURE
Guaiacum sanctum, which grows in the Bahamas and Ahmad VU, Bano N, Bano S, PH 23:2612-2616. 1984.
southern Florida. Ahmad VU, Bano N, Bano S, PH 25:951-952. 1986.
Production: Guaiac wood consists of the heartwood and King FE, Wilson JG, (1964) J Chem Soc:4011-4024.
sapwood of Guaiacum officinale and/or Guaiacum sanctum. King FE, Wilson JG, J Chem Soc: 1572-1580. 1965.
Other Names: Guaiacum, Lignum Vitae, Pockwood Kratochvil JF et al., (1971) Phytochem 10:2529.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY ' Majuinder PL, Bhattacharya M, (1974) Chem Ind 77.
COMPOUNDS Schrecker AW, (1957) J Am Chem Soc 79:3823.
4|f° Triterpene saponins: aglycone oleanolic acid Further information in:
Resin: containing, among others, the lignans (-)-guaiaretic Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
acid, dihydroguajaretic acid, guaiacin Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.. Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
Isoguajacin: alpha-guaiaconic acid, tetrofuroguaiacine A and 1994.
B Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Volatile oil: chief components sesquiterpene alcohols; such Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
as guaiole, which changes into quaiazulene with steam Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimirtel, Bde 1-3,
distillation Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
3 7 6 /GUA1AC PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in axillary, 6- to 30- Contraindicated in diseases of esophagus, stomach and
flowered racemes. The structures of the flowers are arranged intestine, which might hinder passage of the chyme.
in fives. The sepals are fused and hairy on the outside; the PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
lower calyx teeth are longer than the upper ones. The corolla No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
is butterfly-shaped (flag, 2 wings, keel formed from 2 fused administration of designated therapeutic dosages of the drug,
petals), small and reddish; there are 10 stamens. The fruit nor with its use as a pharmaceutical vehicle. Possible side
developing from a carpel is an upright, 3.8 to 5 cm long, effects, particularly at the beginning of treatment, might
sparsely haired legume with 5 to 6 seeds; these have a very include feelings of fullness, nausea, wind and diarrhea.
well-developed, slimy endosperm. Symptoms of hypoglycemia (outbreaks of sweating, vertigo,
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cyamopsis tetragonoloba is an ravenous hunger) and resorption difficulties involving vita-
annual herb, which grows up to 60 cm high. The leaves are mins, minerals and medications (such as contraceptives!)
alternate, triple-pinnate; the leaflets are broad-elliptical, have been observed, although rarely. Inadequate intake of
acuminate, dentate, pubescent on both surfaces. They fluids could lead to the danger of bolus formation.
measure 3.8 to 7.5 cm long and 1.2 to 5 cm wide. The petiole DOSAGE
is 2.5 to 3.8 cm long, while the stipules are 6 to 10 mm long. Mode of Administration: Powdered drug, granules and
The root and root tuber have symbiotic bacteria, which tablets for internal use.
bonds nitrogen from the air.
Daily Dosage: Commercial pharmaceutical preparation with
Habitat: The plant is native to the Indian subcontinent. It one dose of 5 gm per tablet or granules, 3 times daily.
originated from India, Australia, South Africa and the U.S. Storage: Keep Guar Gum sealed tightly.
Production: Guar Gum is the powder extracted by milling LITERATURE
from the endosperm of Cyamopsis tetragonoloba. A dry or Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
wet milling process separates the endosperm from the seed Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
shell! (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Other Names: Aconite Bean, Calcutta Lucerne, Guar,
Clusterbean
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Guarana
Paullinia cupana
Water-soluble polysaccharides: galactomannans (85%)
TRADE NAME
Proteins (2 to 5%) Guarana (available from numerous manufacturers), Guarana
Saponins (0.1%) Seed
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS GUARANA/377
DESCRIPTION EFFECTS
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the peeled, dried, Guarana produces a stimulating effect, due to the presence of
roasted and pulverized seeds, formed into a thick paste with purines (caffeine, theobromine, theophylline). Caffeine is
water. centrally stimulating, has a positive inotropic and, in high
concentrations, has a positive chronotropic cardiac effect. It
^ Flower and Fruit: The usually unisexual flowers are
relaxes the vascular muscles (with the exception of cerebral
inconspicuous, yellow to whitish and fragrant. They are in 30
vessels that constrict) and the bronchial tube.
long panicles, which only produce female or male flowers at
any one time. The fruit is a hazelnut-sized, deep yellow to Caffeine works as a short-term diuretic and increases gastric
red-orange 3-sectioned capsule, which bursts open when ripe secretion. Furthermore, it increases the release of catechol-
and releases 1 purple-brown to black seed in a cup-like aril. amines. Inhibition of blood platelet aggregation has been
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a woody, evergreen observed.
perennial vine up to 10 m long, which climbs through the INDICATIONS AND USAGE
jungle. It is bushier in its cultivated form. The leaves are Unproven Uses: Guarana is used as a tonic for fatigue and to
large, palmate, coriaceous, distinctly ribbed and roughly quell hunger and thirst, for headache and dysmenorrhoea,
crenate-serrate. digestion problems, fever and as a diuretic. Its effect in
Characteristics: A paste is formed from the pulverized and stimulating the circulation, heart and diuresis can be
roasted seeds, formed into rolls or bars and dried. The taste is explained by the caffeine content.
astringent, bitter then sweet, and the odor is reminiscent of Homeopathic Uses: Headache
chocolate.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Amazon basin and General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
has been introduced into other rain forests. The main area of conjunction with the proper administration of designated
*k cultivation is between Maues and Manau in Brazil. therapeutic dosages. Quantities corresponding to up to 400
Production: Guarana seeds are the seeds of Paullinia cupana. mg caffeine per day (7 to 11 gm of the herb), spread out over
A preparation is also made from the ground seeds. Over a the day, are toxicologically harmless to a healthy adult
period of approximately 75 days, the pollinated flower habituated to caffeine, through regular consumption of
develops a "ripe" guarana raceme, which is harvested by coffee or black tea.
hand from October to December. Seeds (up to 80 per
One must remember that the quantities of caffeine consid-
raceme) are taken out of the capsule shells, soaked for a time
ered harmless are calculated to include all of the foodstuffs
in water and then finally separated from the arillus.
and beverages containing the substance (including coffee,
Subsequent to being dried in the sun, the seeds are roasted
tea, cola, etc.). Caution is advised for patients with sensitive
for 2 to 3 hours in special clay ovens. Once they have
cardiovascular systems, renal diseases, hyperthyroidism,
cooled, the parchment-like shell is removed and the seeds are
increased tendency to spasms and certain psychic disorders
ground down. Following this, the resulting paste is smoked
such as panic anxiety.
over aromatic charcoal. The final product is dark brown in
color and in stick form. Drug Interactions: The diuretic action of Guarana may lead
to hypokalemia with excessive use. Hypokalemia may
Other Names: Brazilian Cocoa, Guarana Bread, Paullinia
increase digoxin toxicity.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pregnancy: Pregnant women should avoid caffeine, and
Purine alkaloids: chief alkaloid caffeine (3.6-5.8%), in under no circumstances exceed a dosage of over 300 mg per
addition, small amounts of theophylline and theobromine day.
w
Tannins (12%): oligomeric proanthocyanidins, condensed Nursing Mothers: Infants whose nursing mothers consume
tannins caffeine products could suffer from sleeping disorders.
juice as a drink. It is not in use as a drug. It is available in and rust-colored on the inside. The leaves are double
various medicinal preparations. abruptly pinnate. The leaflets are in 10 to 15 pairs, narrow,
gray-green, up to 5 mm long, opposite and very short-
How Supplied:
petioled. There are 2 to 3 stipules, which have formed into
Capsules — 200 mg
thorns, and are covered on the" upper surface with yellow,
Liquid — 1:1 fleshy glands.
Tablets — 800 mg. 1000 mg Habitat: Acacia Senegal is found in the tropical Savannah
belt of Africa, in the southern Sahara (Senegal, Gambia), in
Daily Dosage: Average single dose: 1 gm of the powder Arabia, Beludschistan and Sind. Grown in forest-like condi-
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 10 globules every 30 to 60 tions in the western and southwestern Sahara region (Sene-
minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic): parenterally: gal, Gambia, Ivory Coast, northern Dahomey and northern
1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily: chronic: once a day Nigeria).
(HAB34)
Production: Acacia gummi, the latex, is the result of a
LITERATURE wound infection of the tree, which has occurred naturally or
Frohne D, Guarana; - der neue Muntermacher. In: DAZ has been induced. The incised bark is removed in strips of
133(3):218. 1993. approximately 4 cm by 60 cm. The liquid discharge dries to
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.). Hagers form a hard, glazed substance, which is collected on a
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 weekly basis. The latex is harvested from trees, ranging from
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- 3 to 12 years old.
1994.
Not to be Confused With: According to DAB 10 (EUR), USP
Katzung W, Guarana: - ein Naturprodukt mit hohem
XXII, only latex from Acacia Senegal or other African
Coffeingehalt. In: Med Mo Pharm 16(11):330-333. 1993.
varieties are officially recognized. In other words, Asian,
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Australian and American latex are not official.
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
York, 1980. Other Names: Acacia, Cape Gum, Egyptian Thorn, Gum
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer Acacia, Gum Senegal
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. COMPOUNDS
Stuttgart 1997. Colloidally soluble polysaccharides: especially Arabic acid
Wichtl M (Ed.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Stuttgart (acidic arabinogalactan)
1997.
Glycoproteins
EFFECTS
No information is available.
Gum Arabic INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Acacia Senegal Unproven Uses: Acacia gummi is used in the preparation of
DESCRIPTION emulsions. The drug is used as a mild stimulant and to
Medicinal Parts: The latex from the trunk and branches is impede absorption. It is also used for the treatment of catarrh
the medicinal part of the plant. and diarrhea. Acacia is often a constituent of cough drops. It
is also used in veterinary medicine for mild diarrhea in small
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences, which grow from the
animals, foals and calves.
leaf axils, are up to 10 cm long. The flowers are white and
grow in cylindrical, dense spikes. The calyx is cup-shaped PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
with 5 sepals. The 5 petals are lanceolate. The numerous No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
stamens are long and fused at the base. The pods are about with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
10 cm long and contain 5 to 6 shiny brown seeds. dosages.
Storage: The drug should be stored in tightly closed Other Names: August Flower, Grindelia, Rosin Weed, Tar
containers. Weed
LITERATURE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Beuscher N, Bodinet C Willigmann I. Harnischfeger G, COMPOUNDS
^T Biological activity of Baptisia tinctoria extracts. In: Inst, fiir Diterpene acids: grindelic acid, hydroxygrindelic acid, 6-
Angew. Botanik der Univ. Hamburg, Angewandte Botanik, oxogrindelic acid. 7alpha,8alpha-epoxygrindelic acid
Berichte 6, 46-61. 1997.
Volatile oil: including, among others, borneol, bornyl
Randall RC, Phillips GO. Williams PA. Food Hydrocolloids
3:65-75, 1989. acetate, camphene, camphor, myrcene, alpha- and beta-
pinene
Further information in:
Polyynes: including matricarianol, matricarianolacetate
Berger F, Handbuch der Drogenkunde. W Maudrich Verlag
Wien 1964. Saponins
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Tannins
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York, 1992- Flavonoids: including kaempferol-3,7-dimethyl ether, ka-
1994. empferol-3-dimethyl ether, luteolin, quercetin, quercetin-
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer 3.3'-dimethyl ether
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
EFFECTS
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. In vitro, the drug has an antimicrobial, fungistatic and
Stuttgart 1997. spasmolytic effect caused by the resin, which contains
diterpenes, and the phenol carbolic acids. An antibacterial
effect has also been demonstrated in vitro. In addition, an
inflammation-inhibiting effect has been proven.
Gumweed INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Grindelia camporum Approved by Commission E:
DESCRIPTION
• Cough
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowering • Bronchitis
branches and the dried leaves.
Unproven Uses: Gumweed is also used for infections in the
Flower and Fruit: Gumweed has a number of individual mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract.
composite heads, each with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm, at the
end of leafy stems. The involucral bracts are 3 to 8 mm by PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
0.5 to 1 mm, with very viscid, cylindrical, deflected apexes. Health risks following the proper administration of designat-
If present, the ligules are 7 to 15 mm long and yellow to ed therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Side effects listed in
orange-yellow. The inner florets are yellow. The achaenes older scientific literature (Lewin) include gastric irritation
are 2 to 3 mm, oblong and brown. The 2 to 8 pappus-awns and diarrhea. Large dosages, however, are said to have a
are 3 to 5 mm long and usually finely serrulate. poisonous effect.
DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an erect biennial or
perennial herb or small bush that grows up to 1 m high, often Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for teas and
A branched above. The alternate leaves are 3 to 7 cm long, other galenic preparations for internal use.
triangular to ovate-oblong, clasping, resinous-punctate, ser- Preparation: The tincture is prepared in a 1:10 or 1:5
rate-crenate or entire-margined, and light green. They break concentration with 60% to 80% ethanol (v/v).
off easily when dry.
Daily Dosage: The recommended dosage is 4 to 6 g of drug
Habitat: The plant grows in the Southwestern U.S. and in or 3 to 6 g Gumweed liquid extract. If using the tincture, the
Mexico. dosage is 1.5 to 3 ml.
Production: Gumweed herb consists of the dried tops and LITERATURE
leaves of Grindelia robusta and/or Grindelia squarrosa, Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
which are gathered during flowering season. Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
3 8 0 /GUMWEED PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Kem W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der 10) are cylindrical and have black glandular hairs and a
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag reticulate surface structure.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Leaves, Stem and Root: Haronga madagascariensis is a small
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. evergreen tree that grows up to 8 m high with a heavily
branched crown. It has opposite, elliptical-oval leaves, which
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
are rounded to cordate at the base and dotted black. The
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
upper surface is dark green. The lower surface has red-brown
Mascolo, N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28. hairs.
Schimmer O, Egersdorfer S. Grindelia-Arten - Die Grindelie.
In: ZPT 9(3):86. 1988. Habitat: The plant originated in Madagascar and east Africa;
it grows in many areas throughout tropical Africa.
Timmermann B et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(5): 1031.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Production: Haronga is a collective term for extracts from
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena. New the leaves and bark of the trunk and branches of Haronga
York 1995. madagascariensis, as well preparations made from those
components. The leaves are collected and then air-dried
whole; the bark is peeled and also air-dried.
• Dyspeptic complaints
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Unproven Uses: Hartstongue is used in folk medicine for
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. digestive disorders, urinary tract diseases, and spleen and
liver complaints.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
+ Haronga madagascariensis with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
See Haronga
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Hartstongue is used internally as an
infusion.
Harpagophytum procumbens LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag COMPOUNDS
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969 (unter Phyllitis Flavonoids (0.2-0.4%): including among others rutin (viola-
scolopendrium). quercitrin, 23%), luteolin-7-O-glucosides, scoparin, sapona-
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, rine, violanthin, vicinein-2, vitexin
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Phenol carboxylic acid: salicylic acid (0.06-0.3%), violuto-
side (violutin, glucoarabinoside of the methyl salicylate)
Mucilage (10%)
Heartsease Tannins (2-5%)
Viola tricolor Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone
cultivated in Holland and France. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Production: Viola herb consists of the dried, above-ground dosages.
parts of Viola tricolor, mainly of the subspecies vulgaris and
DOSAGE
subspecies arvensis, harvested at flowering season. The herb Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug is
is cultivated predominantly in central Europe. The flowering available for infusions, decoctions and other galenic prepara-
above-ground parts are harvested in die summer months and tions. It is also available in ointments and shampoos for
carefully dried on a well ventilated floor or at 45° C to external use.
50° C. Two to three harvests per year are possible.
Preparation: To make a tea, pour 1 cup of scalding water
Other Names: European Wild Pansy, Johnny-Jump-Up, Wild over 1 dessertspoonful of drug. An infusion for internal use
Pansy is prepared using 5 to 10 gm drug per 1 liter of water. A
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S HEATHER/383
decoction for internal use is prepared by adding 1.5 gm drug Flowers and Fruit: The inflorescence is turned to one side,
to 1 cup water. The drug is also used as a bath additive. dense and hanging. The short-pedicled flowers are nodding,
pale-violet-pink and occasionally white; they have 4 small,
Daily Dosage: A cup of tea should be taken 3 times daily oval, fringed bracts. The calyx has 4 violet-pink, glossy and
after meals. The dose for the infusion is 1 dessertspoonful 3 petaloid sepals, which have the consistency of straw. The 8
jf, times daily. The dose for the powdered drug is 1/2 stamens form a brown-red club. The superior ovary has 4
teaspoonful in hot sugar water 3 times daily. sections, and the style is larger than the calyx. The style has
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every a thick, button-like, 4-knobbed stigma. The fruit capsule is
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); globose, 1.5 mm long and 4 sectioned. The fruit is covered in
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once thick white bristles and is many-seeded. The dividing walls
a day (HAB1). break off easily.
Storage: Heartsease must be kept stored away form light Leaves, Stem and Root: Calluna vulgaris is a dwarf shrub,
sources, and if possible, from moisture in well-sealed 0.2 to 1 m high with decumbent, rooting shoots and
containers. ascending branches. The small stems are thin, gray-brown,
heavily branched and have numerous upright branches. The
LITERATURE leaves are linear-lanceolate, in groups of 4 rows. They are
Horhammer L et al., (1965) Tetrahedron Letters 1707. imbricate, 1 to 3.5 mm long, revolute, sessile and have 2 mm
Komorowski T et al., Herba Pol 29:5. 1983. long points at the base. The margins are glandular with
downward-pointing spurs.
Manez S, Villar A, PA 44:250. 1988.
Habitat: With the exception of a few Mediterranean islands,
Molnar P et al., PH 25:195. 1986.
the plant is distributed throughout most of Europe, Russia
Further information in: and Asia Minor, as well as on the Atlantic coast of North
A Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1, 2nd Ed., America.
CRC Press 1975
Production: The herb is harvested from July to October and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
dried.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Not to be Confused With: Erica tetralix.
1994.
Other Names: Ling
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs, Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New York ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1980. COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Flavonoids: including kempferol, quercetin, myricetin, taxi-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. folin, and the glycosides of each, as well as callunin
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Catechin tannins (3-7%): (+)-catechin, (-)-epicatechin
Stuttgart 1997.
Oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Cqffeic acid derivatives: including chlorogenic acid
York 1995.
Phenols: orcin, orcinol
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Triterpenes: including ursolic acid (2.5%)
Steroids: beta-sitosterol
Hydroquinone glycosides: including arbutin
Heather EFFECTS
Calluna vulgaris Heather is said to be diuretic, antimicrobial, cholagogic and
antirheumatic. It is also used as an agent for wound healing.
DESCRIPTION
However, these effects have not yet been documented.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the complete herb
with leaves, the flowers, and the growing shoots of the plant INDICATIONS AND USAGE
that are collected and dried when the plant is in bloom, as Unproven Uses: Preparations of Heather and/or Heather
well as the fresh aerial parts collected at the same time. flowers are used as a diuretic for diseases and ailments of the
384/HEATHER PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Storage: Heather should be stored in well-dried, sealed Habitat: The herb is found mainly in temperate Europe, but
containers. it also grows as far as northern Africa and eastern Siberia.
Mantilla JLG, Vieitez E, An Edafol Agrobiol 34:765-774. 1975. Glucosinolates: chiefly sinigrin (allylglucosinolates) and
glucohapin (3-butenylglucosinolates), releasing through cell
Simon A et al., Further flavonoid glycosides from Calluna destruction the volatile mustard oil allylisothiocyanate and 3-
vulgaris. In: PH 32:1045. 1993. butenylisothiocyanate
Simon A et al., Two flavonol 3-[triacetylarabinosyl(l-6) Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, up to 0.2 % in the fresh
glucosides] from Calluna vulgaris. In: PH 33:1237. 1993. foliage)
EFFECTS
Hedge mustard contains cardio-active steroids (cardenolids)
Hedera helix and is said to be spasmolytic and analgesic. Its use for
pharyngitis and laryngitis as well as severe hoarseness may
See English Ivy be due to the mustard oils.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S HEDGE-HYSSOP / 3 8 5
INDICATIONS AND USAGE 5 tips. The corolla has a distinct tube and a bilabiate border.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used for The upper lip is margined, and the lower lip is divided into 3.
laryngitis and pharyngitis, severe hoarseness including loss There are 4 stamens, 2 sterile and 2 fertile, and 1 superior
of voice, chronic bronchitis and inflammation of the ovary. The fruit has 4 lids, which burst open.
gallbladder.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial mat grows
' PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS 15 to 30 cm high. The stem grows from a creeping scaly
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction rhizome. It is erect and becomes glabrous and quadrangular
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic higher up. The leaves are opposite, lanceolate, weakly
dosages. serrate, smooth and pale green.
OVERDOSAGE Characteristics: The plant is poisonous and has a bitter taste.
It is conceivable that overdosage would have digitalis-like
effects. These include queasiness. vomiting, diarrhea, head- Habitat: The herb is indigenous to western and central Asia,
ache and cardiac rhythm disorders. Cases of poisonings have as well as southern Europe.
not, however, been recorded. Production: Hedge-Hyssop is the herb of Gratiola officina-
DOSAGE
lis, which is harvested shortly before flowering. The upper
Daily Dosage: The average daily internal dose of the drug is portion of the stem is cut down, then dried in thin layers in
0.5 to 1.0 gm, which would be equal to 3 to 4 cups daily of the shade at temperatures not exceeding 45° C.
an infusion. It takes between 6 and 8 g of drug to make 1 g Other Names: Gratiola
extract.
6 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Externally, the infusion is used as a gargle or mouthwash, COMPOUNDS
several times daily. Cucurhitacins: gratiogenin, 16-hydroxygratiogenin, cucurbi-
I LITERATURE
tacins E, I, the glycosides gratiogenin-3beta-D-glucoside,
Bachelard HS, Trikojus VM. (1963) Austral. J Biol Sci 16: gratioside (gratiolin, gratiogenindiglucoside), elaterinide,
147. desacetylelaterinide
Ockendon JG, Buczki ST. (1979) Trans Brit Mycol Soc 72:156. Saponins
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Hedge-Hyssop is most effective in
Helleborus viridis
alcoholic extracts, but it.also is used in infusions and in
See Green Hellebore
homeopathic dilutions. Today, it is rarely used in folk
medicine.
Parsley, Water Parsley, Winter Fern, Herb Bennet, Spotted Pregnancy: The drug has a teratogenic effect with chronic
Corobane, Musquash Root, Beaver Poison, Kex, Kecksies intake.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY OVERDOSAGE
COMPOUNDS Symptoms of poisoning following intake of toxic quantities
^ Piperidin alkaloids: main alkaloid coniine, including, among (corresponding to 150 mg coniine, approximately 10 g of the
others, N-methyl coniine, gamma-coniceine freshly dried berries, approximately 30 g of the freshly dried
leaves) include burning of the mouth, scratchy throat,
The piperidin alkaloids are volatile and are likely to be
salivation, rolling of the eyes, visual disorders and weakness
present in toxicologically harmful quantities only in the
in the legs. Lethal dosages (corresponding to approximately
freshly harvested plant, particularly in its berries, and in the
500 mg coniine) cause glossoplegia, mydriasis, pressure in
freshly dried plant.
the head, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, loss of
Polyynes: including falcarinol, falcarindiol orientation, rising central paralysis, dyspepsia and cyanosis.
Death ultimately results through central asphyxiation, in the
Furanocoumarins: including bergaptene, xanthotoxin cases of very high dosages, and also through curare-like
paralysis of the breathing musculature.
EFFECTS
The plant is poisonous. The effects of the drug are caused by Following stomach and intestinal emptying (gastric lavage,
coniine in particular. Toxic doses given to mice, rats, guinea sodium sulfate) and the administration of activated charcoal,
pigs and cats provoked the autonomous ganglion, clonic and plasma volume expanders and sodium bicarbonate infusions
tonal contractions of individual limbs, cramps and eventual- should be given in case of shock or to restore acidosis
ly, paralysis. Small doses given to mice led to blood pressure balance. If necessary, intubation and respiration should be
reduction in the short term. Higher doses resulted in a rise in carried out.
blood pressure. Smaller doses stimulated respiration in cats,
j g | while higher doses impeded or slowed down the initial DOSAGE
stimulus. In isolated guinea pig ileum, coniine brought on Mode of Administration: Hemlock is obsolete and strongly
contractions. In isolated perfused rabbit hearts, coniine was advised against as an internal drug because of the danger of
negatively inotropic while a stable heart beat was main- poisoning. Homeopathic dilutions and ointments containing
tained. With anesthetized cats, a suppression of the muscle hemlock are used externally.
contraction reflex took place. Feeding or injecting lethal
doses of coniine into cows, horses, pigs, sheep and hamsters How Supplied: Liquid rubs, ointments.
was initially stimulating, producing twitching of the eyes and Daily Dosage: Use is discouraged, but the maximum single
ears, which was followed by muscular debility, collapse, dose mentioned for internal use is 0.3 g, not to exceed 1.5 g,
limpness and deam through paralysis. Coniine absorbed per day. The standard single dose is 0.1 g.
through the skin and mucous membranes is stimulating at
first, then causes gradual paralysis of the spinal cord and Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
blockage of the medulla oblongata. Nicotine-like receptors 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
are at first activated, then paralyzed. parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
a day; ointment 1 to 2 times daily (HAB34).
Unproven Uses : Use is inadvisable due to the uncontrollable Storage: Hemlock should be stored above caustic lime, well
amounts of coniine. Formerly, in folk medicine, the drug was dried, in closed containers and kept for no more than one
used internally for neuralgia, rheumatism of the muscles and year.
joints, stiffness of the neck, tetanic and epileptic cramps,
bronchial spasms and pylori spasms. Externally, the drug LITERATURE
W was used as an ointment for coughs, asthma, sciatica, Cromwell BT, Biochem J 64:259-266. 1956.
backache and neuralgia.
Kreitmair H, PA 3:565-566. 1948.
Homeopathic Uses: Swollen glands, pareses, calcification of
cerebral vessels and depressive moods are considered to be Madaus S, Schindler H, Arch Pharm 276:280-290. 1938.
indications for use in homeopathy. Roberts MF, (1975) Phytochemistry 14:2395.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Roberts MF, (1980) Planta Med 39:216.
General: The drug is severely poisonous and use is not Seeger R, Neumann HG, DAZ-Giftlexikon Coniin. In: DAZ
advised. 131(13):720. 1991.
388/HEMLOCK PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Unproven Uses: The herb is used for disorders of the liver
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. and gallbladder and for fevers.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Homeopathic Uses: Eupatorium cannabinum is used to treat
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. illnesses of the respiratory organs.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Because of the pyrrolizidine alkaloid content with 1,2-
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. unsaturated necic parent substances, hepatotoxicity and
mbH Stuttgart 1997. carcinogenicity are likely consequences of internal use.
Therefore the drug should not be taken internally. Sensitiza-
tion after skin contact with the plant has been reported.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compact, terminal, Anonym, Positive Auswirkungen von Olivenol auf den
Blutdruck. In: ZPT 12(1):13. 1991.
umbrella-like umbels. They are small dull pink tubular
androgynous flowers whose corolla tube has a 5-tipped edge. Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992.
The epicalyx is cylindrical and consists of a few bracts. The Elsasser-Beile U, Willenbacher W, Bartsch HH, Gallati H,
edge of the calyx consists of yellowish hairs. The style is Schulte Monting J, Kleist von S et al.. Cytokine production in
divided in two parts and shows above the flower. The corolla leukocyte cultures during therapy with echinacea extract. In: J
is covered in resinous spots. The angular fruit bears a crown Clin Lab Analysis 10(6):441-445. 1996.
of hair and is dirty white. Hendriks H et al., (1983) Pharm Weekblad 5:281.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a small perennial herb Pederson E (1975) Phytochemistry 14:2086.
75 to 150 cm high. The rhizome is woody and has stems Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
growing from it, which have short axillary branches. The 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
stems are erect, reddish, pubescent and resinous below. The Vollmar A et al., (1986) Phytochemistry 25(2):377.
root leaves are long-petioled. The opposite cauline leaves are
Winterhoff H, Gumbinger HG, Pharmakologische
short-petioled, trifoliate and serrate and covered in resinous Untersuchungen mit Pflanzenextrakten. Probleme und
spots. Losungsmoglichkeit. In: DAZ 130(49):2668. 1990.
Habitat: Hemp Agrimony grows in damp regions of Europe. Woerdenbag HJ et al., (1987) Phytother Res 2(2):76.
Further information in:
Production: Hemp Agrimony is the flowering herb of
Eupatorium cannabium. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Other Names: Holy Rope, St. John's Herb, Sweet-Smelling Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Trefoil, Water Maudlin
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HENBANE/389
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb is used for
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. pulmonary afflictions and as a diuretic.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
York 1995.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Ground and cut herb for teas and
Hempnettle other galenic preparations for internal use.
Galeopsis segetum Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
2 g of comminuted drug, strain after 5 minutes.
TRADE NAMES
Hempnettle is available from numerous manufacturers. Daily Dosage: Average daily dose: 6 g drug. One cup of the
infusion may be taken several times daily and, if preferred,
DESCRIPTION
sweetened with honey.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the flowering herb.
LITERATURE
Flower and Fruit: The large, pale yellow, bilabiate flowers Junod-Busch U. Dissertation ETH Zurich. 1976.
are in false whorls on the branch ends. The calyx is evenly 5-
Kern W. List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
dentate and covered in patent glandular hairs. The upper lip Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
of the corolla is domed, finely dentate and pubescent. The Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1969.
lateral tips of the 3-lobed lower lip are wide, obtuse and have
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
1 hollow erect tooth at either side of the base. The stamen
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
halves are horizontal. The fruit is smooth.
Tomas-Barberan FA et al.. PH 30:3311. 1991.
W* Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb grows 15 to 100 cm high. Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer
The stem is erect, heavily branched and downy, with Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
unthickened nodes. The leaves are ovate and serrate. The Wichtl M (Hrsg.). Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
lower ones are long petiuled, the upper are short petioled. Stuttgart 1997.
Habitat: Hempnettle is found in southern and central Europe.
Production: Hempnettle consists of the aboveground parts of
Galeopsis segetum Necker (synonym Galeopsis ochroleuca
Lamarck) and is gathered in the wild during the flowering
Henbane
season.
Hyoscyamus niger
DESCRIPTION
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves or
COMPOUNDS
the dried leaves with the flowering branches, the dried seeds
Iridoide monoterpenes: including harpagide, 8-O-acetylhar-
and the whole fresh flowering plant.
pagide, antirrinoside, 5-O-glucosylantirrinoside
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in almost sessile terminal,
Silicic acid (to some extent water-soluble) one-sided leafy and revolute spikes. The calyx is jug-shaped,
Tannins 5-tipped and does not drop. The corolla is funnel-shaped, 5-
lobed, dirty yellow with violet veins and dark violet in the
Flavonoids tube. The flower has 1 superior ovary and 5 stamens. The
fruit is a swollen pixidium with up to 200 seeds. The seeds
4|- EFFECTS
are gray-brown, pitted, slightly reniform, compressed, 1 to
The herb acts as expectorant, due to its saponin content, and
1.3 mm long and 1 mm wide.
as an astringent because of the tannins, silicic acid, iridoids
and antirrhinoside. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is erect and grows up to 80
cm high. It is an herb with simple leaves. The root is
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
fusiform and turnip-like at the top. The stem is erect and
Approved by Commission E:
sticky-villous. The leaves are oblong, roughly crenate-den-
M Cough tate and gray-green. The basal leaves are petiolate, and the
• Bronchitis cauline leaves are stem clasping.
390/HENBANE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Characteristics: Henbane has a strong, distinctive odor. The In folk medicine, Henbane is used internally for various pain
plant is poisonous. syndromes, in particular toothache and facial pain, painful
ulcers and tumors, stomach cramps and lower abdominal
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe, western and
pain. Externally, henbane oil is used for the treatment of scar
northern Asia, and northern Africa. It has been introduced to
tissue.
eastern Asia, North America and Australia.
It has been used for hundreds of years in so-called witches'
Production: Henbane leaf consists of the dried leaves or the ointments, as a repellent against mice and rats, as stunning
dried leaves and flowering tops of Hyoscyamus niger,
agent for fish and to increase the narcotic effect of beer.
harvested from cultures or in the wild when in bloom and
dried mechanically or in the sun. Henbane seeds are the Indian Medicine: Used for toothache, bleeding gums and
seeds of Hyoscyamus niger. nose, orchitis, dysmenorrhea, worm infestation, black vomit,
asthma, diverse pain syndromes and meningitis.
Other Names: Devil's Eye, Fetid Nightshade, Stinking
Nightshade, Hen Bell, Hogbean, Jupiter's Bean and Poison HENBANE SEED
Tobacco Approved by Commission E:
mg atropine, with an alkaloid-rich drug at 30, considerably Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
less for children). Severe poisonings are particularly con- pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
ceivable in connection with the misuse of the drug as an York 1995.
intoxicant. Treatment for poisonings include gastric lavage, Wellen BJ, Zur Geschichte des Bilsenkrautes. Eine
temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipy- pharmaziehistorische Untersuchung besonders zu Hyoscyamus
4£ retics!), oxygen respiration for respiratory distress, intuba- niger L. In: Dissertation Universitat Marburg. 1986.
tion, parenteral physostigmine salts as an antidote, diazepam HENBANE SEED
for spasms and chlorpromazine for severe excitation. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
DOSAGE Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
HENBANE LEAF
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Mode of Administration: Standardized Henbane powder and
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
galenic preparations for internal application. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.5 gm of
standardized Henbane powder corresponding to 0.25 to 0.35 Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
mg total alkaloid. Maximum daily dose is 3.0 gm of Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
standardized Henbane powder corresponding to 1.5 to 2.1 Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
mg total alkaloid, calculated as hyoscyamine. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Storage: Keep protected from light in tightly sealed
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
containers.
Tattje DHE et al., Zusammensetzung der etherischen Ole von
H E N B A N E SEED Laurus nobilis, L. nobilis var. angustifolia und L. azorica. In:
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as an PM 44:116-119. 1982.
91 emulsion or powder. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Storage: Should be stored separate from other medicines.
LITERATURE
HENBANE LEAF
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Henna
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Lawsonia inermis
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the pulverized
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- leaves, the fruit and the bark.
1994. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in small impressive
Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355. groups of 4 panicles and yellowy-white to brick-red. The
1996. calyx is top-shaped, later bowl-shaped without appendages.
The petals are thick, very wrinkled, yellowish-white to brick-
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. red. The stamens are arranged in pairs. The fruit is an
indehiscent or a fibrously torn berry. The seeds are small and
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, angular, and the seed skin is spongy at the tip.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Henna is a deciduous, 2 to 6 m high
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
-W* 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. shrub with partly thorny, short shoots and opposite paired,
narrowly acuminate lanceolate leaves.
Sharova EG et al., Khim Prir Soedin (1):126. 1977.
Habitat: Found in Egypt, India, the Middle East, Kurdistan
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
and Iran.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Production: Henna is the aerial part of Lawsonia inermis.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Other Names: Alcanna, Egyptian Privet, Jamaica Migno-
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. nette, Mignonette Tree, Reseda, Henne, Mehndi, Mendee,
Stuttgart 1997. Smooth Lawsonia
392/HENNA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Tannins
Heracleum sphondylium
See Hogweed
EFFECTS
The drug is an astringent and a diuretic, and has an
antibacterial effect.
EFFECTS petals have long stems. There are 10 stamens and 5 ovaries
The active agents are the saponins (which irritate mucous with long styles, which form an upward curve when mature.
membranes), paristyphnin, paridin, citric acid and pectin. The fruit is circular and 2 cm long, with 3 mm long
The parissaponins are local irritants as well as absorptive protruding, reticulate, glabrous or pubescent fruit lobes
when taken orally. The main toxin is paristyphnin, which, which are upward horizontally wrinkled. These permanently
when taken orally, leads to miosis and can consequently enclose the smooth, finely spotted seeds. The fruit lobes
cause paralysis of the respiratory system. burst off from the central column without the awn.
Herb Robert Antiviral: The extract of the fresh herb, including rhizome,
has been shown to have a mild antiviral effect against the
Geranium robertianum vesicular stomatitis virus. In another study, however, the
DESCRIPTION aqueous solution of the ethanol extract was not shown to
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the have an antiviral effect against the polio virus Type 1,
fresh or dried aerial parts collected during the flowering measles, coxsachie-B2, adeno- or Semliki forest virus.
season, as well as the whole fresh or dried plant.
Antimicrobial: The fraction of an extract produced with 80%
Flower and Fruit: The peduncles are usually distinctly ethanol was shown to have an inhibitory effect on the growth
longer than the bracts and the 2.2 to 7 mm long, permanently of Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Staphylo-
erect pedicles. The flowers are longer than their pedicles. coccus aureus. In the serial dilution test, growth of Micros-
There are 5 separate sepals and 5 petals. The sepals are erect porum canis and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was
when they first bloom and hang when the fruit matures. The completely stunted.
394/HERB ROBERT PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Hypotensive effect: Effects have only been described in Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary, axillary and
general reviews. almost sessile. The calyx is red, the corolla is yellow, and the
anthers are blood red. The fruit is a 2 cm long, ovoid, many-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
seeded capsule.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for functional
impairment of the liver and gallbladder, inflammatory Leaves, Stem and Root: Hibiscus is a 0.15 to 1 m bushy
conditions of gallbladder and its ducts, inflammation of the annual that is branched from the base. The stems are reddish,
kidney and bladder, and calculosis. Folk medicine uses have almost glabrous. The basal leaves are undivided and ovate;
also included internal use of the drug for diarrhea. In the cauline leaves are 3-lobed and 7.5 to 10 cm wide. The
addition, washed fresh leaves are chewed or prepared as an lobes are 2.5 cm wide and crenate.
infusion or decoction used as a mouthwash or gargle for
inflammatory conditions of the oral mucous membrane. Habitat: Hibiscus sabdariffa originally came from the area
External application is used to treat poorly healing wounds. around the source of the Niger. It grows worldwide in the
These uses appear plausible because of the tannins. tropics and is cultivated in Europe.
Production: Hibiscus flowers consist of the calyces of
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Hibiscus sabdariffa (sabdariffa ruber variety).
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. Other Names: Guinea Sorrel. Jamaica Sorrel, Red Sorrel,
Roselle
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as well ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
as externally. COMPOUNDS
Fruit acids (15-30%): in particular hibiscus ((+)-allohydroxy
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 1 dessertspoonful citric acid lacton), additionally lemons, malic acid, tartaric
of drug to 1/2 liter of cold water. Bring to a boil and leave to acid
steep.
Anthocyans (intensive red): including delphinidin-3-xyloglu-
Daily Dosage: Internally, the average single dose of the drug coside, delphinidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-xyloglucoside
is 1.5 g; drink 2 to 3 cups of the infusion daily, between
meals. Flavonoids: including gossypetin
Preparation: To make a tea, pour boiling water over 1.5 gm Habitat: The plant probably originated in the southern
comminuted drug and strain after 5 to 10 minutes. European-Asia region. Today the tree can be found in
subtropical and temperate latitudes of both hemispheres.
LITERATURE
Franz M, Franz G, Hibiscus sabdariffa - Hibiscusbluten. In: Production: Blue Mallow flower and leaves consist of the
ZPT 9(2):63. 1988. dried flowers of Malva sylvestris and/or Malva sylvestris
sps. Mauri tiana, Ascherson and Graebner, as well as its
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag preparations. High Mallow leaves are harvested from June to
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. the beginning of September and dried in thin layers in the
shade. High Mallow flowers are harvested without the
Menpen HG, Staesche K, DAZ 114:1211. 1974. pedicles from the end of June to October and are dried in
Miiller BM, Franz G, PM 58:60. 1992. layers in the shade.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Not to be Confused With: Other varieties of Malvae. the
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. leaves of Althaea officinalis.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Other Names: Mallow, Blue Mallow, Mauls, Cheeseflower
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges. C O M P O U N D S : M A L V A LEAF
Stuttgart 1997. Flavonoids: including among others hypolaetin-3-glucoside.
gossypetin-3-glucoside; also flavonoid sulfates including
among others gossypetin-8-0-beta-D-glucuronide-3-sulfate
See Hibiscus
COMPOUNDS: MALVA FLOWER
calyx and have a deep margin. The numerous stamens are MALVA FLOWER
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the drug is used as Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
poultices and bath additives for wounds. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Stuttgart 1997.
MALVA L E A F A N D FLOWER
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York, 1995.
dosages.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
DOSAGE
Stuttgart 1997.
M A L V A FLOWER
Mode of Administration: High Mallow flowers are in various
tea mixtures as an inactive ingredient.
LITERATURE Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 80 to 150 cm
MALVA LEAF A N D FLOWER high, is biennial to perennial and has a strong tuberous,
Classen B, Amelunxen F, Blaschek W, Analytical and structural whitish-yellow root. The stem is erect, angular, grooved,
investigations of the mucilage of Malva species. In: PM hollow, stiff-haired and branched above. The leaves are large
59(7)14. 1993. and odd-pinnate, with 1 to 3 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are
Classen B, Amelunxen F, Blaschek W, Malva sylvestris - large, ovate and lobed to pinnate. There is a 3-lobed terminal
Mikroskopische Untersuchungen zur Entstehung von leaflet. The basal leaves are very large and have grooved
Schleimbehaltem. In: DAZ 134(38):3597. 1994. petioles, which gradually merge into leaf sheaths. The basal
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers and stem foliage are clasping.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Characteristics: There is hot, yellow latex in the stem. The
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
leaf umbel is fragrant.
1994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Habitat: Heracleum sphondylium is found in most of Europe
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. and in western and northern Asia. Subspecies are found
mainly in northwestern Europe, eastern and central Europe,
Papageorgiou VP, (1980) Planta xMed 38 (3): 193.
and in the Mediterranean region.
Schneider K, Ullmann V, Kubelka W, Malvaceen-
Schleimdrogen. Zur Bestimmung des Quellungsfaktors. In: DAZ Production: Hogweed is the aerial part of Heracleum
130(42):2303. 1990. sphondylium collected between June and August and dried.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HOLLY / 3 9 7
made with the flowers have been used as a gargle for oral They are short-petioled and elliptical. The lower leaves are
and pharyngeal inflammation. paired.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Habitat: The plant grows in the northern temperate zones as
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction far as the northern edges of the subtropics and is cultivated
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic extensively.
dosages.
Production: Honeysuckle flowers and leaves are from
DOSAGE Lonicera caprifolium.
Mode of Administration: Administered internally as a Other Names: Goat's Leaf, Woodbine
mucilage for respiratory, gastrointestinal and urinary tract
discomforts and diseases, and to relieve fever and thirst. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
ulcers. Infusions and decoctions, often with added herbs, are Saponins
used as a gargle for oral and pharyngeal inflammation.
Further constituents are largely unknown; iridoide monoter-
How Supplied: Whole, cut and powdered drug. penes have been demonstrated in the rind including among
others loganin (extremely bitter), that possibly also occurs in
Preparation: To prepare as a tea, use 1 to 2 g of the drug per the drug.
teacup. For a mouthwash, boil 1.5 g drug with 100 ml water.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE The main active principles are saponin and luteolin. The
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers drug has a laxative and diaphoretic effect.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Autl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- INDICATIONS AND USAGE
1994 (unter Alcea rosea). Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
malignant tumors and as a diaphoretic agent. It is rarely used
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Autl, Springer
today.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992 (unter Alcea rosea).
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
OVERDOSAGE
Honeysuckle Because of the saponin content, irritation of the gastrointesti-
Lonicera caprifolium nal tract and possibly of the kidneys, urinary passages and
urinary bladder are possible in the event of overdosage. Case
DESCRIPTION studies are not known. (The berries of the red honeysuckle
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowers, the are considered poisonous. Intakes above 10 berries are said
seeds and the leaves. to trigger nausea, vomiting and tachycardia, elevated body
temperature, exanthemas and cyanosis.)
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in sixes directly on the
upper leaf pair. There are sometimes whorls of 6 in the next DOSAGE
1 or 2 leaf pairs. The corolla has a tight, 25 to 28 mm long Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete.
tube, and a bilabiate margin. It is yellowish-white, often red-
LITERATURE
tinged, glabrous inside and glandular outside. The ovary is Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
jug-shaped. The fruit is a berry. They are ellipsoid, 8 mm Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
long and coral red. The seeds are ellipsoid, flattened, Ges Stuttgart 1997.
longitudinally grooved and 4 mm long.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Leaves, Stem and Root: Honeysuckle is an up to 4 m high, Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
deciduous, clockwise-climbing shrub. The foliage leaves are Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
short-petioled, elliptical or obovate, blunt, entire, glabrous, Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
blue-green beneath and 4 to 10 cm by 3.5 to 6 cm. The 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
leaves are shortly fused in pairs, but the upper ones are fused Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
to an oval or circular leaf through which the stem grows. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
400/HOPS PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Hops EFFECTS
The drug is a sedative and therefore has sleep-inducing
Humulus lupulus effect. This effect, however, strongly depends on the quality
of the extract used.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the glandular hairs In animal experiments, the 2-methyl-3-buten-2-ol exhaled by
separated from the infructescence, the whole dried female the plant caused a long and deep narcotic sleep after a short
flowers, the fresh cones (preferably with few seeds) collected period of excitation.
before the seeds ripen and the fresh or dried female
inflorescence. The hop bitter acids are antibacterial and antimycotic. They
stimulate the secretion of gastric juices. In animal experi-
Flower and Fruit: The male flowers are yellowish-greenish,
ments, a strong spasmolytic effect on the smooth muscle of
inconspicuous and about 5 mm in diameter. The female
the intestinal tract has been reported.
flowers are in richly blossomed, heavily branched inflores-
cence. The ovary, which has 2 long downy stigma, is An estrogenic principle is considered plausible.
surrounded at the base by a round compressed nutlet. A
yellowish fruit cone grows from the female flower. The INDICATIONS AND USAGE
inside of the bracts is covered with small, glossy, light Approved by Commission E:
yellow glandular scales, which contain hop bitter (Lupulin).
• Nervousness and insomnia
Leaves, Stem and Root: The hop plant is a perennial. The
Unproven Uses: Used as a bitter and stomachic to stimulate
annual shoots reach a height of 6 m (12 m when cultivated).
the appetite and increase the secretion of gastric juices.
The stems are pencil-thick, green and do not tum woody.
They are covered in 6 rows of climbing barbs. The leaves are In folk medicine, Hops has been used internally for nerve
3 to 5 Iobed, serrate and opposite. pain, priapism, inflammation of the intestinal mucous
Characteristics: Lupulin has a very strong odor and an membrane and tension headaches and used externally for
extremely bitter taste. ulcus cruris, ulcers and skin abrasions.
Habitat: Indigenous to Europe, cultivated in Asia, U.S. and Homeopathic Uses: Humulus lupulus is found in prepara-
elsewhere. tions for treating nervousness and insomnia.
Production: Hop cones consist of the whole dried female PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
inflorescence of Humulus lupulus. After the harvest, the No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
hops are dried on racks at temperatures of 30 to 60° C. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The fresh plant has a sensitizing effect (hop-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
picker's disease), which may occur, more rarely, with the
COMPOUNDS
dust of the drug as well.
Acylphloroglucinols (10%)
DOSAGE
Alpha-bitter acids: including, among others, humulone,
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, powdered drug
cohumulone, adhumulone
or dry extract powder for infusions or decoctions or other
Beta-bitter acids: including, among others, lupulone, colupu- preparations; liquid and solid preparations for internal use
lone, adlupulone and externally for bath additives.
Volatile oil (0.3-1.0%): very complex in makeup, chief Hops is often found in combination with other sedatives.
components myrcene, humulene, beta-caryophyllene, unde-
cane-2-on, furthermore 2-methyl-but-3-en-ol (particularly How Supplied:
following storage, as breakdown product of the Liquid extract — drug: 1:1 45% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83).
acylphloroglucinols)
Tincture — drug 1:5 60% ethanol (V/V) (BHP83)
Resins (oxidation products of the bitter acids)
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, boiling water is poured
Phenolic acid: including, among others, ferulic acid, caffeic over the ground hop cones and left to draw for 10 to 15
acid and their derivatives, for example, chlorogenic acid minutes (1 teaspoonful is equal to 0.4 gm drug).
Tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidines
Daily Dosage: For most indications, a single dose of 0.5 gm
Flavonoids: including, among others, xanthohumole is given.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HOREHOUND / 4 0 1
To promote sleep, a single dose of 1 to 2 gm drug is given; Wohlfart R, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Nachweis sedativ-
liquid extract: single dose: 0.5 to 2 ml; tincture: single dose: hypnotischer Wirkstoffe im Hopfen. 4. Mittlg. Die
1 to 2 ml. Pharmakologie des Hopfeninhaltsstoffes 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol.
Planta Med 48:120-123.
Tea: 1 cup before bedtime for 2 to 3 days. Wohlfart R, Wurm G, Hansel R, Schmidt H, (1983) Der Abbau
m. der Bittersauren zum 2-Methyl-3-buten-2-ol, einem
^ Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Hopfeninhaltsstoff mit sedativ-hypnotischer Wirkung. Arch
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Pharmaz 315:132-137.
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once Further information in:
a day (HAB1).
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Storage: Protect from light and moisture in well-sealed Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. AufL Bde 4-6
containers. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg. New York. 1992-
LITERATURE 1994.
Bravo L et al.. (1974) Boil Chim Farm:306. Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Caujolle F et al.. (1969) Agressologie 10:405. Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Field JA et al.. Determination of essential oils in hops by Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
headspace solid- phase microextraktion. In: J Agric Food Chem Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
44(7): 1768-1772. 1996. Roth L, Daunderer M. Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
Fintelmann V, Klinisch-arztliche Bedeutung des Hopfens. In: 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ZPT 13(5): 165. 1992. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
Ganzer BM, Hopfen: nicht nur fur die Bierbrauerei. In: PZ
137(38):2824. 1992. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
# Hansel R et al.. (1982) Planta Med 45(4):224.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Hansel R, Pflanzliche Beruhigungsmittel Moglichkeiten und
Stuttgart 1997
Grenzen der Selbstmedikation. In: DAZ 135(32):2935-2943.
1995. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Hansel R, Wagener HH. (1967) Versuche, sedativ-hypnotische
York 1995.
Wirkstoffe im Hopfen nachzuweisen. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res
17:79-81. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Hartley RD, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1641.
Hartley RD, Fawcett CH, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:1395.
Holzl J, Inhaltsstoffe des Hopfens (Humulus lupulus L.). In:
ZPT 13(5): 155. 1992. Hordeum distichon
Kumai A, Okamoto R, (1984) Toxicol Lett 21(2):203. See Barley
Moir M et al.. (1980) Phytochemistry 19(10):2201.
Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen
Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995.
Schmalreck AF et al., (1975) Can J Microbiol 21:205.
Horehound
Schulz V, Hubner WD, Ploch M, Klinische Studien mit
Marrubium vulgare
Psycho-Phytopharmaka. In: ZPT 18(3): 141-154. 1997. DESCRIPTION
^ Stevens JF, Ivancic M, Hsu VL, Deinzer ML, Prenylflavonoids Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowering
from Humulus lupulus. In: PH 44(8): 1575-1585. 1997. branches, the fresh aerial parts of the flowering plant and the
Stocker HR, (1967) Sedative und hypnogene Wirkung des whole plant.
Hopfens. Schweizer Brauerei Rundschau 78:80-89. Flower and Fruit: The small, white 5 to 7 mm long, labiate
Tobe H, Muraki Y, Kitamura K, Komiyama O, Sato Y, globular flowers are sessile. There are 6 to 8 richly flowered
Sugioka T, Maruyama HB, Matsuda E, Nagai M, Bone false whorls that are 1.5 to 2 cm long on each stem. The
resorption inhibitors from hope extract. In: Biosc Biotech calyx is tubular, white and tomentose with 10 awl-shaped
Biochem 61(1):158-159. 1997. tips, which are curved back in a hook. The corolla is white
Wohlfart R, (1983) Dtsch Apoth Ztg 123:1637. and downy. The fruit is an ovate. 1.5 to 2 mm long, obtusely
402/HOREHOUND PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
triangular, smootfi, gray-brown with darker marbling or light bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, tuberculosis, pulmo-
brown nut. nary catarrh, respiratory infections, diarrhea, jaundice, debil-
ity and painful menstruation, and as a laxative in higher
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb with a
doses; externally for skin damage, ulcers and wounds, and as
fusiform root and a multi-headed, often woody, root crown.
a gargle for mouth and throat infections.
The stems are erect, branched, obtusely quadrangular, and
about 40 to 60 cm high and 7 mm thick at the base. The Homeopathic Uses: Inflammation of the respiratory tract.
branches are curved, spreading out, obtusely quadrangular,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
and loosely downy, like the leaves. The leaves are tomen-
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
tose-downy, petiolate, orbicular and unevenly crenate. They
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
have distinct veins on the underside and are wrinkled.
therapeutic dosages.
Characteristics: The leaves smell tangy when rubbed and
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy.
contain musk juice, which taste bitter and hot.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, freshly pressed
to central Asia. It has become established in central Europe;
plant juice and other galenic preparations for internal use.
introduced to America, South Africa and Australia.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
Production: Horehound herb consists of the fresh or dried, 1 to 2 gm of the drug; strain after 10 minutes. For a liquid
above-ground parts of Marrubium vulgare as well as their extract, prepare as a (1:1) dilution with ethanol (20%).
preparations. The plant is harvested during the flowering
season from June to August. Fast drying is recommended. Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 4.5 gm of the drug;
30 to 60 ml pressed juice.
Other Names: Houndsbane, Marrubium, White Horehound
The infusion dosage is 1 to 2 gm of the drug taken up to 3
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
times daily. The liquid extract dosage is 2 to 4 ml 3 times
COMPOUNDS
daily.
Diterpene hitter principles: chief components marrubiin
(0.1-1.0%), premarrubiin (0.1%) Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
acid, cryptochlorogenic acid a day (HAB1).
Flavonoids: including among others chrysoeriol, vicenin II, LITERATURE
lactoyl flavones, for example luteolin-7-lactate, apigenin-7- Bartarelli IM, (1966) Boll Chim Farm 105:787.
lactate
Brieskorn CH, Feilner K, (1968) Phytochemistry 7:485.
Volatile oil (traces): including among others camphene, p- Busby MC et al., (1983) Proc R IR Acad Sect B 83:1.
cymene, fenchene
Cahen R, (1970) C R Soc Biol 164:1467.
EFFECTS Henderson MS, McCrindle R, (1969) J Chem Soc Chem Comm
The bitter ingredients act as a gastric juice stimulant; 15:2014.
marrubinic acid acts as a choleretic. In animal experiments, a Karryev MO et al., (1976) Izv Akad Nauk Turkm Ser Biol
significant increase of bile secretion was observed after 3:86.
administration of marrubinic acid and its salt. The main Mascolo N et al., (1987) Phytother Res 1(1):28.
active principles, essential oil, diterpene-amaroids, tannins
Nicholas HJ, (1964) J Pharm Sci 53:895.
and flavonoids indicate that the drug would probably
stimulate gastric juice secretion. Pandler WW, Wagner S, (1963) Chem Ind 42:1693.
Popa DP et al., (1968) Khim Prir Soedin 4(6):345.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Popa DP et al., (1974) Rastit Resur 10(3):365.
Approved by Commission E:
Popa DP, Salei LA, (1973) Rastit Resur 9(3):384.
• Dyspeptic complaints
Further information in:
• Loss of appetite
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for dyspepsia, loss of Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AuflL, Bde 4-6
appetite, bloating and flatulence, and respiratory catarrh. In (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
folk medicine, it is used internally for acute and chronic 1994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HORSE CHESTNUT/403
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used long, cuneate-obovate, acute and dentate. The leaflets are
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New rich green above and beneath are light green.
York 1980.
Habitat: Although the herb is indigenous to the mountains of
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Greece, Bulgaria, the Caucasus, northern Iran and the
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Himalayas, it is cultivated elsewhere, especially in northern
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Europe including the British Isles, Denmark, Scandinavia
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. and Russia (Narva and St. Petersburg).
Steinegger E, Hansel R. Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Production: Horse Chestnut leaf consists of the fresh or
dried leaf of Aesculus hippocastanum. A dry extract is
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. manufactured from Horse Chestnut seeds standardized to a
Stuttgart 1997. content of 16-20% triterpene glycosides (calculated as
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. anhydrous aescin).
Stuttgart 1997.
Not to be Confused With: The leaves of the Horse Chestnut
are commonly confused with those of Sweet Chestnut.
Other Names: Spanish Chestnut, Buckeye, Common Horse
Horse Chestnut Chestnut, Conqueror Tree
Aesculus hippocastanum ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Daub B, Chronische Veneninsuffizienz: RoBkastanienextrakt Hellberg K, Ruschewski W, de Vivie R, Drug induced acute
oder Kompressionsstrumpf - gleiche Wirkung. In: DAZ renal failure after heart surgery. Thoraxchir Vask Chir 1975
136(12):946. 1996. Aug;23(4):396-9.
De Smet PA, Van den E, Lesterhuis W, Hepatotoxicity Hitzenberger G, (1989) Die therapeutische Wirksamkeit des
associated with herval tablets. BJM 1996; July 13, 313:92. RoBkastaniensamenextraktes. Wien Med Wschr 139(17):385-389
Diehm C, Vollbrecht D, Amendt K, Comberg HU, Medical Hiibner G, Wray V, Nahrstedt A, Flavonolglycosides in
K^
edema protection-clinical benefit in patients with chronic deep Aesculus hippocastanum L.: Isolation, structure elucidation and
vein incompetence. A placebo controlled double blind study. quantification. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress
Vasa 21 (2): 199-92.1992, ofGA, 139. 1996.
Diehm C, Trampisch HJ, Lange S, Schmidt C, Comparison of Jacker HJ, Zur Pharmakologie der RoBkastanie. In: PZH
leg compression stocking and oral horse-chestnut seed extract in 116(9):959-968. 1977.
patients with chronic venous insufficiency. Lancet Feb Konoshima T, Lee KH. (1986) J Nat Prod 49(4):650.
3;347:292-294. 1996.
Kreysel HW, Nissen HP, Enghofer E, A possible role of
Ehringer H, Objektivierbare Venentonisierung nach oraler Gabe lysosomal enzymes in the pathogenesis of varicosis and the
eines Kombinationspraparates mit RoBkastanienextrakt. In: reduction in their serum activity by Venostasin. Vasa 12(4):377-
Arzneim Forsch 18:432. 1968. 82. 1983.
Escribano MM, Munoz-Bellido FJ, Velazquez E et al., Contact Locks H, Baumgartner H, Konzett H, (1974) Zur Beeinflussung
urticaria due to aescin. Contact Dermatitis 1997 Nov:37(5):233. des Benentonus durch RoBkastanienextrakte. Arzneim Forsch
Fachinformation: Opino (R) N gel, Aescin. Toponwerke GmbH 24:1347.
& Co, KG, Koeln, 1991. Lohr E, Garanin G, Jesau P, Fischer H, (1986) Odemprotektive
Fachinformation: Reparil (R)- Sportgel, Aescin, Diethylamin- Therapie bei chronischer Veneninsuffizienz mit Odemneigung.
salicylat. Madaus AG, Koeln, 1994. Munch Med Wschr 128:579-581.
Felix W, Schneider E, Schmidt A, Grimm G, Vasoaktive Longiave D, Omini C, Nicosia S, Berti F, (1978) The Mode of ^|
Action of Escin on Isolated Veins, Relationship with PGF2.
Wirkung von alpha-Aescin. In: Fischer H (Hrsg) Ergebnisse der
Pharmacol Res 10:145.
Angiologie: Chronische Veneninsuffizienz. Pathogenese und
medikamentose Therapie, Schattauer, Stuttgart, 30:93-105. 1984. Lorenz D, Marek ML, (1960) Das therapeutisch wirksame
Prinzip der RoBkastanie (Aesculus hippocastanum). Arzneim
Felix W, Spektrum Venenmittel. In: Arzneimitteltherapie heute.
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Bd. 45. Spektrum Venenmittel. Aesopus Verlag Zug S 29.
1986. Marshall M, Dormandy JA, (1987) Oedema of long distant
flights. Phlebol 2:123-124.
Felix W, Wirkungsmechanismen der internen Therapie mit
"Venopharmaka". In: Dt med J 21:458-465. 1970. Marshall M, Loew D, (1994) Diagnostische MaBnahmen zum
Nachweis der Wirksamkeit von Venentherapeutika. Phlebol
Fink Serralde C. Dreyfus Cortes GO, Colo Hernandesz,
23:85-91.
Marquez Zacarias LA, (1975) Valoracion de la escina pura en
el tratamiento del sindrome des estasis venosa cronica. Munch Marshall M, Wustenberg P, Klinik und Therapie der
Med Wschr (mex. Ausgabe) 117(l):41-46. chronischen venosen Insuffizienz. In: Klinik und Therapie der
chronischen venosen Insuffizienz, Braun Fachverlage, Karlsruhe
Fischer H, Pflanzliche Venentherapeutica. In: Therapiewoche
1994.
34:4101-4106. 1984.
Neiss A, Bohm C, (1976) Zum Wirksamkeitsnachweis von
Fricke U, (1995) Venenmittel. In: Schwabe U, Paffrath D RoBkastaniensamenextrakt beim varikosen Symptomenkomplex.
(Hrsg), Arzneiverordnungs-Report '95. Gustav Fischer Verlag Munch Med Wschr 7:213-216.
Stuttgart, Jena, S 421-430.
Pauschinger P, tl987) Klinisch experimentelle Untersuchungen
Friederich HC, Vogelsberg H, Neiss A, (1978) Ein Beitrag zur zur Wirkung von RoBkastaniensamenextrakt auf die
Bewertung von intern wirksamen Venenpharmaka. Z transkapillare Filtration und das intravasale Volumen an »
Hautkrankheiten 53(ll):369-374. Patienten mit chronisch venoser Insuffizien. Z Phlebol Proktol
Girerd I, DiPasquale, Steinetz G, Beach BG, Pearl VLW, The 16:57-61.
anti-edema properties of aescin. In: Arch internat Pharmacodyn Preziosi P, Manca P, (1965) Arzneim Forsch 15:404.
Ther, Bruxelles 133:127-137. 1961.
Proserpio G et al., (1980) Fitoterapia 2:113.
Hampel H, Hofrichter G, Liehn HD, Schlemmer W, Zur
Rao GS et al., (1974) J Pharm Sci 63:471.
Pharmakologie der Aescin-Isomere unter besonderer
Beriicksichtigung von alpha-Aescin. In: Arzneim Forsch 20:209- Reynolds JEF, Martindale: The Extra Pharmacopoeia.
215. 1970. Pharmaceutical Press, London, 1998.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HORSEMINT/407
Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Neue Befunde zur Wirksamkeit und zu Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Wirkungsmechanismen des Ro(3kastanien-Saponins Aescin. In: mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Arzneim Forsch 26:225-235. 1976. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Rothkopf M, Vogel G, Lang W, Leng E, Animal experiments pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
on the question of the renal toleration of the horse chestnut .York 1995.
saponin aescin. Arzneimittelforschung 1977;27(3):598-605.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Rudofsky G, Neip A, Otto K, Seibel K, (1986) Odemprotektive Stuttgart 1997.
Wirkung und klinische Wirksamkeit von
Ro(3kastaniensamenextrakt im Doppelblindversuch. Phlebol
Proktol 15:47-54.
Schlesser JL (ed.). Drugs Available Abroad. Gale Research Inc.
Detroit, MI, 1991.
Horsemint
Monarda Punctata
Simini B, Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic venous
insufficiency (letter;comment). Lancet 1996 Apr 27;347 DESCRIPTION
(9009): 1182-3. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, (1986) Untersuchung zur Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in axillary whorls. They
odemprotektiven Wirkung eines Venentherapeutikums. Munch
are bilabiate. The corolla is yellow with red spots. The 2
Med Wschr 31:551-552.
stamens and the sessile bracts are yellow and purple.
Steiner M, Untersuchung zur odemvermindernden und
odemprotektiven Wirkung von Ro(3kastanienextrakt. In: Phlebol Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial and grows
Proktol 19:239-242. 1990. up to 90 cm high with a branched, round stem. The leaves
Steiner M, Hillemanns HG, Venostasin retard in the are opposite, lanceolate and downy.
management of venous problems during pregnancy. Phlebology Characteristics: The taste is pungent and bitter; the odor
5:41-44. 1990.
reminiscent of thyme.
Vayssairat M et al.. Horse-chestnut seed extract for chronic
venous insufficiency. In: Lancet 347(9009): 182-183. 1996. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the eastern and central
U.S.
Vogel G, Aesculus hippocastanum L. - Die Ropkastanie. In:
ZPT 10:102 - 106. 1989. Other Names: Spotted Monarda, Monarda Lutea, Wild
Vogel G, Marek ML, Stoeckert J, Weitere Untersuchungen zum Bergamot
Wirkungsmechanismus des RoPkastanien-Saponins Aescin. In:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Arzneim Forsch 13:59. 1963.
COMPOUNDS
Further information in:
Volatile oil: including among others thymol (20%), thymol
Chan, EH et al. (Ed.), Advances in Chinese Medicinal Materials methyl ether, thymol hydroquinone; in Monarda punctata
Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985. varieties, maritima including also gamma-terpinene, geranyl-
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur formate, nerylformate
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997. EFFECTS
The drug has carminative, stimulant and emmenagogic
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
effects.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- CONTRAINDICATIONS
1994. The drug is not to be used during pregnancy.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzheimittel, Bde 1-3,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for digestive disorders,
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, flatulence and dysmenorrhea.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Indian Medicine: American Indians use the drug for
Heidelberg 1996. inflammations, rheumatism and backache.
administered externally. Even then, because it raises blisters Other Names: Mountain Radish, Red Cole, Great Raifort
in its pure form, it should be diluted with olive oil before
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
application.)
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE Glucosinolates sinigrin and gluconasturtin: The freshly
Mode, of Administration: Ground drug used as an infusion. harvested root contains the glucosinolates sinigrin (0.3%)
LITERATURE
and gluconasturtin, which release enzymatically triggered
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der (myrosinase) allyl mustard oil (up to 90%) and a little 2-
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag phenyl mustard when the root is cut up. The dehydrated root
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. contains both of these mustard oils.
EFFECTS
Horseradish works antimicrobially against gram-positive and
Horseradish gram-negative pathogens, and is hyperemic on skin and
mucous membranes and carcinostatic (due to the mustard
Armor acta rusticana oils). Horseradish demonstrated an antispasmodic effect in
DESCRIPTION
animal experiments.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the fresh
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
or dried horseradish root.
Approved by Commission E:
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is made up of numer-
ous, richly flowered racemes (cymes). The fragrant flowers • Cough/Bronchitis
are on 5 to 7 mm long, upright pedicles. The sepals are 2.5 to • Infections of the urinary tract
3 mm long, broadly ovate, with a membranous white margin.
Unproven Uses: Internally, Horseradish is used to treat
The white petals are 5 to 7 mm long and broadly obovate.
inflammation of the respiratory tract and as supportive
The inner stamens are 2.5 mm long; the outer ones 1.5 mm
therapy for infections of the urinary tract. Externally, the
long. The stigma is broad, round and gently 2-lobed. The
drug is used for inflammation of the respiratory tract and for
small pods are on 20 mm long, upright spreading stems.
hyperemic treatment for minor muscle aches. In folk
They are globose to obovate and 4 to 6 mm long. The seeds
medicine, horseradish is administered for influenza, respira-
are smooth.
tory ailments, digestion, gout, rheumatism, and liver and
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is 40 to 120 cm high. It is gallbladder disorders.
a sturdy and glabrous perennial. The root is quite thick and
woody. In cultivated varieties, it is thick and fleshy with Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathy include eye inflam-
numerous root heads, which are light yellowish-white and mations, upper respiratory tract inflammations and upper
have horizontal underground runners. The sometimes soli- abdominal colic.
tary stems are upright, branched above, grooved and hollow.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
The leaves are long-petioled, oblong-ovate, cordate at the
Because of the mucous membrane-irritating effect of the
base, 30 to 100 cm long and unevenly crenate. The lower
mustard oils, the intake of the drug should not be carried out
cauline leaves have shorter petioles and are lobed or comb-
in the presence of stomach or intestinal ulcers or in patients
shaped pinnate with linear-oblong, entire-margined or serrate
with a history of kidney disease.
sections. The upper cauline leaves with narrowed bases are
sessile, oblong or lanceolate, unevenly crenate to serrate and PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
obtuse. The uppermost leaves are linear or almost entire- General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
margined. conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Characteristics: The rootstock has an odor that is strong and
irritating, and a sharp, burning taste. Pediatric Use: Preparations of horseradish should not be
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Volga-Don region but administered to children under 4 years of age.
has spread to almost all of Europe and other parts of the
DOSAGE
world.
Mode of Administration: Fresh or dried root that has been cut
Production: Horseradish consists of the fresh or dried, or ground, freshly pressed juice or other galenic preparations
peeled or unpeeled roots of Armoracia rusticana. for internal or external applications.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS HORSETAIL / 4 0 9
Daily Dose: The average dose for internal use is 20 g of Habitat: Horsetail grows throughout Europe. It grows in
fresh root; for external use, ointments and gels with a Asia as far south as Turkey and Iran. The plant is also found
maximum of 2% mustard oils may be used. in the Himalayas, central and north China and Japan.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Production: Horsetail consists of the fresh or dried, green,
•^T 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); sterile stems of Equisetum arvense harvested in the summer.
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB34). The mother The herb is collected in the wild and air-dried.
tincture and first decimal dilution to be taken diluted wi
water. Not to be Confused With: Other Equisetum species.
Storage: Fresh roots should be buried in soil or sand. Other Names: Bottle-Brush, Corn Horsetail, Dutch Rushes,
Field Horsetail, Horse Willow, Horsetail Grass, Horsetail
LITERATURE Rush, Paddock-Pipes, Pewterwort, Scouring Rush, Shave
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Grass, Toadpipe
Handbuch der Pharmazeutisehen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992- ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
1994. COMPOUNDS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Flavonoids: (0.6 to 0-9%): apigenin-5-0-glucoside, genkwa-
Verlag. Heidelberg 1992. nin-5-O-glucoside, kaempferol-3,7-di-0-glucoside, kaemp-
ferol-3-0-(6'-0-malonyl-glucoside)-7-0-glucoside,
Simon JE, Chadvvick AF, Craker LE (Eds), Herbs. An Indexed
Bibliography 1971-80. Archon Books, USA 1984. kaempferol-3-O-sophoroside, luteolin-5-O-glucoside, quer-
cetin-3-O-glucoside
Stoll A, Seebeek E, Helv Chim Acta 31:1432-1434. 1948.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie, Caffeic acid ester (up to 1%): including chlorogenic acid,
jg| Pharniakologie. 2. Aufl.. Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. dicoffeoyl-meso-tartaric acid
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Silicic acid (5 to 7.7%): to some extent water-soluble
Stuttgart 1997.
Pyridine alkaloids: nicotine (traces), palustrine (in the
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
gamatophytes and in the rhizome styrolpyrone glucosides,
York, 1995. including equisetumpyrone)
EFFECTS
Horsetail has a mild diuretic and spasmolytic action in
animal tests. The flavonoids and silicic acid contribute to the
Horsetail astringent effect.
Equisetum arvense
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
TRADE NAMES Approved by Commission E:
Alcohol Free Horsetail, Horsetail, Horsetail Grass, Wild
Countryside Springtime Horsetail • Infections of the urinary tract
• Kidney and bladder stones
DESCRIPTION • Wounds and burns
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried green,
sterile shoots and fresh sterile shoots. Internal preparations are used for post-traumatic and static
edema, flushing-out therapy for bacterial and inflammatory
Flower and Fruit: Horsetail appears in two forms during the diseases of the lower urinary tract and renal stones. It is used
year. From March to April the red-brown to straw yellow externally as a supportive treatment for poorly healing
simple stem develops with leaves arranged in a number of wounds.
levels on the stem in whorls. The leaves are brown, fused to
a sheath at the lower level with black-tipped, dry sporangia Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Equisetum arvense is used
cones at the tip sprinkling greenish spore powder. In May for tuberculosis, as a catarrh in the kidney and bladder
and June there is a sterile summer form with 10 to 14 cm regions, as a hematostatic for profuse menstruation, nasal,
high stems and numerous branches that are arranged in pulmonary and gastric hemorrhages, for brittle fingernails
whorls at the nodes. The stem and branches are deeply and loss of hair, for rheumatic diseases, gout, poorly healing
grooved, usually square and rough. wounds and ulcers, swelling and fractures and for frostbite.
410/HORSETAIL PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
A doctor should be consulted when the drug is utilized as a Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
bath additive in cases of major skin lesions, acute skin Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
lesions of unknown origin, major feverish and infectious (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
diseases, cardiac insufficiency and hypertonia.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
DOSAGE
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
other galenic preparations are available for oral administra-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
tion. Comminuted herb for decoctions and other galenic
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
preparations are used externally.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Preparation: To make a tea. pour 200 ml boiling water over Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
2 to 3 gm drug and boil for 5 minutes. Strain after 10 to 15 pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
minutes. To make an infusion, use 1.5 gm drug per 1 cup York 1995.
water. A liquid extract is prepared in a 1:1 ratio in 25% Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
alcohol. Stuttgart 1997.
Daily Dosage: Daily dose of Horsetail is 6 g drug. The drug
should be administered with plenty of fluids.
root is the root of Cynoglossum officinale. The root is Storage: The herb should be protected from light and kept
gathered in the second spring and then dried. dry above annealed calcium chloride in air-tight, sealed glass
or chalk containers, with the possible addition of a few drops
Other Names: Dog's Tongue, Dog-Bur, Gypsy Flower, of chloroform or carbon tetrachloride as an insecticide. It
Sheep-Lice, Woolmat should be3 renewed annually.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE HERB HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids (0.7 to 1.5%): main alkaloids helio- Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
supine, echinatine, also 7-angeloylheliotridine, Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
acetylheliosupine Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS: Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
No information is available. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
COMPOUNDS: HOUNDS TONGUE ROOT Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR,
Pyrrolizidine alkaloids: main alkaloids presumably, as in the Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of
plant, heliosupine and echinatine pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med
Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984.
Tannins
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
EFFECTS: HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
The root has antidiarrheal and wound-healing effects. It is Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from
both toxic and carcinogenic. Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
According to previous reports, cynoglossin has a paralyzing Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
effect on the peripheral nerve ends of frogs. The substances Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
consolicin and consolidin have a paralyzing effect on the Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
CNS, which is 3 times stronger than the effect of cynoglos- Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
sin. The toxicity should disappear with storage.
HOUND'S TONGUE ROOT
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
HOUND'S TONGUE HERB
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hound's Tongue have been
used as an antidiarrheal and an expectorant. The effective- Knight AP, Kimberling CV, Stermitz FR, Roby MR,
ness of the herb for the claimed applications is not Cynoglossum officinale (hounds-tongue) - a cause of
documented. pyrrolizidine-alkaloid poisoning in horse. In: J Am Vet Med
Assoc 185(6):647-650. 1984.
CYNOGLOSSUM ROOT Mattocks AR, Pigott CD, Pyrrolizidine lakloids from
Unproven Uses: In the past, it was used as an analgesic both Cynoglossum germanicum. In: PH 29(9):2871. 1990.
internally and externally, as a cough sedative and for
diarrhea. The root is used externally in the treatment of
wounds.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The green succulent leaves grow. water. Gargles are prepared using plant juice diluted with
directly from the perennial fibrous root and form a dense, water and sweetened with honey. The pure plant juice is used
obovate, basal rosette 5 to 10 cm in diameter. They are for ear drops.
fleshy and juicy, flat, 2.5 to 5 cm long. The purple leaves are
Daily Dosage: Infusion dosage is 1 cup every 3 hours.
sessile-oblong with a ciliate margin and are often in carpets
of tufts. LITERATURE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and southern
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Europe and now grows wild in northern Europe, northern Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Africa, and western Asia.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Other Names: Jupiter's Eye. Jupiter's Beard, Thor's Beard, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Bullock's Eye, Sengreen, Ayron, Ayegreen, Aaron's Rod,
Hens and Chickens, Liveforever, Thunder Plant
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Humulus lupulus
Fruit acids: L(-)-malic acid, isocitric acid, succinic acid See Hops
Tannins
Mucilage
EFFECTS
Hwema Bark
The active agents are the leaves containing tannin, bitter Corynanthe pachyceras
substances, sugar, and mucous. Results of research carried
DESCRIPTION
out to date point to a possible liver-protective and anti-
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the bark.
oxidative effect. There are no studies available for the
astringent, diuretic and antiseptic effects attributed to the Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an apical, up to 10-
drug. cm long panicle. The calyx has 4 short tips. The corolla tube
is white and urn-shaped with 4 narrow, approximately 2-mm
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
long lobes. The lobes have globular appendages, with 4
Unproven Uses: Houseleek is used internally to relieve
stamens and a 2-chambered ovary. The fruit is a 7 to 10 mm
severe diarrhea. Folk medicine uses include dysentery,
long and 2 to 4 mm wide, loculicidal capsule, which is black
dysmenorrhea and amenorrhea, impairment of hearing and
when ripe, with numerous double slit winged seeds.
fever, worm infestation, uterine neuralgia, tonsillitis, head-
ache and toothache. Externally, the drug is used for bums, Leaves and Trunk: Corynanthe pachyceras is a tree that
wounds, ulcers and swelling caused by insect bites, open grows up to 20 m high. The leaves are opposite, with simple
wounds, sore nipples, corns, inflammation of the throat, lamina that are paper-like. The lamina grow from 15 to 25
hemorrhoids, eczema, stomatitis, oral fungal infections and cm long and 5 to 7 cm wide. They are elongate-ovate with
inflammation of mucous membranes and for the treatment of approximately 12 mm long stipules. The branches are
itchy and burning skin parts. A gargle of diluted juice made glabrous and the trunk bark is dark green to reddish brown.
from the leaves is used for stomatitis.
Habitat: Tropical Africa
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Production: Hwema bark is the dried bark of Corynanthe
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic pachyceras. It is dried in the sun or drying cupboard with
dosages. circulating air at temperatures less than 70° C after
harvesting.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Houseleek is used internally as a Not to be Confused With: Incorrect identification can occur
decoction. Freshly pressed leaves and their juice is used with Cinchonae cortex and sometimes with Yohimbe Cortex.
externally.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, allow 15 g of the drug COMPOUNDS
to steep in 1000 ml water for 10 minutes. Poultices are Indole alkaloids of the beta-carboline and oxindole type:
prepared using crushed fresh leaves. A compress is made by chief alkaloids corynanthine (1.2%) and corynantheidine,
soaking a cloth in plant juice that has been diluted with including as well, corynanthidine (alpha-yohimbine), beta-
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S HYDRANGEA/413
How Supplied: Tablets, capsules, suppositories and drink Unproven Uses: Hydrangea is used in the treatment of
ampules. conditions of the urinary tract, particularly bladder and
kidney stones.
Storage: Hwema Bark should be stored in a dry place.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
* Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed) Hagers with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 dosages. According to information in older medical litera-
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- ture, the intake of larger dosages can lead to dizziness,
1994 feelings of constriction in the chest and central nervous
system disorders. The plant has a weak potential for
sensitization (chief allergen hydrangenol).
LITERATURE
Bate-Smith EC, (1978) Phytochemistry 17:267. Hyssop
Der Mardirossian A et al., (1976) J Toxicol Environ Health 1:
Hyssopus officinalis
939. TRADE NAMES
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Hyssop (available from numerous manufacturers and as
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- combination product), Hyssop Herb
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
DESCRIPTION
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. flower tips and the essential oil.
Kern W, List PH, horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Flower and Fruit: The dark-blue bilabiate flowers are
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag medium-sized false whorls in one-sided, terminal, leafy
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. racemes. The calyx is downy, 5-tipped and glabrous inside.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used There are 4 stamens, which are turned away from each other
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New and extend far above the perianth. The style is very long.
York 1980.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen subshrub
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug about 60 cm high. The stem is erect, quadrangular, shrubby
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. and branched. The leaves are sessile, lanceolate, acute,
entire-margined, punctate, glabrous, dark green and paler
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. beneath.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Characteristics: The plant has a weak sweetish smell. The
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. taste is bitter.
Volatile oil
EFFECTS
1-pinocamphone and isopinocamphone are the toxically
active constituents of the drug. The oil has an antimicrobial
Hypoxis rooperi and anthelmintic effect. Extracts of the leaves are antimicro-
See African Potato bial, antiviral (herpes simplex) and mildly spasmolytic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ICELAND MOSS 415
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Flower and Fruit: Cetraria islandica is a lichen that grows on
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Hyssop herb are used for the the ground and has a stiff, curling thalius. The thalius is from
gentle stimulation of circulation, for intestinal catarrhs, for 2 to 6 cm high, erect, dichotomously branched, with a 1 to 10
diseases of the respiratory tract, colds, chest and lung cm wide section. The upper surface is olive-brown-green or
ailments. brown, the underside is whitish to light brownish. The
margins are covered in 0.5 mm long papilla, which contain
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
the reproductive parts.
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Characteristics: Iceland Moss tastes bitter, and when wet,
Isolated cases of tonic-clonic spasms have been observed has a smell reminiscent of seaweed.
among adults after intake of 10 to 30 drops of the volatile oil
over a number of days (2 to 3 drops for children). Habitat: Grows in the boreal, alpine and Arctic regions of
the Northern Hemisphere and in some regions of the
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy. Southern Hemisphere.
DOSAGE Production: Iceland Moss consists of the dried thalius of
Mode of Administration: Hyssop herb preparations are Cetraria islandica as well as its preparations. It is collected in
available as capsules for internal use. the wild, then air-dried, moistened, cut and re-dried.
How Supplied: Other Names: Iceland Lichen, Cetraria. Eryngo-Leaved
Capsules — 445 mg Liverwort
LITERATURE ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Joulain D, (1979) Riv Ital Ess Prof Piante Off Ar Sap Cosm COMPOUNDS
48:479.
Mucilages, glucans (50%): lichenan (lichenan). isolichenan
Kern W. List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der (isolichenan)
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufi., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Aromatic lichen acids (2-3%): fumarprototcetraric acid,
protocetraric acid, cetraric acid
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food. Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Aliphatic lichen acids (1.0-1.5%): esp. protolichesteric acid
York 1980.
EFFECTS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. The bitter organic acids have an antibiotic effect. It is also a
demulcent and a mild antimicrobial.
Opdyke DU, (1978) Food Cosmet Toxicol 16 (Suppl. 1):787.
The drug has an demulcent effect due to the sesquitering
action of the polysaccharides. An ethanol precipitation of the
aqueous extract containing lichenan and isolichenan demon-
Hyssopus officinalis strated an antitumoural effect in animal tests.
See Hyssop INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
• Cough/bronchitis
Iberis amara •
•
Dyspeptic complaints
Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx r
See Bitter Candytuft • Loss of appetite
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the minutes and then strain. Drink throughout the day and make
capitula of Helichrysum stoechas and Helichrysum a fresh batch daily.
augustifolium.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 3 g of drug.
Other Names: Common Shrubby Everlasting, Eternal Flow-
Storage: Store Immortelle protected from light and moisture.
er, Goldilocks, Yellow Chaste Weed
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Derkach AI et al., Chem Nat Comp 6:722. 1986.
COMPOUNDS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Flavonoids: in particular isosalipurposide (intensive yellow
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
chalcone glycoside), naringenin-5-glucosyl-gIucoside, heli- Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
chrysin A and B (C-2-enantiomeric narigenin-5-O-gluco-
sides, B-salipurposide) Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Dmgs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Phthalides: including 5-methoxy-7-hydroxy-phthaIides and York 1980.
their monoglucoside Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Alpha-pyrone derivatives: arenole, homoarenole
Mericli AH et al., Sci Pharm 54:363. 1986.
Sesquiterpene bitter principles Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Volatile oil (traces) mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Caffeic acid derivatives Stuttgart 1997.
EFFECTS
Characteristics: The plant has an acrid taste and is to a doses of the drug because of the mucous membrane-irritating
certain degree poisonous. resin fraction.
Habitat: The plant is found mostly in the U.S. and Canada. OVERDOSAGE
For possible symptoms of overdose and treatment of
Not to be Confused With: Indian Hemp (Cannabis indica), poisonings see Digitalis folium. Despite the strong efficacy
W though both species contain latex and their tough, fibrous of the drug's cardioactive steroid glycosides in parenteral
bark can be used as a substitute for hemp, hence the name. application, serious poisoning in the course of peroral
Production: Indian Hemp root is the root of Apocynum administration is unlikely, due to the low resorption rate.
cannabinum, which is gathered (and sometimes dried), in DOSAGE
autumn. The plant is cultivated as a crop in Germany and Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of die liquid extract is
Russia. 10 to 30 drops to be taken 3 times daily or 0.3 to 0.6 ml. of a
1:10 tincture.
Other Names: Bitterroot, Catchfly, Dogbane, Fly-Trap,
Honeybloom, Milk Ipecac, Milkweed, Mountain Hemp, Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Wallflower. Wild Cotton, Canadian Hemp 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or every 1 to 3 days (chronic);
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Storage: Store in secure area as the drug is poisonous.
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids): in particular
LITERATURE
cymarin, k-strophantoside, apocannoside, cynocannoside
Belkin M et al., (1952) J Nat Cancer Inst 13:742.
EFFECTS Desruelles J et al.. Therapie 28:103-113. 1973.
The high content of cardenolide glycosides causes bradycar- Kupchan SM et al.. J Med Chem 7:803-805. 1964.
dia and increased contraction of the heart. Blood pressure is
Further information in:
W lowered, and rebound vagotonia hypertension can occur. The
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
drug increases diuresis and stimulation of the vasomotor
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
centers. It causes more severe irritation of the intestinal (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
mucous membrane than digitalis and strophantus prepara- 1994.
tions. It has a lower therapeutic effect on atrial fibrillation
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
than digitalis.
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Cardenollide glycoside cymine has an effect that is similar Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
but generally weaker than glycoside strophantine, with the Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
exception of the stronger diuretic effect in edema. It is less Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
cumulative. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Unproven Uses: The juice of the fresh plant is used in the Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
treatment of condylomatosis and warts. American Indians Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
use the roots for asthma, dropsy, coughs, syphilis and Stuttgart 1997.
rheumatism. In folk medicine, the root is used to strengthen Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
weak heart muscles following pneumonia, valvular insuffi- pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
ciency and senile heart. It is also used as a diuretic. York 1995.
ovary with 3 styles. The male flowers are above these with 4 tration of designated therapeutic dosages. Dermatitis has
sepals and 8 stamens. On the tips of the young flower shoots been observed following skin contact with the latex of the
are T-shaped, hairy structures approximately 2 mm wide fresh plant. Cyanide poisonings from the drug are unlikely,
with 2 side openings. The fruit is a 3-chambered capsule due to the relatively low levels of cyanogenic glycoside
with 3 gray-brown seeds of approximately 1 mm diameter. content and the lack of stimuli leading to ingestion.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Indian nettle is an annual, upright,
OVERDOSAGE
nettle-like diclinous, monoecious herb, which grows up to 60
cm high. The leaves are alternate, long-petiolate, round to In animal experiments (rabbits), administration of large
rhomboid, 2 to 6 cm long, 1.5 to 5 cm wide narrowing to the quantities of the drug led to gastrointestinal inflammation
petiole. They are matte above, glossy beneath with strongly and to a change in blood color to chocolate-brown,
protruding ribs, dentate at the front and smooth toward the indicating the presence of additional toxic substances.
base. The margin, petiole and ribs are weakly pubescent with
DOSAGE
2 awl-like stipules. The stem is usually unbranched and
pubescent. The main root is unbranched with thin secondary Mode of Administration: Liquid preparations and other
roots. galenic preparations for internal use and liquid preparations
for external use.
Habitat: The plant comes from India, Indochina and
Ethiopia. Preparation:
Other Names: Cat's Nettle
Decoction: 100 gm drug to 1 liter water
Production: Indian nettle is the whole fresh plant of Extract: 1000 gm drug to 1000 ml 90% ethanol (V/V)
Acalypha indica collected during the flowering season and Infusion: 50 gm drug to 1 liter water
dried. Juice: 800 gm drug to 800 ml water and 200 ml ethanol 90%
Tincture: 125 gm drug to 1000 ml ethanol 90% (V/V)
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Daily Dosage:
Cyanogenic glycosides: acalyphin (0.3%, 3-cyanopyridone
derivative) Decoction — single dose: 15 to 30 ml
Tannins: including tri-O-methyl ellagic acid
Extract — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
Volatile oil
Infusion — single dose: 15 to 30 ml
EFFECTS
The drug is hemostyptic and antibacterial in effect (cyano- Juice — single dose: 0.3 to 2 ml
genic glucoside acalyphine). In vitro, proof of an accelera-
tion of blood coagulation exists, which is due to the high Tincture — single dose: 2 to 4 ml
levels of calcium salts. The leaf latex is said to have emetic
and expectorant effects upon children. When administered as LITERATURE
a suppository for constipation, it is said to immediately relax Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
the contracted anal sphincter. Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Heidelberg 1998.
Unproven Uses: Internally used for worm infestation and
constipation, for pregnant women, also for upset stomach Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acalypha indica induced
and bronchitis. Externally used for eczema and skin rashes, haemolysis in G6PD deficiency. Ceylon Med J, 26:1996 Jan.
ear ache (decoction), tumors (juice), as well as for cuts and
other wounds, and also for inflammation of the joints (cut Senanayake N, Sanmuganathan PS, Acute intravascular
haemolysis in glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficient
leaves and stems).
patients following ingestion of herbal broth containing Acalypha
Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for ulcers, changes to indica. Trop Doct, 26:32, 1996 Jan.
the skin, bronchitis, constipation, croup and earache.
Shanmugasundaram KR, Seethapathy PG, Shanmugasundaram
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ER, Anna Pavala Sindhooram - an antiatherosclerotic Indian
No health hazards or side effects other than possible gastric drug. J Ethnopharmacol, 7:247-65, 1983 May.
irritation are known in conjunction with the proper adminis-
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS INDIAN SQUILL/421
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, campesterol, drug, the administration of pure glycosides is to be preferred
stigmasterol (proscillaridin A).
EFFECTS The first-aid measures to be taken with poisonings are gastric
The drug's content levels of cardioactive glycosides explain lavage and instillation of activated charcoal. All other
the administration in the presence of cardiac insufficiency measures proceed according to the symptoms: careful
and cardio-conditioned edema formation. The expectorant potassium replacement for potassium loss; phenytoin as an
may be due the drug's effect as a mild irritant of the antiarrhythmic for ectopic stimulation formation in the
gastrointestinal tract combined with an increase in secretions ventricle; lidocaine for ventricular extrasystole; atropine or
of the bronchial system. The drug's administration as an orciprenaline for pronounced bradycardia. The prophylactic
antirheumatic appears plausible, due to the skin-irritating insertion of a cardiac pacemaker is recommended. Hemoper-
effect of the oxalate raphides it contains. fusion for the elimination of the glycosides or cholestyra-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
mine administration for the interruption of the enterohepatic
Unproven Uses: For chronic bronchitis, asthma and cardiac circulation are possible.
insufficiency as a treatment of second choice in the case of DOSAGE
hypersensitivity to digitalis. Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug, powdered
Indian Medicine: For edema, digestion disturbances, menstr- drug and other galenic preparations for internal and external
uation disorders, worm infestation, chronic bronchitis, asth- use.
ma, rheumatism and skin conditions.
Preparation: Liquid extract: 100 g drug are percolated with
CONTRAINDICATIONS 70% ethanol and then evaporated to 850 ml; the rest is filled
Neither the drug nor pure glycosides should be administered to 1000 ml again with 70% ethanol and filtered (BPC79).
in the presence of first- and second-degree AV-Block,
hypercalcemia, hypokalemia, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, Tincture: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000 ml 60%
carotid sinus syndrome, ventricle tachycardia, thoracic aortic ethanol (BPC79).
aneurysm, WPW syndrome. Acetic acid maceration: 100 gm drug is macerated with 1000
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ml acetic acid in a closed vessel and then filtered. Finally the
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with filtrate is heated and re-filtered after 7 days (BPC79).
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Daily Dosage:
Because of the limited therapeutic range of the cardioactive
steroid glycosides, a number of patients receiving no more Drug: single dose: 60 to 200 mg; Tincture: 0.3 to 2 ml;
than therapeutic dosages might experience the following side Liquid extract: 0.06 to 0.2 ml; Acetic acid essence: 0.6 to 2
effects: hypertonia in gastrointestinal area, loss of appetite, ml.
vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular pulse.
Storage: Store in a dry place and below 25°C.
Drug Interactions: The simultaneous administration of
arrhythmogenic substances (sympathomimetics, methyl xan- LITERATURE
thines, phosphodiesterase inhibitors, quinidine) increases the Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
risk of cardiac arrhythmias. Contact witii the latex of the Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
fresh bulbs can lead to skin inflammation (Scilla dermatitis). (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994
OVERDOSAGE
Overdose could lead to hypertonia in gastrointestinal area,
loss of appetite, vomiting, diarrhea, headache and irregular
pulse along with the following: Inula britannica
- heart: cardiac rhythm disorders as serious as life-threaten- See British Elecampane
ing ventricular tachycardias, atrial tachycardias with atrio-
ventricular block.
(Xuan-Fu-Hua)
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. Unproven Uses: The drug can be used for respiratory and
Stuttgart 1997. urinary tract infections and conditions of the gastrointestinal
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS JABORANDI/425
tract. The indigenous people of the Amazon have used the bracts. The flowers have a diameter of 4 to 5 cm and are
bark and roots of Iporuru for many different purposes for glabrous. The 5 sepals are free, broadly triangular to
hundreds of years. One of the more popular preparations is orbicular and coriaceous. The petals have forward-bending
an alcoholic bark tincture used to treat rheumatism, arthritis, tips and are thinly coriaceous and somewhat translucent. The
' colds and muscle pains. In Africa the drug is used frequently oval anthers have an oblong gland. The disc is 0.5 mm high
W as an aphrodisiac and hallucinogen. and 1.3 to 1.5 mm in diameter. The ovary is 0.5 mm and
extends past the disc with a head-like stigma. The mericarp
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
has roundish, flattened, black-brown seeds.
Nothing has been documented regarding side effects in
connection with therapeutic administration. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a tree or shrub 3 to 7 m
high with a trunk diameter of 3 to 7.5 cm. The branches are
OVERDOSAGE
pubescent when young and glabrous when older. The leaves
The drug is considered severely toxic. High dosages in
are alternate to opposite, odd-pinnate with 1 to 5 pairs of
animal experiments led to severe excitation and spasms.
pinna. The pinna are sessile, elliptical, distinctly asymmetri-
Cases of death through exhaustion have been observed
cal at the base and have an indented tip. The leaflets are dull
among humans following over-stimulation and hallucination.
green, up to 5 cm long and 3 cm wide, with entire, slightly
DOSAGE recurved margins and an uneven base. The ribs are promi-
Mode of Administration: Whole herb and cut drug prepara- nent on the upper surface and have visible oil cells.
tions for internal use.
Characteristics: The taste is bitter and the odor slightly
Preparation: There are traditional preparations in the form aromatic.
of macerates or palm wine with the appropriate dosage.
Habitat: The plant grows in the northeastern part of Brazil.
LITERATURE
de Smet PA, Some ethnopharmacological notes on African Production: Jaborandi leaves are the dried leaves of Pilocar-
^ hallucinogens. J Ethnopharmacol, 261: Drug Information Center, pus microphyllus.
Royal Dutch Association for the Advancement of Pharmacy. Other Names: Arruda Brava, Arruda do Mato, Jamguarandi,
The Hague, The Netherlands. 96.
Juarandi
Duke J, and Vasquez R, Amazonian Ethnobotanical Dictionary,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
CRC Press Inc., Boca Raton. FL, 1994.
COMPOUNDS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Imidazole alkaloids (0.5-1.0%): chief alkaloid is ^-pilocar-
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- pine, through drying and under storage conditions changing
1994. over to some extent into isopilocarpine, companion alkaloids
including pilocarpidine, pilosine and others
Raymond-Hamet Goutarel R, Are the stimulant effects of
Alchomea floribunda Mueller Arg. in men due to yohimbine. C Volatile oil (0.5%): chief components are limonene and
R Acad Sci Hebd Seances Acad Sci D, 261:3223-4, 1965 Oct undecanone
18.
EFFECTS
The drug affects the parasympathetic system. It increases the
secretion of saliva, sweat, gastric juices and tears, and
Iris species stimulates the smooth muscle of the gastrointestinal tract,
bronchi, bile duct and bladder.
See Orris
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Jaborandi has been used in the treatment of
glaucoma. In folk medicine, it has been used for epilepsy,
Jaborandi convulsions, gonorrhea, ischuria, as an anesthetic for mucous
membranes, for fever, influenza, pneumonia, gastrointestinal
Pilocarpus microphyllus inflammations, kidney disease, psoriasis, neurosis and
DESCRIPTION poisoning.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are in terminal or General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
axillary racemes that are up to 30 cm long and 0.5 cm wide. conjunction with the proper administration of designated
The pedicles are 0.1 to 1.5 mm long and have alternate therapeutic dosages. The drug is used today as an industrial
4 2 6 /JABORANDI PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Unproven Uses: Preparations have been used for chronic
bronchitis, asthma, colic, gastrointestinal disturbances, in-
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
flammation of the oral mucosa, rheumatism, for bumps, eye
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
inflammations and abscesses (as a poultice) and as a
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer contraceptive by the Hopi Indians.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tedeschi E, Kamionsky J, Fackler S, Sarel S, Isr J Chem General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with
11:731-733. 1973. the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
The fresh rhizome is considered toxic. Internal administra-
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. tion leads to severe mucous membrane irritation and acute
gastrointestinal inflammations, and skin inflammation.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Pregnancy: Contraindicated in pregnancy (used as a contra-
ceptive in folk medicine).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New DOSAGE
York, 1995. No information is available.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS JALAP 427
LITERATURE LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G, Reznicek G et al., A new ester saponine from Polemonium
Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen caeruleum. In: PM 59(7)12. 1993.
Praxis. Folgebande 1 und 2. Drogen A-Z. Springer. Berlin, Further information in:
Heidelberg 1998.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
C Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Jacob's Ladder
Polemonium caeruleum
DESCRIPTION
Jalap
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb. Ipomoea purga
DESCRIPTION
Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers grow in clusters at
the end of the lateral branches. They are open, slightly Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the root tuber.
hanging and have 5 sepals and 5 petals. The corolla is 2 to Flower and Fruit: The flowers are single or in twos
2.5 cm, deep blue and has a short pollen tube. The stamens (occasionally in threes or fours), radial, with their structures
are enclosed in the tube and have yellow anthers. grouped in fives. There are 5 narrow-lanceolate, purple-
punctate sepals. The petals are fused to a 7 cm wide, funnel-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial. The plant is
shaped red corolla, and there are 5 stamens. The superior
bright green and smooth. The upper section is covered in
ovary is 2-chambered. The fruit is a capsule with 4 seeds.
short glandular hairs. The rhizome is short and creeping, and
the stem is 45 to 90 cm high, hollow and quadrangular. The Leaves, Stem and Root: This winding herb grows up to 4 m
^| leaves with numerous pairs of leaflets are 1.25 to 2.5 cm high. The leaves are alternate, up to 9 cm long and 5 cm
long. These are pinnate and alternate. wide, cordate, acuminate and entire. The stem is purple-
tinged and glabrous. The rhizome is tuberously thickened.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and northern milky, approximately 5 cm long, with tuberous, thickened
Europe. secondary roots.
Production: Jacob's Ladder is the aerial part of Polemonium Habitat: Ipomoea purga grows in South and Central
caeruleum. America, Mexico and Jamaica.
Other Names: Charity, English Greek Valerian Production: Jalap resin (also known as jalap or Jalapae
resina) is the resin of Ipomoea purga derived from alcoholic
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
extraction of the jalap root powder. The tuberous, tfiickened
COMPOUNDS
secondary roots (black rhubarb tubers) of Ipomoea jalapae
Triterpene saponins
tuber are harvested from May to autumn and dried in the sun-
Flavonoids on hot ash or over an open fire
the fatty acid esters with, among others, acetic acid, Storage: Store securely in a tightly sealed container,
propionic acid, iso-butyric acid, alpha-methylbutyric acid, protected from light.
tiglic acid and iso-valeric acid or n-valeric acid.
JALAP TUBER
EFFECTS: JALAP RESIN Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug
The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines
Preparation: There is no information in the literature.
it contains.
Daily Dosage: maximum 4.5 g drug; single dosage: maxi-
C O M P O U N D S : JALAP TUBER mum 1.5 g drug
Resins (5 to 209c): glycoretines (see Jalap resin) Storage: Store protected from light in a secure, tightly sealed
Polysaccharides: starch container.
LITERATURE
EFFECTS: JALAP TUBER
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
it contains. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE 1994.
JALAP RESIN
Unproven Uses: Used for constipation, colic and pain in the
intestinal region, dysentery, colitis and rheumatism.
DOSAGE
Other Names: Dogwood, Fish Poison Tree
JALAP RESIN ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Preparation: There is no information in the literature. COMPOUNDS
Isoflavonoids: including among others jamaicine, ichthy-
Daily Dosage: 1.5 g drug; maximum single dosage: 0.1 to
none, the rotenoids rotenone, milleton, isomilletone
0.3 g drug
Tannins
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10
globules, every to 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times EFFECTS
daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to ml sc acute: 3 times daily; Research indicates mat Jamaica Dogwood is mildly sedative
chronic once a day (HAB34). and spasmolytic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS JAMBOLAN/429
INDICATIONS AND USAGE seeded and edible. The seeds are subcylindrical, about 6 mm
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for states of anxiety and long and rather less in diameter. One end of the seed is
fear and as a daytime sedative. truncated and has a central depression. Externally, they are
hard, tough and blackish-brown; internally they are pinkish-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
brown.
, No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Characteristics: The taste of the seeds is faintly astringent
dosages. and aromatic; the odor is slight.
DOSAGE Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the east Indian Malayian
Mode of Administration: The drug and liquid extract are no region. It has spread as far as China and Australia and is
longer in use. It has been used in some medicinal cultivated on the Antilles.
preparations.
Production: Jambolan seed consists of the dried seed of
LITERATURE Syzygium cumini (syn. Syzygium jambolana). Because the
Aurousseau M et al., (1965) Ann Pharm Franc 23:251. commodity consists mostly of the dried, fallen apart cotyle-
Heller W, Tamm C, (1975) Helv Chim Acta 58:974. dons, they must be broken apart in order to produce the drug.
Jambolan bark consists of the dried bark from the trunk of
Nordal A et al.. (1966) Acta Chem Scand 20:1431.
Syzygium cumini (syn Syzygium jambolana).
Pietta P, Zio C. (1983) J Chrom. 260:497.
Other Names: Jambul, Jamum, Java Plum, Rose Apple
Schwartz JSP et al.. (1964) Tetrahedron 20:1317.
Stamm OA et al., (1958) Helv Chim Acta 41:2006. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS: JAMBOLAN SEED
Further information in:
Fatty oil (3-5%): containing oleic acid, myristic acid,
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
palmitic acid and linoleic acid, sterculiac acid and malvalic
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. acid (cyclopropylidenic acids), among others, as well as
vernolic acid (epoxy fatty acid)
Leung AY. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food. Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Tannins (6%): including corilagin, 3,3'-Di-0-methyl ellagic
York 1980. acid, galloyl glucose
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, EFFECTS: JAMBOLAN SEED
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Anti-inflammatory actions were demonstrated in animal
Steinegger E. Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer experiments. Results of hypoglycemic and CNS experiments
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. were not conclusive.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New COMPOUNDS: JAMBOLAN BARK
York 1995. Tannins: gallic and ellagic acid derivatives including 3,3'-
Di-O-methyl ellagic acid
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
glucoside
Jambolan Triterpenes: betulinic acid, friedelin, friedelan-3-alpha-ole,
Syzygium cumini epi-friedelanol, eugenin
DESCRIPTION
Flavonoids: including myricetin, kempferol, quercetin,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark, the
astragalin
4fc dried seed kernels, the disintegrated kernels, the dried trunk
bark and the macerated seeds. EFFECTS: JAMBOLAN BARK
The bark has astringent effects because of the tannin content.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in compound, triple
panicles. They are sessile, whitish, fragrant, and are usually INDICATIONS AND USAGE
on older branches behind the leaves. The calyx tube is 4 to 6 JAMBOLAN SEED
mm long and twisted. The petals are hood-like. There are Unproven Uses: Jambolan seed is used for diabetes and in
approximately 60 stamens, which are as long as the calyx combination preparations for atonic and spastic constipation,
tube. The drupe is initially pink, becoming black when ripe. diseases of the pancreas, gastric and pancreatic complaints,
The drupe is 1.2 to 3 cm long, globular to ovate, 1-valved, 1- nervous disorders and as a diuretic.
4 3 0 /JAMBOLAN PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
JAMBOLAN BARK Nair AGR, Subramanian S, (1962) J Sci Ind Res India 2IB,
Approved by Commission E: 437. s
Shrothi, DS et al., (1963) Ind J Med Res 51:464.
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Further information in:
• Inflammation of the skin ' Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Unproven Uses: Preparations are used internally for bronchi-
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
tis, asthma, and dysentery, and externally for ulcers. 1994.
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for diabetes, leucorrhea, Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de
stomachache, fever, dysuria, and inflammation of the skin. Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
Homeopathic Uses: Syzygium cumini is used for diabetes. Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
JAMBOLAN BARK
J A M B O L A N SEED
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Bhargava KK et al., Curr Sci 43:645-646. 1974.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Bhargava KK et al., Curr Sci 43:645. 1974.
dosages. Administration in the presence of diabetes mellitus Bhatia IS et al., PM 28:346. 1975.
is not recommended, due to the fact that the blood sugar-
Jain, SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med 15(4):439.
reducing effect is Unproven.
Kopanski L, Schnelle G, PM 54:572. 1988.
J A M B O L A N BARK
Linde H, (1983) Arch Pharm 316(11):971.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Mukherjee SK et al., (1963) Ind Med Gaz 3:97.
dosages. Nair AGR, Subramanian S, (1962) J Sci Ind Res India 2IB,
437.
DOSAGE
Sengupta D, Das PB, J Ind Chem Soc 42:255. 1965.
J A M B O L A N SEED
Daily Dosage: A single dose is made up of 30 seeds (1.9 gm) Shrothi DS et al., (1963) Ind J Med Res 51:464.
in powdered form. Further information in:
JAMBOLAN BARK Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb for decoc- Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
tions and other galenic preparations for internal use (gargle, (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
infusion) and local application (compresses). 1994.
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufl., Bde 1-3: W de
Preparation: To make a decoction for internal and external Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
use, place 1 to 2 teaspoonfuls of comminuted drug in about
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
150 ml cold water, bring to a boil, simmer for 5 to 10
Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1986.
minutes and strain.
Habitat: Japan.
Production: Japanese Atractylodes rhizome is the dried
rhizome of Atractylodes japonica. Japanese Mint
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mentha arvensis var. piperascens
COMPOUNDS DESCRIPTION
Volatile oil (1.5%): constituents not investigated Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried aerial
parts of the plant and the essential oil, which is extracted by
Sesquiterpenes: atractylon, atractylenolids I to III, eudesma-
steam distillation followed by partial removal of menthol and
4 (14), 7(ll)-dien-8-one
rectification.
Polyynes: including diacetylatractylodiol, (4E, 6E, 12E)-
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in densely globular.
tetradecatrien-8, 10-diin-l, 3-diolacetate
sessile, 8- to 12-blossomed false whorls with small linear-
Water-soluble polysaccharides: atractan A, atractan B lanceolate bracts. The inflorescence is leafy at the apex. The
bracts are like the leaves, smaller above. The tepals are 1.5
m EFFECTS
by 2.5 mm, broadly campanulate and hairy. The corolla is
The furanosesquiterpenes isolated from the essential oil of
lilac, white or, rarely, pink. The nutlets are pale brown.
the drug exhibit antimicrobial, hepatoprotective, mildly
analgesic, antiphlogistic, tumor-inhibiting and antioxidative Leaves, Stem and Root: Japanese Mint is a pubescent.
effects. fragrant perennial or occasionally annual that grows up to 60
cm. The stems are ascending or erect. The leaves are 15 to
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
70 mm by 10 to 40 mm, and are elliptic-lanceolate to broadly
Unproven Uses: Japanese Atractylodes has been used for
ovate, usually elliptical with the base narrowing to a petiole.
gastric complaints, inflammations, heavy sweating and as a
and shallowly dentate.
diuretic.
Habitat: The plant is found in Europe as far north as the 65th
Chinese Medicine: Preparations are used for loss of appetite,
latitude, in Asia (particularly in Siberia), the Caucasus, the
physical and mental exhaustion, diarrhea, edema, nausea and
Himalayas, China, Mongolia, Korea and Japan. It was
vomiting.
probably introduced to North America.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Production: Mint oil consists of essential oil recovered from
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Mentha arvensis var. piperascens. The oil is obtained by
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
steam distillation of the fresh, flowering herb, followed by-
DOSAGE partial removal of menthol and rectification.
Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug, powdered
drug and liquid preparations for internal use. Menthol is obtained from various species of Mentha, chiefly
% M. arvensis var. piperascens (from Japan), M. arvensis var.
Preparation: The powder is prepared in accordance with Jap glabrata (from China) and M. piperata (from America). The
XI. There is no information available on the preparation of product extracted from the first two is less valuable than the
the infusion. third, even though it contains a higher proportion of menthol.
Daily Dosage: Internally: single dose: 0.5 to 1.0 gm of ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
powder; daily dose: 1.5 to 3.0 gm of powder COMPOUNDS
Chief components: menthol (25-40%), menthone (15-30*^).
Infusion: single dose: 1 to 1.5 gm; daily dose: 3 to 5 gm
isomenthone (7-12%), limonene (7-12%), neomenthol (2-
Storage: Should be tightly sealed. 4%), menthyl acetate (1-5%), beta-caryophyllene (2-5^).
432/JAPANESE MINT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Characteristics: The flowers are very fragrant. opposite, grow from the rhizome, are 15 to 20 cm long, 2.5
cm wide, spatulate and narrow toward the petiole. The
Habitat: France, Italy, China, Japan, India, Morocco, Egypt
cauline leaves are sessile, opposite, 2.5 to 7.5 cm. long and
Production: Common jasmine flowers are the dried, fresh narrow-ovate. The finger-thick, woody rhizome is covered
flowers of Jasminum officinale var. grandiflorum with reddish brown fibers from the remains of the petioles.
Other Names: Royal Jasmine, Italian Jasmine, Catalonian Habitat: Nardostachys jatamansi is indigenous to China,
Jasmine, Poet's Jasmine India and Nepal.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Production: Jatamansi roots are the dried roots and rhizome
COMPOUNDS of Nardostachys jatamansi. An essential oil is extracted from
Volatile oil the rhizome.
Pyrridine alkaloids: jasminine (presumably an artifact) Not to be Confused With: Selinum vaginatum
EFFECTS
Other Names: Indian Nard, Indian Spikenard, Spikenard,
No definitive data are available. Nard, Narrow-Leaved-Echinacea
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ACTION AND PHARMACOLOGY
Chinese Medicine: Jasmine is used for hepatitis and abdomi-
COMPOUNDS
nal pain in liver cirrhosis or dysentery.
Volatile oil (0.3 to 0.4%): including valeranone (jataman-
Indian Medicine: Preparations are used for pain symptoms of sone), nardosinone, calarene, beta-maaliene. maaliol, beta-
the stomach, head, teeth and eyes, for leprosy, itching, skin ionone, l(10)-aristelonone-(2), nardol, valerenal
disease and dysmenorrhea.
EFFECTS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Valid data regarding the pharmacological efficacy of the
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper drug have not yet become available. In animal experiments, a
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. limiting effect upon convulsant thresholds and a reduction of
DOSAGE
motor coordination ability traceable to the sequiterpene
Preparation: Jasmine is available as a tea blend or oil. ketone valeranone contained in the drug have been demon-
strated. The authors conclude from this that the substance is
LITERATURE anticonvulsive in effect without exhibiting neuroleptic char-
No data available acteristics. In addition, it manifests an antiulcerogenic effect.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In combination with cold water, the various
Jasminum officinale oils are considered to be effective against nausea, stomach-
ache, flatulence, liver problems, jaundice and kidney com-
See Jasmine plaints, insomnia and headache. Externally, the oil is added
to a steaming bath to treat inflammation of the uterus. The
oils are also used in eye compounds and as poison antidotes.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 1 to 5 capitula, which PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
are usually surrounded by bracts. Their structures are in No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
fives, the petals fused, the corolla tube 6 mm long and lightly administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
pubescent on the inside. The fruit is crowned by pointed
DOSAGE
ovate calyx tips, which are covered in splayed white hairs.
Mode of Administration: Jatamansi root is used in the forms
Leaves, Stem and Root: This upright herbaceous perennial of a whole, cut or powdered drug for internal and external
grows to a height reaching up to 60 cm high. The leaves are use.
434/JATAMANSI PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa- disk. The fruit breaks up into 4 oval-oblong nutlets with
rations include capsules and compound preparations. bumpy surfaces.
Daily Dosage: Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 40 to 80 cm high herb.
Powder — 0.6 to 1.3 g drug as a single dose The stem is quadrangular and glabrous to pubescent with
crossed, opposite leaves. The leaves are about 75 mm long, M
Pure drug — 5 g of the drug 3 times daily with a cup of usually short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate with an irregularly
water coarse, roughly serrate to dentate (or occasionally crenate)
Liquid extract/tincture (1:10) — 1 wineglassful, 3 times margin. The upper surface is brownish-green, the lower
daily (corresponds to approximately 2 g drug per single surface gray-green with strong, protruding ribs and glandular
dose) punctate markings. The plant resembles Peppermint.
Infusion (1:40) — 1 wineglassful, 3 times daily (corresponds Characteristics: The herb has a weak, unusual smell
to approximately 2 g drug per single dose) reminiscent of a cattle pen. The taste is salty, bitter and
astringent.
Storage: Seal tightly and store in a cool, dry place.
Habitat: The plant is found in an area extending from
LITERATURE tropical Asia to tropical Australia and is cultivated in those
Dixit VP, Jain P, Joshi SC, Hypolipidaemic effects of Curcuma areas and elsewhere.
longa L and Nardostachys jatamansi, DC in triton-induced
hyperlipidaemic rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 32:299-304, Production: Java Tea consists of the dried leaf and stem tips
1988 Oct-Dec. of Orthosiphon spicatus, which is harvested shortly before
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Ed), Hagers flowering. The leaves are then dried in a well-ventilated
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 location.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with other
1994.
Orthosiphon varieties and Eupatorium varieties from Java. wk
Rucker G, Tautges J, Sieck A, Wenzl H, Graf E, Isolation and
pharmacodynamic activity of the sesquiterpene valeranone from ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nardostachys jatamansi. DC Arzneimittelforschung, 28:7-13, COMPOUNDS
1978. Volatile oil (0.02-0.06%): including among others beta-
Rucker G, Tautges J, Sieck A. Wenzl H, Graf E, Nardostachys caryophyllene, alpha-humulene, caryophyllene-epoxide
jatamansi: a chemical, pharmacological and clinical appraisal. Flavonoids: in particular more highly methoxylized exam-
Spec Rep Ser Indian Counc Med Res, 28:1-117, 1978. ples (0.2%) including eupatorin, sinensetin, scutellarine
tetramethyl ethers, salvigenin
Caffeic acid derivatives: including among others 2,3-dicof-
Jateorhiza palmata feoyltartrate, rosmaric acid, 2-caffeoyl tartrate.
See Colombo Diterpene ester: orthosiphole A to E, (diterpene dibenzoyl
diacetyl ester of primarane type)
Triterpene saponins: (up to 4.5%): aglycone hederagenin
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Use of the drug for irrigation therapy is contraindicated in Jequirity
the presence of edema resulting from reduced cardiac or Abrus precatorius
renal activity.
DESCRIPTION
^| PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, roots
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction and seeds.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Flower and Fruit: The flowers are racemes of pink
dosages. blossoms. The fruit is a pod with oval seeds, which are
rounded at the ends. They are about 3 mm in diameter, hard,
DOSAGE
red and glossy, with a large black dot at one end. One variety
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb for infusions and
has white seeds.
other galenic preparations for internal use.
Leaves, Stem and Root: This deciduous climbing plant with
How Supplied: Forms of commercial pharmaceutical prepa- compound leaves grows to about 4 m.
rations include:
Characteristics: The plant is a protected species in some
Capsules
countries.
Drops Habitat: The plant originated in India and is found today in
all tropical regions of the world.
Tablets
Other Names: Indian Licorice, Wild Licorice, Prayer Beads,
Preparation: To make an infusion (tea), pour 150 ml hot Crab's Eyes, Gunga, Goonteh, Rati
water over the drug and strain after 10 minutes.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
4| Daily Dosage: The daily dosage ranges from 6 to 12 g drug. COMPOUNDS
Adequate fluid intake (at least 2 liters per day) is essential. Toxic lectins: abrine and isolectins.
EFFECTS
Storage: Java Tea should be stored in a tightly sealed
container that protects it from light and moisture. Jequirity is an irritant and abortifacient.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
LITERATURE
Unproven Uses: Jequirity was used for chronic conjunctivitis
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 and as a contraceptive in folk medicine, but is no longer used
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- for these purposes.
1994. Indian Medicine: Jequirity is used for coughs as well as
Hiller K, Pharmazeutische Bewertung ausgewahlter Teedrogen. inflammations and conditions of the upper respiratory tract
In: DAZ 135(16):1425-1440. 1995. and lungs.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Chinese Medicine: The drug is used in hepatitis and
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. bronchitis.
Proksch P, Orthosiphon aristatus (Blume) Miquel - der PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Katzenbart. In: ZPT 13(2):63. 1992. The drug is very poisonous because it contains the toxic
lectin abrine and isolectins.
Steinegger E> Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. OVERDOSAGE
-^ Takeda Y et al., Orthosiphol D and E, minor diterpenes from Severe poisonings among adults following the intake of one
Orthosiphon stamineus. In: PH 33:411. 1993. half to two seeds, as well as cases of death among children
following the consumption of two seeds, have been recorded.
Teuber R, Neue Naturstoffe aus Orthosiphon stamineus Besides gastrointestinal emptying, counter-measures include,
Bentham. In: Dissertation Universitat Marburg. 1986. administration of large amounts of fluid, monitoring of the
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. circulatory system, administration of anti-epileptic drugs and
Stuttgart 1997. possibly artificial respiration.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. LITERATURE
Stuttgart 1997. Desai VB, Rupawala EN, (1966) Ind J Pharm 29:235.
4 3 6 /JEQUIRITY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Desai VB, Sirsi M, (1966) Ind J Pharmac 28:340. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Murray DR, Vairinhos F, (1982) Z Pflanzenphysiol 108:471. Jewel Weed is a digestive, appetite stimulant and diuretic.
LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1 — 11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
Jewel Weed
Impatiens biflora
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the herb.
Jimson Weed
Datura stramonium
Flower and Fruit: The axillary flowers are orange-yellow
with large reddish-brown spots. They have an irregular form. DESCRIPTION
The sepal sac abruptly contracts to a spur of about 5 to 9 Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves or
mm. The spur is bent 180 degrees to lie parallel with the sac. the dried leaves with the tips of the flowering branches.
The fruit is an oblong capsule which, when ripe, bursts open Occasionally the fruit, the ripe seeds and the fresh, aerial
at the slightest touch and spreads the seeds over large parts of the plant are used. Parts of the plant are regarded as
distances. poisonous.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a glabrous, fleshy Flower and Fruit: The flowers are large, white, solitary,
annual 20 to 180 cm high. The stems are simple or branched terminal or in the branch bifurcations. The calyx has a long
and have swollen nodes. The leaves are thin, ovate, with 5 to 5-edged and short 5-tipped tube. The corolla is funnel-
12 (up to 14) teeth on each side and are often undulate. They shaped and folded with a short 5-sectioned border. There are
are rich green. 5 free stamens and 1 superior ovary. The fruit is a 5 cm long
4-valved capsule, which is densely thorny and walnut-sized.
Habitat: Impatiens is common in the temperate regions and The numerous seeds are 3.5 mm long, flat, reniform and
in South Africa, but it grows mostly in the mountainous, black.
tropical regions of Asia and Africa.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual and grows to
Production: Jewel Weed is the aerial part of Impatiens 1.2 m high. It has a simple or bifurcated, round, erect
biflora. glabrous stem. The leaves are 20 cm long, long-petioled,
ovate, dentate, glabrous and dark green.
Other Names: Wild Balsam, Balsam-Weed, Spotted Touch-
Me-Not, Slipperweed, Silverweed, Wild Lady's Slipper, Characteristics: The foliage has an unpleasant smell; the
Speckled Jewels, Wild Celandine, Quick-in-the-Hand | flowers are fragrant and poisonous.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS JIMSON W E E D / 4 3 7
Habitat: Jimson Weed is found in most temperate and stramonium was first used for epileptic fits, and it was also
subtropical parts of the world, probably originated in Central used for hallucinogenic effect in magic and witch potions.
America.
Homeopathic Uses: Used for infection with high tempera-
Production: Jimson Weed leaf consists of the dried leaf, or tures, cramps and inflammations of the eyes.
the dried leaves and flowering tops of Datura stramonium.
Chinese Medicine: Used in Chinese medicine for general
Jimson Weed seed consists of the ripe seed of Datura
states of pain. It is smoked for asthma, dyspnea and coughs;
stramonium.
externally for rheumatism.
Other Names: Devil's Apple. Devil's Trumpet, Jamestown
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Weed, Mad-Apple. Nightshade. Peru-Apple, Stinkweed,
JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Stinkwort, Stramonium, Thorn-Apple, Datura
Glaucoma, suspicion of glaucoma, paralytic ileus, pyloric
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY stenosis, enlarged prostate, tachycardic arrhythmias, acute
COMPOUNDS: JIMSON WEED LEAF pulmonary edema.
Tropane alkaloids (0.1-0.65%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscya- PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
mine, under drying conditions changing over to some extent JIMSON W E E D LEAF A N D SEED
into atropine and scopolamine (ratio 4:1), furthermore General: Patients with urine retention or coronoary sclerosis
including, among others, apoatropine, belladonnine, should not use Jimson Weed.
tigloylmeteloidin
Drug Interactions: Jimson Weed will have an additive effect
Flavonoids when taken with other anticholinergic medications.
Hydroxycoumarins: including, among others, umbelliferone, OVERDOSAGE
scopolin, scopoletin JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Withanolide: including, among others, withastramonolide The intake of very high dosages leads to central excitation
(restlessness, compulsive speech, hallucinations, delirium,
COMPOUNDS: JIMSON WEED SEED manic episodes), followed by exhaustion and sleep.
Tropane alkaloids (0.4-0.6%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscya-
mine, under drying conditions changing over to some extent The 4 early warning symptoms of poisoning are skin
into atropine, and scopolamine (ratio 4:1). reddening, dryness of the mouth, tachycardic arrhythmias
and mydriasis. Accommodation disorders, heat build-up
Indole alkaloids ($-carboline type): including, among others, through decline in sweat secretion, miction disorders and
fluorodaturin (very fluorescent). severe constipation can occur as side effects, particularly
Lectins with overdosages.
Fatty oil (15-45%) Lethal dosages (for adults starting at 100 mg atropine,
depending upon atropine content, 15 to 100 g of the leaf
Proteins (12-25%) drug, 15 to 25 g of the seed drug, considerably less for
children) carry with them the danger of asphyxiation.
EFFECTS: JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
Treatment for poisonings include stomach emptying, temper-
The drug contains alkaloids (hyoscyamine, scopolamine) in ature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipyretics),
extremely varying concentrations. The effect is anticholiner- oxygen respiration for respiratory distress, intubation, paren-
gic and parasympatholytic (see Belladonna); the scopola- teral physostigmine salts as antidote, diazepam for spasms
mine fraction is more responsible for this effect. and chlorpromazine for severe excitation.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOSAGE
JIMSON WEED LEAF AND SEED
JIMSON WEED LEAF
Due to the inconsistent alkaloid content of the raw herb, the
Daily Dosage: Stabilized leaf powder: 0.05 to 0.1 gm drug
authors do not recommend use of non-standardized Jimson
as a single dose up to 3 times a day; daily dose: 0.6 gm drug
Weed products.
(OAB90); as a narcotic: 1 gm drug.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Jimson Weed preparations
Homeopathic Dosage: from D4: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5
have been used for asthma, convulsive cough, pertussis
to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day or 1 ml injection solution sc
during bronchitis and influenza, for severe catarrh and as an
twice weekly; eye drops 1 to 3 times a day (HAB1).
expectorant. It was also used as a basic therapy for diseases
of the autonomic nervous system. In the 18th century Storage: Keep carefully stored and protected from light.
4 3 8 / J I M S O N WEED PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Itoh T et al., PH 17:971. 1978. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a heavily branched,
evergreen dioecious bush. The male plants are larger, taller
Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355. and less compact than the female. The desert variety develop
1996. taproots up to 3.6 m in length. The horizontal root branches
Mechler E, Hann N, PM 42:102. 1981. reach from 60 to 90 cm in depth. The leaves are thick,
coriaceous, blue-green, entire-margined and oblong. They
Mirazamatov RT et al.. Khim Prir Soedin (3):381. 1986. are in pairs and depending on the dampness of the soil the
leaves may remain on the bush for 2 to 3 periods of growth.
Sharova EG et al., Khim Prir Soedin (1):126. 1977.
Characteristics: The oil from the fruit has a pleasant scent
ft
Tursunova RL et al./Khim Prir Soedin (1):91. 1978.
and taste.
Further information in:
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to areas extending from the
Frohne D, Pfander HJ. Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Sonora dessert of the U.S. to northwest Mexico. It is
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. cultivated in India and Israel.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Production: From the cultivation (of plants) in Mexico and
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 in South America. Liquid Jojoba wax is a clear, light yellow,
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- oily liquid, that is extracted from the seeds of Simmondsia
1994. chinesis.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
COMPOUNDS
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Liquid wax exters: esters in position 9-10 simple unsaturated
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. C20- and C22-fatty acids, chiefly gadolenic acid (20:1(9),
make up 70% of the fatty acids) with the corresponding
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
alcohols, chiefly eicosanol (20:1 (9)-OH) and docosenol
4..Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
(22:1 (9) OH)
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. EFFECTS A
Active agents are the simple unsaturated C20/22 - fatty acids
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, and alcohol.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Jojoba oil has a robust and stable constitution. It is used in
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
skin care products as a carrier (substance) for oxidation
Stuttgart 1997.
sensitive substances (Vitamin A).
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New INDICATIONS AND USAGE
York 1995. Skin care - cosmetics
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS JUJUBE ( D A - Z A O ) / 4 3 9
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Production: Jujube berries are the fruit of Zyzyphus jujube;
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Zyzyphus vulgaris is also used.
with the proper external administration of designated thera-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
peutic dosages. Jojoba wax is not suitable for internal use.
COMPOUNDS
DOSAGE Triterpene saponins: zyzyphus saponins I, II and HI,
Mode of Administration: In ointments and creams as a jujuboside-B, in the seeds jujuboside-A and -B, aglycone
medium (or vehicle) for oxidation sensitive substances. jujubogenine
LITERATURE Mucilage
Knoepfler NB et al.. Agr Food Chem 6:118. 1958.
Tannins (10%)
Miwa TK. J Am Oil Chem Soc 48:259. 1971.
Further information in: Flavonoids: including among others naringenin-6,8-di-C-
glucosides, in the seeds spinosin (C-glycoflavone)
Hansel R. Keller K. Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Isoquinoline alkaloids: oxonuciferin, nornuciferin
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Peptide alkaloids: daechucyclopeptide, daechualkaloid-A
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Triterpenes: betulinic acid, betulonic acid, maslinic acid,
Verlag Heidelberg 1992, alphitolic acid and oleanolic acid
Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Hydroxycoumarins
Sugars: including among others saccharose, glucose, fruc-
tose, galactose
Juglans cinerea Fruit acids: including among others malic acid, tartaric acid
Further information in: Habitat: Europe, northern Africa, north Asia and North
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: America.
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997.
Production: Juniper Berry is the ripe, fresh or dried spherical
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der ovulate cone (berry) of Juniper communis as well as its
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag preparations. The ripe berries are harvested from the end of
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. August to the middle of September and then dried at room
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und temperature and sorted.
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Other Names: Juniper Berry, Ginepro, Enebro
York 1995.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Bergenin
of anxiety according to the HAMA scale in all three groups. hepatitis was determined after a liver biopsy, and upon
There wasn't a statistically significant difference between the discontinuation of Kava, liver tests normalized (Stahl, 1998).
three types of treatment in terms of reducing anxiety (Woelk,
Musculoskeletal: Minor inhibition of movement and im-
1993).
paired motor reflexes have been observed with the use of
A standardized Kava extract give'n 100 mg three times daily Kava (Jamieson, 1990).
was compared to placebo in a randomized, double-blind
study. The study included 58 patients with anxiety syn- Ocular: Increase in pupil diameter, reduction of the near
dromes not caused by mental disorders. The HAMA overall point of accommodation and near point of convergence, and
score of anxiety symptoms revealed significant reduction in disturbance to the oculomotor balance have been reported
the Kava treatment group compared to placebo after 1 week with Kava (Garner, 1985). Eye irritation has been reported
of therapy. After 4 weeks of therapy, an even greater with the heavy consumption of Kava (Ruze, 1990).
reduction in anxiety symptoms was seen with the Kava
Skin: Heavy chronic consumption of Kava is associated with
treatment group, with no adverse reactions (Lehmann, 1996).
a peculiar, scaly rash suggestive of ichthyosis (Ruze, 1990).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE A reversible, slight yellowing of the skin has been associated
• Nervousness and insomnia with long-term use of Kava. Sebotropic drug reactions
resulting from Kava-Kava extract therapy has been reported
Kava Kava is used for nervous tension, stress and agitation. (Jappe, 1998).
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the herb is used as a
The drug should not be taken for longer than three months
sleeping agent and sedative; for asthma, rheumatism, dys-
without a doctor's supervision.
peptic symptoms, chronic cystitis, syphilis, gonorrhea and
weight reduction. Drug Interactions:
Homeopathic Uses: Kava Kava is used for states of Alcohol — Concomitant use of Kava Kava with alcohol
excitement and exhaustion. It is also used for gastritis and results in an increase in each other's hypnotic action. The
pain in the urethra. alcohol also increases the possibility for kava toxicity
CONTRAINDICATIONS (Jamieson, 1990).
The drug is contraindicated in patients with endogenous
Alprazolam —- Kava used simutaneously with alprazolam
depression because it increases the danger of suicide. It is
has resulted in coma (Almeida, 1996).
also contraindicated during pregnancy and in nursing moth-
ers. The herb is contraindicated in persons with endogenous CNS depressants, such as barbituates — The herb may
depression, because there is an increased risk of suicide in potentiate the effectiveness of substances that act on the
this population. central nervous system.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Psychoactive agents — The intensity of psychoactive agents
General: No health hazards are known in conjunction with may be intensified with kava (Jamieson, 1990).
the proper administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Administration of the herb leads to rare cases of allergic Dopamine — Kava Kava has been reported to antagonize the
reactions and gastrointestinal complaints. Slight morning effect of dopamine. Patients with Parkinson's Disease taking
tiredness can appear at the beginning of the therapy. Motor levodopa should avoid the use of the herb (Baum, 1998;
reflexes and judgment when driving may be reduced while Cupp, 1999; Schelosky, 1995).
taking the herb.
Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
Central Nervous System: Dyskinesia and choreoathetosis of
the limbs, trunk, neck and facial musculature have been Nursing Mothers: The drug is contraindicated in nursing
reported secondary to the administration of kava (Schelosky, mothers.
1995; Spillane, 1997). OVERDOSAGE
Endocrine: Following long-term use of high doses of Kava Overdosage can result in disorders of complex movement,
extract, weight loss was reported (Mathews, 1988). accompanied by undisturbed consciousness, later tiredness
and tendency to sleep.
Hepatotoxicity: Increase in gamma-glutamyl transferase
(GGT) levels have been associated with high doses of Kava DOSAGE
extract (Mathews, 1988). Two cases of acute hepatitis with Mode of Administration: Comminuted rhizome and other
an increase of liver enzymes were reported. Necrotizing galenic preparations for oral use.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS KAVA KAVA/445
Homeopathic Dosage: The herb is taken as 5 to 10 drops, 1 Gleitz J, Friese J, Beile A et al.. Anticonvulsive action of (+/-)-
i tablet or 5 to 10 globules 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection kavain estimated from its properties on stimulated synaptosomes
and Na+ channel receptor sites. Eur J Pharmacol 1996 Nov
solution sc twice weekly (HAB1).
7:315(l):89-97.
Storage: The herb should be stored away from direct light,
Gleitz J, Beile A, Peters T et al., (+/-)-Kavain inhibits
moisture and heat at room temperature. veratridine-activated voltage-dependent Na(+)-channels in
LITERATURE synaptosomes prepared from rat cerebral cortex.
Almeida JC & Grimsley EW, Coma from the health food store: Neuropharmacology 1995 Sep;34(9): 1133-8.
interaction between kava and alprazolam (letter). Ann Intern Hansel R, Beiersdorff HU, (1955) Arzneim Forsch 9:581.
Med 1996; 125:940-941.
Hansel R, Kava-Kava (Piper methysticum G. Forster), in der
Backhaus C, Krieglstein J. (1992) Extract of kava and its modernen Arzneimittelforschung Portarit einer Arzneipflanze. In:
methysticin constituents protect brain tissue against ischaemic ZPT 17(3): 180-195. 1996.
damage in rodents. J Pharmacol 215:265-269.
Hansel R, Pflanzliche Sedativa. In: ZPT 11(1):14. 1990.
Baum SS, Hill R, Rommelspacher H, Effect of kava extract and
individual kavapyrones on neurotransmitter levels in the nucleus Hansel R, Woelk H, (1995) Spektrum Kava-Kava. 2. Auflage.
accumbens of rats. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry Aesopus Verlag GmbH, Basel.
1998 Oct;22(7): 1105-20. Herberg KW, Alltagssicherheit unter Kava-Kava-Extrakt,
Bhate H, Gerster G, Fracza E, (1989) Orale Pramedikation mit Bromazepam und deren Kombination. Z Allge Med
Zubereitungen aus Piper methysticum bei operativen Eingriffen 1996;72:973-977.
in Epiduralanasthesie. Erfahrungsheilkunde 6:339-345. Herberg KW, (1991) Fahrtuchtigkeit nach Einnahme von Kava-
Bhate H, Gerster G, Behandlung mit Phytotranquilizern vor der Spezial-Extrakt WS 1490. Z Allge Med 67:842-846.
Narkose. Therapeutikon 1992 5:214-222. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, The antinociceptive actions of kava
Chavallier, A, The Encyclopedia of Medicinal Plants. DK components in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990
Publishing Company, New York, New York, 1996. Jul;17(7):495-507.
Cupp MJ, Herbal remedies: adverse effects and drug Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, Cheng D et al., Comparison of the
interactions. Am Fam Physician 1999 Mar 1;59(5): 1239-45. central nervous system activity of the aqueous and lipid extract
Davies LP, Drew CA, Duffield P et al., Kava pyrones and of kava (Piper methysticum). Arch Int Pharmacodyn Ther 1989
resin: studies on GABAA, GABAB and benzodiazepine binding Sep-Oct;301:66-80.
sites in rodent brain. Pharmacol Toxicol 1992 Aug;71(2): 120-6. Jamieson DD, Duffield PH, Positive interaction of ethanol and
Dingermann T, Phytopharmaka im Alter: Crataegus, Ginkgo. kava resin in mice. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 1990
Hypericum und Kava-Kava. In: PZ 140(23):2017-2024. 1995. Jul;17(7):509-14.
446/KAVA KAVA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Jappe U, Franke I, Reinhold D et al., Sebotrophic drug reaction Uebelhack R, Franke L, Schewe HJ, Inhibition of platelet
from kava-kava extract therapy: a new entity? J Am Acad MAO-B by kava pyrone-enriched extract from Piper
Dermatol 1998; 38(1): 104-106. methysticum Forster (kava-kava). Pharmacopsychiatry 1998
Johnson E, Frauendorf A, Stecker K, Stein U, (1991) Sep;31(5): 187-92.
Neurophysiologisches Wirkprofil und Vertraglichkeit von Kava- Volz HP, Kieser M, Kava-Kava Extract WS 1490 versus
Extrakt WS 1490. TW Neurol Psychiatr 5:349-354. Placebo in Anxiety Disorders - A Randomized Placebo-
controlled 25-week Outpatients Trial. Pharmacopsychiatry 1997
Jussofie A et al., Kavapyrone enriched extract from Piper
Jan;30(l):l-5.
methysticum as modulator of the GABA binding site in
different regions of rat brain. Psychopharmacology (Berl). 1994 Volz HP, (1995) Die anxiolytische Wirksamkeit von Kava-
Dec;116(4):469-74. Spezialextrakt WS 1490 unter Langzeittherapie - eine
randomisierte Doppelblindstudie. Z Phytother Abstractband, S 9.
Kinzler E, Kromer J, Lehmann. (1991) Wirksamkeit eines
Kava-Spezial-Extraktes bei Patienten mit Angst-. Spannungs- Volz HP, Hansel R, (1994) Kava-Kava und Kavain in der
und Erregungszustanden nicht-psychotischer Genese. Arzneim Psychopharmakotherapie. Psychopharmakotherapie 1:33-39.
Forsch/Drug Res 41:584-588. Warnecke G, Pfaender H, Gerster G, Gracza E, (1990)
Lehmann E, Kinzler E, Friedemann J, Efficacy of a special Wirksamkeit von Kawa-Kawa-Extrakt beim klimakterischen
Kava extract (piper methysticum) in patients with states of Syndrom. Z Phytother 11:81-86.
anxiety, tension and excitedness of non-mental origin - A Woelk H et al., Behandlung von Angst-Patienten. Z
double-blind placebo-controlled study of four weeks treatment. Allgemeinmed 1993;10:271-277.
Phytomedicine 1996,2:113-119.
Further information in:
Mathews JD, Riley MD, Fejo L et al., Effects of the heavy
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
usage of kava on physical health: summary of a pilot survey in
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
an Aboriginal community. Med J Aust 1988; 148:548-555. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Munte TF, Heinze HJ, Matzke M, Steitz J, (1993) Effects of 1994.
oxacepam and an extract of Kava roots (Piper methysticum) on Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
event-related potentials in a word recognition task. Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Neuropsychobiology 27:46-53.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Norton SA & Ruze P, Kava dermopathy. J Am Acad Dermatol Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
1994; 31:89-97.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Ruze P, Kava-induced dermopathy: a niacin deficiency? Lancet 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
1990 Jun 16:335(8703): 1442-1445.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Schelosky L, Raffauf C, Jendroska K et al., Kava and Heidelberg 1996.
dopamine antagonism. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 1995
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
May;58(5):639-40.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Schirrmacher K, Busselberg D, Langosch JM et al., Effects of
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
(+/-)-kavain on voltage-activated inward currents of dorsal root
Stuttgart 1997.
ganglion cells from neonatal rats. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol
1999 Jan;9(l-2): 171-6. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopamika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Schmidt M, Kava-Kava. In: PTA 8(5):374. 1994.
York 1995.
Seitz U, Schule A, Gleitz J, [3H]-monoamine uptake inhibition
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
properties of kava pyrones. Planta Med 1997 Dec;63(6):548-9.
Stuttgart 1997.
Siegel RK, (1976) Herbal intoxication. Psychoactive effects
from herbal cigarettes, tea and capsules. JAMA 236:473-476.
Singh YN, Effects of kava on neuromuscular transmission and
muscle contractility. J Ethnopharmacol. 1983 May;7(3):267-76. Kelp
Smith RM, (1979) Tetrahedron 35(3):437. Laminaria hyperborea
Spree MH, Croy HH, Antares - ein standardisiertes Kava-Kava-
DESCRIPTION
Praparat mit dem Spezialextrakt KW 1491. Der Kassenarzt.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the stem-like part of
1992;17:44-51.
the thallus.
Stahl S, Ehret V, Dahm HH et al., Necrotizing hepatitis after
taking herbal remedies. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 1998; Flower and Fruit: The plant fits the general description of
123(47): 1410-1414. brown algae. It is unsegmented to heavily segmented and can
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S KHAT/447
grow into plants many meters in length. The thallus is Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
reminiscent of root, leaf or stem-like organs (in the case of L. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
hyperborea stem-like). The color is greenish-brown to Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
reddish. Lin A, Kupferminc M, Dooley SL, A randomized trial of extra-
amniotic saline infusion versus laminaria for cervical ripening.
Habitat: The plant grows on the North Atlantic coast. Obstet Gynecol, 75:545-9, 1995 Oct.
Production: Kelp consists of the dried, stem-like parts of the Nguyen MT, Hoffman DR, Anaphylaxis to Laminaria. J Allergy
thallus of Laminaria hyperborea (syn. Laminaria cloustonii). Clin Immunol, 75:138-9, 1995 Jan.
Read SM, Currie G, Bacic A, Analysis of the structural
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
heterogeneity of laminarin by electrospray-ionisation-mass
COMPOUNDS
spectrometry. Carbohydr Res, 75:187-201, 1996 Feb 23.
Salts of alginic acid (laminaric acid, 25%)
Schneider D, Halperin R, Langer R, Caspi E, Bukovsky I,
Iodine (to some extent organically bound, 0.3-0.45%) Abortion at 18-22 weeks by laminaria dilation and evacuation.
Obstet Gynecol, 75:412-4, 1996 Sep.
Reserve carbohydrates: laminarin (47%). mannttol (5-6%),
fucoidin, mannitol glucoside
EFFECTS
No information is available.
Khat
Catha edulis
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Preparations of kelp are used for the DESCRIPTION
regulation of thyroid function. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the tree are the
leaves.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
t No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is a cyme growing from
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic the leaf axil. The flowers are radial and inconspicuous, with
dosages. The danger of induction or worsening of hyperthy- a fleshy disk and their structures are in fives. The calyx is 5-
roidism following internal administration of the drug exists lobed and there are 5 elongate-oval, white-yellowish petals,
with dosages above 150 u\g iodide per day. In rare cases, it 5 stamens, and 3 blunt stigmas. The fruit is 3-sided capsule
can lead to severe allergic reactions. with chamber containing 1, occasionally 2, seeds. The
brownish seeds have a wing-like, whitish aril.
DOSAGE
No information is available. Leaves: Khat is an evergreen shrub or tree that reaches about
2 to 25 m high. The leaves are opposite on flowering
LITERATURE branches. They are alternate, coriaceous, 3 to 12 cm long,
Chen FP, Soong YK, Hui YL, Successful treatment of severe oval to ovate and crenate or dentate. The upper surface of trie
uterine synechiae with transcervical resectoscopy combined with leaves is wax-like glossy and olive green. The older leaves
laminaria tent. Hum Reprod. 75:943-7, 1997 May. are occasionally red-violet.
Chiu KW, Fung AY, The cardiovascular effects of green beans
(Phaseolus aureus) common rue (Ruta graveolens) and kelp Habitat: Ethiopia, Kenya, North Yemen, and northern
(Laminaria Japonica) in rats. Gen Pharmacol, 75:859-62. 1997 Madagascar
Nov. Production: Khat or Arabian tea is the fresh leaves or shoots
Drozhzhina VA, Petrishchev NN, Fedorov IuA, The of Catha edulis. The leaves are harvested in the early
enhancement of the physiological resistance of the periodontal morning, 5 to 8 years after planting. They are kept in banana *
tissues in white rats under the action of biologically active leaves, paper or plastic to prevent it drying out.
substances from Laminaria. Fiziol Zh Im I M Sechenova,
75:126-33, 1995 Dec. Other Names: Abyssinian Tea, Arabian Tea, Somali Tea
Glatstein IZ, Pang SC, McShane PM, Successful pregnancies ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
with the use of laminaria tents before embryo transfer for COMPOUNDS
refractory cervical stenosis. Fertil Steril, 75:1172-4, 1997 Jun. Phenyl alkyl amines (0.3 to 0.9%): khatamine, in fresh
Jain JK, Mi shell DR Jr, A comparison of misoprostol with and leaves as chief effective agent (S)-(-)-cathinone (50% in
without laminaria tents for induction of second-trimester young leaves, in fully-developed leaves only 2%), becoming
abortion. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 75:173-7, 1996 Jul. dimers during dehydration, as well as (+)-norpseudoephed-
448/KHAT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are axillary cymes • Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
with 1 or a few flowers. The flowers are very small, short-
pedicled, inconspicuous and green or red with white The herb is used as a mild catarrh of the respiratory tract for
margins. The epicalyx has 5 bracts and is fused at the base. inflammatory changes to the oral and pharyngeal mucosa.
There are 5 stamens, and the superior ovary has 3 styles. The Unproven Uses: In folk medicine iris used as a supportive
\ fruit is a nut, which is as long as the epicalyx and is matte treatment for pulmonary disorders, as a perspiration inhibitor
brown with wrinkled stripes, ovate to almost elliptical and in cases of tuberculosis, as a diuretic, as a hemostatic in
flattened on 3 sides. cases of hemorrhage and for skin disorders.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a sturdy annual. The Chinese Medicine: In China, Knotweed is used for gonor-
main stem is initially erect, up to 1 m high and heavily rhoea, jaundice, skin defects, dysentery (red), itching and
branched. It later becomes closely procumbent and spreads tapeworm in children.
along the ground. The leaves are alternate, entire-margined,
short-petioled with varying forms on the main and side Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathy, Polygonum aviculare is
shoots. They are broadly elliptical to linear-lanceolate, acute used for rheumatism of the fingers.
or obtuse. At the base of the leaves there is a scarious
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
divided leaf sheath. The thin, fusiform, brownish roots
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
produce a few hair-thin lateral roots.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Characteristics: The appearance depends on the location. It dosages.
may also have an ascending stem.
DOSAGE
Habitat: The plant is found in most temperate regions of the Mode of Administration: As a ground herb for teas and other
world. galenic preparations for internal use and local application.
The drug is a component of various pectoral and bronchial
Production: Knotweed herb consists of the dried herb, teas. The extract is found in standardized preparations of
occasionally containing roots, of Polygonum aviculare, antitussives and diuretics.
gathered during flowering season.
Preparation: To make a tea, place 1.5 gm finely cut drug in
Other Names: Allseed Nine-Joints, Armstrong, Beggarweed,
cold water and bring to a simmer. Strain after 5 to 10
Bird's Tongue, Birdweed, Centinode, Cow Grass, Crawl-
minutes (1 teaspoonful = 1.4 gm drug).
grass, Doorweed, Hogweed, Knotgrass, Ninety-Knot, Pig-
rush, Pigweed, Red Robin, Sparrow Tongue, Swine's Grass, Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 4 to 6 gm of drug.
Swynel Grass
Tea—As a supportive treatment for coughs and bronchial
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY catarrh, drink 1 cup 3 to 5 times a day.
COMPOUNDS
Flavonoids (0.1-1%): chief components are avicularin (quer- Infusion for external use—The daily dose is 5 g drug.
cetin-3-arabinoside), hyperoside, quercitrin, quercetin-3-ga-
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
lactoside, additionally including among others vitexin,
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
isovitexin, rhamnazine bisulphate
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
Silicic acid (1%): partially water-soluble a day (HAB34)
Tannins LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, scopoletin Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl.-; Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Lignans: aviculin
1994.
EFFECTS Haverland F, PA 18:59-87. 1963.
Knotweed has astringent properties. In vitro, the flavonoid
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
fraction is said to inhibit aggregation of human erythrocytes,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
probably by an effect on cyclo-oxigenase.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Approved by Commission E: Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
• Cough/bronchitis Stuttgart 1997.
450 /KOMBE SEED PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
liana, up to 100 m long, or a shrub, up to 5 m high. The Nausea, vomiting, headache, stupor and cardiac arrhythmias
leaves are opposite. The petiole is 1 to 5 mm long, the could occur as side effects with parenteral administration of
lamina 15 to 22 cm long and 8 to 12 cm wide. They are glycoside mixtures of the drug, particularly with overdoses.
simple, elliptical to obovate, acuminate, rounded at the base DOSAGE
or cordate. The trunk has a diameter of up to 6 m and has Mode of Administration: Communited drug, herb powder,
dark gray bark. The branches are dark brown or almost liquid preparations for internal use.
black. The young branches are stiffly villous and punctate
with lenticles. Homeopathic Dosage: (from D4) 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10
globules every to 30 to 60 minutes, maximum 12 times daily
Characteristics: The plant contains latex. (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); parenterally: 1 to 2
Habitat: West and Central Africa ml sc, IV, IM, 3 times daily (acute) and once a day (chronic)
(HPUS88).
Production: Brown Strophanthus seeds are the ripe seeds of
LITERATURE
Strophanthus hispidus freed from the bushel-like appendage.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
The seeds are first harvested after 3 years (first flowering).
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Then the fruit is picked, and the seeds are removed. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Not to be Confused With: Often confused in the past with 1994
Strophanthus kombe, S. sarmentosus and other Strophanthus
species. Can also be confused with Alafia, Futumia, Kickxia
and Holrrhena species.
Other Names: Arrow Poison
Kousso
Hagenia abyssinica
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DESCRIPTION
COMPOUNDS
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolids, 4 to 8%): chief Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, the
glycoside presumably k-strophanthoside (primary glycoside, unripe fruit and the dried panicles of female flowers.
strophanthidin glucosyl cymaroside) from which cymarin Flower and Fruit: The small flowers are large-branched,
(strophantidin cymaroside) is formed through fermentation thickly glandular-haired panicles up to 0.5 m long. They are
of the seeds androgynous, male or female. The male flowers are greenish
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LABRADOR TEA / 4 5 1
and have fertile stamens and hairy bracts. The female DOSAGE
flowers are dark-red. Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in most
countries.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Hagenia abyssinica is tree that grows
LITERATURE
up to 6 m high with tuft-like, erect, pinnatifid leaves.
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeast Africa and is harmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
cultivated in Ethiopia. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Production: Kousso flowers are the flowers of Hagenia Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
abyssinica.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Other Names: Cossoo, Kooso. Kosso Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Metzner J et al., Antispastische Wirkung von Hagenia
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY abyssinica. In: PM 47(4):240-241. 1983.
COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
Acylphloroglucinols (kosotoxine): monomelic, dimeric, trim- 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
eric compounds, such as protocosin (trimeric); acyl residues
Schiemenz GP, Schroeder JM, Z Naturforsch 40B(5):669-680.
are isobutyryl- isovaleryl- and alpha-metylbutyryl residues; 1985
representatives include, for example, cosin K6 and cosin
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie.
K8 (monomerous), cusso toxin (dimerous), protocosin
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Metzner
(trimerous) J et al Antispastische Wirkung von Hagenia abyssinica. Planta
Med 47 (1983), 240-241
Tannins
Woldemariam TZ, Fell AF, Linley PA, Chromatographic and
EFFECTS spectroscopic studies on the constituents in male and female
Kousso is a vermifuge because of its complex mixture of flowers of Hagenia abyssinica. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 8:859-65.
aglyphloroglucinols, which has a taeiafugic effect. An 1990.
antitumoral effect has also been described Woldemariam TZ, Fell AF, Linley PA, Bibby MC, Phillips
RM, Evaluation of the anti-tumour action and acute toxicity of
INDICATIONS AND USAGE kosins from Hagenia abyssinica. J Pharm Biomed Anal, 10:555-
Unproven Uses: This obsolete drug, which can no longer be 60, 1992 Aug
procured, formerly was used to treat tapeworm infestation.
Its efficacy depended on the composition of the drug.
and are stiff, coriaceous, dark green above, rust-colored and function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respiration may
woolly-downy underneath. L. palustre is larger, more also be necessary.
regularly formed and has larger leaves.
DOSAGE
Characteristics: It has a numbing, tangy aroma and is Mode of Administration: Labrador Tea is obsolete as a drug.
poisonous. It is a protected species. It has been used as an extract in some bath additives and is
also contained in homeopathic preparations.
Habitat: The plant grows in Greenland, Canada and the U.S.
The very similar variety L. palustre is more common in LITERATURE
northern Europe and northern Asia. Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlags-
Production: Labrador herb is the aerial part of Ledum Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
Iatifolium and L. palustre.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.). Hagers Handbuch der
Other Names: St. James's Tea, Marsh Tea, Wild Rosemary Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl.. Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Volatile oil (0.9-2.6%): chief components sesquiterpenes, in
particular ledol (ledum camphor, porst camphor) and palus- Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
trol, Japanese sources also yield ascaridol Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte,
Catechin tannins
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids: including among others hyperoside Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Hydroglycosides: arbutin
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
EFFECTS pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New
Internally mildly expectorant. Externally antiphlogistic (nei- York 1995.
ther proven).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Labrador Tea has been used for respiratory
conditions. Externally, it has been used for skin Laburnum
inflammation. Cytisus laburnum
CONTRAINDICATIONS DESCRIPTION
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy. Medicinal Parts: The seeds are the medicinal parts.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Flower and Fruit: The flowers bow down in clusters of 10 to
General: Initially, the drug causes severe gastrointestinal 30. There are 10 to 25 cm long racemes. The calyx is short,
irritation (vomiting, gastroenteritis, diarrhea), due to its ledol campanulate, pubescent and marked brown at the base. The
content. Following absorption, the drug causes severe CNS anthers are orange. The pod is 5 to 8 cm by 8 to 9 cm, flat,
excitation. This effect may lead to spasms and paralysis in lumpy and silky-haired with wings. The seeds are flat and
some cases. dark brown.
Pregnancy: Contraindicated. Poisonings in earlier times . Leaves, Stem and Root: Cytisus laburnum is a small shrub or
were seen in connection with its misuse for purposes of tree that can occasionally grow up to 7 m high. It has light
abortion. gray branches and smooth, dark green, initially erect
OVERDOSAGE branchlets. The alternate leaves are almost in rosettes on
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit- short shoots with 2 to 7 cm long petioles. The leaflets are
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per- elliptical to ovate, rounded or thorn tipped. They are
manganate solution, sodium sulfate), and instillation of glabrous above and light gray pubescent beneath.
activated charcoal, the treatment of poisonings consists of Habitat: The plant is indigenous to mountainous regions of
treating spasms with diazepam (I.V.) and colic with atropine; Europe. It is also cultivated worldwide.
electrolyte substitution and treating possible cases of acidosis
with sodium bicarbonate infusions. Monitoring of kidney | Other Names: Golden Chain, Pea Tree, Bean Trifoil
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LACTUCARIUM / 4 5 3
Other Names: Prickly Lettuce, Strong-Scented Lettuce, Kern W, List PH, HorhammerX (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Green Endive, Lettuce Opium, Acrid Lettuce, Poison Let- Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag'
tuce, Wild Lettuce Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
COMPOUNDS
Sesquiterpene lactones: lactucin, lactucopicrin (lactupictin, Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
intybin) Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Marquardt P et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:68.
Triterpenes: including among others, taraxasterol, beta-
, Rees S, Harborne J, (1984) Bot J Linn Soc 89(4):313.
amyrin
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
EFFECTS 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
The herb is supposed to have a narcotic effect. It is an
Ruban G et al., (1978) Acta Crystalogr Sect B 34(4): 1163
analgesic and spasmolytic, and is said to act as a tranquilizer.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Unproven Uses: Medicines containing Lactucarium are used
to treat whooping cough attacks. The drug is used for
bronchial catarrh, asthma and urinary tract diseases. The oil
of the seeds is used for arteriosclerosis and was also used as
wheat germ oil.
Lady Fern
Athyrium filix-femina
Homeopathic Uses: Lactuca virosa is used for laryngitis,
DESCRIPTION
tracheitis with heavy coughing, for swelling of the liver and
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the rhizome when
for urinary complaints.
gathered in spring or autumn.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Athyrium filix-femina is a 10- to 40-
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction cm high fern. The pencil-thick, creeping rhizome is densely
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic covered with dark-brown hairs. Numerous tomentose, long,
dosages. The drug possesses a low potential for sensitization. branched, dark-brown root fibers sprout from the rhizome.
OVERDOSAGE The not-so-numerous leaves are in rigid, upright, double
The following signs of poisoning can occur through overdos- rows. They are coriaceous, glabrous, oblong-lanceolate or
age or following intake of the fresh leaves, as in salads: oblong, deeply pinnatifid and wintergreen. The petioles are
outbreaks of sweating, acceleration of breathing, tachycardia, semi-round, smooth and whitish. On the underside of the leaf
pupil dilation, dizziness, ringing in the ears, vision disorders, tips there are 2 parallel rows of large groups of filmless
pressure in the head, somnolence, on occasion also excitato- sporangia, which are initially yellowish and later turn dark
ry states. The toxicity is, however, relatively low. Following brown.
gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomiting, gastric
Habitat: Lady Fern is indigenous to Britain, parts of Europe
lavage with burgundy-colored potassium permanganate solu-
and the U.S.
tion, sodium sulfate), as well as instillation of activated
charcoal, the treatment of poisonings should proceed Other Names: Common Polypody, Brake Root, Rock Brake,
symptomatically. Rock of Polypody, Oak Fern
DOSAGE
Other Names: Yellow Galium, Cheese Rennet, Curdwort.
Mode of Administration: The drug is obsolete in German- Maid's Hair, Yellow Cleavers, Petty Mugget, Cheese
speaking countries. However, Lady Fern is still found in Renning
commercial preparations as drops and tablets, as well as in ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
preparations used in the religious system of anthroposophy. COMPOUNDS
Iridoids: asperuloside, monotropein, scandoside, desacety-
Daily Dosage: In anthroposophic medicine, the usual dose to
lasperulosidic acid, asperulosidic acid, giniposidic acid.
treat gastrointestinal illnesses is 1 to 2 tablets or 10 to 20
daphylloside
drops taken 3 times daily.
Rennin
LITERATURE
Abraham H, Zucker und Supstoff. In: PTA 7(10):744. 1993. Flavonoids : including rutin, isorutin, palustroside, cynaro-
Anonym, Niedere Pflanzen ganz gro|3 - 39. Jahrestagung der side, quercetin-3-O-glucoside, quercetin-7-O-glucoside
Gesellschaft fur Arzneipflanzenforschung in Saarbriicken. In:
Anthracene derivatives
DAZ 131(37): 1899.
Constantinescu E et al.. (1966) Pharmazie 21:121. Caffeic acid ester: chlorogenic acid
Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, EFFECTS
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston. Berlin 1962-1997. No information is available.
Jizba J et al., (1971) Tetrahedron Lett 18:1329.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Unproven Uses: Internally, the drug is used in folk medicine
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag for swollen ankles and as a diuretic for bladder and kidney
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. irritation. Externally, it is used for poorly healing wounds.
Madaus GrL^hrbuchjder Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, The efficacy of this drug has not been proven.
Nachdruck, Ge.org Q/lms Verlag Hildesheim 1979".
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
Lady's Bedstraw DOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: The true plant is a 30 to 100 cm high Bqjthe-Horvath K et al., PH 21:2917-2919. 1982.
herbaceous perennial with a cylindrical, creeping rhizome Borisov MI et al., Rastit Resur 11:351. 1975.
that sprouts runners. The stem is ascending or erect, bluntly Burnett AR, Thomsom RH, (1968) J Clin Soc (6):854.
456/LADY'S BEDSTRAW PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Hansel R. Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Lady's Mantle herb has astringent properties, due to the
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 presence of tannins. It has also been shown to inhibit tumor
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- growth. In mice the total retardation of breast neoplasm-
1994. induced tumors was achieved using agrimoniin and the
average life expectancy of the animals was increased. An
Mathe-feet al., (1982) Planta Med 45:158.
extract of the drug hinders the enzymes elastase, trypsin and
Raynaud J. Mnajed H, (1972) C R Acad Sci Paris 274:1746. a-chymotrysin.
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Stuttgart 1997.
Approved by Commission E:
• Diarrhea
Characteristics: Lady's Mantle is odorless and has an Preparation: Tea: 2 to 4 gm drug to 150 ml hot water left to
astringent taste. draw for 10 minutes. .Prepare a fresh batch every day.
Habitat: The plant gfovfs in the Northern Hemisphere from Daily Dosage: Lady's Mantle herb is administered in 2 to 4
North America, Greenland and Europe to the Mediterranean gm single doses as an infusion; the average daily dose is 5 to
and Iceland; and Asia from the Caucasus and the Himalayas 10 gm of herb. The tea is taken 3 times daily between meals.
to Siberia.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules, every
Production: Lady's Mantle herb consists of the fresh or dried 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
above-ground parts of Alchemilla vulgaris gathered at Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; Ointment: Apply 1 to
flowering time, as well as its preparations. It is produced 2 times daily (HAB1).
mostly through cultivation. LITERATURE
Dome AJ et al., PH 25:65-68. 1986.
Other Names: Bear's Foot, Leontopodium, Lion's Foot,
Nine Hooks, Stellaria Filfpek J, The effect of Alchemilla xanthochlora on lipid
peroxidation and superoxide anion scavenging acticity. In: PA
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY 47:717-718. 1992.
COMPOUNDS Geiger C, Rimpler H, PM 56:585-586. 1990.
Bitter principles
Geiger C. Ellagitannine aus Alchemilla xanthochlora
Flavonoids ROTHMALER und Potentilla erecta (L.) RAEUSCHEL.
Beitrage zur Analytik und Strukturaufklarung. In: Dissertation
Tannins Universitat Freiburg. 1990.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LARCH / 4 5 7
Schimmer O, Felser C. Alchemilla xanthochlora ROTHM.- Der Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central Europe, cultivated
Frauenmantel. In: ZPT 13(6):207. 1993. in North America. It was first introduced to England in 1639.
Schimmer O, Lindenbaum M, Tannins with antimutagenic
Production: The balsam of Larix decidua is obtained by
properties in the herb of Alchemilla species and Potentilla
anserina. In: PM 61(2): 141-145. 1995. drilling into the trunks. The balsam contains up to 20%
essential oil.
Further information in:
Hansel R, Keller K. Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Other Names: European Larch, Common Larch
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
COMPOUNDS
1994.
Volatile oil (14-15%): chief components: (-)-alpha-pinene
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, (70%), Delta3-carene (10%) (-)-beta-pinene (6.5%), beta-
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim. 1979. pyrones (3%)
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag. Stuttgart, Jena, New Resins: including among others oleoresin acids (50-65%):
York. 1995. including among others laricinolic acid, alpha- and beta-
laricinolic acid
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Veriagsges.
Stuttgart. 1997. EFFECTS
When used externally the drug has a hyperemic and
antiseptic effect due the essential oil content. Its use for
catarrhal infections of the upper respiratory tract also seems
Laminaria hyperborea plausible.
See Kelp INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E:
LarfxaecTducL.. _ Unproven Uses: The drug has been used to treat neuralgic
discomforts and furuncles.
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the outer bark CONTRAINDICATIONS
separated from its outermost layer. Inhalation may cause acute inflammation of the airway
passages.
Flower and Fruit: The female flowers are cone-shaped,
erect, 2 cm long, short-pedicled, round-ovate and encircled PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
by scales at the base. The covering scales turn dark red when No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
in bloom. The male catkins are sessile, about 1.5 cm long, with the proper external administration of designated thera-
sulfur yellow, ovoid-globular. The seeds are light brown, peutic dosages.
glossy with 13 mm long and 5 mm wide wings. OVERDOSAGE
Leaves, Stem and Root: Larch is a deciduous tree that grows Resorptive poisonings, such as kidney and central nervous
up to 54 m high tree (stunted at high altitudes) with a straight system damage, are possible with large-area administration.
trunk, brown-red bark and pyramid-shaped, sparsely foliated Kidney damage is conceivable with internal administration.
crown. The main branches are horizontal and turned up at the DOSAGE
tips. The secondary branches are hanging. The foliage is Mode of Administration: Available in form of ointments,
light green with delicate needles, arranged singly in spiral
gels, emulsions and oils.
rows on long shoots and in bushels on short ones. They fall
in autumn. Preparation: Liquid and semi-solid preparations 10 to 20%.
458/LARCH PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Olsen JD, Sisson DV, Toxicity of extracts of tall larkspur ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(Delphinium barbeyi) in mice hamsters rats and sheep. Toxicol COMPOUNDS: LAUREL LEAF
Lett, 59:33-41, 1991 Apr. Volatile oil (1-3%): chief components 1,8-cineol
Park JC, Desai HK, Pelletier SW Two new norditerpenoid
Sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone, costunolide,
alkaloi.djjfcom Delphinium elatum var. 'black night'. J Nat
Prod, 59:291-5, 1995 Feb. furthermore eremanthin, laurenbiolide
Ralphs MH, Olsen JD, Comparison of larkspur alkaloid extract Isoquinoline alkaloids: including, among others, reticulin
and lithium chloride in maintaining cattle aversion to larkspur
COMPOUNDS: LAUREL FRUIT
in the field. J Anim Sci, 70:1116-20, 1992 Apr.
Volatile oil (1-4%): including, among others, 1,8-cineol,
Siemion RS. Raisbeck MF, Waggoner JW, Tidwell MA, alpha- and beta-pinene, citral, methylcinnamat
Sanchez DA, In vitro ruminal metabolism of larkspur alkaloids.
Vet Hum Toxicol, 34:206-8, 1992 Jun. Sesquiterpene lactones: dehydrocostuslactone, costunolid,
furthermore eremanthin, laurenbiolide
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Fatty oil (25-55%): chief fatty acids lauric, palmitic, oleic
Ulubelen A, Desai HK, Srivastava SK, Hart BP, Park JC, Joshi acid The green salve-like laurel oil is gained by pressing or
BS, Pelletier SW, Mericli AH. Mericli F, Ilarslan R, cooking the berries. Besides fatty oil, it contains the
Diterpenoid alkaloids from Delphinium davisii. J Nat Prod, components of the volatile oil and a large percentage of
59:360-6, 1996 Apr. sesquiterpene lactones.
Yum L, Wolf KM, Chiappinelli VA. Nicotinic acetylcholine EFFECTS
receptors in separate brain regions exhibit different affinities for Laurel leaves are externally rubefacient and allergenic
methyllycaconitine. Neuroscience, 41:545-55, 1996 May. because of die essential oil they contain. An antimicrobial,
molluscidal and insect repellent effect has been
demonstrated. """*'
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, The drug has anti-inflammatory, digestive, stimulation of
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. menstruation, and anthelmintic effects.
Steinegger ET Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Unproven Uses: Lavender Cotton is used for digestive —
Tada H' eTaL (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:667. disorders, PMS, worm infestation, stomach complaints and ^
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie. also to treat jaundice.
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tori K et aL (1976) Tetrahedron Lett 5:387. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
LITERATURE
Becchi M, Carrier M, (1980) Planta Med 38(3):267.
Lavandula angustifolia Giner R et al., (1986) Planta Med 6:83P.
See English Lavender Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Lavender Cotton . — _ . «
Santolina chamaecyparissias Lawsonia inermis
DESCRIPTION See Henna
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the herb.
0k only 3 to" 6 m talf with twigs that are angular when young Calomme M et al.. Inhibition of bacterial mutagenisis by Citrus
and soon become rounded and glabrous with stout axillary flavonoids. In: PM 62(3):222-226. 1996.
spines. The leaves are pale green, broadly elliptical, acute Calomme M et al., PM 62:222. 1996.
and serrate or crenate. The petiole has a flat wing or is Clavarano I, Essenze Deriv. Agrum 36:5. 1966.
merely margined and is distinctly articulated with the lamina.
Horowitz RM, Gentili B, Tetrahedron 19:773. 1963.
Habitat: The tree is indigenous to northern India, cultivated Paris R, (1977) Plant Med Phytother 1 l(Suppl):129.
in Mediterranean regions and worldwide in subtropical Paris R, Delavean P. (1977) Plant Med Phytother
regions. 1 l(SuppI):198.
Production: Lemons are the fruit, lemon peel is the skin of Further information in:
the fruit and lemon oil the essential oil extracted from the Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
skins of Citrus limon. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Other Names: Limon
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
COMPOUNDS York 1980.
Volatile oil in the fresh and dehydrated peel: chief compo- Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
nents (+)-limonene in addition to citral (as an odor-bearer), Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
m n-nonanal, n-decanal, n-dodecanal, linalyl acetate, geranyl Oliver-Bever B (Ed.). Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa,
acetat, citronellyl acetat, methyl anthranilate; also in pressed Cambridge University Press Cambridge. London 1986.
oils, lipophilic flavinoids, including sinensetin, nobiletin and
Roth L. Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
furocoumarins 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids: in particular the bitter neohesperidosides narin- Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
gin and neohesperidin dyhydro chalcones, furthermore Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
hesperidin, rutin and ericitrim Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
EFFECTS
The cj^D^avonoids in lemon affect vascular permeability Teuscher E. Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
and are anti?infJ*immatory, diuretic and a^ source of mbH Stuttgart 1997. * '
vitamin C. • - ~ Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Lemon is used as a source of vitamin C in
cases of general low resistance, scurvy and colds. In folk
medicine, lemon juice was recommended as a drink for
fever, as a remedy for acute rheumatism and as an antidote to
Lemon Balm
intoxicants, particularly opium. Additional traditional uses Melissa officinalis
that are still recommended include sunburn, and as a quinine TRADE NAMES
substitute for malaria or to reduce body temperature in Lemon Balm (available from numerous manufacturers and as
" typhus patients. combination product), Melissa Lemon Balm Herb, Quanterra
Sleep
Indian Medicine: Uses in Indian medicine include as a
remedy for shaking and heartburn. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted by
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
distillation, the dried leaves, the fresh leaves and the whole
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
plant.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization through Flower and Fruit: The small white bilabiate flowers are in 6
skin contact with volatile oil. one-sided false whorls in the axils of the upper leaves. The
462/LEMON BALM PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Brieskom CH, Krause W, (1974) Arch Pharm 307(8):603. (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Buechner KH et al., (1974) Med Klein. 69(23): 1032. 1994.
Chlabicz J et al., (1984) Pharmazie 39(11):770. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Cohen RA, Kucera LS, Herrmann EC Jr, Antiviral activity of York 1980.
Melissa Brficihalis "(Limon Balm) extract. In: Proc Soc Exp Biol
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3,
Med 117:431-434. 1964.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Czygan FC, Melisse - Objekt der Grundlagenforschung. In:
Schulz R, Hansel R. Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
DAZ 132(12):599. 1992.
Heidelberg 1996.
De Jong CAG. (1978) Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 112(3):82.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Enjalbert F et al., (1983) Fitoterapia 2:59. Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Forster HB et al,. (1980) Planta Med 40(4):309. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Hermann EC Jr., Kucera LS, Antiviral substances in plants of Stuttgart 1997.
the mint family (Labiatae): II. Nontanninia polyphenols of Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Melissa officinalis. In: Proc soc Exp Bio Med 124:869. 1967. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart. Jena, New
Koch-Heitzmann I, Schultze W, 2000 Jahre Melissa officinalis. York 1995.
Von der Bienenpflanze zum Virustatikum. In: ZPT 9(3):77. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
1988. Stuttgart 1997.
Kiimel G, Stoll L, Brendel M, Herpes simplex. Therapie mit
rezeptfreien Topika. In: DAZ 131(30):1609. 1991.
Kucera LS, Hermann EC Jr, (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
124:865 et 874. Lemon Verbena
Mohrig A, Melissenextrakt bei Herpes simplex - die Alternative Aloys ia trip hy I la -••-•
zu Nucleosid-Analoga. In: DAZ 136(50):4575-4580. 1996. DESCRIPTION
Orth-Wagner S, Ressin WJ, Friedrich I, Phytosedativum gegen Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the oil of vervain as a
Schlafstorungen. In: ZPT 16(3): 147-156. 1995. distillate of the fresh twigs and the dried leaves and stems.
Ozarowski A, (1982) Wiad 4:7.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has numerous small flowers in
Pertz H, Naturally occuring clavines: Antagonism/partial panicle-like spikes. The hairy calyx is about 3 mm long with
agonism at 5-HT2alpha receptors and antogonism at alpha 1- 4 tips. The petals are white or bluish, and fused to a 4 to 5
adrenoceptors in blood vessel. In: PM 62(5)387-392. 1996.
mm long funnel at the base. There are 2 short and 2 long
Richter T, Melissa officinalis - Ein Leitmotiv fur 1000 Jahre stamens in the funnel.
MedizinggscWehte. In: DAZ 133(41):3723. 1993.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Aloysia triphylla is an up to 3 m tall
Sarer E, Kokdil G,^Cpnstituterits of the essential ofl from
shrub. The branches are striate and scabrous. They bear
Melissa officinalis. In: PM 57:89. 1991.
leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 on the stem. The leaves are entire-
Schultze W, Konig WA, Hilker A, Richter R, Melissenole. In: margined, short-petioled, lanceolate and about 7 to 10 cm
DAZ 135(7):557-577. 1995. long. They have lateral veins almost at right angles to the
Thieme H, Kithe C, (1973) Pharmazie 28(1 ):69. midrib, and are dotted on the underside with oil-bearing
Uehleke B, Phytobalneologie. In: ZPT 17(l):26-43. 1996. glands.
Vogt HJ, Tausch I, Wobling RH, Kaiser PM (1991) Characteristics: The leaves have a lemony fragrance.
Melissenextrakt bei Herpes simplex." Allgemeinarzt 14:832-841.
Habitat: The plant originated in Argentina, Chile and Peru,
Wagner H, Sprinkmeyer L, (1973) Dtsch Apoth Z 113:1159.
and is cultivated in most other warmer countries. Main
Walz A, Melisse hilft heilen. In: DAZ 136(2):26. 1996. countries of cultivation are Algeria, Chile, Israel and
'Wolbling RH, Milbradt R, (1984) Therapiewoche 34(9): 1193. Morocco.
Zitiert nach: Koch- Heitzmann I, Schultze W, (1984) Melissa Production: Lemon Verbena leaves are the leaves and stems,
officinalis. Eine alte Arzneipflanze mit neue therapeutischen in whole and ground form, of Aloysia triphylla. The shrubs
Wirkungen. Dtsch Apoth Z 124:2137-2145. are propagated by runners or cuttings. They are cut from the
Further information in: second year of growth, in the month of July, before
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers flowering. The young lateral branches appear in October.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 They are dried rapidly in thin layers or bundles. The dried
464/LEMON VERBENA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
leaves are then stripped off. The harvest consists of Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
approximately 10,000 kg of the leaf drug per hectare. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Other Names: Herb Louisa, Lemon-Scented Verbena 1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Killacky J et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:310.
COM^ttJ'NDS ' Rimpler H, Sauerbier H, Biochem Syst Ecol 14:307-310. 1986.
Volatile oil: main constituents are geraniol and neral
Skalta H, Shammas G, PM 54:265. 1988.
Flavonoids: including apigenin-, diosmetin- and luteoIin-7-
Tomas-Barberan FA, Harborne JB, Self R, PH 26:2281-2284.
O-glucosides. in addition to mono-, di- and trimethoxyfla- 1987.
vones, including eupatorin. (See Lippiae triphylla
aetherolum.) Torrent Marti MT, Rev R Acad Farm (Barcelona) 14:39-55.
1976.
Iridoids: iridoid glycosides including geniposidic acid
EFFECTS
The leaves are considered to be antispasmodic, sedative and
are a febrifuge. There are no up-to-date studies available.
Lemon-Wood
Schisandra sphenanthera
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In France, Lemon Verbena is used in the DESCRIPTION
symptomatic treatment of digestive disorders, agitation and Medicinal Parts: Medicinal properties are attributed to the
insomnia. The drug has also been used in the treatment of fruit and seed of the plant.
febrile hemorrhoids, varicose veins and impure skin. In
Morocco it is also used for chills and constipation. Efficacy Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in clusters with a few
has not been proven in any of these areas. The plant is used blossoms in the axils of the bracts. There are 5 to 8 tepals.
as an inactive ingredient to improve the flavor in medicinal The perigone of the male flowers has 5 to 8 sections and 11
teas. to 19 stamens. The female flowers have a similar perigone
and 30 to 50 ovaries. The fruit is elongate-elliptical, slim and
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS hangs in aggregate clusters. The individual fruit is round,
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction fleshy, brown-red to dark brown and berry-like.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Leaves, Stem and Root: The dioecious Schisandra sphe-
nanthera has leaves that are alternate and arranged like
DOSAGE whorls on short shoots. The petiole is J to 3 cm long. The
Mode of Administration: In France, the infusion is available lamina is dark green to-brown, 5 to 11 cm long and 3 to 7 cm
in vat^^rcstaurantsjiinder the name "Vervaine oderante." wide. It is ovate to elliptical, acute at both ends and serrate to
Used in various medicinal preparations 'and tea mixtures. dentate. The young branches are purple.
Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 5 to 29 g of the leaf Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China.
per 1 liter of water.
Production: Southern schisandra fruit is the dried, ripe fruit
Daily Dosage: Drink 2 to 5 cups of the infusion during the
of Schisandra sphenanthera.
course of the day. In preparations with a high water content
(such as instant teas), the daily dose equivalent should not ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
exceed 10 g. The upper limit for daily dosages of powders COMPOUNDS
and tinctures is 5 g. Volatile oil
Storage: The drug must be stored in sealed containers, Ascorbic acid (vitamin C)
protected from light and dampness.
Lignans (in the seeds 2 to 10%): dibenzo[a,c]cyclooctene
LITERATURE derivatives, including schizandrins A and B, schizandrols A
Breitweiser K, (1943) Pharmaz Ind 10:76. and B, schizantherins A to E, additional lignans with other
Carnat A, Carnat AP, Chavignon O, Heitz A, Wylde R, parent substances, including epigalbacin, anwulignan,
Lamaison JL, Luteolin 7-diglucuronide the major flavonoid ganschisandrin
compound from Aloysia triphylla and Verbena officinalis. Planta
Med, 61:490, 1995 Oct. Fatty oil (in the seeds)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LEMONGRASS / 4 6 5
EFFECTS
In rats, i.v. administration of an infusion caused a drop in
Leonurus japonicus
arterial pressure and a mild diuretic effect. The oral See Chinese Motherwort
administration of an imprecise amount of extract caused a
drop in temperature and tendency to lengthen intestinal
passage^ dme. Because of the small number of experiments
carried out, a hypotensive action cannot be considered as Lepidium sativum
conclusively proven. The essential oil has an antibacterial
See Garden Cress
effect in animal tests: in higher doses, it has a sedative/
analgesic effect.
Storage: Store in air-tight containers protected from light. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 5 to 15 cm
high. The stems are decumbent and bear bulbils in the leaf
LITERATURE axils. The leaves, like the stems, are glabrous and fleshy. The
De Silva MG, Mfg Chemist 30:415-416. 1959. lower ones are long-petioled, alternate and orbicular-cordate.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers The upper ones are 5-lobed. There are-fleshy, cylindrical
Handbuchdgr Pharrnazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 clavate tubers between the roots.
(r>ogenOTopringer. yejlag Berlin, Heidelberg, Newjfork, 1992-
1994. *:\ ^ , Characteristics: The herb has a hot, unpleasant taste and is
toxic.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Habitat: The plant is found all over Europe, western Asia
York 1980. and northern Africa.
Sarer E, Scheffer JJC, Svendsen AB, Composition of the Production: Lesser Celandine is the fresh herb of Ranuncu-
essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus (DC.) STAPF cultivated in lus ficaria.
turkey. In: Sci Pharm 51:58. 1983.
Other Names: Pilewort, Figwort, Smallwort
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
The glycoside ranunculin as protoanemonine-forming agent:
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
The freshly-harvested plant (0.06-0.35% of the fresh weight,
of which only 3% of the overall content of the plant is
contained in the leaves, 68% in the stalks, 2 5 % in the
blossoms) changes enzymatically when it is cut into small
Leonurus cardiaca pieces, and probably also when it is dried, into the pungent,
See Motherwort volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to non-mu-
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LESSER G A L A N G A L / 4 6 7
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie. 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
The dangers of irritation of the skin and mucus membranes
are relatively low with pilewort. The consumption of small
quantities of the fresh leaf sheaths (before blossoming; the
stem should be discarded) as a springtime salad is
unproblematic. Lesser Galangal
Alpinia officinarum
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
DESCRIPTION
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the
the freshly-harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister rhizome.
formation and cauterizations which are difficult to heal due Flower and Fruit: Galangal is a perennial plant. It is similar
- to the resulting protoanemonine, that is severely irritating to in appearance to the sword lily.
^ skin and mucus membranes.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Lesser Galangal has a dark, reddish-
If taken internally, severe irritation to the gastrointestinal brown, cylindrical rhizome about 1 to 2 cm in diameter and 3
tract, combined with colic and diarrhea, as well as irritations to 6 cm long. The stem is marked at short intervals with
of the urinary drainage passages, are possible. Symptomatic raised rings, which are the scars of the leaf bases. Stems are
treatment for external contact should consist of irrigation up to 1.5 m with long narrow lanceolate leaves bearing
with diluted potassium permanganate solution; in case of racemes of orchid-shaped flowers, white and veined red. A
internal contact, administration of activated charcoal should fracture of the rhizome is hard and tough, showing a pale
follow gastric lavage. inside with a darker central column.
OVERDOSAGE ..***• }sr* — Characteristics: Lesser' Galangal has a pungent and spicy
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quanti- taste. The odor is aromatic, rather like ginger.
ties of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China and entered
animal experiments. Europe via India and Arabia in the Middle Ages.
DOSAGE Production: Lesser Galangal consists of the dried rhizome of
Mode of Administration: Ground and as an extract. The drug Alpinia officinarum.
extracts can be added to baths to treat hemorrhoids, warts
and scratches. Not to be Confused With: The rhizome of Kaempferia
galanga and other Alpina species
LITERATURE
Other Names: Galanga, East India Root, Chinese Ginger,
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987. China Root, India Root, East India Catarrh Root, Gargaut,
Kolesnik et al., (1963) CA 59:7856. Colic Root, Catarrh Root, Galangal
Pourrat H, Pourrat A, (1966) Bull Soc Chim Franc 2410. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Pourrat H et al., (1979) Ann Pharm Franc 37:441.
Volatile oil: chief components-sesquiterpene hydrocarbons,
Pourrat H et al., (1982) Ann Pharm Franc 40:373. sesquiterpene alcohols
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963. Diarylheptanoids: mixture termed galangol, some of them
Texier O et al., (1984) Phytochemistry 23(12):2903. pungent substances
468/LESSER GALANGAL PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Gingerole: phenyl alkanones, pungent substances Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Starch
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Tannin Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Flavonoids: including galangin, galangin-3-methylether, Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
kaempferide
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
EFFECTS Stuttgart 1997.
The plant is said to have antispasmodic, antiphlogistic and
antibacterial properties.
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include painful upper Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root bark, the
abdominal syndrome of the Roemheld complex type, slugg- fresh inner-root bark and the seeds.
ish digestion, and for liver and gallbladder complaints. Flower and Fruit: The yellow flowers have a dark red spot at
Additional uses include fevers and colds, cough/bronchitis, the base of the petals. The calyx is 2 to 2.5 cm long. The
tendency for infections, and inflammation of the mouth and bracts are broadly deltate-ovate to semicircular, usually at
pharynx. least as wide as long. Their margins have 6 to 8 acute or
shortly acuminate teeth, usually less than 3 times as long as
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for pain, particularly
wide. The fruit is beak-shaped, terminally rounded, up to 18
stomach pain.
mm long, with 3 to 4 chambers. The seeds, which are
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS embedded in the hairs, are square with gray pubescense.
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
Leaves, Stem and Root: Gossypium herbaceum is an
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not reported.
evergreen shrub 2 m high and 1 to 1.5 m wide. The few
DOSAGE branches are glabrous to sparsely haired and foliated. The
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and powder, as leaves are broadly cordate, coriaceous, reticulate, pubescent
well as other galenic preparations for oral administration. with undulate margins. They have a short tip and narrow
base.
Preparation: Infusion - Pour boiling water over 0.5 to 1 g
drug and strain after 10 minutes. Habitat: The variety is indigenous to Asia and Africa. Today
it is mainly cultivated in Egypt, China, India, Anatolia and
Daily Dosages^lno 4r g. The infusion dosage-is 1 cup 30
the southern U.S.
minutes before' meals.
LITERATURE
Other Names: Cotton Root, Cotton
Collins KR, Pat EP 25649 (1981) Europe. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
De Pooler HL, et al., PH 24:93. 1985. COMPOUNDS
Haraguchi H, et al., Antifungal activity from Alpinia galanga Volatile oil (traces): including with beta-bisabolol
and the competition for incorporation of unsaturated fatty acids Resinous substance: containing, among others, salicylic acid
in cell growth. In: PM 62(4):308-313. 1996.
and 2,3-dihydroxybenzoic acid
Haraguchi H, et al., PM 62:308. 1996.
Dimeric sesquiterpenes: (+)-gossypol, (+) -gossypol, p-hem-
Itokawa H, et al., (1987) Planta Med 53(1 ):32.
igossypol in some strains presumably in very low quantities)
Mitsui S, et al., (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:2377.
The drug has not been investigated in recent times.
Further information in:
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed., EFFECTS
CRC Press, 1975. A histamine-releasing effect has been observed in vitro, in
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der the lung tissue of pigs. The drug also appears to have
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag emmenagogic, oxytocic and contraceptive (male) effects, but
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969. constituents have not yet been sufficiently investigated. The
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LICORICE. 4 6 9
oxytocic effect, similar to that of secale, has been observed from two cotton species using the polymerase chain reaction.
in animal experiments, making its use as a contraction Mol Biol (Mosk), 26:432-40, Mar-Aprl992.
stimulant seem plausible. Dai RX et al., (1978) Acta Biol Exp Sinica 11:27.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Dorsett PH et al., (1975) J Pharm Sci 64:1073.
Unproven Uses:, The drug has many indications in folk Hamasaki Y, Tae HH, (1985) Biochim Biophys Acta 843(11:37.
medicine, such as amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, irregular Liu ZQ et al., In: Recent Advances in Fertility Regulation.
menstruation, nausea, fever, headache, diarrhea and dysen- Beijing 1980, Eds. C. C. Fen et al. Pub. S. A. Atar. Geneva
tery; as an oxytoxic, to expel the afterbirth, for urethritis, 1981.
nerve inflammation, poor lactation, metrorrhagia, hemor-
Qian SZ et al., (1980) Chin Med J 93:477.
rhage, menorrhagia and atonic amenorrhea, painful menstru-
ation and climacteric complaints. Stipanovic RD et al., (1975) Phytochemistry 14:1077.
Further information in:
Chinese Medicine: Cotton is used in China as a male
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
contraceptive.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used chiefly in gynecology (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
to treat menstrual disturbances, menstrual bleeding, morning 1994.
sickness and uterine bleeding. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH. Landsberg 1988.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: Health risks or side effects following the proper Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen. 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
administration of designated therapeutic dosages are not Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
recorded. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Pregnancy: Cotton is not to be administered during pregnan-
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), JMedicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa.
cy, except at delivery. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, London 1986.
OVERDOSAGE Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen. Pflanzengifte.
In animal studies, numerous poisonings, some of them fatal, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
have been observed following long-term feeding with large Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie.
quantities of cotton seed press cakes. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
DOSAGE Zheng MS, Zhang YZ Anti-HBsAg herbs employing ELISA
Mode of Administration: The drug is used as a decoction, technique. Chung Hsi I Chieh Ho Tsa Chih, 26:560-2 518.
liquid extract and tincture, as well as in combination with Sep1990.
secale^h^drastis, chaemaelirium and leonurus.
Preparatioris!*Tirfcture and liquid extracfof 2 to 4 ml, liquid
extract 20 to 40 drops per single dose. Levisticum officinale
Daily Dosage: The standard single dose to be taken See Lovage
internally is 2 g of the drug, or 10 g of a 20% decoction, i.e.
1 teaspoonful for a single-dose decoction. The dosage of the
liquid extract administered during labor is a single dose of 1
to 2 level teaspoonfuls, with another similar dose given 2 to
4 times daily after the birth as a post-natal styptic.
Liatris spicata
See Marsh"Blazing Star
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
a day (HAB34). Licorice
Storage: Store Cotton in well-filled containers, protected Glycyrrhiza glabra
from light and heat. TRADE NAMES
Flavonoids: aglycones, including liquiritigenin, isoliquiri- Licorice has protective effects against gastric ulcers induced
tigenin (its chalcone), isolicoflavonol by aspirin (Dehpour, 1994). Licorice has the ability to
release endogenous secretin, which is a potential mediator of
Isoflavonoids: aglycones formononetin, glabren, glabridin, the antiulcer actions (Shiratori, 1986). Carbenoxolone, a
glabrol, 3-hydroxyglabroI, glycyrrhisoflavone succinate derivative of glycyrrhetic acid, has been shown to
accelerate the healing of ulcers (Barbara, 1979; Bianchi,
Cumestan derivatives: glycyrol, isoglycyrol, liqcoumarin
1985). Deglycyrrhizinated licorice is also effective for
Hydroxycoumarins: including herniarin, umbelliferone, gly- healing ulcers and lacks undesirable side effects seen with
cycoumarin, licopyranocumarin carbenoxolone (Morgan, 1982).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LICORICE/471
Antiviral/Antifiingal Effects between the groups at the end of the treatment period with
ulcers healed in 59% of the pirenzepine group and in 52% of
Glycyrrhizin suppresses the secretion of hepatitis B virus
the carbenoxolone group. The healing rates in this study do
(HBV) surface antigen (HbsAg) in patients with HBV. The
not compare well with reported treatment success rates of
compound is thought to bind to hepatocytes at a concentra-
H2-receptor antagonists (Bianchi, 1985).
tion able to modify the expression of HBV-related antigens
on the hepatocytes and suppress sialylation of HbsAg (Sato, Peptic Ulcer
1996). Glycyrrhizin stimulates interferon gamma produced
A randomized, single-blind trial compared the efficacy of
by T-cells for an antiviral effect against influenza virus
deglycyrrhizinated licorice (Caved-S®) to cimetidine in 100
infection (Utsunomiya, 1997). Antiviral action of glycyrrhiz-
patients with peptic ulcer disease. The patients were adminis-
in on the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) occurs by
tered either cimetidine 200 mg 3 times daily plus 400 mg at
inhibiting replication through interference with virus-cell
night or Caved-S plus antacid combination, 2 tablets to be
binding and also suppression of giant cell formation. (Ito,
chewed 3 times a day between meals. Caved-S® was as
1987; Nakashima, 1987). Glycyrrhizin induces CD4 T cells,
effective as cimetidine for healing peptic ulcers over 6 and
which suppress type 2 cytokines produced by burn-associ-
12 weeks but was slower in reducing night pain from peptic
ated type 2 T cells. This improves resistance to Candida
ulcer. The medications were equally effective and superior to
alibicans associated with thermal injury (Utsunomiya, 1999).
placebo for the prevention of recurrences with peptic ulcers.
Mineralcorticoid Effects Endoscopic evaluation showed healing of ulcers in 60% and
66% of the Caved-S and cimetidine groups, respectively at
Licorice inhibits the enzyme 11-beta- hydroxysteroid dehy-
the end of 6 weeks. After 12 weeks, healing had occurred in
drogenase in the kidney, which leads to decreased transfor-
88% and 94%, respectively (Morgan et al, 1982).
mation of Cortisol into cortisone. The mineralocorticoid
action of Cortisol causes a decrease in serum potassium and Hepatitis
an increase in serum sodium concentration resulting in
A retrospective study evaluated the long-term use of a
retention of water, causing weight increase and hypertension
glycyrrhizin-containing solution for prevention of hepatocel-
(Palermo, 1996). Glycyrrhetic acid, the hydrolytic metabolite
lular carcinoma (HCC) in patients with chronic hepatitis C.
of glycerrhizic acid causes the inhibition of peripheral
One-hundred and ninety-two patients with chronic hepatitis
metabolism of Cortisol and produces a pseudo-aldosterone-
C were included in the study. Stronger Neo-Minophagen C
like effect (Heikens, 1995). Licorice induces high blood
(SNMC), an intravenous solution containing 0.2% glycyr-
pressure also through inhibition of NADPH-dependent short
rhizin, 0.1% cysteine, and 2% glycine in physiologic
chain dehydrogenase/reductase enzymes in the kidney
solution, 100 milliliters (mL) daily was administered to 83
(Duax, 1998).
patients over an 8 week period, then followed by 2 to 7 times
MisceUerteoys. Effects per week for 2 to 16-years (median 10.1 years). The other
109 patients were treated with other herbal remedies, such as
Glabridin has been shown to inhibit UVB induced pigmenta-
vitamin K, for 1 to 16 years (median, 9.2 years). The 10-year
tion and erythema in skins of giunea pigs (Yokota, 1998).
rate occurrence of HCC were 7% in the SNMC treatment
Isoliquiritin inhibits granuloma angiogenesis in a concentra-
group and 12% respectively in the non-SNMC treatment
tion dependent manner (Kobayashi, 1995). Glycyrrhizin has
group. The 15-year rate was 12% in the SNMC treatment
therapeutic effects on liver dysfunction associated with
group and 25% in the other treatment group (p=0.032).
cytomegalovirus infection (Numazaki, 1994). Glycyrrhizin
Elevated alanine aminotransferase (ALT), a characteristic of
has complementary effects on intracelluar calcium mobiliza-
chronic hepatitis and a risk factor for the development of
tion to block neuromuscular transmission (Dezaki, 1995).
HCC normalized in 35.7% in the SNMC treatment group,
Licorice exerts a choleretic effects through glycyrrhizin and
which was significantly better than the 6.4% of the other
other unknown components (Raggi, 1995).
treatment group (Arase et al, 1997).
CLINICAL TRIALS
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Gastric Ulcer
LICORICE ROOT
A double-blind study involving thirty-four patients was Approved by Commission E:
conducted to compare carbenoloxalone and pirenzepine for
• Cough/bronchitis
treatment of a chronic gastric ulcer. Carbenoxalone was
• Gastritis
administered as 300 mg daily for 1 week followed by 150
mg daily for 5 weeks. Pimzepine was administered as 150 Unproven Uses: The drug is used for catarrh of the upper
mg daily for 6 weeks. There was no significant difference respiratory tract as well as for gastric/duodenal ulcers. In
4 7 2 /LICORICE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
folk medicine, the herb is used for appendicitis, constipation, Corticosteroids - Concomitant use of licorice with corticoste-
and to increase milk production and micturation. The drug is roids potentiates effects due to the prolonged half-life of
also used as a treatment for epilepsy and inflammation of the Cortisol.
gastrointestinal and urogenital tract. Externally, the herb is
OVERDOSAGE
used for dermatoses.
L I C O R I C E ROOT AND E X T R A C T
Indian Medicine: Internally, the herb is used for gastric The intake of higher dosages (above 20 gm per day for the
ulcers, headaches, bronchitis, eye diseases and sore throat. extract and above 50 gm per day for the root) over an
The drug is used externally for wounds and cuts. extended period of time will lead to hypokalemia, hyperna-
tremia, edemas, hypertension and cardiac complaints. In rare
Chinese Medicine: The herb is used for sore throats, cases, myoglobinemia has resulted due to the mineralcorti-
carbuncles, spleen disorders, dry cough, and dehydration. coid (aldosterone-like) effect of the saponins (Heikens, 1995;
LICORICE EXTRACT
Saito, 1994; Seelen, 1996). Preparations from the drug
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for gastritis, gastric ulcers, should not be administered for longer than 6 weeks. The
ulcer prophylaxis, and viral liver inflammation. complaints disappear after discontinuing the daig. (SEE PRE-
CAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS)
CONTRAINDICATIONS
DOSAGE
L I C O R I C E ROOT AND FRUIT
L I C O R I C E ROOT
Contraindications include chronic hepatitis, cholestatic dis-
eases of the liver, cirrhosis of the liver, severe renal Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug, drug powder,
insufficiency, diabetes, arrythmias, hypertension, hypertonia, dry extracts for infusions, decoctions, liquid or solid forms
hypokalemia, and pregnancy. Tobacco use has been associ- for internal use. Various teas contain extracts of the drug, for
ated with licorice toxicity (Synhaivsky, 1980). example, bronchial teas, gastric teas, and laxative teas.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS The drug should not be .administered for more than 6 weeks
L I C O R I C E ROOT AND E X T R A C T (see side effects).
General: Intake of the herb over a prolonged period of time
How Supplied:
may result in hypokalemia, hypernatremia, edema, hyperten-
sion and cardiac complaints. Capsules — lOOmg, 200mg, 400mg, 444mg, 445mg, 450mg,
500mg
Endocrine: Pseudoaldosteronism reported with the use of
licorice is attributed to glycyrrhetenic acid, the hydrolytic Preparation: To prepare an infusion, use 1 to 1.5 gm of
metabolite of glycerrhizic acid. Hypertension and hypoka- finely comminuted drug and add cold water. Bring to a boil,
lemic metabolic alkylosis (e.g. lethargy, paresthesias, muscle or pour the boiling water over the drug and allow to draw for
cramps, hejdaches) are possible consequences of the hyper- 10 to 15 minutes and then strain (1 teaspoonful = 3 gm drug).
mineraTcorticoijJ, effect- of Licorice extracts. Retention of Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 5 to 15 gm of the
sodium and water and suppression of the renin-aldosterone root, equivalent to 200 to 600 mg of glycyrrhizin. The drug
system is associated with extracts of the root (Heikens, 1995; is not to be taken longer than 6 weeks (SEE OVERDOSAGE).
Seelen, 1996). Hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis, resulting in Succus liquiritiae: 0.5 to 1 gm for catarrhs of the upper
acute renal failure and profound deposition of calcium into respiratory tract and 1.5 to 3.0 gm for gastric/duodenal
the damaged skeletal and cardiac muscles was reported with ulcers.
glycyrrhizin use (Saito, 1994).
Tea - Drink one cup of tea after meals.
Drug Interactions: Furosemide/Thiazide Diuretics - Due to
the additive effect of hypokalemia, the concomitant use of LICORICE EXTRACT
these medications with licorice is not recommended. Mode of Administration: The drug is widely available in
medicinal preparations, as tea or in drop form; the juice of
Digitalis Glycosides - Hypokalemia associated with the licorice is found in liquorice edible goods and preparations.
prolonged use of licorice may potentiate digitalis toxicity.
Preparation: For preparation of tea, pour a cup of boiling
Anti-arrythmic Agents (procainamide, quinidine) - Hypoka- water over 1 teaspoon of juice, leave to draw for 5 minutes.
lemia and severe ventricular tachycardia of torsades de
pointes type reported with licorice consumption may be Daily Dosage: Drink one cup of tea after each meal. The
potentiated with concomitant use of anti-arrythmic agents dosage for the drop form is 25 drops to be taken 4 times
(Eriksson, 1999). daily.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LICORICE/473
dehydrogenase activity in man. Glin Endocrinol (Oxf) 1996 Veit M, Wirkungen der Glycyrrhetinsaure auf den
Nov;45(5):605-ll. Steroidstoffwechsel. In: ZPT 14(1):43. 1993.
Raggi MA; Bugamelli F; Nobile L et al. The choleretic effects Watanabe Y, Watanabe K, (1980) Proc Symp Wakan-Yaku
of licorice: identification and determination of the 13:16.
pharmacologically active components of Glycyrrhiza glabra. Boll
Yagura T et al., (1978) Proc Symp Wakan-Yaku 11:79.
Chim Farm- 199> Dec; 134( 11 ):634-8.
Yamamura Y, Kawakami J, Santa T, Kotaki H, Uchino K,
Rees WDW et al., (1979) Scand. J Gastroenterol. 14:605.
Sawada Y, Tanaka N, Iga T, Pharmacokinetic profile of
Saitoh T et al.. (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:991. glycyrrhizin in healthy volunteers by a new high-performance
Saitoh T et al.. (1978) Chem Pharm Bull 26:752. liquid chromatographic method. In: J Pharm Sci 81(10): 1042-
1046. 1992.
Saitoh T et al.. (1976) Chem Pharm Bull 24:752 et 1242.
Yokota T; Nishio H; Kubota Y; Mizoguchi M. The inhibitory
Sato H; Goto W; Yamamura J et al. Therapeutic basis of
effect of glabridin from licorice extracts on melanogenesis and
glycyrrhizin on chronic hepatitis B. Antiviral Res 1996
inflammation. Pigment Cell Res 1998 Dec;ll(6):355-61.
May;30(2-3):171-7.
Further information in:
Saito T; Tsuboi Y; Fujisawa G et al. An autopsy case of
licorice-induced hypokalemic rhabdomyolysis associated with Chang EH et al., (Eds), Advances in Chinese Medicinal
acute renal failure: special reference to profound calcium Materials Research, World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
deposition in skeletal and cardiac muscle. Nippon Jinzo Gakkai Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Shi 1994 Nov:36( 11): 1308-14. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Seelen MA; de Meijer PH; Braun J et al. Hypertension caused Ges Stuttgart 1997.
by licorice consumption. Ned Tijdschr Geneeskd 1996 Dec Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
28;140(52):2632-5. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Synhaivsky A. Licorice, snuff, and hypokalemia. N Engl J Med (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1980 Aug 21;303(8):463. 1994.
Segal R et al.. (1985) J Pharm Sci 74 (1):79. Hikino H, Economic and Medicinal Plant Research, Vol I.,
Academic Press UK 1985.
Shiratori K; Watanabe S; Takeuchi T. Effect of licorice extract
(FmlOO) on release of secretin and exocrine pancreatic secretion Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in humans. Pancreas I986:l(6):483-7. in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980.
Suzuki H, Ohta Y, Takino T, Fujisawa K, Hirayama C, Effect
of glycyrrhizin on biochemical test in patients with chronic Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
hepatitis. Double blind trial. In: Asian Med J 26:423-438. 1983. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Takechi M, Tanaka Y, Structure-activity relationships of the Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
synthetic methyl glycyrrhetate glycosides. In: PH 32:1173. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Tamura Y, Nishikawa T, Yamada K, Yamamoto M, Kumagai Heidelberg 1996.
A, (1979) Effects of glyzyrrhetinic acid and ist derivatives on Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Delta5-reductase in rat liver. Arzneimittel Forsch/Drug Res 29: Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
647.
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Tanaka S et al., (1987) Planta Med 53 (1):5. Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Tawata M; Aida K; Noguchi T et al. Anti-platelet action of Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
isoliquiritigenin, an aldose reductase inhibitor in licorice. Eur J Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Pharmacol 1992 Feb 25;212(l):87-92.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Utsunomiya T; Kobayashi M; Hemdon DN et al. Effects of
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, on Candida
York 1995.
albicans infection in thermally injured mice. Clin Exp Immunol
1999 May;116(2):291-8. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Utsunomiya T; Kobayashi M; Pollard RB; Suzuki F.
Glycyrrhizin, an active component of licorice roots, reduces
morbidity and mortality of mice infected with lethal doses of
influenza virus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1997
Mar;41(3):551-6. Lilium candidum
Van Hulle C, (1970) Pharmazie 25:620. See White Lily
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY / 4 7 5
Other Names: May Lily, May Bells, Convallaria, Our Lady's For symptoms of an acute poisoning and therapy, see
Tears, Convall-Lily, Lily Constancy, Jacob's Ladder, Lad- Digitalis folium. The dangers of poisoning are relatively low
der-to-Heaven, Muguet with oral application, due to the poor absorbability of the
glycosides.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS DOSAGE
Cardioactive steroid glycosides (cardenolides): varying Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb, as well as
according to geographical source, chief glycoside convalla- galenic preparations for internal use; no longer considered
toxin (western and northwestern Europe), convalloside safe because of the levels of toxins.
(northern and eastern Europe), or convallatoxin + convalla-
How Supplied: All information is based on stabilized Lilly-
toxol (central Europe)
of-the-Valley powder as specified in the German pharmaco-
EFFECTS poeia. No other forms can be recommended. However,
Only older studies are available, which indicate the conval- commercial pharmaceutical preparations are available as
lara glycosides are qualitatively similar to digitoxin and capsules, drops, solutions and tablets.
476/LILY-OF-THE-VALLEY PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Preparation: Tincture 1:10; liquid extract: 1:1; dry extract: Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
4:1. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose of the drug: 0.6 g of
tincture; 0.6 g of liquid extract; 0.15 g of dried extract. The
average single dose: 2 g of tincture: 0.2 g of liquid extract;
0.05 g~"of dry extract. In intravenous application, the full
effective dose of convaltoxin is 0.4 to 0.6 mg, the prepared
Lime
dose 0.2 to 0.3 mg. Citrus aurantifolia
DESCRIPTION
Storage: The preparations should be stored in well-sealed
containers and protected from light. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal component is the bergamot
oil extracted from the plant.
LITERATURE
Bleier W et al., (1965) Pharm Acta Helv 40:554. Flower and Fruit: The fragrant flowers are small and pure
white. The fruit is about half the size of a lemon, with a
Holzl J. Franz C. PM 24:378. 1973.
smoother, thinner peel, a greenish-yellow color and sweet
Kopp B, Kubelka W, (1982) Planta Med 45:87. taste.
Krenn L, Schlifelner L, Stimpfl T, Kopp B, HPLC separation
and quantitative determination of cardenolides in Herba Leaves. Stem and Root: The evergreen tree is small, bent,
Convallariae. In: PM 58(7)A82. 1992. thorny and normally only grows to a height of 2.5 m. The
leaves are ovate-lanceolate and acuminate.
Laufke R, (1958) Planta Med 6:237.
Loew D. Phytotherapie bei Herzinsuffizienz. In: ZPT 18(2):92- Habitat: Lime is indigenous to Southern Asia and is
96. 1997. cultivated in the West Indies, semi-tropic areas of the U.S.
Loew DA, Loew AD, Pharmakokinetik von herzglykosidhaltigen and Central America.
Pflanzenextrakten. In: ZPT 15(4): 197-202. 1994. Production: Limes and lemons are the fruit of Citrus
Tschesche R et al., (1959) Naturwissensch. 46:109. aurantifolia.
Tschesche R, in Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry, Ed. H.
Other Names: Limette, Italian Limetta, Adam's Apple
Wagner and L. Horhammer, Springer-Verlag Heidelberg, Berlin
1971. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Mode of Administration: Lime is used internally as a liquid
mbH Stuttgart 1997. extract of the fresh fruit.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LINDEN /477
LINDEN FLOWER
Buchbauer G, Jirovetz L, Atherisches Lindenbliitenol- Lithospermum erytrorhizon
Aromastoffanalyse. In: DAZ 132(15):748. 1992. See Purple Gromwell
Hildebrandt G, Engelbrecht P, Hildebrandt-Evers G, (1954) (Ying Zicao)
Physiologhefee -Grundlagen fiir eine tageszeitliche Ordnung der
^Schwitzprozeduren. Z Klin Med 152:446-468.
OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage leads to dryness of the mouth, nausea, vomiting, Logwood
diarrhea, abdominal pain, burning in the urinary passages, Haematoxylon campechianum
feelings of anxiety, dizziness, headache, shivering, respira-
tory difficulties, paraesthesias, outbreak of sweating, brady- DESCRIPTION
cardia, cardiac arrhythmias, somnolence and muscle Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the tree is the
twitching; death can occur through respiratory failure, unfermented heartwood.
accompanied by convulsions. 0.6 to 1 gm of the leaves are
Flower and Fruit: The small yellow flowers grow in axillary
said to be toxic, 4 gm fatal.
racemes. There are 5 petals. The fruit is a flat pod, usually
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit- with 1 seed.
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
Leaves, Stem and Root: Haematoxylon campechianum is a
manganate solution, sodium sulfate), instillation of activated
10 to 12 m high tree. The twisted branches are thorny, while
charcoal, and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth), the therapy
the bark is rough and dark. The leaves have 4 pairs of small, M
for poisonings consists of treating spasms with diazepam
smooth and cordate stipules whose tips point to the small
(i.v.), children with chloral hydrate (rectal); monitoring of
trunk.
ECG. Cardiac massage and artificial respiration may also be
required. Habitat: The plant originated in the tropical regions of the
U.S. and is cultivated in the Caribbean and other regions.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is no longer used. It is a Production: Logwood is the wood from Haematoxylon
constituent in some homeopathic preparations. campechianum. The cultivated trees are felled in their 11 th
LITERATURE
year and the red heartwood is extracted.
Chang?Hfihet-aL, (Eds): Advances in Chinese Medicinal
Other Names: Blood wood, H. lignum, Peach wood
Materials Research^ World Scientific Pub. Co. Singapore 1985.
Gross D, (1971) Fortschr Chem Org Naturst 29:1. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Karawya MS et al., (1971) J Ass Off Ann Chem 54(6): 1423.
Homoisoflavanes (neoflavane derivatives): to some extent in
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der glycosidic bonds, changing over into the intensively red-
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag colored, quinoide hematein through oxidation
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Tannins
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
EFFECTS
York, 1980.
Logwood has astringent properties, due to the isoflavone J|
Lewin L, Giftevund Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug hematoxylin. An antiphlogistic effect has been proven in
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. animal experiments and an antimicrobial effect in vitro.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Hemateine and hematoxylin are said to inhibit the production
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. of melanin in skin when used topically.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Habitat: The plant is found in the temperate regions of
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra- Europe and Asia.
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded.
However, internal administration of hematoxylin carried out Production: Loosestrife is the aerial part of Lysimachia
in animaJL^experiments led to elevated body temperature, vulgaris.
jft vomiting, anuria, coma and death. Reports of these studies
Other Names: Yellow Willowherb
provided no information regarding dosage (Lewin).
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
DOSAGE
COMPOUNDS
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered as an
infusion and a liquid extract. Flavonoids: glycosides of the myricetin, kaempferol and
quercetin, including among others rutin
Daily Dosage: A single dose of a decoction equal to 1 g of
drug is mentioned, but the number of times it could be taken Steroids: beta-sitosterol, stigmasterol
daily was not specified.
The constituents of the drug have not been extensively
LITERATURE investigated.
Kern W, List PR Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag EFFECTS
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Loosestrife has an astringent effect. The main active
principle is rutin.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The herb is used externally in the
Loosestrife powdered form.
The Hgustilide-containing essential oil has an antispasmodic Gijbels MJ et al., (1982) Planta Med 44:207.
effect on smooth muscle. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AuflL, Bde 4-6
The folk use for gastric complaints is probably based on the
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
specific odor caused by phthalide as well as on the bitter 1994.
taste, which increases saliva and gastric secretions.
* Lawrence BM, (180) Perf Flav 5:29.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Approved by Commission E: in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
• Infections of the urinary tract York 1980.
• Kidney and bladder stones Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Lovage is used for flushing-out therapy for inflammation of
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
the lower urinary tract and flushing-out therapy for preven- Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
tion of kidney gravel.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Unproven Uses: The folk medicine uses include dyspeptic Stuttgart 1997.
complaints, such as indigestion, heartburn, feelings of Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
fullness, flatulence, menstrual complaints. Lovage is also Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
used as a secretolytic for respiratory catarrh. Vollmann C, Levisticum officinale - Der Liebstockel. In: ZPT
CONTRAINDICATIONS 9(4): 128. 1988.
Because of the irritating effect of the volatile oil, the drug Yu SR, You SQ, (1984) Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 19(8):566.
should not be administered in the presence of inflammation Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
of the kidneys or of the urinary drainage passages, nor with Stuttgart 1997.
reduced kidney function. No irrigation therapy is to be
*P carried out in the presence of edema resulting from reduced
cardiac and kidney function.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Luffa
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in Luffa aegyptica
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
DESCRIPTION
therapeutic dosages. The drug possesses a low potential for
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried network of
sensitization. An elevation of UV-sensitivity among light-
vascular bundles of the ripe cucumber-like plant. When
skinned people is possible (phototoxic effect of the
dried, the dense vascular network mat-makes up the fruit
furocoumarins).
becomes the Loofah; which is used to scrub and soften the
Pregnancy: Not tffbeT used during pregnancy.* skin.
DOSAGE Flower and Fruit: The plant bears solitary, yellow, female
Mode of Administration: Comminuted herb and other galenic flowers, which are 5 to 10 cm wide and have an oblong,
preparations for internal use. clavate calyx tube. The fruit is cylindrical or oblong-clavate.
It is not ribbed, prickly or sharp-edged. It is somewhat
Daily Dosage: 4 to 8 gm drug. Ample intake of liquid is
tomentose, up to 40 cm long and 5 to 15 cm thick. The seeds
essential. Tea: 2 to 4 gm drug to 1 cup, several times a day
are blackish, smooth and winged.
between meals.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual climbing plant
Infusion: 1.5 gm per cup.
that grows from 3 to 6 m high. The stems are thin and
£ Storage: Protect from light and insects in well-sealed pentangular. The leaves are cordate-indented, 15 to 30 cm
containers. The whole drug should be stored not longer than long and wide and 3- to 7-lobed.
18 months; the powdered drug, not longer than 24 hours.
Habitat: The plant probably originated in India and was
LITERATURE brought to Egypt in the Middle Ages. Today, it is cultivated
Albulescu D et al., (1975) Farmacia 23:159. in the tropical regions of the world.
Bjeldanes LF, Kim I, (1977) J Org Chem 42:2333. Production: Luffa sponge consists of the dried fiber structure
Fischer FC, Svendson AB, (1976) Phytochemistry 15:1079. of the ripe cucumber-like fruits of Luffa aegyptica. The ripe
Gijbels MJ et al., (1981) Chromatographia 14(8):451. fruit is freed of soft material by banging and washing.
484/LUFFA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY 1.5 cm up to hand size. It is found on the trunks of old
C O M P O U N D S : LUFFA FRESH F R U I T woodland trees and is browinsh-green or red-brown with a
Triterpene saponins: including among others lucyoside A-M reticulate, punctate structure. It is tomentose and whitish-
(aglycones including oleanolic acid, hederagenin 21-hy- brown beneath and is covered with glabrous white spots on
droxy-hederagenin, gypsogenin, arjunolic acid) the margin and on the reticulate ridges.
CucurBitacins (the young fruits are eaten as salad) Habitat: Lungmoss is found throughout Europe.
Sterols: including delta5-sterols, delta7-sterols Production: Lungmoss is the whole lichen tissue of Lobaria
Triterpenes (triterpene acids): including bryonolic acid (3%) pulmonaria. The lichen is gathered throughout the entire
year. The minute roots in the subterranean part, along with
The luffa fungus (Luffa, Luffa aegyptica) is likely to be any possible earth, are cleaned off (do not gather dry lichen,
mostly free of soluble constituents and to consist chiefly of as they are mostly found on dead plants, and therefore are no
cellulose, hemicelluiose and pectins. longer effective).
EFFECTS Not to be Confused With: Common Lungwort, which is a
No information is available. plant.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Other Names: Oak Lungs, Lungwort
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Luffa sponge are used as a
preventive for infections or colds, as a remedy for colds and ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
nasal catarrhs, and for sinusitis and suppuration of the sinus. COMPOUNDS
Lichen acids: including among others stictictic, norstictic,
Chinese Medicine: Luffa is used for coughs, chronic thelophoric acid, gyrophoric acid
bronchitis, diseases of the spleen and paralyzing diseases.
Mucilages
Indian Medicine: Luffa is used for splenopathy, leprosy,
syphilis, bronchitis, fever and hematuria. EFFECTS "~"
The drug has diaphoretic, expectorant, anti-inflammatory,
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
and antimicrobial effects. The active agents exhibiting the
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
antimicrobial effects are unknown.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: As a result of the relaxing effect of
DOSAGE
Lungmoss on the respiratory tract, the drug is used for all
No information is available.
chronic respiratory tract illnesses: bronchitis, coughs and
LITERATURE asthma, as well as for irritable coughs and smoker's cough.
HanseLJ^Kellex K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der .jgha^snazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., f|de 4-6 PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
1994. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Lungmoss is available as dried
Luffa aegyptica lichen as a liquid extract for internal use. Lichen preparations
See Luffa can be bought as sweets, syrups or pastilles.
Storage: The drug should be stored in glass or porcelain
containers, protected from light.
Lungmoss LITERATURE
* Lungwort EFFECTS
The drug has an expectorant, soothing effect due to the
Pulmonaria officinalis mucilaginous polysaccharide and tannin content.
DESCRIPTION INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried herb and Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Lungwort is used internal-
the fresh, aerial parts of the flowering plant. ly for illnesses and conditions of the respiratory tract,
gastrointestinal tract, kidney and efferent urinary tract; and
Flower and Fruit: The blue, later blue-violet flowers are in
externally in the treatment of wounds.
terminal curled cyme-like inflorescences on flowering
branches. The calyx is fused and has 5 tips. The corolla is PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
fused to a tube and the 5 tips are rotate. There are 5 stamens No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
and a 4-valved ovary with 1 style. There are both long and with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
short-styled flowers. There are 5 tufts of hair at the entrance dosages.
to the corolla tube. The fruit consists of 4 nuts 3.5 to 4 mm in
DOSAGE
length, glabrous when ripe, glossy brown to black, mildly
Mode of Administration: Lungwort is available as whole, cut
keeled with a distinct displaced ring.
and powdered drug for internal and external use. It is also
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 15 to 30 cm available in commercial forms as syrup, juice, drops and in
high. The rhizome is quite thin and branched. First it compounded preparations.
1& produces flowering shoots and then the leaf rosettes. The Preparation: To prepare a tea, 1.5 gm finely cut drug is put
shoots are fresh green and covered in glandular hairs. The in cold water which is brought quickly to a boil or it is
stems are erect or ascending, slightly angular and pubescent. scalded with boiling water and strained after 5 to 10 minutes
The rosette-like basal leaves that form after flowering are (1 teaspoon corresponds to approximately 0.7 gm drug).
long petioled, cordate-ovate, acute, more long than wide with
whitish spots. The cauline leaves are alternate, taper to a Liquid extract: 1:1 with 25% ethanol. (V/V)
winged stem and are sharply pointed; only the lower ones Daily Dosage: As bronchial tea it is drunk in sips throughout
have some pinnatifid ribs. the day. It may be sweetened with honey.
Characit^stics^ The taste is slightly bitter and slimy. Storage: Should be protected from light
Habitat: The plant is common in many parts of Europe. LITERATURE
Brantner A, Kartnig Th, Flavonoid glycosides from aerial parts
Production: Lungwort consists of the dried plant section of of Pulmonaria officinalis. In: PM 61(6):582. 1995.
Pulmonaria officinalis and its effective pharmaceutical
Luthy J et al., (1984) Pharm Acta Helv 59(9/10):242.
preparations. Lungwort is collected in uncultivated regions
and air-dried. Miiller BM, Franz G, Polysaccharide aus Pulmonaria officinalis
- Wertgebende Bestandteile der Droge? In: PZW 135(6):243-
Not to be Confused With: Lungwort is occasionally adulter- 251. 1990.
ated with other Pulmonaria species, particularly Pulmonaria Further information in: c.
mollis. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
m Other Names: Dage of Jerusalem, Common Lungwort
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY 1994.
COMPOUNDS Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Allantoin Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Caffeic acid derivatives: chlorogenic acid, rosmarinic acid
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Flavonoids (0.3 to 0.5%): especially O-glycosides of the Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
kaempferol and quercetin Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
4 8 6 /LUNGWORT PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Lupinus luteus The methanolic root extract and the kukoamine A isolated
from the plant are reported to have had significant antihyper-
See Yellow Lupin tensive effects in animal experiments. The isolated octapep-
tides lyciumines A and B are believed to inhibit the activity
of renin and the angiotensin-converting enzyme. Experimen-
tal data confirming these results are not available.
Lycium barbarum C O M P O U N D S : L Y C I U M LEAVES
See Lycium Berries (Go-Qi-Zi)
Steroids: withasteroids (0.1%), including withanolide A,
withanolide B
Sterols: including beta-sitosterol and beta-sitosterol
Lycium Bark (Di-Gu-Pi) glucoside
Lycium chinense E F F E C T S : L Y C I U M LEAVES
The corolla is funnel-shaped, light purple or violet with a 5- Unproven Uses: The root of the plant is used in fever and
lobed margin. There are 4 stamens, which are hairy at the blood pressure-reducing medications. The berries are consid-
base. The ovary is 2-chambered with 1 style. The fruit is a ered to provide a liver and kidney tonic.
yellow-orange, elongate, sweet-tasting berry. Chinese Medicine: Used internally for fever, hyperhidrosis,
Leaves, Stem and Root: Lycium chinense is a shrub that thirst, coughs, nose bleeds, pulpitis, diabetes, hypertension,
grows up to 3 m high. The leaves are alternate, ovate- malaria and for black vomit. External uses include eczema
lanceofertg?fb«rhomboid, narrowing suddenly to the petiole, and rheumatism. Efficacy for these indications has not yet
and bright grfferif'TKe branches are cane-like, initially been proven.
upright, then hanging down bow-like and thornless. LYCIUM LEAVES
Habitat: The plant is native to eastern Asia, particularly to Unproven Uses: Preparations from the leave are used in folk
China and Japan. medicine for whooping cough and paroxysmal cough (Iberi-
an peninsula), as a mouthwash for toothache (Indonesia).
Production: Lycium bark is the dried root bark of Lycium
chinense or Lycium barbarum. Harvest begins in early spring Chinese Medicine: Lycium leaf is used for inflammatory
or in late autumn when the roots are dug up and then peeled. processes, such as rheumatism, and as a tea taken for pain.
The root bark is then cleaned and dried in the sun. Lycium
Indian Medicine: Used for rheumatism.
leaves are the dried leaves of Lycium chinense.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Other Names: Chinese Matrimony Vine, Chinese Wolfberry
L Y C I U M R O O T BARK A N D L E A V E S
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
C O M P O U N D S : L Y C I U M R O O T BARK administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Polyamines: kukoamine A (spermidin-dihydrocaffeoyl-
CONTRAINDICATIONS
bisamide)
LYCIUM ROOT BARK
Dipeptides: Lyciumamide (N-benzoyl-L-phenylalanyl-L- Contraindications include pregnancy, symptoms of the
phenylalaninol-acetate) common cold and diarrhea.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS LYC1UM BERRIES (GO-QI-ZI) / 4 8 7
LYCIUM LEAVES sun until the skin is hard and the fruit pulp is soft inside.
Not to be used during pregnancy. After drying, the fruit stem is removed.
DOSAGE Other Names: Bastard Jasmine, Box Thorn, Common
LYCIUM ROOT BARK Matrimony Vine, Prickly Box, Tea Plant, Barbary, Tea Tree
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
preparations are administered internally and externally.
COMPOUNDS
Storage: Store in a dry place. Water-soluble polysaccharides
LYCIUM LEAVES Glycoproteins
Mode of Administration: Lycium leaf is administered as a tea
or as an infusion for use as a gargle. Carotinoids: particularly physalien (zeaxanthin dipalmitate)
Unproven Uses: Ma-Huang is used for diseases of the acidosis. Intubation and oxygen respiration are also on
respiratory tract with mild bronchospasms in adults and occasion necessary.
children over the age of six. Various indications include
DOSAGE
asthma, cardiovascular stimulation and as a CNS stimulant.
Mode of Administration: Ma-Huang is administered as a
Chines&"Me"dicine: The drug has been used for over 4000 comminuted herb, as well as other galenic preparations for
years for severe febrile illnesses, bronchial asthma, joint internal use.
symptoms, inability to perspire, coughing with dyspnea,
edema and pains in the bones. Daily Dosage: For adults, the average single dose is 15 to 30
mg total alkaloid, calculated as ephedrine, for a total dose of
CONTRAINDICATIONS
120 mg per day. When used in children, single doses of herb
Contraindications include states of anxiety and restlessness, preparations corresponding to 0.5 mg total alkaloid per kg of
high blood pressure, angle-closure glaucoma, cerebral perfu- body weight are employed. The recommended daily dosage
sions, prostate adenoma with residual urine volume, pheo- for children is 2 mg.
chromocytoma and thyrotoxicosis.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Tea — Made with 1 to 4 gm, 3 times daily.
General: Common side effects include headache, irritability,
Ephedra tincture (1:1) — medium single dose 5 gm.
motor restlessness, nausea, sleeplessness, tachycardia, uri-
nary disorders and vomiting. Higher dosages may result in Ephedra extract — 1 to 3 ml 3 times daily.
blood pressure and cardiac rhythm disorders.
Ephedra tincture (1:4) — 6 to 8 ml 3 times daily.
Dependence can develop with extended intake. Because of
the danger of the development of tachyphylaxis and of Storage: Ma-Huang must be protected from light.
dependence, the drug should only be administered for short
periods. LITERATURE
Gazaliev AM, Fazilov SD, Zhurinov MZ, Khim Prorod Soed
Pregnancy: Ma-Huang should not to be used during 23:862-864. 1987.
pregnancy
Harada M, Nishimura M, J Pharm Dyn 4:691-699. 1981.
Drug Interactions: Ephedra has an addictive effect on the
Further information in:
CNS when used in conjunction with caffeine, decongestants
and other central stimulants. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Cardiac heart glycosides or halothane: disturbance of heart (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
rhythm. 1994.
Guanethidine^njfeanGement of the sympathomimetic effect Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
MAO-inhibitors: potentiate the sympathomimetic action of
ephedrine. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Secale alkaloid derivatives or oxytocin: development of high
blood pressure. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
OVERDOSAGE
Life-threatening poisonings are seen with very high dosages Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
of the drug (over 100 gm, lethal dosage with oral administra-
tion corresponding to approximately 1 to 2 gm L-ephedrine). Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
Symptoms of poisoning include severe outbreaks of sweat- Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
ing, enlarged pupils, spasms and elevated body temperature.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Death following overdose is due to heart failure and Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
asphyxiation. Following stomach emptying (gastric lavage
with burgundy-colored potassium permaganate solution), Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
therapy consists of the administration of activated charcoal mbH Stuttgart 1997.
and prophylaxis against shock. Spasms should be treated Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
with diazepam, electrolyte substitution should be employed, pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
and sodium bicarbonate infusions should be used to prevent York 1995.
490/MACROCYSTIS PYRIFERA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
TRADE NAMES
Courchesne M. Brassard P, Identification and characterization of
naturally occuring rubiadins. In: JNP 56(5):722. 1993.
Madder Whole Root (available from numerous manufactures
and as combination product) Nung V N et al., (1971) Plant Med Phytother 5:177.
Schumann C. Apotheker und die Entwicklung der Farberei. In:
DESCRIPTION
PZ 140(39):3446-3451. 1995.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the dried root.
Westendorf J. Phytotberapie: Anthranoide in Arzneipflanzen. In:
Flower and Fruit: The small yellowish-green flowers are in DAZ 133(25 ):2345. 1993.
loose, leafy, long-peduncled terminal or axillary cymes. The Westendorf J, Poginskky B, Marquardt H, Marquardt H, The
margin of the calyx is indistinct, 4 to 5 sectioned and has a genotoxicity of Lucidin, a natural component of Rubia
tip which is curved inward. There are 5 stamens and an tinctorum L., and lucidinmethylether, a component of ethanolic
inferior ovary. The fruit is a black, pea-sized glabrous, Rubia extracts. In: Cell Biol Toxicol in press. 19.
smooth drupe containing 2 seeds. Further information in:
Leaves, Stem and Root: The perennial plant grows from 60 Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL Wiss. Verlags-
to 100 cm high. The pencil-thick rhizome creeps widely
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
underground. The stem is quadrangular with backward
turning prickles at the edges. The stems are at times so thin Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
that they are more descendent than erect. The leaves are in Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
whorls, in fours below, in sixes above. They are oblong to
lanceolate with 1 rib and are protrudingly reticulate beneath. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Southern Europe, Thomson RH, Naturally Occuring Quinones, 2nd Ed., Academic
Western Asia and North Africa and is cultivated elsewhere. Press New York 1971.
Production: Madder root consists of the dried root of Rubia Teuscher E, Lindequist U. Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
tinctorunLjis well as its preparations. Pharmakologie, 2. AufJ., .Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Other Nam'es'^Dyer's Madder, Robbia'"'" Stuttgart 1997.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
COMPOUNDS pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Anthracene derivatives (rubiadins, 2 to 4%): chief compo- York 1995.
nents alizarin, lucidin, pseudopurpurin (purpurin carboxylic
acid), purpurin, rubiadin and die glucosides and/or the
primerosides of these compounds.
EFFECTS
Magnolia
Madder root inhibits calcium oxalate crystallization in the
Magnolia glauca
kidney. Lucidin is the toxic principle and is mutagenic. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The bark is the medicinal part.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Madder root is used to dissolve kidney Leaves, Stem and Root: The inner bark occurs in long,
stones fibrous strips. The outer surface is rough, almost granular
and pitted. The inner surface is striated but almost smooth.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The fracture is short with the inner part tough and fibrous.
Because of the possible carcinogenic effect of the rubiadins,
the drug should not be administered. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to North America.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MAIDENHAIR/491
EFFECTS
Magnolia glauca The drug is an expectorant, beneficial in bringing up phlegm,
and a demulcent.
See Magnolia
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: In the middle ages, the drug was used for
various illnesses of the respiratory tract, in the form of so-
called pectoral teas and as a syrup for severe coughs.
Mahonia aquifolium Because of its similarity to Maidenhair, the drug was used to
See Mountain Grape treat a lack of hair growth and to promote dark hair color.
4 0 2 /MAIDENHAIR PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
It is still taken as an infusion in Spain, Belgium and the lanceolate to elliptical, tapering to an acute apex with entire
Canary Islands to treat bronchitis, coughs and whooping margins. The leaf blade and petiole are finely pubescent.
cough, and also for painful and excessive menstruation.
Characteristics: The taste is bitter and die odor tea-like.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in Habitat: Originally indigenous to northern India, the plant is
now found in all the areas of Ayurveda medicine in India, Sri
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
Lanka and the Maylan archipelago.
therapeutic dosages.
Production: Vasaca leaves are the leaves of Justicia
Pregnancy: Not to be used during pregnancy
adhatoda.
DOSAGE
Other Names: Arusa, Adulsa
Mode of Administration: The drug is taken internally as a tea
prepared from the ground or powdered drug. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Daily Dosage: The standard single dose is 1.5 gm of the
Quinazoline alkaloids: including vasicine and vasicinone
drug to 1 cup of liquid per dose (average single dose)
Volatile oil
Storage: Protect from light.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Mildly spasmolytic, bronchodilatory and expectorant
Berti G et al., Tetrahedron Lett: 1-5. 1964.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Cooper-Driver G, Swain T, Bot J Linn Soc 74:1-21. 1977.
Unproven Uses: For acute and chronic bronchial infections,
Imperato F, PH 21:2158-2159. 1982. catarrh of the upper respiratory tract and tuberculosis as an
Imperator F, (1982) Phytochemistry 21(8):2158. expectorant and to alleviate coughs.
Jain SR, Sharma SN, (1967) Planta Med(4):439. Indian Medicine: Justicia adhatoda is used as an expectorant
Twaij HAA et al., (1985) Indian J Pharmacol 17(I):73. and secretory agent.
Homeopathic Uses: Justicia adhatoda preparations are used
for hay fever and acute inflammation of the upper respiratory
Malabar Nut tract.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Justicia adhatoda
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
DESCRIPTION
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS -,
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried foliage
leaves, j4^*fiQwer collected in the flowering season, the dried General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
bark of the trunk, branches and roots, and the fresh leaves. conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Because of the vasicine content, the
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in dense, 2.5 to 7.5 cm administration of large dosages can lead to excitatory states.
long peduncled, axillary spikes. The bracts are elliptical, and
the bracteoles are oblong-lanceolate. The calyx is 1.5 cm Pregnancy: Administration during pregnancy is to be
long, glabrous or black pubescent, with 5 sections containing avoided.
regular lanceolate segments. The corolla is white with red to DOSAGE
purple bands. The corolla tube is 1.3 cm long and is Mode of Administration:Today, the extract of the leaves is
cylindrical and pubescent inside of the lower half. The upper only found in some combination preparations.
lip is convexly domed. The anthers are arrow-shaped and
sometimes spurred at the base. The ovary is bivalvular with a Daily Dosage: 1 to 2 gm as drug or liquid extract (1:1) with
2-lobed stigma. The fruit is a 4-seeded, short-haired, 40% ethanol (V/V)
longitudinally grooved capsule. The seeds are orbicular, Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
glabrous, slightly bumpy-warty and 5 to 7 mm across. 30 to 60 minutes (acute), and 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute. 3 times daily; Chronic: once
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an evergreen, unpleas-
a day (HAB1).
ant-smelling shrub 2.5 m high with numerous, usually
opposite, branches. The bark is yellow. The leaves are 8 to LITERATURE
25 cm long, 2.5 to 8 cm wide, short-stalked, opposite, Brain KR, Thapa BB, J Chromatogr 258:183-188. 1988.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MALE F E R N / 4 9 3
Cooper-Driver G, Swain T, Bot J Linn Soc 74:1-21. 1977. COMPOUNDS: MALE FERN LEAVES
Further information in: Acylphloroglucinoles (0.2%, mixtures termed raw filicin or
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers filicin): in particular, flavaspidic acids, filicinic acids,
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 paraspidin, desaspidin
(Drogen)/tSprihger Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Flavonoids
1994.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, EFFECTS
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Male Fern herb has an anthelmintic effect and is strongly
cytotoxic against band worms and liver flukes, although
roundworm and oxyuris are resistant. It is also cell toxic,
virostatic and antiviral. The pharmacological effect is largely
Male Fern due to the flavaspidic acid with filicic acids being the main
active principle.
Dryopteris filix-mas
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried fronds, Unproven Uses: Preparations of Male Fern herb are used
die dried rhizome collected in autumn with the leaf bases, the externally for rheumatism, sciatica, muscle pain, neuralgia,
fresh rhizome and the fresh aerial parts. earache and toodiache, for festering and poorly healing
wounds, burns, hemorrhoids, for teething in infants, and
Flower and Fruit: On the underside of the leaflets there are 2 sleep disorders, as well as internally for tapeworms and
rows of sori, covered by kidney-shaped, red-brown film. The flukes.
spores are dark brown.
Homeopathic Uses: Dryopteris filix-mas is used for weak
Leaves, Stem and Root: The root is a crooked half-under- sight and damage to the optic nerve.
4§ ground fleshy rhizome, covered in the remains of dark brown
petioles, which produces long branched root fibers. The CONTRAINDICATIONS
remains of the petioles are linear-lanceolate and tomentose The drug should not be administered in the presence of
with red-brown scales. The foliage grows in a crown, with anemia, cardiac, liver or kidney diseases or diabetes.
fronds arranged in spirals, 60 cm to 1.5 m high. There are 2- PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
pinnate, oblong-lanceolate, alternate, sessile leaflets, subdi- General: The following can occur even with therapeutic
vided with round segments. The young fronds are rolled in dosages: queasiness, nausea, severe headache, vomiting,
spirals and thickly covered in hairs. They gradually open out diarrhea.
as the fronds grow.
Pregnancy: The drug^ should not be used during pregnancy.
Habitaff^tfic* plant is found in the temperate zones of
Europe, northern Asia and in North and'South" America. Pediatric Use: The drug should not be administered to
children under 4 years.
Production: Male Fern leaf consists of the fresh or dried leaf
of Dryopteris filix-mas. Male Fern herb consists of the fresh Use in the Elderly: The drug should not be administered to
or dried above-ground parts of Dryopteris filix-mas. Male elderly persons.
Fern rhizome consists of me fresh or dried rhizomes
separated from the attached roots. The root-stock is collected OVERDOSAGE
in autumn and gently dried. Overdosages in susceptible patients can lead to liver, cardiac
and kidney damage as well as central nervous system
Not to be Confused With: The rhizomes of most European disorders, psychoses and permanent injuries such as paraly-
Dyopteris species. sis and visual disorders may be seen as a result of overdose.
Other Names: Aspidium, Bear's Paw Root, Fern, Knotty Cases of death, particularly among children, have been
Brake, Male Shield Fern, Marginal Fern, Sweet Brake observed following administration of Filmaron oil (10%
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY solution of volatile extracts of the rhizomic drug in cooking
COMPOUNDS: MALE FERN RHIZOME oil).
Acylphloroglucinoles (2%, mixtures termed raw filicin or
DOSAGE
filicin): in particular, flavaspidic acids, filicinic acids,
Mode of Administration: Warning: Dosages may be toxic!
paraspidin, desaspidin
Due to the risks, internal application is not recommended; if
Tannins possible other remedies should be used. Because the efficacy
4 9 4 / M A L E FERN PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Mediterranean region
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction and bordering frost-free regions.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Production: Mandrake root is the dried, underground part of
dosages. In animal experiments, anxiety states, restlessness.
Mandragora vernalis or M. officinarum. The plant is
increas«:-~in cardiac and pulmonary frequency, elevated
gathered in uncultivated regions.
salivation, vomiting, muscle tremors and tonic-clonic spasms
were observed following intake of plant parts of Brunfelsia- Not to be Confused With: The roots of Atropa belladona,
species, as well as death. whose alkaloid pattern is similar.
LITERATURE
Tropane. alkaloids (0.4%): chief alkaloids (-)-hyoscyamine,
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur under storage conditions changing over to some extent into
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- atropine, and scopolamine
Ges Stuttgart 1997.
COMPOUNDS: MANDRAKE HERB
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der The leaves have hardly been investigated, but in view of the
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag demonstrated toxicity, the same alkaloid mixture is to be
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. assumed.
Lloyd HA et a!., Brunfeslamidine: A novel convulsant from the EFFECTS: MANDRAKE ROOT AND HERB
medicinal plant Brunfeksia grandiflora. In: Tetrahedron Letters
The action of the drug is mainly due to the anticholinergic
26(22):2623-2624. 1985.
effect of the main alkaloids (atropine, hyoscamin and
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K. Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte. scopolamine).
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Mandragora is one of the oldest of the
medicinal plants. In folk medicine, a tincture of Mandragora
Mandragora officinarum radix was used for stomach ulcers, colic, asthma, hay fever
and whooping cough. Today, Mandrake is only used in
See Mandrake homeopathy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Skin red-
Mandrake- - dening, dryness of the mouth, tachycardiac arrhythmias,
Mandragora officinarum mydriasis (the 4 early warning symptoms of a poisoning),
accommodation disorders, heat build-up through decline in
DESCRIPTION
sweat secretion, micturition disorders and constipation can
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried under- occur as side effects, particularly with overdoses.
ground part, the fresh herb and the root.
OVERDOSAGE
Flower and Fruit: The numerous flowers are on light green Because of the high content of scopolamine in the drug,
pedicles. They are glabrous on the outside. The corolla is poisonings lead at first to somnolence, but then also, after the
light green to yellow. The calyx is lanceolate with a pointed intake of very high dosages, to central excitation (rest-
tip, half as long as the 3 cm corolla. The hairs on the outside lessness, hallucinations, delirium and manic episodes),
of the corolla have heads, which consist of 15 cells and sit on followed by exhaustion and sleep. Lethal dosages (for adults
a tiny stem of 2 to 3 cm. The fruit is yellow, globular and starting at 100 mg atropine, considerably less for children)
extends with a diameter of 2 to 3 cm well beyond the calyx. carry with them the danger of respiratory failure. Severe
poisonings are particularly conceivable in connection with
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant has a thick, tuberous root
the misuse of the drug as an intoxicant.
and is almost stemless. The root is light brown on the
outside, simple or branched, and up to 60 cm deep. The The treatment for poisonings include stomach emptying;
leaves are all the same size, pubescent, short petiolate, ovate- temperature-lowering measures with wet cloths (no antipy-
lanceolate. They have a disgusting smell. retics!); oxygen respiration for respiratory distress; intuba-
496/MANDRAKE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
tion; parenteral physostigmine salts as antidote; diazepam for 3 to 4 mm long and 7 to 10 mm wide. It is rounded at the
spasms while monitoring respiratory function; catheter for base or narrowed wedge-shaped, glossy dark brown, flat and
cystoparalysis. longitudinally striped. The seeds are ovate, 15 to 20 mm by 4
to 5 mm, broad, flat, longitudinally striped and brown.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: The drug is now obsolete and is Leaves, Stem and Root: Fraxinus ornus is a tree growing up
only rarely used In medicinal preparations. In homeopathy, to 8 m tall with gray, crust-embossed bark. The new-year's
dilutions from the fresh herb are used. branchlets are olive-green or browny gray-green, somewhat
LITERATURE
glossy, with numerous, light-brown lenticels. The long
AI-Khali S, Alkofahi A, The chemical constituents of shoots are downy to the tip; the short shoots are awned at the
Mandragora autumnalis. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann base. The terminal and lateral buds are orbicular and 4-
Congress of GA, 149. 1996. scaled. The leaflets are elliptical-ovate-lanceolate or ovate,
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur tapering to a tip and crenate-serrate. The upper surface is rich
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL. Wiss. Verlags- green and the underside lighter green with pink veins. The
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. nerves are pink-tomentose.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.). Hagers Habitat: The tree is indigenous to southern Europe, extend-
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 ing to the southern borders of the Alps and as far as
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
European Turkey. The tree is cultivated in Italy.
1994.
Jackson BP, Berry MI, Hydroxytropane tigliates in the roots of Production: Manna consists of the dried sap generated from
Mandragora species. In: PH 12(5): 1165-1166. 1973. the slit bark of trunk and branches of Fraxinus ornus, as well
Kraft K, Europaische Rauschdrogen. In: ZPT 17(6):343-355. as its preparations in effective dosage. The eight to ten year-
1996. old trees are incised. The manna flows out of the bark and is
collected.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck. Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Other Names: Flowering Ash, Manna Ash, Flake Manna
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
COMPOUNDS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Alditols: Mannitol (70-90%)
4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Scholz E, Alraunenfruchte - ein biblisches Aphrodisiakum. In: Oligosaccharides: Stachyose, Mannotriose, Glucose, Fruc-
ZPT 16(2): 109-110. 1995. tose
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, EFFECTS
Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Manna acts as a laxative.
Wagner Hf^^esenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
pflanzliche HomoSpaffiika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Tena, New
York 1995. Approved by Commission E:
• Constipation
Daily Dosage: For adults, 20 to 30 gm of drug; For children, Not to be Confused With: Other Asteraceae; arnica and
2 to 16 gm of drug. Manna, like other laxatives, should not saffron are often adulterated with Marigold.
be used for an extended period of time.
Other Names: Calendula, Holligold, Goldbloom, Golds,
LITERATURE
Mary Bud, Ruddes, Mary Gowles, Holigold, Marybud
*Iansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H. Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD FLOWERS
1994 (unter Fraxinus ornus). Triterpene saponins (2 to 10%): glycosides A to F (mono- or
bisdemosidic oleanolic acid glycosides)
Topical application of Calendula has been shown to enhance Externally, Marigold is used for inflammation of the oral and
the granulation and epithelialization of damaged skin (Klou- pharyngeal mucosa, poorly healing wounds, leg ulcers, to
chek-Popova et al., 1982). clean wounds, and for acute and chronic skin inflammation.
CLINICAL STUDIES Unproven Uses: Marigold has been used extensively as a
Wound Treatment/Tissue Repair folk medicine. Externally it is used for varicosis, vascular
disease wounds, inflammatory skin disease, anal eczema,
In one study, surgically induced skin wounds in rats were
proctitis, conjunctivitis. It is a constituent in treatments for
treated with a 5% Calendula ointment in combination with
sore, dry skin, bee stings and frostbite.
allantoin. Histological studies of the damaged tissue at 8
hours, 24 hours and 48 hours after inflicting the wounds Marigold is used internally for inflammatory conditions of
were performed. The drug combination was found to internal organs, gastrointestinal ulcers, constipation, worm
markedly stimulate physiological regeneration and epithelial- infestation and dysmenorrhea. It is also used as a diuretic and
ization. This effect was attributed to more extensive metabo- diaphoretic. In the past (19th century), Marigold was used as
lism of glycoproteins, nucleoproteins and collagen protein a cancer therapy but is no longer in use today for this
during the regenerative period in the tissues (Klouchek- purpose.
Popova et al., 1982).
Homeopathic Uses: Calendula officinalis is used for frost-
In another in-vitro study, an extract of Calendula was shown bite, burns to the skin and poorly healing wounds. The
to induce formation of new blood vessels, which is important efficacy of the homeopathic uses has not been proven.
in the process of granulation (Patrick et al., 1996).
MARIGOLD HERB
Anti-Inflammatory Action Unproven Uses: Preparations are used for circulation, ulcers,
spasms, swelling of the glands, jaundice, and for wounds and
The anti-inflammatory activity of the 3 main triterpendiol eczema. The herb is used in Russia for strep throat, on the
esters of Marigold were tested against Croton oil-induced Canaries for coughs and cramps and in China for irregular
edema of the ears in mice. Faradiol-3-myristic acid ester and menstruation.
faradiol-3-palmitic acid ester were found to have the same
dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity. The non-esteri- PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
fied faradiol was more active than the esters and had an MARIGOLD FLOWERS AND HERB
equivalent effect on inflammation as an equimolar dose of No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
indomethacin (Zitterl-Eglseer, et al., 1997). with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There is a low potential for sensitization after
In another study, the faradiol monoester was proven to be the frequent skin contact with the drug. A low rate of contact
most relevent anti-inflammatory principle due to its quantita- dermatitis (less than 1%) occurred in patients patch-tested
tive prevalence in the flowers. The unesterified faradiol was with a tincture of 10% Calendula. Only- 2 of 1032 patients
found tojbjuthe most active of all tested compounds, equal to had a positive skin reaction to Calendula (Bruynzeel et al,
indomethacin"y>ejfect-(Delia Loggia et al.,. 19.94). 1992).
COMPOUNDS: MARIGOLD HERB DOSAGE
Triterpene saponins MARIGOLD FLOWERS
Sfora^^gProtejct from light and moisture. May be stored a Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg OltnS Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
maximum of.*3 years:
Mennet-von Eiff M, Meier B, Phytotherapie in der
MARIGOLD HERB Dermatologie. In: ZPT 16(4):201-210. 1995.
Mode of Administration: Since efficacy has not been proven
Mills SY, Out of the Earth: The Essential Book of Herbal
the therapeutic value is uncertain. Medicine. Viking Arkana, London, 1991.
Preparation: Contained in Kneipp's Calendula Ointment. Patrick KFM, Kumar S, Edwardson PAD et al., Induction of
vascularisation by an aqueous extract of the flowers of
LITERATURE Calendula officinalis L the European marigold. Phytomedicine
MARIGOLD PLOWERS 1996; 3(1): 11-18.
Ahmed AA et al., Sesquiterpene glycosides from Calendula
Pyrek J, (1977) Roczniki Chemii 51:1141, 2331, 2493.
officinalis. In: JNP 56(10):1821. 1993.
Samochowiec E et al., (1979) Wiad Parazytol 25(1):77.
Antibiotika und Immunabwehr. In: Symbiose 4(2):20. 1992.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Bisset NG, Calendulae floss - marigold, in Herbal Drugsand Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Phytopharmaceuticals; a Handbook for Practice on a Scientific
Basis. Medpharm Scientific Publishers, Stuttgart and CRC Press, Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Boca Raton, FL, USA, 1994. Stuttgart 1997.
Vecherko LP et al., (1975) Khim Prir Soed 11(3):366.
Bruynzeel DP, Van Ketel WG, Young E et al., Contact
sensitization by alternative topical medicaments containing plant Weiss RF, Herbal Medicine. Ab Arcanum, Gothernburg,
extracts. Contact Dermatitis 1992: 27:278-279. Sweden, 1985.
500/MARIGOLD PDR FOR H E R B A L MEDICINES
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Veriagsges. It is possible to confuse Marijuana with varieties of Urtica,
Stuttgart 1997. Moraceae, Ulmaceae and Boraginaceae.
Wilkomirski B, (1985) Phytochemistry 24(12):3067. Other Names: Cannabis, Pot, Bhang, Grass, Indian Hemp,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Weed, Ganja, Kif
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY fl
York 1995,
COMPOUNDS
Willuhn G, Ringenblumenbliiten (Calendulabliiten). In: Tagl Cannabinoids: chief active agent 9-tetrahydrocannabinol (9-
Praxis 33(3):685. 1992. THC = 1-THC), in addition to 60 additional cannabinoids
Zitterl-Eglseer K, Sosa S, Jurenitsch J et al., Anti-oedematous
activities of the main triterpendiol esters of Marigold (Calendula Volatile oil: of a very complex composition, with, among
officinalis L.). J Ethnopharmacol 1997; 57:139-144. other things beta-caryophyllenes, humules, caryophyllene
oxide, alpha-pinenes, beta-pinenes, limonene, myrcene, beta-
ocimene
Flavonoids: including canniflavone-1, canniflavone-2
Marijuana EFFECTS
Cannabis sativa Psychotropic action: In most subjects the effect is registered
following an oral dose of 20 mg d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol or
DESCRIPTION
after inhaling a cigarette with 2% d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the twig tips of the
The symptoms are mood swings, reduction in drive, inability
female flowers, with either flowers or fruit attached, the
to think clearly, confusion, lack of concentration, impairment
flower-bearing twigs that have been dried; the ripe hemp
of short term memory and perception of time. Sensory
fruit and various homeopathic preparations of the fresh dried
impressions become heightened or experienced differently.
plant-parts.
Complex tasks become more difficult, the capacity to M
Flower and Fruit: Hemp is dioecious. The female flowers
understand or empathize is impaired. Negative reactions
are reduced to the perigone with one bract. The complete
such as anxiety, panic and psychosis can occur.
inflorescences form a leafy, false spike. The male flowers
form panicles rich in pollen. Pollination is by wind. The fruit It is only possible to describe this effect in animal tests, on
is a gray-green, glossy achene, 3.5 to 5 mm long and 2.5 to 4 the basis of free behavioral and controlled behavioral tests. A
mm wide. The seeds have little endosperm, are white, oily- stimulating effect has also been observed with lower doses.
fleshy and hooked. Not all cannaboids cause the same effect. CBC, CBD and
CBG have no psychomimetic effect. Various interactions
Leaves, Stem and Root: Cannabis is an annual or biennial occur in combination with d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol.
plant, which is usually branched and grows up to 5 m. The
plant ha"s"s11ret^"rough-Jiaired and compressed bristles. The Antiemetic action: has been reported in clinical studies
leaves are lohg-petioled and 3 to 7 pinnate. The leaflets are involving cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.
lanceolate and serrate. Anticonvulsive action: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol reduces the
Habitat: The plant probably originated in the Middle East. clinical and electrographic convulsion intensity in cats.
Today it is grown worldwide in temperate and tropical Analgesic characteristics: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol displays
regions. analgesic characteristics, while at the same time partially
Production: Indian hemp is the dried flowering or fruiting increasing sensitivity to pain.
branch tips of Cannabis sativa var. indica. Production Body temperature: In animal tests, d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol
depends on the origin. One method is by striping the leaves. and other cannaboids reduced body temperature. The maxi-
Another method is stripping the resin exuded from the mum reduction was relatively small. A stronger hypothermic ™
flowers and multiple fruit, which is shaped into balls or sheet effect was observed in higher doses, which affected
forms. The final method involves cutting 5 cm to 10 cm long behavior.
branch tips, which have just borne fruit, removing the leaves,
pressing the shooting tips and gathering them into bundles. Respiratory tract: The inhalation of marihuana smoke
caused bronchial dilation in healthy subjects. Methacholine-
Not to be Confused With: Prior to being used as a narcotic, induced asthma attacks can be terminated by inhaling
marijuana was often combined with Nicotiana tabacum, marihuana, in this case only psychomimetic cannaboids are
Lavandula officinalis, Nepeta catarina or Origanum vulgare. active.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MARIJUANA/501
Eyes: The ability of cannabis products to reduce intraocular tinal disorders, cholera, tetanus, epilepsy, strychnine poison-
pressure was discovered accidentally during trials on the ing, acute bronchitis, whooping cough, asthma, impending
effect of inhaling high doses. During the tests, intraocular abortion and weak contractions. The extract was used as a
pressure dropped by 45%. Eye drops applied locally had the sedative and mild soporific.
same effect as standard medication but the effect lasted
^1 longer. Current literature on phytotherapeutic drugs cite as indica-
tions for Indian hemp: painful disorders of the alimentary
Immune system: In vitro and in animal testing, depending on canal such as ulcers or cancer; respiratory disorders such as
the tissue, the immune system was significantly suppressed asthma, emphysema or chronic bronchitis; neuralgia, mi-
after cannaboid administration. graine; urinary tract disorders; mental disorders such as
Antimicrobial action: CBC, CBDA. CBG and d-9-tetrahy- anxiety, neurasthenia or hysteria.
drocannabinol displayed antibacterial effects. CBC and d-9-
Dronabinol (delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, Marinol®) is
tetrahydrocannabinol are bacteriostatic and bactericidal
marketed as an appetite stimulant in the treatment of AIDS-
against streptococci and staphylococci.
related anorexia and as an antiemetic for chemotherapy-
Tumor inhibiting effect: The in-vitro inhibiting effect of d-9- induced emeses.
tetrahydrocannabinol, d-8-tetrahydrocannabinol and CBN on
the growth of transplanted lung tumors has been Indian and Chinese Medicine: In early Indian and Chinese
documented. me'dicine, it was used for nervous depressive states, insom-
nia, vomiting, tetanus and coughs.
Heart, circulation: Cannaboids increase heart frequency,
peripheral vasodilatation causes an increase in systolic blood PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
pressure in the prone position and a decrease in the supine No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
position. with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. The intake x>fLtoxic dosages, as is common with the
W Other effects: d-9-tetrahydrocannabinol is said to be an smoking of cannabis, leads almost at once to euphoric states
appetite stimulant. Long term usage leads to a clear increase (pronounced gaiety, laughing fits) with exaggerated appre-
in tolerance for most of the pharmacological effects. hension of sensual impressions. Alterations in the perception
Mode of action: Most cannaboids act on the CNS. The of time and space, as well as acoustical, visual and sensory
multiplicity of effects does not point to just one receptor. hallucinations, lasting for 2 to 3 hours are common in higher
Possible interaction with cell-wall lipids or effects on dosages.
prostoglandin biosynthesis is under discussion at present.
Driving ability can be disturbed for as long as 8 hours.
When administered orally, the first psychotropic reactions Although only rarely reported, acute poisoning symptoms
take SfffeV^O to 60 minutes later. The effect is at its include nausea, vomiting, tear flow, hacking cough, distur-
optimum between* 2 to 3 hours later and-lasts for a total of 8 bance of cardiac function and numbness of the limbs.
hours. When inhaled the effect sets in within a few minutes, Despite its widespread use as a recreational drug, instances
reaches its climax or maximum after 30 minutes and lasts for of death are very rare. The results of chronic abuse are
3 hours. laryngitis, bronchitis, apathy, psychic decline and distur-
bances of genital functions.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Cannabis was first mentioned in the DOSAGE
pharmacopoeia of the Chinese Emperor about 3,000 years Mode of Administration: Marijuana is widely used as an
ago. Cannabis resin was used for beriberi, constipation, illegal recreational drug. It is usually either smoked or eaten
female conditions, gout, malaria, rheumatism and absent- to produce mind-altering effects. The extracted or syntheti-
^1 mindedness. In medieval herbals, it was mostly used cally produced delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol component is
externally. There are recipes for balms for healing contrac- used legally in capsule form for oral administration.
tures and for cooling poultices for the head and joints and for
podagra. How Supplied:
Capsules — (Marinol®) 2.5 mg, 5 mg, 10 mg
In 1845, the herb tips were mentioned for internal adminis-
tration for gonorrhea, angina pectoris and choking fits. It was Dried Herb
not until the nineteenth century that Indian hemp was
described as having a euphoric effect; it was used for Daily Dosage: The former average oral single dose of the
insomnia, neuralgia, painful rheumatism, painful gastrointes- drug was 0.1 gm.
502/MARIJUANA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Appetite stimulation — (Marinol®) 2.5 mg to 10 mg twice Ross SA, ElSohly MA, The volatile oil composition of fresh
daily and air-dried buds of Cannabis. In: JNP 59(1):49-51. 1996.
Ruh MF, Taylor JA, Howlett AC, Welshons WV Failure of
Antiemetic (Marinol®) 5 mg/m 2 to 15 mg/m 2 four to six
cannabinoid compounds to stimulate estrogen receptors.
times daily
Biochem Pharmacol, 53:35-41, 1997 Jan 10
Narcotic — hash .and tobacco are mixed. 1 cigarette contains Ruh MF, Taylor JA, Howlett AC, Welshons WV The volatile
0.5 gm to 1 gm of the drug with at least 5 mg to 10 mg d-9- oil composition of fresh and air-dried buds of Cannabis sativa.
tetrahydrocannabinol for the psychotropic effect. More exact J Nat Prod, 53:49-51, 1996 Jan
dosages are almost impossible to stipulate due to the Segelman A et al., (1977) J Pharm Sci 66:1358.
varieties of action of the different cannaboids and because of
Taschner KL, Drogen und Stra|3enverkehr. In: DAZ
varying breathing techniques.
134(35):3299. 1994.
Storage: Store with care, protected from light. Studies have Taura F, Morimoto S, Shoyama Y Three acyclic bis-
shown that 9-tetrahydrocannabinol has a strong affinity with phenylpropane lignanamides from fruits of Cannabis sativa.
synthetics and rubber and is easily absorbed by them. Phytochemistry, 271:1003-7, 1995 Mar
Evans ASp^fafc; 11985) J Pharm Pharmacol. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Evans AT et aI."Yl987) FEBS 211:119.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Evans AT et al., (1987) Biochem Pharmacol 36:2035. 1994.
Evans FJ, Cannabinoids - The separation of central from Hernandez ML, Garcia-Gil L, Berrendero F, Ramos JA,
peripheral effects on a structural basis. In: PM 57:60. 1991. Fernandez-Ruiz JJ delta 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol increases
Fairbairn JW et al., J Pharm Pharmacol 28:130. activity of tyrosine hydroxylase in cultured fetal mesencephalic
neurons. J Mol Neurosci, 8:83-91, 1997 Apr
Fairbairn JW, Pickens JT (1981) Br. J Pharmacol 72:401.
Lercker G, Bocci F, Frega N, Bortolomeazzi R Cannabinoid
Gil EW et al., (1970) Nature 228:135.
acids analysis. Farmaco, 40:367-78, 1992 Mar
Goedecke H, Karkos J, Die arzneiliche Verwendung von
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Cannabisprodukten. In: DAZ 136(34):2859-2862. 1996.
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
Jungmayr P, Rauschmittel: Macht Marihuana dumm? In: DAZ
136(34):2867-2868. 1996. Mackie K, Hille B Cannabinoids inhibit N-type calcium
channels in neuroblastoma-glioma cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
Kovar KA, Cannabis - was ist das? In: DAZ 132(43):2302. S A, 89:3825-9, 1992 May 1
1992.
Mackie K, Hille B Passive consumption of marijuana through
Nahas, B, In: Marihuana in Science and Medicine. Nahas G milk: a low level chronic exposure to delta-9-
(Ed.) Raven Press New York. 1984. tetrahydrocannabinol(THC). J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 89:255-60,
Paris RR et al., (1976) Plant Med Phytother 10:144. 1990
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MARSH M A R I G O L D / 5 0 3
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Other Names: Button Snakeroot, Gay-Feather, Backache
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Root, Colic Root, Devil's Bite
Navarro M, Rubio P, de Fonseca FR Behavioural consequences ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
of maternal exposure to natural cannabinoids in rats.
COMPOUNDS
Psychopharmacology (Berl), 122:1-14, 1995 Nov
Coumarin
^ Romero J, Garcia-Palomero E, Lin SY, Ramos JA, Makriyannis
A, Fernandez-Ruiz JJ Cannabis sativa—a plea for Flavonoids: including rutin, quercetin-3-O-glucoside
decriminalisation. S Afr Med J, 58:1268-9, 1995 Dec
EFFECTS
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Main active principle: Coumarin. There is no reliable
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. information available.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Marsh Blazing Star has been used for
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
disorders of the kidney, dysmenorrhea, as a diuretic and for
Stuttgart 1997.
gonorrhea treatment.
Thomas BF, Adams IB, Mascarella SW, Martin BR, Razdan
RK Structure-activity analysis of anandamide analogs: PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
relationship to a cannabinoid pharmacophore. J Med Chem, No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
58:471-9, 1996 Jan 19 with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
are grooved. The cauline leaves have shorter petioles and are PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
smaller, clasping, and often have a membranous leaf sheath. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Characteristics: The plant is highly poisonous.
dosages of the dehydrated drug.
Habitat: Caltha palustris is found in all temperate regions of
the Northern Hemisphere. Extended skin contact with the freshly harvested, bruised
plant can lead to treatment-resistant blisters and cauteriza-
Other Names: Cowslip, Kingcups, Water Blobs, Horse tions due to the release of protoanemonine, which is severely
Blobs, Bull's Eyes, Leopard's Foot, Meadow Routs, Verru- irritating to skin and mucous membranes.
caria, Solsequia, Sponsa Solis, Palsy Root, Water Dragon
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
If taken internally, large quantities could lead to severe
irritation of the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic
COMPOUNDS
and diarrhea, as well as with irritation of the urinary drainage
Protoanemonine-forming agents: In the freshly harvested
passages.
plant, it is presumably the glycoside ranunculin that changes
enzymatically when the plant is cut into small pieces, and OVERDOSAGE
probably also when it is dried. It then changes into the Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of
pungent, volatile protoanemonine that is severely irritating to irrigation with diluted potassium permanganate solution
skin and mucous membranes but quickly dimerizes to followed by mucilage. Ingestion of the drug should be
anemonine; when dried, the plant is not capable of protoane- treated with gastric lavage followed by activated charcoal.
monine formation The toxicity of this plant is less than that of many other
Triterpene saponins: including hederagenin glycosides Ranunculaceae (Anemones nemorosae) due to the relatively
low levels of protoanemonine-forming agents.
Triterpene lactones: caltholid, palustrolid
DOSAGE
Isoquinoline alkaloids (aporphine type, very small quanti- Mode of Administration:-Because of the herb's toxicity, its
ties): including corytuberine, magnoflorine, protopine use is not recommended other than topically and as an
EFFECTS extract.
The drug lowers cholesterol levels and raises blood sugar
LITERATURE
levels in rats subsequent to oral administration (according to
Bhandari P et al., Triterpenoid saponins from Caltha palsutris.
unavailable Russian research). There are also reports of anti- In: PM 53(1):98-100. 1987.
inflammatory effects on formaldehyde-induced inflamma-
tion. Bhandari P et al., Two nortriterpene lactones from Caltha
palustris. In: PH 23(8): 1699-1702. 1984.
The drug contains alkaloids of the benzylisoquinoline type
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987.
(magnoflorine, triterpene saponins, triterpene lactones). In
animal tests magnoj3ori«e temporally lowejs blood pressure Bruni A et al., Protoanemonin detection in Caltha palustris. In:
and induces hypothermia in mice. An effect on the nicotine JNP 49(6): 1172-1173. 1986. "
receptor in the parasympathetic nervous system is under Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
discussion. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Gcs Stuttgart 1997.
Insufficient information is available for an authoritative
assessment of these effects. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
(Drpgen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Unproven Uses: Marsh Marigold was formerly used for 1994.
jaundice, liver and bilious complaints. Some Native Ameri-
can tribes and those practicing Russian folk medicine used Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
the plant for dressing and cleansing skin lesions and sores.
When administered internally, it is meant to have a laxative Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
and diuretic effect. Since this has not been sufficiently Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
proven, and the side effects of Marsh Marigold are so Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
dangerous, its internal use is not recommended. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used externally for skin Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
rashes. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S M A R S H M A L L O W /505
Marshmallow Pectins
Starch
Althaea officinalis
EFFECTS
TRADE NAMES
The drug alleviates local irritation, inhibits mucociliary
Marshmallow is'available from a number of manufacturers,
activity, stimulates phagocytosis, and functions as an anti-
often as Marshmallow Root.
inflammatory and anticomplementary agent, immune stimu-
DESCRIPTION lant and hypoglycemic. Efficacy has been demonstrated
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the mallow when used as a gargle for inflammation of the mucous
flowers, leaves, syrup and roots. membrane of the mouth and throat.
Flower and Fruit: The reddish-white flowers are usually in INDICATIONS AND USAGE
woody at the base but unbranched. The leaves are short- General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
petioled with an ovate, acute leaf-blade. The secondary conjunction with the proper administration of designated
leaves are narrow and drooping. The lower leaves are 5- therapeutic dosages.
lobed, and the upper cauline leaves are often triangular, Drug Interactions: The absorption of other drugs taken
wider than they are long, and irregularly and roughly dentate. simultaneously may be delayed.
Habitat: The plant was originally indigenous to Asia and DOSAGE
then spread westward to southeast Europe and eastward to Mode of Administration: Cut leaves for aqueous extracts as
China. In temperate latitudes, Marshmallow is established as well as other galenic preparations for internal use. Cut or
a gardSFplant. ground root for aqueous extracts as well as other galenic
preparations for internal use. Marshmallow syrup is to be
Production: Marshmallow root consists of the dried root,
used only for treatment of dry coughs.
unpeeled or peeled, of Althaea officinalis. The root cultures
are harvested from October to November, and after cleaning, Note: Diabetics need to consider sugar concentration of
are carefully dried at a maximum temperature of 35° C. marshmallow syrup.
Marshmallow leaves consist of the dried leaves of Althaea
How Supplied:
officinalis. After harvest, the leaves are dried at a tempera-
Capsules — 460 mg
ture of 40° C.
Cough mixture
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with other Althea
species. Drops
Other Names: Moorish Mallow, Cheeses, White Maoow, Liquid — Generally in syrup form, which is also called
Althea, Mortification Root, Sweet Weed, Wymote, Mallards, "snail juice": (1:1)
Schloss Tea
Powder
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Tablets (coated and uncoated)
COMPOUNDS
Mucilages: mixture of colloidally soluble polysaccharides, Preparation: To prepare a tea, use 10 to 15 g with 150 ml of
particularly galacturonic rhamnans, arabinogalactans, ara- cold water and allow to stand for 90 minutes, then warm to
bans and glucans drink.
5 0 6 /MARSHMALLOW PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Daily Dosage: The average daily dose is 6 gm of the root Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
and 5 gm of the leaf. The tea dosage is several cups of the pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
slightly warmed tea taken during the course of the day. A York 1995.
single dose of the syrup is 10 gm. Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
Storage: The drug should be protected from light sources
and insects.
LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Franz G, (1986) Planta Med 6:76P. Martagon
Capek P, et al., Carbohydr Res 164:443. 1987. Lilium martagon
Franz G, Madaus A, Stabilitat von Polysacchariden.
Untersuchungen am Beispiel des Eibischschleims. In: DAZ DESCRIPTION
130(40):2194. 1990. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves, stem
and flowers, which are collected when the plant is complete-
Franz G, PM 14:90. 1966.
ly mature.
Franz G, PM 55:493. 1989.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is terminal and
Gudej J, (1981) Acta Pol Pharm 38:385.
racemous with 3 to 10 inclined flowers. The flower buds are
Gudej J, Bieganowska HL, Chromatographia 30:333. 1990. globose or oblong-ovate. The tepal petals are 3 to 3.5 cm
Gudej J, PM 57:284. 1991. long, involute and orange with dark spots. They contain a
Hahn-Deinstrop E, Eibischwurzel Identifizierung von ciliate mauve honey gland. The anthers are red. The fruit is a
Eibischwurzel-Extrakt und Gehaltsbestimmung in einem Instant- 2-winged capsule witJi an erect fruit stem. The seeds are flat,
Tee. In: DAZ 135(13): 1147-1149. 1995. light brown and 6 to 8 mm long. Since the seeds do not ripen
in northern regions, propagation takes place by means of
Kardosova A, et al., (1983) Coll Czech Commun 45:2082.
bulbils, which occur at the leaf axils. Flowers are produced
Kochich P, et al., (1983) Sov J Bioorg Chem 9(2): 121. during the third year of growth.
Nosal'ova G, Strapkova A, Kardosova A, Capek P, Zatureck'y
L, Bukovska E, Antitussive Wirkung des Extraktes und der Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 30 to 60 cm
Polysaccharide aus Eibisch (Althaea officinalis L. var. robusta). high or higher. The bulb is golden yellow, ovate and about 5
In: PA 47(3):224-226. 1992. cm long. The stem is erect, round, glabrous or with short
rough hairs on the upper section. The stem is green or
Nosolova G, et al., PA 47:224. 1993.
spotted red and leafy in the middle. The leaves are 7 to 11
Shimizu N, Tomoda T, Chem Pharm Bull 33:5539. 1985. ribbed, oblong-spatulate, shortly ciliated and up to 15 cm
Tomoda M et al., (1977) Chem Pharm Bull 25:1357. long.
Tomoda1vf^ral^(l9.80X.Chem Pharm Bull 28:824^ Habitat: The plant comes from China and Japan, but is also
Tomoda M et al., (1987) Planta Med 53(1):8. cultivated in central and southern Europe.
Wunderer H, Zentral und peripher wirksame Antitussiva: eine
Production: Martagon is the tuber of Lilium martagon.
kritische Ubersicht. In: PZ 142(11):847-852. 1997.
Further information in: Other Names: Purple Turk's Cap Lily, Turk's Cap
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. AufL, Bde 4-6 COMPOUNDS
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Soluble polysaccharides
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, Starch
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Gamma-methylene glutamic acid
Heidelberg 1996.
Tuliposide
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. The constituents of the drug have not been fully investigated.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges. EFFECTS
Stuttgart 1997.
No information is available.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MASTERWORT/507
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Masterwort is said to be stomachic and to have a mild
dosages. sedative effect. Its main action is as a diuretic.
Production: Masterwort rootstock is the rhizome of Peuceda- Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
num ostruthium. The thickened rhizomes are harvested. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
These are dug up in autumn or spring, then cleaned, freed Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
from any root or green residue, cut and dried at a
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
temperature of 35° C. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Schimmer O et al., (1980) Planta Med 40(1):68.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil: chief components alpha-pinene, (+)-phellan- Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
drene, (+)-limonene, esters of isobutyric and isovaleric acid Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
5 0 8 / M A S T I C TREE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Pediatric Use: There is an occasional risk of diarrhea in Cajfeic acid derivatives: including among others chlorogenic
small children. acid, neochlorogenic acid, cryptochlorogenic acid
Flavonoids: including among others rutin, isoquercitrin,
DOSAGE
kaempferol glycosides
Mode of Administration: The resin is used for the production
of chewing gum and is used in the food and drink industries. Triterpene saponins (mate saponins)
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MATICO/509
dosages. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the leaf.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can occur widi Piper Flower and Fruit: The solitary white flowers are located in
aduncum. the stem bifurcation between 2 leaves. When the flower
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
drops, the developing fruit swells to me size and shape of a
COMPOUNDS
2.5 to 5 cm long rosehip. It is yellow and fleshy.
Volatile oil (0.3 to 6.0%): chief component dill apiol, as well Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial reaching a
as asaltone, parsley apiol height of 40 cm. It has a bifurcated, 45 cm high stem and
Tannins deeply indented, umbrella-like, hand-sized leaves. The
rhizome is reddish-brown and is 0.5 cm in diameter.
Sesquiterpene: maticin Depending on the time of harvesting, the surface of the
EFFECTS rhizome may be smooth or wrinkled. Nodes occur at
Use as a hemostyptic could possibly be a result of the tannin intervals of 3 to 5 cm, and the fracture is whitish.
content.
Characteristics: The odor is unpleasant and acrid.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to northeast North America.
Unproven Uses: The hemostyptic effect of the leaves is used
externally for bleeding wounds and in the treatment of Production: Mayapple rhizome consists of the dried rhizome
ulcers. Internally, it is used for urogenital complaints and connected roots of Podophyllum peltatum. Mayapple
(primarily bacterial infections), atonic diarrhea and dysen- resin consists of the resin of the dried and aged rhizome of
tery. In Peru, Matico is considered to be an aphrodisiac. It Podophyllum peltatum.
has also been used for minor wounds such as leech bites and
after tooth extraction. Not to be Confused With: Mayapple should not be confused
with English Mandrake or Bryonia dioica.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper Other Names: Duck's Foot, Ground Lemon, Hog Apple,
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. Indian Apple, Mandrake, Raccoon Berry, Wild Lemon
whole, cut and powdered forms for internal and external use. Podophyllin: mixture of ethanol-soluble extractive material
from the root
Preparation: There is no information in the literature.
Lignans: chief components podophyllotoxin (20%), includ-
Daily Dosage:
ing as well, alpha-peltatin (5%), beta-peltatin (10%), 4'-
Powder — 0.5 to 2 g drug, 3 to 4 times daily
dimethyl podophyllotoxin, dioxypodophyllotoxin
Infusion — single dose: 1 g drug per cup; or 10% infusion:
EFFECTS
taken 3 or 4 times daily.
The drug is antimitotic.
LITERATURE. ,.*<-" *r ~
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 Approved by Commission E:
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- M Warts
1994.
Preparations of Mayapple are used externally for removal of
pointed condyloma. The treated skin surface must not be
larger than 25 sq. cm. Be sure to protect skin adjacent to the
Matricaria Recutita treated area.
See German Chamomile CONTRAINDICATIONS
The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
the extraction of podophyllotoxin and its semi-synthetic Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
derivatives that are used in tumor therapy. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Use in Pregnancy: The drug is contraindicated in pregnancy. Heidelberg 1996.
OVERDOSAGE Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
In dosages over 0.2 gm, it causes severe abdominal pain, Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
bloody-watery diarrhea, vomiting of liquid bile, dizziness, Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
headache, coordination disorders, spasms, nephritis, later Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
collapse and death in coma through respiratory failure. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlagsges.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit- Stuttgart 1997.
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
manganate solution, sodium sulfate) and instillation of
activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists of
treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution Maytenus ilicifolia
and treating possible cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbon- See Congorosa
ate infusions. In case of shock, plasma volume expanders
should be used. Monitoring of kidney function is essential.
Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
DOSAGE
Meadowsweet
Mode of Administration: The dried rhizome is used for Filipendula ulmaria
production of resin exclusively for external application. DESCRIPTION
Daily Dosage: The daily dosage is 1.5 to 3.0 gm root, 1.5 to Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried flowers,
3.0 gm liquid extract or 2.5 to 7.5 gm tincture. the dried aerial parts ~6f the flowering plant, and the fresh
underground and aerial parts of the flowering plant.
LITERATURE
Anonym, Dermatologie: Gemeine Warze, Flachwarze und spitze Flower and Fruit: The radial flowers are in terminal
Feigwarze. In: DAZ B4(22):2059. 1994. compound, loose cymes arranged with erect, very irregular
Auterhoff H, May O, (1958) Planta Med 6:240. branches. The 5 to 6 free sepals are triangular, pointed, 1 mm
long, downy on the outside and fused to the flat receptacle at
Chatterjee R, (1952) Econ Bot 6:342.
the base. The 5 to 6 petals are obviate, narrowed to a short
Dewick P et al., (1982) Phytochemistry 20:2277. stem, yellowish white and 2 to 5 mm long. The ovaries are
Enzell CR, Wahlberg I, Aaasen AI, Fortschr Chem Org glabrous or downy and have a flattened-stigma-bearing style
NaturStSfle 34:1. 1977. under 1 mm. The one-seeded indehiscent fruit twine in a
Franz G, Biogene Cytostatica. In: DAZ I3t)(35):f003. 1990. spiral.
Hartwell JL, Detly WE, (1950) J Am. Chem Soc 72:246. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial and grows to
Jardine I, In: Anticancer Agents Based on Natural Product about 50 to 200 cm high. The stem is erect, simple or
Models, Ed. Cassady JM, Douros JD., Academic Press 1980. branched above, woody below, angular, usually glabrous or
MacRae WD, Towers GHN, Biological activities of lignans. In: occasionally tomentose. The leaves are alternate, long-
PH 23(6): 1207-1220. 1984. petioled to almost sessile, irregularly odd-pinnate with paired
opposite pinna. These are ovate, rounded at the base or short-
Stoll A et a!., (1954) J Am Chem Soc 76:5004, 6431.
wedge-shaped, double serrate to dentate. The pinna is dark
Stoll A et al., (1955) J Am. Chem Soc 77:1710. green and usually glabrous above and gray to white
Wartburg A et al., (1957) Helv Chim. Acta 40:1331. tomentose beneath and only pubescent on the ribs.
Further information in: Characteristics: The leaves smell very different from the
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur flowers, having a pleasant, almond-like fragrance.
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. Habitat: The plant is found in northern and southern Europe,
North America and northern Asia.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. Production: Meadowsweet flower consists of the dried
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, flower of Filipendula ulmaria (syn. Spiraea ulmaria), as well
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. as its preparations. Meadowsweet herb consists of the dried
512/MEADOWSWEET PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
above-ground parts of Filipendula ulmaria, harvested during for bladder and kidney disease and for headaches. Meadow-
flowering season, as well as its preparations. The plant is sweet herb is used for stomach complaints with hyperacidity,
combed off during the flowering season and air-dried in a prophylaxis and therapy of stomach ulcers and for diarrhea
dark place. in children.
Not to be Confused With: May be confused with elder Homeopathic Uses: Filipendula ulmaria is used for rheuma-
flowers and Filipendula hexapetala. tism and inflammation of mucous membrane.
Other Names: Bridewort, Dolloff, Meadsweet, Meadow CONTRAINDICATIONS
Queen, Meadow-Wort, Queen of the Meadow, Lady of the Preparations are contraindicated when sensitivity to salicy-
Meadow, Spireaea ulmaria late exists.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
COMPOUNDS: MEADOWSWEET FLOWER No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Flavonoids: chief components - spiraeoside (quercetin-4'-0- with die proper administration of designated therapeutic
glucosides, 3-4%), further including among others kaempfer- dosages.
ol-4'-0-glucosides, hyperoside, rutin
OVERDOSAGE
Volatile oil (0.2%): chief components salicylaldehyde and Overdosage can lead to queasiness and stomach complaints.
methyl salicylate (yielded through dehydration from mono- DOSAGE
tropitin - salicylaldehyde primveroside - and spiraeine -
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug and other galenic
salicylic acid ester primveroside), further, a little vanillin and
preparations for infusions. Meadowsweet flower is contained
heliotropine
in various tea mixtures which are used for the flu,
Tannins: ellagic tannins rheumatism, kidney and bladder inflammations.
EFFECTS: MEADOWSWEET FLOWER Preparation: To prepare an infusion, pour boiling water over
Meadowsweet has antiphlogistic and astringent effects. The 3 to 6 gm cut drug, steam for 10 minutes and then strain.
drug, which contains salicylate, has an antimicrobial, antipy- Fluid extract (herb): 1:1 in 25% ethanol (BHP83). Tincture
retic and diuretic effect. In animal tests the flavonoid fraction (herb): 1:5 in 45% ethanol (BHP83)
had a positive effect on die healing of stomach ulcers and a Daily Dosage: 2.5 to 3.5 gm of Meadowsweet flower or 4 to
tone-increasing effect on smootJi muscle was observed. 5 gm Meadowsweet herb. Infusion dosage is 1 cup several
COMPOUNDS: MEADOWSWEET HERB times a day (1 tsp. = 1.4 gm drug). Liquid extract (herb)
Etheric oil (traces): including salicylic acid ester daily dose: 1.5 to 6 ml; Tincture (herb) daily dose: 2 to 4 ml
Flavonoids: including rutin, hyperoside, quercetin-3-O-glu- Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
curonide, auercetin-3-O-arabinoside 30 to 60 minutes (acute),or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); from
D6: parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic:
Tannins: ellagic^tafinins once a day (HAB1)
EFFECTS: MEADOWSWEET HERB
Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture.
The drug, which contains salicylate, has an antimicrobial,
antipyretic and diuretic effect. In animal tests the flavonoid LITERATURE
fraction had a positive effect on the healing of stomach Barnaulov OD, (1978) Rastit Resur 14(4):573.
ulcers and a tone-increasing effect on smooth muscle was Barnaulov OD et al., (1977) Rastit Resur 13(4):661.
observed. Barnaulov OD, Denisenko P, (19809 Farmakol Toksicol
43(6):700.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: Csedo K et al., The antibiotic activity of Filipendula ulmaria.
1988. In: PM 59(7)75. 1993.
• Cough Genig AY efal., (1977) Mater S'ezola Farm B SSR 3:162.
• Bronchitis
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der Arzneimitteltherapie im
• Fever and cold
Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Meadowsweet is used as supportive therapy for colds, for Haslam E et al., (1985) Ann Proc Phytochemistry Soc Eur 25:
febrile colds, and as a diuretic. 252.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine Meadowsweet is used as a Horhammer L et al., Arch Pharm 61:133. 1956.
diuretic, for rheumatism of the joints and muscles, for gout, I Kasamovski LS, (1962) Tr Khar'kovsk Farmats Inst 2:23.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S MERCURY HERB / 5 1 3
• Melaleuca alternifolia
See Tea Tree Mentha spicata
See Spearmint
Melaleuca leucadendra
See Cajuput Menyanthes trifoliata
See Bog Bean
Melaleucaea viridiftofa
See Niauli Mercurialis annua
See Mercury Herb
Melilotus officinalis
See Sweet Clover Mercury Herb
Mercurialis annua
m DESCRIPTION
Melissa officinalis Medicinal Parts: The drug is the flowering plant.
See Lemon Balm Flower and Fruit: The plant has yellow-green flowers. The
male flowers are in tightly packed, interrupted ears, on thin,
hair-like pedicles. They have 12 stamens. The female
flowers are short-petioled in twos or threes in the leaf axils.
Mentha aquatica The style is short or non-existent. There are 2 stigmas. The
See Wild Mint fruit is a 2-headed capsule.
5 1 4 / M E R C U R Y HERB PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual that grows 20 LITERATURE
to 50 cm high. The stem is erect, cross-branched, obtuse, Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
quadrangular, glabrous and segmented. The leaves are Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlags-
opposite, petiolate, ovate to lanceolate, light green and have Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
a ciliate margin. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischea Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Characteristics: The plant has an unpleasant smell when Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
rubbed. The whole plant has no latex.
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug
Habitat: The plant grows in Europe and is naturalized in the Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
eastern U.S. Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Production: Mercury Herb is the flowering herb of Mercuri- Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
alis annua. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte.
4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Cyanogenic glycosides (small amounts) Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
INDICATIONS ANOU^AGE" Characteristics: The taste is acrid and resinous. The odor is
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for suppurating inflamma- slight.
tion, as a laxative and diuretic, and as an adjuvant in the
treatment of gastrointestinal and urinary tract diseases. Habitat: Mexico
Homeopathic Uses: Mercury Herb is used for rheumatism Production: Mexican Scammony Root is the root extracted
and colds. from Ipomoea orizabensis. Both the root and the yielded
resin are effective as drugs.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The fresh plant, in particular the root and the rhizome, are Other Names: Ipomoea, Jalap, Mexican Jalap
considered poisonous. Symptoms of poisoning include
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
diarrhea, nerve paralysis, and liver and kidney damage.
COMPOUNDS
Poisonings, including fatal ones, are only known among
Glycoretines (12-15%, resinous): polymeric ester glycosides
animals. There are no reports available on the drug's toxicity
made up of hydroxy- and dihydroxy fatty acids bonded in
in humans. The intake of small doses would likely lead to
ester-like fashion (including 11-hydroxy palmitic acid =
nothing more than diarrhea.
jalapinolic acid), on the hydroxyl groups of which oligosac-
DOSAGE charide remnants are bonded as glycosides. These bear in
Mode of Administration: The drug is administered ground, as turn short-chained acyl remnants (acetyl, isobutyryl, isovale-
an extract, in juice and in homeopathic dilutions. ryl, and tigoyl remnants).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MEZEREON/515
EFFECTS
The drug has a strong laxative effect on the small and large
Mezereon
intestines caused by resin (Resina Scammoniae) combined Daphne mezereum
with ester glycoside mixtures (glycoretine).
DESCRIPTION
In the past, Mezeron root was used to relieve headache, Further information in:
toothache, gout, whooping cough, syphilis, constipation and Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
worm infestation. It was used externally for joint pains and Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss.
to increase circulation in the case of rheumatic complaints, Verlagsges. mbH Stuttgart 1997.
skin conditions and conjunctivitis. The drug is known in old Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
drug manuals as ^'Spanish fly plaster' or Drouotic plaster and Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
recommended for various pain symptoms. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Homeopathic Uses: In homeopathic medicine, Daphne Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
mezereon is used for skin conditions such as cradle cap, Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
shingles, weeping eczema and encrusted, weeping blisters, as Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
well as for neuralgia and pains in the bones. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
seeds.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, l tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or l to 3 times daily (chronic); Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are large, solitary and
parenterally: l to 2 ml sc acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once purple. They consist of somewhat nodding, composite flower
a day (HABl). heads. The perigone is globular. The inner tepals taper to a
Storage: The effect fades if it is stored for too long. slender point, and the outer tepals are tough at the base, then
Therefore, do not store for a period of more than 2 years. spread and terminate at a horny tip. There are only tubular
florets. The fruit is brown, spotted and glossy, with a white
LITERATURE tuft of hair.
Evans B, In: Evans FJ:Naturally Occuring Phorbolesters, CRC
Press Inc., Boca Raton, Florida. 1986. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 70 to 150 cm
high with an erect stem. The leaves are arranged in different
Kupchan SM, Baxter RL, (1974) Science 187:652.
levels with the lower leaves indented-pinnatisect, and the
Nyborg J, La Cour, T, (1975) Nature 257:824. upper ones lanceolate and clasping. There are white spots
Ronlan A, Wickberg B, Tetrahedron Lett 4261. 1970. along the ribs of the leaf and yellow thorns at the margin.
Schildknecht H et al., (1970) Chem Ztg 94:347. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Europe.
Schindler H, PM 10:232. 1962. Other Names: Marian Thistle, Mediterranean Milk Thistle,
Stout GH et al., (1970) J Am Chem Soc 92:1070. Mary Thistle
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MILK THISTLE/517
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY chler, 1999). Silibinin reduces intracellular and secreted
COMPOUNDS: MILK THISTLE HERB forms of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels and inhibits
Flavonoids: in particular, apigenin-, luteolin- and kaempfer- cell growth via a Gl arrest in cell cycle progression in
ol-7-0-glycosides, apigenin-4,7'-di-0-glucoside, kaempferol- hormone-refractory prostate carcinomas. Silibinin-induced
7-0-glucoside-3-sulfate Gl arrest decreases the kinase activity of cyclin-dependent
kinases (CDKs) and associated cyclins for an anticarcinogen-
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, beta-sitosterol
ic effect (Zi, 1999; Zi, 1998)
glucoside
Liver Regenerative Effects
Polyynes
Silymarin stimulates RNA polymerase I in the cell nucleus
Organic Acids: fumaric acid (3.3%)
of the hepatocytes, resulting in an increase of ribosomal
(Silymarin is absent; it is localized only in the seed case) protein synthesis and the regenerative ability of the liver.
This mechanism is of particular importance in the antidote
EFFECTS: MILK THISTLE HERB
effect against death-cap mushroom poisoning since the
The cholagogue effect of the drug has not been documented. poison which it contains, alpha-Amanitin, inhibits this
COMPOUNDS: MILK THISTLE SEED enzyme in the cell nucleus. The drug also has a cholagogic
Silymarin (flavonolignan mixture, 1.5-3%): chief components effect.
silybin A, silybin B (mixture known as silibinin), isosilybin
CLINICAL TRIALS
A, isosilybin B, silychristin, silydianin
Hepatoprotection
Flavonoids: apigenin, chrysoeriol, eriodictyol, naringenin,
A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial was
quercetin, taxifolin
conducted to determine the hepatoprotective effect of
Fatty oil (20-30%) silymarin in 170 cirrhosis patients. The patients were given
either 140 mg silymarin three times daily or a placebo. After
EFFECTS: MILK THISTLE SEED
treatment for two years, biochemical markers did not change
Hepatoprotective Effects significantly. After a four-year analysis, treatment was seen
The hepatoprotective activity of the seed is from silymarin, most effective in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis and
in particular, silychristin and silydianin. The compounds Child's A group classification of portal hypertension. The
seem to inhibit the entrance of toxins and block toxin- drug was ineffective in patients with Child's B and C group
binding sites through alteration of the liver cell's outer hypertension (Ferenci, 1989).
membrane. (Hikino, 1994; Leng-Peschlow, 1996). The
The effect of silymarin in 200 alcoholic patients with
hepatoprotective effect of silibinin also involves different
cirrhosis of the liver was demonstrated in a controlled,
functioas=ofJthe Kupffer cells. Silibinin decreases production
double-blind, randomized and multicenter trial. The study
of superoxide-^anfen radicals and nitric,-oxide-, (free-radical
was comparing 450 mg of silymarin (150 mg/ three times per
scavenger or antioxidant) by the Kupffer cells. Silibinin also
day) with placebo. Patient survival was similar in the
inhibits leukotriene formation by the Kupffer cells (Dehm-
silymarin and placebo treatment group after 2 years of
low, 1996). Silymarin increases glutathione production by
therapy. No relevant side effects were observed in either
the liver, intestines and stomach. Glutathione is used for
group, and the results indicated that silymarin has no effect
detoxification cells in the liver (Valenzuela, 1989). Silibinin
on survival and the clinical course in alcoholics with liver
decreases hepatic and mitochondrial glutathione oxidation
cirrhosis (Pares, 1998).
induced by iron overload and is a mild chelator of iron
(Pietrangelo, 1995). Silymarin 420 mg per day was compared to placebo in a
double-blind, controlled study to determine the effect on
Protective Effects
chemical, functional and morphological alterations of the
The seed exerts an anti-inflammatory effect through inhib- liver. The study involved 106 patients with relatively slight
tion of leukotriene production by silymarin (Leng-Peschlow, and subacute liver disease induced by alcohol abuse. The
1996). A renoprotective effect of the herb on kidney cells patients were selected on the basis of elevated serum
damaged by acetaminophen, cisplatin and vincristin was transaminase levels. After 4 weeks, there was a highly
demonstrated in a recent study. Silibinin and silychristin significant decrease of S-SGPT and S-SGOT in the silymarin
demonstrated remarkable stimulatory effects on proliferation treatment group. There was also a decrease in the serum total
rate, biosynthesis of protein and DNA, and activity of the and conjugated bilirubin with the silymarin treatment group,
enzyme lactate dehydrogenase in kidney cells (Sonnenbi- although the decrease was not significant. Histological
5 1 8 / M I L K THISTLE
changes normalized significantly more in the silymarin Preparation: To prepare an infusion, add 3 gm of the drug to
treatment group (Salmi, 1982). cold water and bring to a boil. Drain after 10 to 20 minutes.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Daily Dosage: For liver dysfunction or ailments, the daily
MILK THISTLE HERB dosage has been effective and well tolerated at 140 to 420
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Milk Thistle herb are used mg divided in 2 to 3 doses (Ferenci, 1989; Frerick, 1990;
as a stimulant, for functional disorders of liver and gallblad- Pares, 1998; Schuppan, 1998). The average dose of silymarin
der including jaundice, gallbladder colic and diseases of the was approximately 33 milligrams/kilogram/day for cyclo-
spleen. The herb was formerly used as a malaria treatment, peptide mushroom poisoning. Silymarin administered up to
emmenagogue and for uterine complaints. 48 hours after mushroom ingestion appears to be effective in
preventing severe liver damage in Amanita phalloides
MILK THISTLE SEED
poisoning (Hruby, 1983).
Approved by Commission E:
• Dyspeptic complaints Although products are usually standardized to 70% to 80%
• Liver and gallbladder complaints (not milligrams) of silymarin, the silymarin concentrations
may vary without government regulation (Flora et al, 1998).
The drug is used for toxic liver damage, adjunctive treatment
Storage: Store away from direct light, heat and moisture;
in chronic inflammatory liver disease and hepatic cirrhosis.
keep at room temperature.
Unproven Uses: The drug is also used as an antidote to
LITERATURE
death-cap mushroom poisoning.
MILK THISTLE HERB
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Ahmed AA et al., PH 28:1751. 1989.
MILK THISTLE HERB AND SEED DAZ 25:1427. 1990.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Khafagy SM et al., Sci Pharm 49:157. 1981.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Episodes of severe sweating, abdominal cramping, Kern W, List PH, Horiiammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and weakness were recently Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
reported in Australia, but the reaction was found to be due to
a substance in the Milk Thistle product other than silybin Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
(Adverse Drug Reaction Advisory Committee, 1999). Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Mericli AH, PM 54:44. 1988.
Drug Interactions: The concomitant use of silymarin and
butyrophenones or phenothiazines results in a reduction of Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
lipid peroxidation (Palasciano, 1994). Silymarin has an
atagonistic effect with yohimbine and phentolamine when MILK THISTLE SEED
given siflffulaneously (Di Carlo, 1993). Baumann J, (1975) Uber'die Wirkung von Chelidonium,
Curcuma, Absinth und Carduus marianus auf die Galle- und
DOSAGE Pankreassekretion bei Hepatopathien. Med Mschr 29:173.
MILK THISTLE HERB
Benda I, Zenz W, (1973) Wien Med Wschr 123:512.
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by pouring boiling
water over 1/2 teaspoonful of the drug and then straining Desplaces A et al., (1975) Arzneim Forsch 25, 89.
after 5 to 10 minutes. Dehmlow C, Erhard J, de Groot H, Inhibition of Kupffer cell
functions as an explanation for the hepatoprotective properties
Daily Dosage: The average dose of the infusion is 2 to 3 of silibinin. Hepatology 1996 Apr,23(4):749-54.
cups daily. Devault RL, Rosenbrook W, (1973) J Antibiotic 26:532.
MILK THISTLE SEED Hruby K et al., (1983) Hum Toxicol 2(2):183.
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions and Neu R, (1960) Arch Pharm 293:269.
extracts; tinctures for liquids and solid forms.
Pelter A, Hansel R, (1968) Tetrahedron Letters 19:2911.
How Supplied: Poser G, (1971) Arzneim Forsch 21:1209.
Capsules—70 mg, 100 mg, 140 mg, 150 mg, 175 mg, 180
Qiu SJ et al., (1981) Chin J Cardiol 9:61.
mg, 500 mg, 540 mg, 1000 mg, 1050 mg
Tuchweber B et al., (1973) J Med 4:327.
Liquid—1:1, 1:2 Vogel G et al., (1984) Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 51:265.
Tablet—50 mg, 500 mg Wagner H et al., (1971) Tetrahedron Letters 22:1985.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MILK THISTLE / 5 1 9
An adverse reaction to the herbal medication milk thistle formyl-tripeptide, calcium ionophore, lymphokine and by normal
(Silybum marianum). Adverse Drug Reactions Advisory human serum. Agents Actions 1990; 29:239-246.
Committee. Med J Aust 1999 Mar l;170(5):2l8-9.
Koch H, (1980) Leberschutz-Therapeutika. Pharmazie in unserer
Arnone A, Meriini L, Zanarotti A, (1979) Constituents of Zeit 9:33-44:65-74.
Silybum 4Qarianumv Structure of isosilybin and stereochemistry
Leng-Peschlow E, Properties and medical use of flavonolignans
of isosilybin. J Chem Soc (Chem Commun):696-697.
(silymarin) from Silybum marianum. Phytother Res 1996;
Benda L, Dittrich H, Ferenzi P. Frank H. Wewalka F, (1980) 10(suppl):S25-S26.
The influence of therapy with silymarin on the survial rate of
patients with liver cirrhosis. Wien Klin Wschr 92(19):678-683. Leng-Peschlow E, Strenge-Hesse A, (1991) Die Mariendistel
(Silybum marianum) und Silymarin als Lebertherapeutikum. Z
Bode JCh, (1986) Arzneimittel fiir die Indikation Phytother 12:162-174.
"Lebererkrankungen". In: Dolle W, Miiller-Oerlingshausen B,
Schwabe U (Hrsg.), Grundlagen der Arzneimitteltherapie. Lorenz D, Mennicke WH, Behrendt W, (1992) Untersuchungen
Entwicklung. Beurteilung und Anwendung von Arzneimitteln. zur Elimination von Silymarin bei cholecystektomierten
B.I.- Wissenschaftsverlag, Mannheim Wien Zurich, S 202-211. Patienten. Planta Med 45:216-233.
Bode JCh, 0981) Die alkoholische Hepatitis, ein Martines G, Copponi V, Cagnetta G, (1980) Aspetti del danno
KrankheiLsspektrum. Internist 220:536-545. epatico dopo somministrazione sperimentale di alcuni farmaci.
Arch Sci Med 137:367-386.
Di Carlo G, Autore G, Izzo AA et a!., Inhibition of intestinal
motility and secretion by flavonoids in mice and rats: structure- Martini GA, (1988) Hepatozellulare Erkrankungen,
activity relationships. J Pharm Pharmacol 1993; 45:1054-1059. Leberkrankheiten. In: Riecker G (Hrsg.), Therapie innerer
Krankheiten, Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 638-652.
Dolle W, Schwabe U, (1988) Leber- und
Gallenwegstherapeutika. In: Schwabe U, Paffrath D (Hrsg.), Marugg D, Reutter FW, (1985) Die Amanita-phalloides-
Arzneiverordnungsreport 88, Gustav Fischer. Stuttgart New Intoxikation. Moderne therapeutische Mafinahmen und klinischer
York. S 242-253. Verlauf. Schweiz Rundschau Med (Praxis) 14(37):972-982.
Feher J, Deak G, Muezes G, Lang I, Niederland V, Nekam K, Mennicke WH, (1975) Zur biologischen Verfiigbarkeit und
Karteszi M, (1989) Hepatoprotective activity of silymarin Verstoffwechselung von Silybin. Dtsch Apoth Ztg 115(33): 1205-
legalon therapy in patients with chronic alcoholic liver disease. 1206.
Orv Hetil 130(51):2723-2727. Palasciano G, Portinacasa P, Palmieri V et al., The effect of
Frerick H, Kuhn U, Strenge-Hesse A et al. Silymarin - ein silymarin on plasma levels of malondialdehyde in patients
Phytopharmakon zur Behandlung von toxischen receiving long-term treatment with psychotropic drugs. Curr
Leberschaden.Der Kassenarzt 1990;33/34:36-41. Ther Res 1994; 55:537-545.
Ferenci P, Dragosics B, Dittrich H, Frank H, Benda L, Lochs Pares A, Planas R, Torres M et al., Effects of silymarin in
H, Meryn S, Base W, Schneider B, (1989) Randomized alcoholic patients with cirrhosis of the liver, results of a
controllsd^ttial of silymarin treatment in patients with cirrhosis controlled, double-blind, jandomized and multicenter trial. J
of the liver. J .Hepatol 9(1):105-113. _ .. ^ Hepatol 1998 Apr;28(4):615-21.
Fintelmann V, Albert A, (1980) Nachweis der therapeutischen Peeters H (Ed.), (1976) Phosphatidylcholine. Biochemical and
Wirksamkeit von Legalon bei toxischen Lebererkrankungen im Clinical Aspects of Essential Phospholipids. Springer Verlag,
Doppelblindversuch. Therapiewoche 30(35):5589-5594. Berlin Heidelberg New York.
Flora K, Hahn M, Rosen H et al., Milk Thistle (Silybum Rauen HM, Schriewer H, (1971) Die antihepatotoxische
marianum) for the therapy of liver disease. Am JGastroenterol Wirkung von Silymarin bei experimentellen Leberschaden der
1998; 93:139-143. Ratte durch Tetrachlorkohlenstoff, D-Galaktosamin und
Hahn G, Lehmann HD, Kiirten M et al., (1968) Zur Allylalkohol. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 21:1194-1201.
Pharmakologie und Toxikologie von Silymarin, des Reuter HD, (1992) Spektrum Mariendistel und anderd leber-
antihepatotocischen Wirkprinzips aus Silybum marianum (L.) und gallewirksame Phytopharmaka. In: Bundesverband Dtschr
Gaertn. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 18:698-704. Arzte fur Naturheilverfahren (Hrsg.) Arzneimitteltherapie heute.
Hruby K, Fuhrmann M, Csomos G, Thaler H, (1983) Aesopus Verlag, Basel.
Pharmakotherapie der Knollenblatterpilzvergiftung mit Silibinin. Salmi HA, Sama S, (1982) Effect of silymarin on chemical,
Wien Klein Wschr 95(7):225-231. functional and morphological alterations of the liver. A double-
Hruby K, Csomos G, Fuhrmann M, Thaler H, Chemotherapy of blind controlled study. Scand J Gastroenterol 17(4):517-521.
Amanita phalloides poisoning with intravenous silibinin. Hum Schulz HU, Schurer M, Krumbiegel G, Wachter W,
Toxicol 1983 Apr,2(2): 183-95. Weyhenmeyer R, Seidel G, (1995) Untersuchungen zum
Kalmar L, Kadar J, Somogyi A et al., Silibinin (Legalon-70) Freisetzungsverhalten und zur Bioaquivalenz von Silymarin-
enhances the motility of human neutrophils immobilized by Praparaten. Arzneim Forsch/Drug Res 45:61-64.
520/MILK THISTLE PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Sonnebichler J, Zetl I, (1984) Untersuchungen zum Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Wirkungsmechanismus von Silibinin, Einflup* von Silibinin auf Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
die Synthese ribosomaler RNA, mRNA und tRNA in Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Rattenlebern in vivo. Hoppe-Seyler's Physiol Chem 365:555- 4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
556.
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Sonnenbichler J, Zetl I, (1986) Biochemical effects of the Heidelberg 1996.
flavonolignane silibinin in RNA, protein and DANN synthesis
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
of rat livers. Prog Clin Biol Res 213:319-331.
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Sonnenbichler J, Zetl I, (1987) Stimulating influence of a
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
flavonolignane on proliferation, RNA synthesis and protein
mbH Stuttgart 1997.
Synthesis in liver cells. In, Okoliczanyi L, Csomos G, Crepaldi
G (Eds.), Assessment and management of hepatobiliary disease. Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Springer, Berlin Heidelberg New York, S 265-272. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
Sonnenbichler J, Zetl I, (1988) Specific binding of a
flavonolignane to an estradiol receptor. In: Plant flavonoids in Wichd M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlagsges.
Biology and Medicine II, Biochemical, cellular, and medicinal Stuttgart 1997.
properties. Alan R Liss, New York, S 369-374.
Sonnenbichler J, Scalera F, Sonnenbichler I et al., Stimulatory
effects of silibinin and silicristin from the Milk Thistle Silybum
marianum on kidney cells. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1999 Monarda didyma
Sep;290(3): 1375-83. See Oswego Tea
Varis K, Salmi HA, Siurala M, (1978) Die Therapie der
Lebererkrankung mit Legalon; eine kontrollierte
Doppelblindstudie. In: Aktuelle Hepatologie, III. Internationales
Symposium Koln 15.-17. November 1978. Hanseatisches
Veriagskontor. Lubeck, S 42-43.
Monarda Punctata
See Horsemint
Valenzuela A, Aspillaga M, Vial S, Guerra, Selectivity of
silymarin on the increase of the glutathione content in different
tissues.#f=the.rat. Planta Med 1989 Oct;55(5):420-2.
. ..»*-" > ? * • "** .-,- -• -
CNS. The other di-ester alkaloids function in a similar Preparation: Aconiti tinctura: 1:1
fashion. Hypaconitin works more intensely. Aconitin applied
Daily Dosage:
in small doses triggers bradycardia and hypotension; in
higher doses it has at first, a positive inotropic effect, Aconiti tinctura: Average dose 0.1 gm; maximum dose 0.2
followed by tachycardia, cardiac arrhythmia and cardiac gm; maximum daily dose 0.6 gm. Only standardized
arrest. E^ester alkaloids were shown to be analgesic in preparations should be used.
animal experiments. Applied topically in humans, the drug is Externally: Aconiti tinctura is applied with a brush.
initially stimulating, in the form of itchiness or burning, and
then anesthetizing. The drug has an anti-febrile effect. Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Therapeutic doses influence the heart minimally; the heart 30 to 60 minutes (acute) and 1 to 3 times per day (chronic);
rate may increase slightly. Given orally, the drug is active Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc; Ointment 1 to 2
after a few minutes. times daily (HAB1).
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Storage: The herb must be kept in a dry place protected from
Unproven Uses: The drug is used to reduce pain from light and insects.
neuralgia, particularly with trigeminus and intercostal neural- LITERATURE
gia. It is also used for myalgia, muscular and articular Bugatti C, Colombo ML, Tome F, Extraction and purification
rheumatism, serous skin inflammation and migraine. Prepa- of lipoalkaloids from Aconitum napellus roots and leaves. In:
rations of blue monkshood are used for pain, facial paralyses, PM 58(7)95. 1992.
ailments of the joints, arthritis, gout, rheumatic complaints,
Hikino H et al., J Pharm Dyn 2:78-83. 1979.
inflammation, pleurisy, pericarditis sicca, fever, and skin and
mucosal diseases, as well as for disinfecting and wound Honerjager P, Meissner A, Naunyn-Schmiedeberg's Arch
treatment. In experimental pharmacology, Aconitin is used Pharmacol 322:49-58. 1983.
due to its ability to trigger cardiac arrhythmia. Katz A, Rudin HP, Staehlin E, Pharm Acta Helv 62: 216-220.
1987.
Chinese Medicine: Monkshood is used for analgesia, as an
Katz A, Staehlin E, Pharm Acta Helv 54:253-265. 1979.
anti-inflammatory and a cardiac tonic.
Kimura M et al., Japan J Pharmacol 48:290-299. 1988.
Homeopathic Uses: Aconitum napellus is used for acute
Liu H, Katz A, Norditerpenoid alkaloids from Aconitum
inflammatory illnesses, cardiac palpitations with anxiety
napellus ssp. neomontanum. In: PM 62(2):190-191. 1997.
states and painful peripheral nerve disease.
Rao MR, (1966) Acta Pharm Sinica 3, 195.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Further information in:
The drug is highly toxic. Signs of poisoning can appear even
with the administration of therapeutic dosages. The first sign Chan H, But P (Eds.), Pharmacology and Applications of
of poisoning is -a tingling of the mouth, fingers and toes, Chinese Materia Medica, Vol 1, Ed. World Scientific Singapore
1986.
which then spreads'f/veF the entire body surface and changes
into a furry sensation. Body temperature decreases quickly Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
and queasiness, vomiting, diarrhea and urination follow. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AuflL, Wiss. Verlags-
Ges Stuttgart 1997.
OVERDOSAGE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
With fatal doses, breathing becomes irregular and the Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
heartbeat slows down and becomes arrythmic. Intense pains (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
are characteristic. Death usually follows within 6 hours due 1994.
to heart failure or asphyxiation. For adults, the estimated
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
fatal dosage lies between 1 to 2 g. Countermeasures include Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
gastrointestinal emptying, keeping the patient warm, cardio-
vascular and pulmonary support, magnesium and calcium Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
infusions, administration of atropine to fight bradycardia, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
lidocaine for relieving the arrythmias, possibly artificial Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
respiration, pain relief (no opiates). 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
DOSAGE
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Mode of Administration:
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
The use of the drug is risky and not recommended. Stuttgart 1997.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MORNING GLORY 7 5 2 3
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Fatty oil (12 to 14%): chief fatty acids oleic acid, palmitic
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. acid, stearic acid
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
Resins (15%): glycoretines (macromolecular, resinous glyco-
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 199S- sides of hydroxy-fatty acids [CI2 to CI6]) with oligosaccha-
rides, the so-called pharbitinic acids; the latter's hydroxyl
groups are estered with (among others) alpha-methylbutyric
acid, tiglic acida and valeric acid to the fatty acid remnant
Morinda citrifolia EFFECTS
See Noni The drug has a drastic laxative effect due to the glycoretines
it contains, which presumably explains its usefulness against
ascarid and tapeworm infestations.
corolla. The plant has 5 stamens and a superior 3-chambered Because of the possible teratogenic effect, the drug should
ovary. The fruit is a capsule with a diameter of approximate- not be used during pregnancy.
ly 8 mm containing 4 to 6 smooth seeds.
DOSAGE ~*~
i
Leaves, Stem dnd Ro6i: This winding herb grows 1 to 3 m Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered drug.
high. The leaves are alternate, ovate-cordate and entire, with
Preparation: Resin is made by heating the powdered drug
a diameter of 5 to 12.5 cm. The stem is slightly pubescent.
until it melts, then cooling it to form a pale translucent mass.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China, India, and Central
Daily dosage:
and South America.
Drug — 0.5 to 3 g drug
Production: Morning Glory seeds are the dried, ripe seeds of
Ipomoea hederacea. The plants are harvested in autumn Resin — daily dose: 0.3 g; maximum single dose: 0.1 g
before the seeds open, then dried in the sun. The seeds are
then removed and cleaned. Chinese Dosage:
fc
Not to be Confused With: Morning Glory seeds are similar to Powder — 1.5 to 5 g drug, can be raised to 12 to 15 g
and sometimes confused with the seeds of other Ipomoea Tea — 24 to 30 g drug
species.
Storage: Store in dry place.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
LITERATURE
COMPOUNDS Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Indole alkaloids of the ergoline type (0.5%): chief alkaloids Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
lysergol (50%) and chanoclavine (35%). Smaller amounts of (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
penniclavine and elymoclavine 1994.
524/MORUS NIGRA PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Further information in: aucuparia as well as its preparations. The ripe, shiny red fruit
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers is harvested from August to October
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Other Names: Quick-Beam, Rowan Tree, Witchen, Europe-
1994. _, an Mountain Ash, Sorb Apple
Madaus G, Lehxbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Cyanogenic glycosides (0.06%; in the seeds 0.2 to 0.59c:
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. traces in the fruit pulp): in the seeds amygdalin, in the fruit
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
pulp prunasin
Stuttgart 1997. Fruit acids: malic acid (3 to 5%), tartaric acid
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Monosaccharides/oligosaccharides: saccharose, glucose,
York 1995. fructose, sorbose
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Parasorboside (bitter substance): parasorbic acid is formed
Stuttgart 1997. from it through cell destruction (lactone of the (5S)-Hydrox-
yhex-2-en-acid-1, pungent in odor, mucus-membrane-irritat-
ing, 0.1 to 0.3% of the fresh weight). Parasorbic acid is
destroyed through dehydration or volatilized during cooking.
Mountain Ash Berry It is present only in traces (less than 0.01%) in the cultivated
Sorbus aucuparia variety, that contains few bitter substances.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is broadly umbellifer- Vitamins: ascorbic acid (vitamin C, 0.03 to 0.13%, higher
ous-paniculate, erect, floriferous, loosely tomentose, occa- content in the non-bitter fruits)
sionally completely or almost completely glabrous. The
EFFECTS
calyx has 5 segments. There are 5 white petals and numerous
The parascorbic acid is weakly laxative and irritating to the
stamens. The ovary is inferior and has 2 to 4 free styles,
mucous membrane. Ascorbic acid is a vitamin C supplement.
which are pubescent in the lower portion. The false fruit is
almost gtebular with a diameter of 9 to 10 mm and is scarlet. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
There are usaally*3 Seeds which are narrow-oblong, acute Unproven uses: Mountain Ash is used in folk medicine for
and reddish. kidney diseases, diabetes, rheumatism, disorders of the uric
acid metabolism, for dissolution of uric acid deposits,
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is usually a medium-sized
menstruation disturbances, the alkalization of the blood, to
tree up to 16 m high with a round, rather loose crown. The
improve the metabolism and for vitamin C deficiency.
bark is smooth and pale gray, later becoming vertically
fissured and blackish. The leaves are odd-pinnate with 5 to PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
11 almost sessile leaflets. These are oblong-lanceolate, No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
irregularly thorny-tipped and serrate, pubescent or almost with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
glabrous. dosages of the dehydrated drug or with the consumption of
fruit sauces, juices, jellies, jams, etc. produced through
Characteristics: The flowers have an unpleasant smell and
cooking.
the berries are sharp-tasting and sour. Sorbus moravica tastes
sweet in contrast OVERDOSAGE
Because of the formation of the mucus-membrane-irritating
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to almost all of Europe, to
parasorboside that results from cutting up the fruit, the intake
Western Siberia and Asia Minor, and is found in North
of very large quantities ofthe fresh fruit leads to gastroenteri-
America.
tis, vomiting, queasiness, gastric pain, diarrhea, kidney
Production: Mountain Ash Berry consists of the fresh or damage (albuminuria, glycosuria) and to polymorphic
dried fruit, or fruit cooked and dried thereafter, of Sorbus exanthemas.
526 /MOUNTAIN ASH BERRY
DOSAGE branches are double-rowed, the upright stem has leaves all
Mode of Administration: Mountain Ash is available as whole around. The plant has a primary taproot.
and crude drug forms.
Habitat: The shrub grows in the Arctic, subarctic and high
Daily Dosage: A puree is used for diarrhea. Freshly pressed mountainous regions.
juic$ (or juice with sugar) is taken by the dessertspoonful for
Production: The plant is collected in the wild, cut and
conditions of the lungs and pleura with fever.
powdered.
LITERATURE
Other Names: Silverweed Herb
Fikenscher LH et al., PM 41:313. 1981.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Letzig E et al., Nahrung 7:591. 1963.
COMPOUNDS
Sicher O, Salama O, PM 39:269. 1980. Tannins (2.5 to 5.5% in the root; 7.5 to 14% in the leaves)
Further information in:
Catechin tannins (7 to 14%)
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Flavonoids (0.7 to 1.6%): glycosides of quercetin, kaempfer-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. ol, isorhamnetin, limocitrin, gossypetin, corniculatusin and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers sexangularetin
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Triierpenes: including tormentoside
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. EFFECTS
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug Due to its tannin and flavonoid glycoside content, the drug is
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. astringent in effect.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include stomach pains
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, and diarrhea.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. The effect appears to be plausible because of the flavonoid
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, glycoside content, but is Unproven.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The inges-
Mountain Avens tion of larger dosages can lead to digestive complaints and
constipation, due to the high tannin content. Available data
Dryas,J@etQpetala are insufficient to classify the drug's safety.
. ..**-" >f" ~ -.... .. --
DESCRIPTION LITERATURE
Medicinal Parts: Mountain Avens or Silverweed Herb is the Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
whole dried plant of Dryas octopetala. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Flower and Fruit: The flower stalk is upright, 2 to 8 cm 1994.
long. The diameter of the flowers is 2 to 4 cm; there are 6 to
Schulthess H, Dissertation Zurich; 1945.
9 sepals, which are glabrous on the inside and brown, felt-
like and glandular on the outside. There are 6 to 9 white
petals and numerous stamens. The carpels are numerous, free
and densely haired, with apical styles twisted like screws.
The fruit is like a nut.
Mountain Flax
Linum catharticum
Leaves, Stem and Root: This evergreen dwarf shrub grows
DESCRIPTION
up to 0.5 m high. The leaves are 0.5 to 4 cm long, up to 2.5
cm wide, coriaceous, crenate, short-petiolate; the lamina is Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the herb, the fresh
spatulate, obovate or elongate-elliptical, with a cordate base, flowering plant and the whole plant.
wrinkled and glabrous above, tomentose beneath; the stip- Flower and Fruit: The flowers are on loose, panicled,
ules are dry-membranous and sharply acuminate. The small branched, sparsely leafed twining stems on long peduncles in
stem is heavily branched, the leaves on the horizontal the leaf axils. They hang before flowering. The sepals are
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MOUNTAIN G R A P E / 5 2 7
& Lignans: achromatin (bitter), presumably present in the fresh Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome
plant as a glycoside and the roots, the dried branch and twig bark, as well as the
root bark.
Tannins
Flower and Fruit: The heavily scented flowers are either in
Volatile oil dense 5 to 10 cm panicles or in groups of 3 to 6 in erect 5 to
The constituents of the drug have not been extensively 8 cm racemes in the leaf axils. The flowers are yellow and
investigated. have 9 sepals, 6 petals and 6 stamens, which are about 8 cm
long. The pedicles are 5 to 10 mm long. The fruit is a
EFFECTS
globose, purple-black, frosted berry with red juice. The 2 to
MountakFFlax has a laxative effect in therapeutic doses of 5 seeds are glossy brown.
up to 0.5 gm.* Higfi'ddSes cause vomiting-and gastroenteritis.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a fast-growing,
Although the amaroid linin is not laxative, it is probably
evergreen, stoloniferous shrub about 50 to 150 cm high with
present in the form of a glycoside, which has a stronger
stout stems, sparingly branched. The leaves are odd-pinnate,
laxative effect.
10 to 20 cm long with 3 to 6 pairs of leaflets. The leaflets are
INDICATIONS AND USAGE 4 to 8 cm by 2 to 4 cm, ovate, distally spinose dentate,
Unproven Uses: Its use as a laxative is obsolete. In folk coriaceous, dark and shining green.
medicine Mountain Flax is used for constipation, oliguria,
edema, worm infestation, catarrhal and rheumatic conditions. Habitat: Indigenous to the Pacific U.S.; ornamental or
cultivated in Europe.
~ Homeopathic Uses: Used homeopathically for coughs,
hemorrhoids, diarrhea, catarrh and rheumatic disorders, Production: Mountain Grape bark consists of the branch and
dropsy and worm infestation. Also used as a purgative and twig bark as well as the twig tips of Mahonia aquifolium.
emetic. Other Names: Holly-Leaved Berberis, Oregon Grape
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction COMPOUNDS
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Isoquinoline alkaloids (in the root bark, 7 to 16%, in the
dosages. The drug can lead to vomiting, inflammations of the stem bark, 2.4-4.5%):
gastrointestinal tract and diarrhea. The emetic and laxative
effects are used therapeutically. benzyl isoquinoline type: including among others berberine
528/MOUNTAIN GRAPE
bisbenzyl isoquinoline type: including among others berba- Willaman JJ, Hui-Li L, (1970) Lloydia 33(3A): 1.
mine, oxyacanthine Further information in:
aporphine type: including among others isocorydine Frohne D, Pfander HJ: Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fiir
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
EFFECTS Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
The use of the drug as a tonic for loss of appetite is plausible Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
in view of the alkaloid and amaroid content. The berberine Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
has a mild mutagenic effect. It is an antipsoriatic when used (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
externally. 1994.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Unproven Uses: The drug is used internally for scaly skin, Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter
psoriasis, eczema, bronchitis, gastritis, cholecystitis and Berberis aquifolium).
digestion problems. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fach verlag Lands berg Lech 1993.
Homeopathic Uses: Mountain Grape is used for dry skin
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
rashes (e.g., for psoriasis between the acute phases) and for
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
liver and gallbladder conditions.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS pflafrizliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in York 1995.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages.
Homeopathic Uses: Uses include rheumatism, shingles, Wolters B, Zierpflanzen aus Nordamerika. In: DAZ
m
137(26):2253-2261. 19977"
nerve pain, rheumatic and cardiac pain.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
The andromedan derivatives of the drug prevent the closure
of the excitable cells of the sodium channels and thereby
prevent conduction. Painful mucous membranes in the
Mouse Ear
mouth and in the stomach, increased salivation, cold sweat,
Pilosella qfficinarum
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and paresthesias are experienced DESCRIPTION
following intake of the drug. Dizziness, headache, fever Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the flowering aerial
attacks»j&^well as intoxicated states with temporary loss of parts.
vision, follow.lateR Muscle weakness, coordination disorders
and spasms can also occur. Bradycardia, cardiac arrhyth- Flower and Fruit: The yellow, composite flowers are
mias, drops in blood pressure, eventual cardiac arrest and solitary at the end of long pedicles. There are bright yellow,
respiratory failure can lead to death. lingual florets. The lateral ones are usually striped reddish
underneath. The bracts are linear and acute, have a membra-
OVERDOSAGE nous margin and are covered in star-hairs. They have black
Following gastrointestinal emptying, (inducement of vomit- glandular hairs at the base. The fruit is cylindrical and has a
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per- simple, brittle tuft of hair.
manganate solution, sodium sulfate) and instillation of
activated charcoal, the treatment of poisoning consists of Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial herb, which
- electrolyte replacement, countering of acidosis with sodium grows up to 30 cm. Erect, leafless stems grow from the
bicarbonate, plasma volume expanders if required, diazepam rosette of basal leaves. The plant produces long, leafy
(I.V.) in case of spasms and oxygen in case of respiratory runners. The leaves are oblong or obovate to lanceolate.
failure. iThey bear long bristles, which are thickened at the base and
are star-haired to tomentose beneath.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Available in homeopathic Habitat: Trie plant grows in large areas of Europe and
preparations. temperate Asia. It is also found in North America.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Production: Mouse Ear is the aerial part of Pilosella
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); officinarum.
5 3 0 / M O U S E EAR PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY stemmed, erect or slightly drooping. They are in dense
COMPOUNDS heavily branched panicles with numerous lanceolate bracts.
Flavonoids: including among others luteolin-7-glucoside, The bracts are downy white with a green midrib. The inner
isoetin bracts are lanceolate and acuminate. The outside ones are
oblong and obtuse with broad membranous margin. The
Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, skimmine
flowers are yellowish or red-brown and almost glabrous. The
Tannins inner flowers are androgynous and those on the outside are
female. The receptacle is glabrous. The fruit has an indistinct
EFFECTS
margin.
The plant has been shown to have diuretic, spasmolytic and
diaphoretic effects. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a long-stemmed, 70 to
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
150 cm high shrub with a branched, many-headed and
Unproven Uses: Mouse Ear is used internally in the creeping rhizome without runners or rosette. The shoots are
treatment of asthma, bronchitis, coughs and whooping cough slightly, pubescent, often red-tinged and have a weak
and externally in the treatment of wounds. unpleasant smell. The erect or ascending, edged, coriaceous
stems die off each year. They are in branched panicles and
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS downy. The leaves are 5 to 10 cm long, coriaceous, and the
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction margins are often rolled back. The upper surface is usually
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic dark green and glabrous, occasionally pubescent, and the
dosages. lower surface is tomentose. The basal leaves are short-
DOSAGE
petioled and lobed with an end section and 1 to 2 pairs of
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally and small side leaflets. The rest of the leaves are sessile or almost
sessile with a slit base. The lower leaves are double-pinnate,
externally as a liquid extract.
the middle and upper ones are pinnatifid and lanceolate,
LITERATURE acuminate, entire-margined or slightly serrated.
Bate-Smith EC et al., Phytochemistry 7:1165.
Characteristics: Mugwort has a pleasant tangy taste. The
Duquenois P, (1965) Mem Soc Bot Franc 41.
root is sweet and pungent, the herb is aromatic and bitter.
Guerin JC, Reveillere HP, (1985) Ann Farm Franc 43(1 ):77.
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Asia and North America,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. and is also distributed all over Europe except in the south.
Kern W, List PH, Hdrhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Production: Mugwort herb consists of the above-ground
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag parts of Artemisia vulgaris. The branch tips are gathered
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. during the flowering season and carefully dried. Other fresh
MadausjG^Lehrbuch. der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, above- and underground parts of the plant are harvested at
Nachdruck, Geprg jQlms- Verlag Hildesheim J979.^ the beginning of winter, primarily from the wild. Mugwort
root consists of the below-ground parts of Artemisia
vulgaris.
Mucuna pruriens Not to be Confused With: Some confusion can arise with
Asinthii herba.
See Cowhage
Other Names: Felon Herb, St. John's Plant, Wormwood
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Mugwort COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (complex composition): chief constituents, ac-
Artemisia vulgaris cording to plant variety, 1,8- cineol, camphor, linalool or
DESCRIPTION thujone
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the root and the Sesquiterpene lactones: including vulgarin, pilostachyin,
above-ground parts of the plant, particularly the dried branch pilostachyin C
tips.
Lipophilic flavonoids
Flower and Fruit: The flower heads are ovoid, 3 to 4 mm
long by 2 mm wide. The numerous flowers are short- Polyynes
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MUIRA-PUAMA/531
Hydroxycoumarins: for example, umbelliferone, aesculetin Jork H, Juel S, (1979) Arch Pharm 312:540.
EFFECTS
Juel S et al., (1976) Arch Pharm 309:458.
The aqueous extract and essential oil show antimicrobial Kaul VK et al., (1976) Ind J Pharm 38 (1):21.
activity in laboratory tests. Marco JA et al., Sesquiterpenes lactones from Artemisia
species. In: PH 32:460. 1993.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Mugwort is not to be used during pregnancy. Marco JA, Sanz JF, Hierro P, Two eudesmane acids from
Artemisia vulgaris. In: PH 30:2403-2404. 1991.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Michaelis K et al., On the essential oil components from
Unproven Uses: Mugwort is used in complaints and blossoms of Artemisia vulgaris L. In: Z Naturfosch 37(3/4): 152.
problems involving the gastrointestinal tract such as stomach 1982.
ulcers and indigestion. The plant is also used for worm
Nano GM et al., (1976) Planta Med 30:211.
infestations, epilepsy, persistent vomiting, to promote circu-
lation, as a sedative, and for delayed or irregular menstua- Nano GM et al., Composition of some oils from Artemisia
vulgaris. In: PM 30(3):211. 1976.
tion. The root is used for asthenic states as a tonic, and in
combination with other remedies also for psychoneuroses, Stefanovic M et al., (1982) Glas Khem Drush Beogr 47 (3):7.
neurasthenia, depression, hypochondria, autonomic neuroses, Wallnofer B, Hofer O, Greger H, Polyacetylenes from Artemsia
general irritability and restlessness, insomnia and anxiety "Vulgares" Group. In: PH 28(10):2687. 1989.
states. The efficacy of Mugwort for the listed indications has Further information in:
not been substantiated. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Chinese Medicine: Mugwort is used in China for female Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
complaints as well as for ulcers and burns. (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994.
Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses of the root include Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
convulsions and worm infestations. Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
conjunction with the proper administration of designated Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
therapeutic dosages. Sensitization through skin contact has Stuttgart 1997.
been observed, almough very rarely.
Pregnancy: Mugwort is not to be used during pregnancy.
DOSAGE^, Muira-Puama
Mode of Administration: Since the efficacy for the claimed Ptychopetalum olacoides
applications is not verified, therapeutic administration is not
recommended. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried roots and
Preparation: "Moxibustion" (China, Japan) leaves are the dried trunk with bark.
ground with water in a mortar and, after removal of the
larger remnants, small cones are formed and dried to be later Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are racemous; there
burnt onto the skin of the patient Tea is prepared by are 1 or 2 per axil. They have 5 to 8 flowers and are about 2
allowing 1 tsp. to draw in 150 to 200 ml boiling water for 10 cm long. The calyx is narrow and has 5 tips. The corolla is
minfites. A liquid extract is prepared in a 1:1 proportion from white, oblong and about 1.3 to 2 mm long. The outside is
a mixture of the drug in 25% ethanol. smooth, and the inside is white pubescent. There are usually
10 stamens with long anthers. The ovary is clavate. The fruit
Daily Dosage: An infusion (drug 0.5 to 2 g) is given 3 times is a long elliptical drupe that is initially green and changes to
daily. Usual dosage of tea is one cup 2 or 3 times daily. pink and finally to lilac-black when ripening. The pericarp is
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet, 10 globules every 30 thin, and the endocarp is crusty.
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic); Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a 5 to 15 m high tree
Parenterally: 1 to 2 ml 3 times daily sc (HAB1). with a trunk 25 cm in diameter, which is vertically grooved.
LITERATURE The leaves are oblong-lanceolate, very tapered and narrow
Hoffmann B, Herrmann K, (1982) Z Lebensm Unters Forsch toward the base. They are sometimes acute, coriaceous,
174 (3):211. smooth and gray or frosted to blue-green beneath. The dried
532/MUIRA-PUAMA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
leaves are matte with a dark green to black upper surface and Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
a dark gray undersurface. The ribs are pinnatifid, curved, Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
becoming distinct at the margin and protruding on the
undersurface. The petioles are deeply grooved and do not
thicken.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Guyana and the Amazon
Mullein
region of Brazil. Verbascum densiflorum
TRADE NAMES
Production: Muira-Puama consists of the wood from the
trunk and/or roots of Ptychopetalum olacoides and/or Pty- Mullein Leaf, Alcohol-Free Mullein Leaves, Mullein Leaves
chopetalum unicatum. DESCRIPTION
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual erect herb Srivastava KC, Rastogi SC, (1969) Planta Med 17:189.
about 1 to 2 m high with star-shaped, pubescent stem, stalks Further information in:
and leaves. The leaves are 15 to 25 cm long, cordate to round Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
with 3 to 7 lobes, which taper to a point. The petioles are as Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
long or longer than the leaves. The stipules are oblong and (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
pubescent. 1994 (unter Abelmoschus moschatus).
Characteristics: The seeds have a strong, musky smell, and
the taste is oily. The seed pods have an aromatic flavor and
are used in some parts of the Middle East to mix with and
flavor coffee. Myosotis arvensis
See Forget-Me-Not
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Africa, India, Java and
South America and is cultivated in all tropical regions.
Production: Muskmallow seeds are the dried seeds of
Hibiscus abelmoschus. The seeds are dried in the open air. Myrica cerifera
Not to be Confused With: Foenugraeci semen. See Southern Bayberry
Other Names: Muskseed, Ambrette Seed, Abelmosk, Am-
bretta, Egyptian Alcee, Target-Leaved Hibiscus, Okra
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Myrica gale
COMPOUNDS See Sweet Gale
Fatty oil and chief fatty acids: palmitic acid, linoleic acid,
stearic acid
Volatile oil: ambrette oil, chief components famesylacetate,
macrocyclic lactones as carriers of the musk smell such as
Myristica fragrans
hexadec-7-en-16-olide (ambrettolide), tetradec-5-en-14-olide See Nutmeg
Sterols: including beta-sitosterin, beta-sitosterin-beta-D-
glucoside
EFFECTS Myroxylon balsamum
Muskmallow is said to be an aromatic, a stimulant and See Tolu Balsam
carminative.
.- «*^' :^ -
INDICATIONS AWD tf SAGE
Unproven Uses: The various preparations are used internally
and externally for snake bite, cramps, stomach and intestinal Myrrh
disorders with cramps, loss of appetite and headache. Commiphora molmol
Homeopathic Uses: Muskmallow is used for feelings of TRADE NAMES
tightness in die rib cage area. Myrrh is sold as Myrrh Commiphora, Myrrh Gum, Guggal
Resin, Wild Countryside Myrrh Gum (available from
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
numerous manufacturers).
Health risks or side effects following the proper administra-
tion of designated therapeutic dosages are not recorded. DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The resin, which has exuded from the bark
DOSAGE
and dried in the air, is the medicinal part. Myrrh is the pale
Mode of Administration: Muskmallow is used as a tea or yellow granular secretion that is discharged into cavities in
tincture, and is administered both internally and externally. the bark when it is wounded. The exudate hardens to a red-
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10 brown mass about the size of a walnut.
globules, 1 to 3 times a day (HAB34). Flower and Fruit: The yellowish-red inflorescences are
LITERATURE panicled. The fruit is brown, about 7 mm long, ovate and
Maurer B, Greider A, (1977) Helv Chim Acta 60:1155. I acuminate.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS MYRRH/535
Leaves, Stem and Root: Commiphora molmol is a thorny included stimulating the appetite and the flow of digestive
shrub or small tree up 3 m high. It has a thick trunk and juices.
numerous irregular knotted branches and smaller clustered
Chinese Medicine: Uses include carbuncles, furuncles,
branchlets. A few trifoliate leaves grow at the end of short
wounds (as a styptic), amenorrhea and abdominal tumors.
branches, with very small lateral leaflets dentate only at the
tip. The terminal leaflet is 1 cm long, obovate and glabrous. Indian Medicine: Among uses in Indian medicine are
The oleo-gum resin exudes from fissures or incisions in the menstrual disorders, stomach complaints, wounds, ulcers and
bark and is collected as irregular masses or tears, varying in inflammations of the skin and mouth.
color from yellowish to reddish-brown, often with white
CONTRAINDICATIONS
patches.
Use of myrrh is contraindicated during pregnancy.
Characteristics: The surface may be oily or covered with
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
fine dust. The taste is bitter and acrid. The odor is aromatic.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to eastern Mediterranean with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
countries, Somalia, Ethiopia, Eritrea, Yemen and South dosages.
Arabia. DOSAGE
Production: Myrrh is collected in the wild from June to Mode of Administration: Powdered resin, myrrh tincture and
August and consists of oleo-gum resin exuded from the other galenic preparations for topical use.
stems of Commiphora molmol after incisions have been
How Supplied:
made in the bark. It is then air-dried. Myrrh can also
Capsules — 657 mg
originate from other Commiphora species if the chemical
composition is comparable to the official drug. Dental powders — 10% powdered resin
Not to be Confused With: Some confusion can arise with Liquid — 1:1 (Myrrh gum)
"False myrrh" or Commiphora mukul.
Oil — 100% (Myrrh commiphora)
Other Names: Guggal Gum, Guggal Resin, Didin, Didtfiin
Preparation: Prepare 1:5 tincture using 90% ethanol (V/V)
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
in accordance with DAB 10.
COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil (2-10%): chief components are sesquiterpenes Daily Dosage: Myrrh tincture: Paint an undiluted tincture
including, among others, delta-elemene, beta-eudesmol, (1:5) on 2 to 3 times daily for external applications. As a
alpha-copaene and furosesquiterpenes, especially 5-acetoxy- rinse, use 5 to 10 drops in a glass of water; as a gargle, 30 to
2-memoxy-4,5-dienone (aroma-bearer), furanoeudesma-1,3- 60 drops in a glass of water. In dental powders: 10% of
dien," isofufanogermacren (curzeren), curzenenone, 2- powdered resin.
methoxy-furanoguaia-9-ene Storage: The herb and its preparations should be stored in
Triterpenes (30-50%): including 3-epi-alpha-amyrin, alpha- sealed containers that protect them from light and moisture.
amyrenone A desiccant should be present because the carbohydrate
component of the drug readily absorbs water. For this reason,
Mucilages (30-60%): chiefly methyl-glucurono-galactans) powdered forms should not be stored.
EFFECTS
LITERATURE
Myrrh has a local astringent, disinfectant and granulation-
Arora RB et al., (1972) bid J Med Res 60(6):929.
promoting effect because of its essential oil (consisting
mainly of sesquiterpenes) and amaroids. Bajaj AC, Dev S, (1982) Tetrahedron 38(19):2949.
Brieskorn CH, (1980) Tetrahedron Lett 21(6):1511.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Approved by Commission E: Brieskorn CH et al., (1983) Phytochemistry 22:187 et 1207.
Delaveau P et al., (1980) Planta Med 40:49.
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx
Kodama M et al., (1975) Tetrahedron Lett 35:3065.
Unproven Uses: Myrrh is used for the topical treatment of Malhotra SC, Ahuja MMS, (1971) Ind J Med Res 59(10):1621.
mild inflammations of the oral and pharyngeal mucosa. In
folk medicine, Myrrh is occasionally used internally as a Mester L et al., (1979) Planta Med 37(4):367.
carminative for non-specific intestinal infections and also as Mincione E, Iavarone C, (1972) Chim Ind 54:424 and 525.
an expectorant for coughs. Folk medicine uses have also Pernet R, (1972) Lloydia 35:280.
536/MYRRH PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Ruecker G, (1972) Arch Pharm 305(7):486. ovate to lanceolate, entire-margined, acuminate and 1-3 cm
Srivastava M et al., (1984) J Biosci 6(3):277. long.
Tripathi SN et al., (1975) Ind. J Exp Biol 13(1):15. Characteristics: The berries have a sweet-spicy taste.
Wiendl RM, Franz G, Myrrhe. Neue Chemie einer alten Droge.
Habitat: Myrtle grows from the Mediterranean region to the
In: DAZ 134(1):25. 1994.
northwestern Himalayas.
Wylegalla R, Biblische Botanik: Pflanzen und Friichte aus dem
gelobten Land. In: DAZ 137(11):867-869. 1997. Production: Myrtle leaves are the dried leaves of Myrtus
Further information in: communis. Myrtle oil is the essential oil of Myrtus commu-
nis, which is extracted from the leaves and branches through
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
steam distillation. (The percentage extracted ranges from 0.1
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- to 0.5%.) May and June are the best months for harvesting,
1994. since the plant has the highest concentration of essential oil
during this period.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food, Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the
York 1980. leaves of Bux semper-virens and Vaccinium vitisidaea,
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, which resemble Myrtle.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
ACTIONS ANO PHARMACOLOGY
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer COMPOUNDS: MYRTLE OIL
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Chief components: 1,8-cineol (15-45%), alpha-pinene (15-
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. 38%), myrtenol (1-5%), myrtenylacetate (4-20%), limonene
Stuttgart 1997. (4-10%), alpha-terpineol (2-12%), geraniol (0.5-1.5%), gera-
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. nylacetate (1-5%), myrtol (a myrtle oil fraction that boils
Stuttgart 1997. between 160-180°C, ~xhief components 1.8-cineole and
alpha-pinene)
EFFECTS: MYRTLE OIL
MYRTLE LEAVES Daily Dosage: The average daily dosage of powder from the
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine internal uses include diar- leaves is 5 g taken before meals. 3 cups of an infusion may
rhea, hemorrhoids, prostatitis, bronchitis, sinusitis, tubercu- be taken each day. Washes may be used several times daily.
losis and colds. Among external uses are ear infections, tired
limbs, fatigue and leukorrhea. External applications include Storage: Store the leaves in a tightly sealed container that
ear infections, tired limbs, and leukorrhea. blocks exposure to light.
LITERATURE
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
No internal administration of the drug should take place in Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
the presence of inflammatory illnesses of the gastrointestinal (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
area or of the biliary ducts, or in the case of severe liver 1994.
diseases.
Joseph MI et al., (1987) Pharmazie 42 (2): 142.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Lawrence BM, Perfumer Flavorist 15:65-66. 1990.
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
conjunction with the proper administration of designated Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
therapeutic dosages. In rare cases, the internal administration Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
of Myrtle oil as a drug leads to nausea, vomiting and Morton JF, An Atlas of Medicinal Plants of Middle America,
diarrhea. Charles C Thomas USA 1981.
Peyron L, Plantes Med Phytother 4:279-285. 1970.
Pediatric Use: Preparations containing the oil should not be
applied to the faces of infants or small children because of Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
the possibility of triggering glottal spasm, bronchial spasm, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
asthma-like attacks or even respiratory failure. Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.-
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses of Myrtle oil (more than 10 g) can lead to life- Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
threatening poisoning, due to the high cineole content. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Symptoms include, among others, a decrease in or loss of York 1995.
blood pressure, circulatory disorders, collapse and respira-
tory failure. Do not induce vomiting if poisoning occurs,
because of the danger of aspiration. Following administra-
tion of activated charcoal, the therapy for poisonings consists Myrtus communis
of treating spasms with diazepam (i.v.); treating colic with See Myrtle
atropintffand providing electrolyte substitution. Treat possi-
ble cases ofaddosTs with sodium bicarbonate infusions.
Intubation and oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
Flower and Fruit: The handsome campanulate flowers are INDICATIONS AND USAGE
orange with flame-red to fiery red stripes. The calyx is Approved by Commission E:
bilabiate, colored and has a spurred upper lip. There are 5
uneven petals. The 2 upper petals are unstemmed, the 3 • Infections of the urinary tract
lower ones are stemmed and fringed at the base. There are 8 • Cough
stamens and a superior ovary with a 3-stigmaed style. The • Bronchitis
fruit is a 3-vaIved pericarp. It is orbicular-reniform, fleshy, Unproven Uses: Nastertium is used internally for infections
wrinkled when ripe and dirty yellow. of the urinary tract and catarrh of the upper respiratory tract.
It is also used internally for mild muscular pain, skin
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is an annual, sometimes
diseases, scurvy, tuberculosis, conditions of the respiratory
perennial and often creeping or climbing plant, 0.3 to 5 m
and urinary tracts, and menstrual disorders. The herb is used
long. The main root is thin and forms an underground
externally for hair loss and for infected and poorly healing
runner. The stem is round, branched, fleshy and glabrous,
wounds.
like the whole plant. The leaves are alternate, long-petioled,
hastate and almost circular. The leaves are 3 to 5 cm and CONTRAINDICATIONS
deeply lobed at the petiole. Do not administer to patients with gastrointestinal ulcers or
kidney diseases.
Characteristics: The flowers are fragrant and the leafy parts
smell and taste like cress. Do not administer to infants or small children.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to warmer regions of South
America and is becoming naturalized in the Mediterranean General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
region, otherwise found as a garden or ornamental plant. conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. Administration of higher dosages of the
Production: Garden Nasturtium consists of the aerial parts, fresh plant or of its volatile oil can lead to mucous membrane
the seeds or leaves of Tropaeolum majus. irritation of the gastrointestinal tract. External administration
involving long-term intensive contact with the fresh plant
Other Names: Indian Cress can lead to skin irritations. The plant possesses a low
potential for sensitization.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Pediatric Use: Not to be administered to infants or small
Glucosinolates (0.1%): in the fresh, unbruised plant: chief children.
components are glucotropaeolin, yielding benzyl isothiocya-
DOSAGE
nate after cell destruction
Mode of Administration: The cut drug is available in the
Ascorbieefficid -(vitamin C, 300 mg/100 gm fresh weight) form of coated and filmed tablets * and compound
. ..**-• if." ^ . -<- •• ---• preparations.
Cucurbitacins (in the fruits): including cucurbitacins B
Preparation: To make an infusion, add 30 gm of leaves to 1
and E
liter of water.
Fatty oil (in the seeds, 7.5%): chief fatty acids erucic acid
Daily Dosage: The dose for the extract is 14.4 mg of
(50%), 11-cis-eiconsenic acid (25%), oleic acid (12%)
benzylisothiocyanate taken 3 times daily. The dose for the
Oxalates infusion is 2 to 3 cups per day; for the pressed juice, 30 gm
per day. f
Flavonoids: including among others, isoquercetin and quer-
LITERATURE
cetin glycosides Franz G, Kapuzinerkresse (Tropaeolum majus L.) Portrait einer
Arzneipflanze. In: ZPT 17(4):255-622. 1996.
Carotinoids (as blossom pigments): lutein, zeaxanthine
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
EFFECTS Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. AufL, Wiss. Verlags-
Benzyl mustard oil extracted from Nasturtium is bacteriostat- Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
ic, virostatic, and antimycotic in vitro. Mustard oils are Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
eliminated mainly via the breath or are collected and Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
eliminated in the urine; used externally, Nasturtium is a (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
rubefacient. 1994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS NEEM/ 539
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS: NEEM SEED OIL
Pintao AM et al., In vitro and in vivo antitumor activity of Triterpenes and tetranortriterpenes (limonoids and protoli-
benzyl isothiocyanate: a natural product from Tropaeolum monoids of the gedunin-group): for example nimbolin A and
majus. In: PH 61(3):233-236. 1995. B, nimbin, gedunin
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, COMPOUNDS: NEEM BARK AND LEAVES
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Tannin
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Volatile oil
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, EFFECTS
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Azadirachta indica has anti-inflammatory and antipyretic
properties. Melia azedarach has an anthelmintic effect.
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New INDICATIONS AND USAGE
York 1995. Unproven Uses: Azadirachta indica is used in inflammatory
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. and febrile diseases (including malaria, although uncon-
Stuttgart 1997. firmed). Melia azedarach is used for worm infestation.
Indian Medicine: Antelaea azadirachta is used for inflamma-
tory and febrile diseases (including malaria and leprosy,
Neem dosages.
DOSAGE
Antelaea azadirachta Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a tincture.
TRADE NAMES A slightly narcotic decoction can be prepared (said to lower
Neem (available from numerous manufacturers) a fever). An ointment for killing lice is administered
topically.
DESCRIPTION
Mediemal .Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the How Supplied:
bark, die leaves? the" branches, the seeds and the latex. Capsules — 475 mg
Flower and Fruit: The plant has small white flowers. LITERATURE
Adnrei GM et al., (1986) Experientia 42 (7):843.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Antelaea azadirachta is a deciduous Anon Pat. Appl 83/234, 294 Japan 1983.
tree up to 16 m high with leaves that are compound,
Bray DH et al., (1985) Trans Royal Soc Trop Med Hyg 79:
alternate, oblong, ovate-lanceolate and pointed. The bark is
426.
grayish-brown, externally fissured, and has a buff inner
surface and fibrous fracture. Ekong DEU, (1967) Chem Comm 808.
Ekong DEU, Ibiyemi SA, (1971) Chem Comm: 1177.
Characferistics: The plant has no odor, the taste is bitter.
El Said et al., (1968), Study of certain Nigerian plants used in
Habitat: Indigenous to the woods of India and Sri Lanka. Fever. Communication at the Inter-Africa Symposium Dakar.
Found today in other tropical regions such as Indonesia, Garg GP, Nigam SK, Ogle CW, The gastric antiulcer effects of
Australia and western Africa. the leaves of Neem tree. In: PM 59(3):215. 1993.
Production: Neem tree bark, leaves and seeds are the trunk Godvindachari T et al., JNP 55:596-601. 1992.
and branch bark, leaves and seeds of Azadirachta indica or of Kraus W, Bokel M, (1981) Chemische Berichte 114:267.
the closely related variety (in the literature often given as a Lavie D, Levy EC, (1969) Tetrahedron Letters 3525.
synonym) of Melia azedarach. Okpanyi SN, Ezenkwu GC, (1981) Planta Med 41:34.
Other Names: Azedarach, Holy Tree, Nim Pat. Appl 83/234, 294 Japan (1983).
540/NEEM PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
OVERDOSAGE
Overdoses of the essential oil can lead to life-threatening
Nepalese Cardamom poisoning, due to the high levels of cineole. Symptoms
include reduced blood pressure, circulatory disorders, circu-
Amomum aromaticum
lary collapse and asphyxiation. Vomiting is not to be induced
DESCRIPTION in the case of poisoning, due to the danger of aspiration.
Medicinal Parts: ^Jhe^medicinal parts of the giant are the
bark and fruit. Following instillation of activated charcoal, the therapy for
poisoning consists of the treatment of spasms with diazepam,
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are arranged in globose, 4 cm of colic with atropine, electrolyte substitution and the
long spikes with single flowers in the axils of the scale-like, countering of any acidosis that may appear with sodium
stem-clasping bracts. The inner flower bracts are elongate, bicarbonate infusions. Intubation and oxygen respiration may
ribbed and thorn-tipped. The flowers are pale yellow with a also be required.
tubular, 3-toothed calyx. The corolla petals are tubular. The
flower tube is approximately, 2.5 cm long. The petals are 2.5 DOSAGE
cm long, lanceolate, blunt and somewhat cap-shaped. The lip Mode of Administration: Whole herb, cut drug and liquid
is twice as long as the petals. The lip is round with a preparations for internal use.
cuneiform base and single stamen. The fruit is 3-chambered
and narrow ovoid in shape. It is approximately 3 cm long Daily Dosage: As decoction 3-6 gm.
and has numerous 3 mm long seeds in each chamber. Storage: Should be protected from light and moisture.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Amomum aromaticum is a herba- LITERATURE
ceous perennial, which grows up to 1 m high. The leaves are Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
lanceolate, up to 25 cm long and 6 cm wide. They are Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
pubescent beneath, with a 2 mm long ligule. The rhizome is (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
up to 5 m long with shoots growing in clusters from it. 1994.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS NEW JERSEY T E A / 5 4 1
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Contraindications to internal use include inflammatory
Nicotiana tabacum
illnesses of the gastrointestinal area or of the biliary ducts, See Tobacco
and severe liver diseases.
Preparation: Oily nose drops are prepared in a 2 to 5% Production: The young shoots and flowers are harvested in
concentration in vegetable oil. For external use, preparations June or July and then preserved in alcohol. Some cultivated
contain 10 to 30% active ingredient in oil. production is done in greenhouse settings, particularly in
Europe.
Daily Dosage: For internal use, the single dose is 0.2 gm, Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise with the
with the daily dosage ranging from 0.2 to 2.0 gm. flowers of Opuntia maxima, Selenicereus hamatus, and
LITERATURE
Selenicereus pteranthus. The drug is adulterated commercial-
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der ly with the flowers of Opuntia vulgaris and Opuntia ficus-
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag indica.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. Other Names: Sweet-Scented Cactus
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Flavonoids (1.5%): including among others, narcissin, rutin,
Stuttgart 1997. I cacticine, kaempferitine, grandiflorin, hyperoside
544/NIGHT-BLOOMING CEREUS
Amines: (found only in the shoots) chief components are Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
hordenine (cactine), tyramine, N-methyltyramine, N,N-di- pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
methyl tyramine York 1995.
Willaman JJ, Schubert BG (1961) Tech. Bull 1234: USDA
Betacyans: (in the blossoms, yellow pigments)
Washington DC.
EFFECTS
The drug has an effect similar to digitalis, which includes
cardiac stimulation as well as coronary and peripheral vessel
dilation. The drug is also said to stimulate the motor neurons Noni
of the spinal cord. In addition, the drug may act topically as
Morinda citrifolia
an antiphlogistic, but this is Unproven.
DESCRIPTION
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the
Unproven Uses: Preparations of Selenicereus grandiflorus
leaf, fruit and root.
are used for nervous cardiac disorders, angina pectoris,
stenocardia, and urinary ailments. In Mexico and Central Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is globose. The flowers
America, folk medicine internal uses include hemoptysis, are radial, their structures in fives with fused yellowish-white
menorrhagia, dysmenorrhea, hemorrhage, cardiac com- tepals. The ovary is inferior with 1 stigma. The fruit is a
plaints, cystitis, shortness of breath and dropsy. Externally, it many-seeded, glassy-white berry the size of a chicken egg.
also is used in these countries as a skin stimulant for
rheumatism. Leaves, Branches: Morinda citrifolia is a tree that is
occasionally shrub-like. It grows up to 10 m high. The leaves
Homeopathic Uses: Night-Blooming Cereus is used to treat are opposite, 10 to 30 cm long. The petiole is approximately
heart disease in homeopathy. 12 mm long. The lamina is coriaceous, glossy, elliptical to
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS elliptical-ovate, acuniinate, somewhat crenate and cuneiform
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction at the base with stipules. The branches are square, divided
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic jointed and contain nodes.
dosages. Intake of the fresh juice is said to cause itching and Characteristics: The fruit is inedible.
pustules on the skin, burning of the mouth, queasiness,
vomiting and diarrhea. Habitat: Malaysia
DOSAGE Production: Noni fruit and leaves are the fresh ripe fruit and
Mode of Administration: Fluid extracts and tinctures are used dried leaves of Morinda citrifolia.
internally and externally.
•&s** ' Other Names: Mengkudu
Preparations': iHujd extract (Extractum Cerei lkjuidum 1:1);
Tinctura Cerei (1:4) BPC 34; Tincture in sweetened water ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(1:10). COMPOUNDS
Volatile oil
Daily Dosage: For the folk medicine dosages, a liquid
extract is used in doses up to 0.6 ml, one to 10 times daily. Iridoids: asperulosid, deacetylasperuloside
The Tincture Cerei dosage is 0.12 to 2 ml taken 2 to 3 times
EFFECTS
daily. Dosage for the tincture in sweetened water is 10 drops,
3 to 5 times daily. No definitive data available.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Unproven Uses: Noni is used for diabetes, as a blood purifier
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (for women), for fever and stomachache (Malaysia).
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
1994.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Madaus G: Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979 (unter Cactus
grandiflorus). DOSAGE
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Preparation: The dried leaves are used as hot compresses on
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. the chest and stomach (for fever and stomachache).
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS NUTMEG/545
Isoquinoline alkaloids: chelerythrine, berberine, N-methyl- Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are die nutmeg seeds,
isocorydine, laurifoline, magnoflorine, nitidine which through various processes yield several therapeutic
components. They include the essential oil of the seed; the
Volatile oil compressed, dried aril; the mixture of fat, oil and color
' Resins pigment from the pressed seeds; the dried seed kernels freed
from the aril and shell of the nut; calcified seed kernels; and
EFFECTS
the dried seed kernels.
No information is available.
Flower and Fruit: Myristica fragans is either male or female,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
although mere are male trees with female flowers and fruit
Unproven Uses: Northern Prickly Ash is used for low blood
The flowers are unisexual. The male flowers are in sparsely
pressure, rheumatic disorders, fever and inflammation.
flowered inflorescence; the female ones are solitary and
Indian Medicine: The drug is used for toothache, headache, inconspicuous. The flowers have a simple 3-lobed involucre;
eye and ear conditions, dyspeptic symptoms, colic, flatu- the filaments are fused to a tube. The fruit ripens 7 to 10
546/NUTMEG PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
months after flowering. The fruit is fleshy, almost round, Fatty oil (30 to 40%) in the nutmeg oil rendered through
acuminate at the stem end, 3 to 6 cm long and 2.5 to 5 cm pressing
thick. The fruit is light yellow and about the size of a peach.
EFFECTS
The fruit flesh bursts open when ripe and exposes the bright
In animal experiments, the eugenol in the essential oil
red seed's aril that surrounds the dark brown seed. Within
inhibits, dose-dependently, medicinally induced diarrhea and
the aril, the seed kernel is covered in a hard brown testis that
slows down the transport of active carbon in the gastrointes-
shows the marks of the aril.
tinal tract. An effect on prostaglandin synthesis and an
Leaves, Stem and Root: Nutmeg is an evergreen tree up to 15 antimicrobial effect have also been demonstrated. The use of
m in height. The smooth bark is green on the young the drug for dysentery and rheumatic complaints seems
branches, then turns grayish-brown. The alternate leaves are plausible.
dark green, entire-margined, sharp edged, short-petioled,
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
ovate-elliptical and up to 8 cm long.
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine uses of nutmeg
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the Molucca Islands and include diarrhea and dysentery, inflammation of the stomach
New Guinea and has spread to Indonesia, the West Indies membranes, cramps, flatulence and vomiting. Externally, the
and other tropical areas, where it also is cultivated. oil is used for rheumatism, sciatica, neuralgia and disorders
of the upper respiratory tract.
Production: Nutmeg is the seed of Myristica fragrans. After
harvesting, the nut is shelled and dried (maximum 45° C), Chinese Medicine: Indications include diarrhea, vomiting
and the seed is opened after 4 to 8 weeks. The lacy, fleshy and digestive problems.
covering of the nut, which is scarlet when fresh and dark
Indian Medicine: Indications in Indian medicine include
orange when dried, yields Nutmeg and Mace. After being
headaches, poor vision, insomnia, fever and malaria, cholera,
separated, both parts are dried slowly. The nut is ground and
impotence and general debility.
then distilled. Nutmeg butter is made by pressing and
steaming the nuts to extract the fatty and essential oils from Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are nervous
the seeds. physical symptoms, digestive problems with flatulence and
disturbed perception.
Not to be Confused With: Several other nuts are often given
the name nutmeg. Confusion may occur with calabash CONTRAINDICATIONS
nutmeg (Monodora myristica), Papua nutmeg (Myristica The drug is not to be used during pregnancy.
succedanea) and Myristica malabarica, Laurelia sempervi-
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
rens, Atherosperma moschatum, Ravensara aromatica, Cryp-
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
tocarya moschata, Torreya californica. Nutmeg oil is
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
sometimes confused with the oil from the green leaves of
dosages. However, the drug can trigger allergic contact
Myristica^fragrans.
dermatitis.
Other NameSx^M&ce^ .-~ - «•
OVERDOSAGE: NUTMEG SEED AND OIL
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Ingestion of 1 to 3 "nuts" (or even fewer) can produce
COMPOUNDS: NUTMEG amphetamine derivatives through bioconversion of the
Volatile oil (7-16%) phenylpropane derivatives in the human body. This eventual-
ly leads to intense thirst, nausea, reddening and swelling of
Fatty oil (30-40%): fatty acids including among others the face, and alterations of consciousness from mild changes,
lauric, myristic, pentadecanoic, palmitic, heptadecanoic, such as anxiety or lethargy, to intensive hallucinations. The
stearic, oleic acid stupor can last from 2 to 3 days. The therapy for poisonings
Triterpene saponins consists of gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit-
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
Sterols: including among others beta-sitosterol, campesterol manganate solution, sodium sulfate), and installation of
COMPOUNDS: NUTMEG OIL activated charcoal. That is followed by treating spasms
Monoterpene hydrocarbons 80%): including sabinene intravenously with diazepam; treating colic with atropine;
(39%), alpha-pinene (13%), beta-pinene (9%) electrolyte substitution; and treating possible cases of
acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case of shock,
monoterpene alcohols (5%): including 1,8-cineole (3.5%) plasma volume expanders should be infused. Monitoring of
phenyl propane derivatives (10 to 18%): including myristicin kidney function is essential. Intubation and oxygen respira-
(2 to 5%), elemicin (1 to 2.5%) tion may also be necessary.
HERBAL M O N O G R A P H S NUX V O M I C A / 5 4 7
Production: Nux Vomica consists of the seeds of Strychnos Indian Medicine: The drug is used for loss of appetite,
nux-vomica. The berries are picked when ripe. The hard anemia, lumbago, asthma, bronchitis, constipation, diabetes,
exocarp is removed and the seeds are taken out and washed intermittent and malarial fever, skin diseases, paralyses, and
to remove any pulp residue. They are subsequently dried in muscle weakness; a special procedure is supposed to
the sun. detoxify the seeds.
Not to be Confused With: The seeds of Strychnos nux- Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for inflammations of
blanda, Strychnos potatorum and Strychnos wallichiana. Nux the respiratory and gastrointestinal tracts, disorders of the
vomica powder may be confused with the powder of date urinary tract, febrile illnesses, hepatocystic disorders, hemor-
nuts or olive stones and with by-products of stone-nut rhoids, dizziness, headache, neuralgia, rheumatic pain,
processing. cramps, paralyses, insomnia and nervous irritability.
Other Names: Poison Nut, Quaker Button's
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY The drug is severely toxic due to the strychnine content and
COMPOUNDS is not recommended for use.
Indole alkaloids (2.0-5.0%): chief alkaloids strychnine and
brucine (approximately in a 1:1 ratio), including among OVERDOSAGE
others, 12-hydroxystrychnine, 15-hydroxystrychnine, alpha- Symptoms of poisoning can occur after ingestion of one
colubrine, beta-colubrine, icajine bean. Strychnine doses of as little as 1.5 mg (30-50 mg of the
drug) initially cause restlessness, feelings of anxiety, height-
Fatty oil ening of sense perception, enhanced reflexes, equilibrium
Polysaccharides as insoluble reserve substances disorders, and painful stiffness of the neck and back
musculature. Later, twitching, tonic spasms of the masseter
Iridoide monoterpenes: including among others, loganin and neck musculature, and finally painful convulsions of the
EFFECTS
entire body that are triggered by visual or tactile stimulation
occur. Dyspnea comes following spasm of the breathing
Nux Vomica increases reflex excitability. Endogenic and
musculature. Death occurs through suffocation or exhaus-
exogenic stimuli reach the targeted organ without hindrance
tion. The lethal dosage for an adult is approximately 50 mg
and, as a result, possess a strengthened effect that can be
strychnine (1-2 gm of the drug). Chronic intake of subcon-
attributed to the alkaloid strychnine. The toxic principle
vulsive dosages can also lead to death under similar
strychnine deadens the inhibitory synapse of the CNS and
conditions after a period of weeks. This is due to an
results in overextended musculature reactions.
accumulation of drug in the body, particularly in those who
The strychnine and brucine components act as competitive have liver damage.
antagonists of the neurotransmitter glycine. The drug is
psychoaaateptic due to an increase in reflex action, i.e., Following the administration of a watery suspension of
endogenic and-~e)tGgenic stimuli reach-the targeted organ activated charcoal, the therapy for poisoning consists of
without hindrance and as a result have a strengthened effect. keeping external stimulation to a minimum through place-
In addition, strychnine is cholinolytic in animal experiments. ment in a quiet, warm, darkened room. Convulsions should
be treated with dosages of diazepam or barbital (i.v.). High-
In lower doses, the drug causes a reflexive increase of calorie glucose infusions should also be given. Intubation
glandular secretion in the gastrointestinal tract through the and oxygen respiration may also be required. Gastric lavage
amaroids. should be avoided, due to the danger of triggering convul-
INDICATIONS AND USAGE sions. Analeptics or phehothiazines should not be adminis-
Unproven Uses: Nux Vomica and its preparations are used in tered. Because of the possibility of unwanted effects
combinations for diseases and conditions of the gastrointesti- occurring in conjunction with the administration of therapeu-
nal tract, organic and functional disorders of the heart and tic dosages, one should forgo any administration of the drug.
circulatory system, diseases of the eye, nervous conditions,
depression, migraine, and climacteric complaints. In addi- DOSAGE
tion, the herb is used as a tonic, an appetite stimulant, for Mode of Administration: Nux Vomica is used almost
respiratory complaints, for secondary anemia and for unspe- exclusively in homeopathy. Radioactively tagged strychnine
cific geriatric complaints. is used in medicine to detect glycinergic receptors. In
industry, the drug is used as an active agent for pest control.
Chinese Medicine: The drug is used for general pain, febrile
illnesses, sore throat and abdominal tumors. Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 0.02-0.05 gm.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS OAK/549
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried bark of
the young branches and the lateral shoots, the dried bark of
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
the trunk and branches, the dried leaves of various oak
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
species and the seed kernels without the seed coats.
a day (HAB1).
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are reddish brown and
Storage: Mark the container as "poisonous" and keep monoecious. The male flowers consist of a 5-part perigone
tightly sealed; protect the drug from cool air and light. with 6 to 10 stamens that appear in small groups in limp,
hanging catkins. The female flowers, solitary or in groups of
LITERATURE
up to 5, appear in a involucre which clasps the base of the
Bisset NG, Phillipson JD, JNP 39:263. 1976. fruit and which later becomes bowl-shaped. The fruit is
Galeffi C, ETH:2:129-134. 1980. solitary or in groups of up to 5 on 1 shared, glabrous or
occasionally sparsely pubescent stem. They are oblong-
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers ovdte, acuminate and enclosed in the cupule.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is about 50 m high with a
1994. broad, irregular, heavily branched crown and a trunk which
divides into gnarled, strong, bent branches. The bark is
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug deeply fissured, thick and grey-brown. The leaves are short-
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. petioled, almost sessile, oblong-obovate, almost lobed,
usually cordate or polled at the base.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Habitat: The tree is widespread in Europe, Asia Minor and
Maier W, Groger D, Pharm Zentralhalle 107:883. 1968. the Caucasus region.
Marini-Bettolo GB, Advances in the research of curare and Production: Oak bark consists of the dried bark of young
Strychnos. In: Rend Accad Naz 40:1975-1976, 1-2, 61-76. branches and saplings of Quercus robur and/or Quercus
1977. Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen. petraea, harvested in the spring, as well as their preparations.
Pflanzengifte, 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech Oak bark is harvested from March to April. The trees fall
1993, ^ r - _ - every 10 years. The bark is dried rapidly.
Rodriguez F et al. PH 18:2065. 1980. Other Names: Common Oak, Pedunculate Oak, English Oak,
Tanner's Bark
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Catechin tannins: oligomeric proanthocyanidins
Stuttgart 1997.
Ellagitannins: (including castalagin, pedunculagin, vesvalag-
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, in, 2,3-(S)-hexahydroxy diphenoyl glucose), flavano-ellagi-
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. tannins (acutissimins A and B, eugenigrandin, guajavacin B,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und stenophyllanin C)
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Gallo tannins
York 19915.
Monomeric and dimeric catechins and leucocyanidins
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows as a shrub or small Preparation:
tree, diclinous and monoecious. The leaves are alternate, Tincture — Powdered gall apples are mixed roughly 1:5 with
approximately 5 cm long, short-petiolate, elongate, sinuate, spirit of wine.
roughly thorny-tipped serrate.
Storage: The drug should be stored in a tightly sealed
Characteristics: Apical galls are formed by the laying of container.
eggs by the gall wasp (Andricus gallae-tinctoriae) in the
LITERATURE
young leaf buds.
Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakbuhi T, Constituents of Quercus
Habitat: The various Quercus species originated in Iran, Iraq infectoria. Planta Med, 65:286-7, 1977 May.
and Turkey, but are now widespread and particularly Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakouhi T, Pharmacology of Quercus
common in Asia Minor, Europe and North Africa. infectoria. J Pharm Sci, 65:1791-4, 1976 Dec.
Production: Oak Gall is the gall of Quercus infectoria Dar MS, Ikram M, Fakouhi T, Studies on Quercus infectoria;
produced by gall wasps (Andricus gallae-tinktoriae) laying isolation of syringic acid and determination of its central
their eggs in the leaf buds. The development of the larva depressive activity. Planta Med, 65:156-61, 1979 Feb.
probably stimulates the bud as an infection would and Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
produces the gall as a reaction. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Other Names: Gallinaccia Oak 1994.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Tannins (60 to 70%): gallotannins, particularly hexa- and
heptagalloyl-glucoses Oats
Phenol carboxylic acids: gallic acid (3%), ellagic acid (2%) Avena sativa
TRADE NAMES
EFFECTS
The astringent quality of the drug can be explained by the Wild Oats, Oat Bran, Oatstraw
tannins it contains. The dry extract exhibits analgetic, DESCRIPTION
hypoglycemic and sedative-hypnotic efficacy. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the fresh or dried
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
above-ground plant, the ripe, dried fruits, and the dried,
Unproven Uses: External uses include treatment of inflam- threshed leaf and stem.
mation of the skin and frostbite and as an adjuvant in the Flower and Fruit: The spikelet has 2 to 3 flowers. The outer
treatment of infectious skin conditions. Oak gall is used glume has no awn, is 18 to 30 mm long and has 7 to 11 ribs.
exterrilury "for chilblains and gingivitis, for which efficacy The top glumes grow from 12 to 24 l mm long, have 2
appears plausible but has not yet beeti sufficiently divisions and a dentate tip. They have 7 ribs and can either
documented. be awned or unawned. The awn is 15 to 40 mm long, upright
Indian Medicine: Uses include intestinal hemorrhaging, and rough. The double ribbed husks are 10 to 20 mm long
coughing blood, diarrhea, dysentery, ulcerative stomatitis, and are thickly ciliate on the short ridge. The 3 stamens are
coughs, bronchitis, dyspepsia, fever, gonorrhea, leucorrhea, 2.5 to 4 mm long. The ovary has a pinnatifid stigma. The
menorrhagia, impetigo, eczema, hemorrhoids, pharyngody- fruit is 7 to 12 mm long, narrowly elliptoid and pubescent.
nia, diabetes, hyperhidrosis and tonsillitis. Leaves, Stem and Root: Oat is a light-green annual grass
Chinese Medicine: Dysentery, hyperhidrosis, oral ulceration, with a bushy root. The stalks are 60 to 100 cm high, smooth
leucorrhea, hemorrhoids, wounds and rectal prolapse are and glabrous. The linear-lanceolate tapering, flat leaves are
considered to be indications. Efficacy for these indications in double rows, and the leaf sheath is clasping. The ligula is
has not yet been proven. short and ovate with triangular pointed teeth. The leaf blade
is linear-lanceolate and is 45 cm long by 5 to 15 mm wide.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper Habitat: Oats originated in England, France, Poland, Germa-
external administration of designated therapeutic dosages. ny and Russia, and are now cultivated worldwide.
DOSAGE Production: Wild oat herb consists of the fresh above-
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the whole, cut and ground parts of Avena sativa, which are harvested shortly
powdered drug have internal and external applications. before the height of the flowering season and then quickly
552/OATS PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
dried. Oats consist of the ripe, dried fruits of Avena sativa. Silicic acid (partially water-soluble)
Oat bran is taken from the outer layer of the husked fruit. To
make rolled oats, the husked fruit is treated with steam, then Steroid saponins: avenacoside A and B
crushed. Oat straw consists of the dried, threshed leaves and
stems of Avena sativa, also harvested shortly before the Unusual amino acids: avenic acid A and B
height of the flowering season.
Flavonoids: including vitexin-, isovitexin-, apigenin-, isoor-
Other Names: Grain, Groats, Oatmeal, Straw ientin-, tricinglycosides
EFFECTS
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in racemes with 4 upright, Storage: Store in the dark, in well-filled containers.
splayed sepals. The 4 petals are yellow, 11 to 14 mm long, LITERATURE
almost twice as long as the calyx, with an orbicular-elliptical Butcher RD, Goodman BA, Deighton N, SnDth WH, Evaluation
surface. TJ*cre_are 2 short and 4 long stamens. The ovary is of the allergic/irritant potential of air pollutants: detection of
superior, with 4foseti calpels. The fruit is 4.5 to 11 cm long proteins modified by volatile organic compounds from oilseed
and is a dehiscent pod opening on 2 sides with a septum and rape (Brassica napus ssp. oleifera) using electrospray ionization-
20 to 40 seeds. The seeds are globose and approximately 1.5 mass spectrometry. Clin Exp Allergy, 25 (1995).
to 3 mm in diameter. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
Leaves, Stem and Root: Oilseed Rape is an annual or (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
biennial herb that grows up to 1.4 m high. The leaves are 1994.
alternate with a bluish bloom; the lower ones are petiolate
Slabas AR, Cottingham IR, Austin A, Hellyer A, Safford R,
and pinnatisect, with relatively large terminal lobes and are
Smith CG, Immunological detection of NADH-specific enoyl-
slightly pubescent. The middle and upper leaves are sessile, ACP reductase from rape seed (Brassica napus) - induction,
partly clasping, simple, glabrous, dentate or entire. The stem relationship of alpha and beta polypeptides, mRNA translation
of larger plants is branched. The root is thin and spindle- and interaction with ACP. Biochim Biophys Acta, 1039:181-8,
shaped. 1990 Jun 19.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in small axillary clustered Steroids (0.125 to 0.25%): beta-sitosterol, delta7-stigmaster-
inflorescence. The calyx has 4 tips. The white corolla has a ol, delta5-avenasterol, campesterol, stigmasterol
short tube and 4 lobes. The superior ovary is bilocular, with
each side having 2 hanging anatropal ovules. The drupe has Tocopherols (0.02%)
1 to 2 seeds, is fleshy, plum-like or round. The smooth drupe EFFECTS: OLIVE OIL
is initially green, then red and finally blue-black when ripe. Through die presence of polyunsaturated fatty acids, the drug
The very hard stone contains oblong compact seeds with has an antisclerotic effect by positively influencing die
many endosperm. serum lipids. A reduction of plasma glucose was also
Leaves, Stem and Root: Olive grows as a medium high shrub observed. Contraction of the gallbladder was observed with
or a tree up to 10 m high. The plant has pale bark and cane- the increase of cholecystokinin in die plasma.
like, quadrangular to round, initially downy, thorny or
(Use for gallstones is not advised because, efficacy has not
thomless^branches. The leaves are opposite, entire, stiff,
been proven and use may cause colic.)
coriaceous, nairoVF-elliptical to lanceolate or eordate with
thorny tips. The upper surface is dark green, glabrous or INDICATIONS AND USAGE
covered with scattered scutiform hairs; the underside shim- OLIVE LEAVES
mers silver with scuitform hairs. Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses include hypertonia,
Habitat: The plant grows in almost all of the southern arteriosclerosis, rheumatism and gout, diabetes mellitus and
European countries and throughout the entire Mediterranean fever.
region as far as Iran and beyond the Caucasus. Olive trees OLIVE OIL
are cultivated in many regions of the world. Unproven Uses: Internal uses of die oil in folk medicine
Production: Olive leaves consist of the fresh or dried leaves include cholangitis, inflammation of the gallbladder, flatu-
of Olea europaea. The leaves are harvested from cultivated lence, constipation, icterus, Roemhel syndrome, gastrointes-
trees and dried in the shade. Olive oil is the fatty oil tinal ulcers and kidney stones. Externally, it has been used
extracted from the drupes of Olea europaea, using the cold- for psoriasis, eczema, sunburn, mild burns and rheumatism.
press method. Its use as a lubricant for constipation and dry skin conditions
appears plausible because of trie oily characteristics.
Not to be Confused With: Confusion can arise between Olive
leaves and the leaves of Nerium oleander. The oils of CONTRAINDICATIONS
Camellia sasanqua and other Camellia species can be The internal administration of die drug can trigger colic
mistaken for Olive oil. among gallstone sufferers, so its use is contraindicated.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ONION/ 557
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Stuttgart 1997.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages.
DOSAGE
OLIVE LEAVES
Onion
Mode of Administration: The drug is available for oral use in Allium cepa
mono and combination tea mixture preparations.
DESCRIPTION
How Supplied: Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the bulb.
Capsules — 580 mg
Flower and Fruit: The peduncles are up to 3 cm long. Trie
Drops
flowers.are greenish-white, in orbicular umbels, with 6 free
Preparation: An infusion is prepared by pouring 150 ml of flower bracts that are shorter than the 6 stamens. The
hot water over 7 to 8 g of the dried leaves. Prepare a tea by pedicles are eight times as long as the flowers. The fruit is a
pouring hot water over 2 teaspoonfuls of the drug and thin-skinned capsule. The seeds are black and angular. The
allowing it to steep for 30 minutes. flowers are in globular umbels, before blooming in membra-
nous sheaths.
Daily Dosage: Tea: 3 to 4 cups throughout the day.
OLIVE OIL Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is perennial or biennial.
Daily Dosage: There are many varieties and can be compressed-globose.
Constipation — 100 to 500 ml Olive oil at body temperature ovate or oblong. Most varieties have secondary bulbs.
applied rectally. Leaves are shorter than the peduncle, tubular or swollen, and
blue-green. There is a hollow scape, which is gray-blue.
Gastrointestinal ulcers — 15 to 30 ml 3 taken times daily at expanded and bloated below the middle.
mealtimes.
Habitat: Central Asia is considered to be the region oi
LITERATURE
origin. Onion was introduced to the Mediterranean and is
OLIVE LEAVES
Bianchi G, Pozzi N, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylglycol, a major C6-C2 cultivated worldwide.
phenolic in Olea europaea. In: PH 35(5): 1335. 1994.
Production: Onion consists of the fresh or dried, thick and
Bianco A et al., Partial synthesis of oleuropein. In: JNP fleshy leaf sheaths and stipules of Allium cepa.
55(6):760-766. 1992.
Duarte J et, al., Effects of oleuropeosid in isolated guinea-pig ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY 'r~
atria. In: PM 59(4):318. 1993. COMPOUNDS
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Alliins (alkylcysteine sulphoxides): in particular allylalliin
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 (allyl-L (+)-cysteine sulphoxide) and its gamma-glutamyl
CDrogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- conjugates, that in the course of cutting up either the freshly
1994. harvested bulbs or those that have been already dried and
Kuwajima H et al., A secoiridoid glucoside from Olea then re-moistened, are transformed into the so-called allia-
europaea. In: PH 27(6): 1757. 1988. ceous oils.
Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissenschaften 70:95.
Fructosans (polysaccharides, 10-40%)
OLIVE OIL
Anonym, Positive Auswirkungen von Olivenol auf den Saccharose and other sugars
Blutdruck. In: ZPT 12(1):13. 1991.
Hemming S, 1st Olivenol erlaubt? In: DAZ 131(29):1525. 1991. Flavonoids: including quercetin-4'-O-beta-D-glucoside
(spiraeoside)
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Steroid Saponins
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. EFFECTS
Lasser B et al., (1983) Naturwissensch. 70:95. The thiosulphinate exhibits an antimicrobial effect, and is
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer effective against Bacillus subtilis, Salmonella typhi. Pseu-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. domonas aeroginosa and Escherichia coli.
558/ONION
Lipid and blood pressure lowering effect: Certain constitu- Preparation: Onion oil maceration: same as garlic macera-
ents function similarly to those in garlic, although this is not tion drug extract 1:1.
yet clinically proven.
Old recipe: Siripus Cepae: freshly grated onions 15 g; water
Inhibits thrombocyte aggregation: Dimethyl and diphenyl- 60 ml; ethanol 90% (\7V) 15 ml; saccharose 150 g; the
tiiiosulphinateboth retard thrombocyte biosynthesis using ethanolic extract is boiled with the saccharose.
thrombase stimulation.
Popular: pressed juice and onion syrup: made of 500 g
Antiasthmatic and antiallergic effect: Guinea pigs sensitized onions, 500 g water, 100 g honey and 350 g sugar.
using ovalbumin were protected from asthma attack through
Onion tincture: 100 g minced onions in 300 g ethanol 70%
the oral administration of onion juice. Administration of an
macerated for 10 days.
ethanol onion extract significantly reduced allergy-induced
bronchial constriction in asthma patients. Daily Dosage: Raw drug is used therapeutically.
Ophioglossum vulgatum
See English Adder's Tongue
Orchis species
See Salep
Opium Antidote
Combretum micranthum
DESCRIPTION _
Oregano
Medicinal Parts: The dry leaves and stems are the medicinal Origanum vulgare
parts of the plant. DESCRIPTION
Leaves, Stem and Root: The leaves are 10 to 13 cm long and Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the oil extracted
about 6 cm wide, with 8 to 10 lateral spreading veins, from the fresh or dried leaves through a process of steam
transparent in the axils. The surface of the young leaves has distillation, the herb picked during the flowering season and
small scales. freed from the thicker stems and dried, as well as the fresh
flowering herb.
Characteristics: The taste is astringent and strong.
Flower and Fruit: The bright purple labiate flowers are in
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China, Malaysia and cyme-like panicles with elliptical, pointed and usually dark
Indonesia. purple bracts, which are longer than the calyx. The calyx is
tubular and has 5 even tips. The upper lip of the corolla is
Production: Combretum leaves are the dried leaves of
flat. The lower lip has 3 lobes; the middle lobe is the widest.
Combretum micramthum.
There are 4 stamens, the longer ones extending beyond the
Other Names: Combretum, Jungle Weed lower lip.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Leaves, Stem and Root: Origanum vulgare is a woody
COMPOUNDS perennial plant, which grows up to 90 cm high. The upper
Pyrrolidine alkaloid betaines: stachydrines, 4-hydroxysta- part is branched. The plant has rhizome-like runners and is
chydrines, combretin-A (betaines drawn from the proline) downy, bristly or velvet-like. The leaves are 10 to 40 cm
560/OREGANO
long and 4 to 25 mm wide, ovate, entire-margined or slightly Preparation: For internal use, pour 250 ml boiling water
crenate, glabrous or pubescent, translucent-punctate and over 1 heaped teaspoonful and strain after 10 minutes; the
petiolate. tea can be sweetened with honey. The unsweetened infusion
is used as gargle and mouthwash. To use as a bath additive,
Characteristics: The plant has an aromatic scent, similar to
pour 1 1 of water over 100 g drug, strain after 10 minutes and
Origanum majorana.
add to a full bath.
Habitat: The plant is common throughout Asia, Europe and Daily Dosage: Tea: 1 cup several times a day. Powder: 0.5 to
northern Africa. 1 dessertspoon 2 to 3 times daily with food.
Production: Oregano consists of the above-ground parts of Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 to 10
Origanum vulgare. It is harvested 5 cm above the ground globules 1 to 3 times daily or 1 ml injection solution sc twice
during the flowering season and dried carefully on the field weekly (HAB34).
or under a roofed loft.
Storage: Store Oregano where it is protected from moisture
Other Names: Mountain Mint, Origano, Wild Marjoram, and light.
Winter Marjoram, Wintersweet
LITERATURE
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY Afshaypuor S et al., Volatile constituents of Origanum vulgare
COMPOUNDS ssp.t viride (syn. O. heracleoticum) from Iran. In: PM 63(2): 179-
Volatile oil (0.15-1.0%): chief components carvacrol (share 180.' 1997.
40-70%), gamma-terpinene (8-10%), p-cymene (5-10%), Afshaypuor S, Essential oil constituents of wild marjoram from
additionally alpha-pinene, myrcene, thymol. There are also Iran. In: PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA,
strains with thymol, linalool + terpinene-4-ol, linalool, 133. 1996.
caryophyllene +germacren D, or germacren D as chief Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
components Handbuch der Pharmazeuuschen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Flavonoids: including naringin 1994.
Caffeic acid derivatives: in particular, rosmaric acid (5%) Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
The essential oil, which contains carvacrol, is antimicrobial Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
in vitro.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Oregano herb is used for respiratory
disorders^such "as coughs, inflammation of the bronchial
Oriental Arborvitae^
mucous membranes and as an expectorantT In folk medicine, Thuja orientalis
it is used for coughs, dyspepsia, painful menstruation,
DESCRIPTION
rheumatoid arthritis, scrofulosis, urinary tract disorders and
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried leaves
as a diaphoretic.
and leafy branches.
Chinese Medicine: In China, Oregano is used for colds, Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence forms cones with
fever, vomiting, dysentery, jaundice and malnutrition for horned cone scales. The male cones are apical and globose
children. with 3 to 6 stamens. The female cones are small, ovoid to
Homeopathy Uses: Oregano is used to increase sexual globose with 3 pairs of scales, the upper one sterile, the
excitability. middle one with 1 ovule and the lower one with three. The
seeds are ovoid to elliptical and have no wings.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: Oriental arborvitae is a diclinous,
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
monoecious, evergreen tree, which grows up to 10 m high.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
The leaves are decussately arranged, scale-like, imbricate,
dosages.
appressed to the branches, thick and acute. The edge leaves
DOSAGE are pressed together and keeled. The surface leaves are
Mode of Administration: Oregano infusions and powders are ovate-rhomboid, grooved on the back, needle-like when
used as teas, gargles and bath additives. young and acutely splayed. The branches are vertical,
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS ORRIS / 5 6 1
DOSAGE
Oswego Tea
Monarda didyma
Mode of Administration: Iris is available in homeopathic
dilutions, as a constituent of various combination prepara- DESCRIPTION
tions and in various tea mixtures. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the herb.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer Volatile oil (0.1-0.3%): including among others carvacrol,
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. thymol, p-cymene, linalool, linalyl acetate, limonene, oci-
mene, alpha-pinene, camphene, Delta3-carene
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Flavonoids: including linarin, didymin (isosakurenatin-7-O-
Tsukida K et al., (1973) Phytochemistry 12:2318. beta-D), isosakuranin, genkwanin
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS OX-EYE D A I S Y / 5 6 3
Anthocyans: monardein (triacyliertes pelargonidine-3, 5-di- leaves are tough, compound and glabrous or slightly
O-glucoside, 2 malonyl- and 1 p-cumaroyl- residue) pubescent. The cauline leaves are petiolate, linear to ovate-
oblong, roughly dentate to almost pinnatisect.
EFFECTS
The drug has antispasmodic, digestive, carminative and Habitat: The plant is found in Britain, Europe, Russia, Asia
4^ diuretic effects; it is also used to regulate menstruation. and numerous other parts of the world.
CONTRAINDICATIONS Production: Ox-Eye Daisy is the above-ground part of
Oswego Tea is not to be used during pregnancy. Chrysanthemum leucanthemum.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Other Names: White Weed, Golden Daisy, Herb Margaret,
Unproven Uses: The drug is used for flatulence and other Maudlinwort, White Daisy, Great Ox-Eye, Goldenseal,
digestive disorders and also menstrual complaints including Marguerite, Moon Daisy, Horse Gowan, Maudlin Daisy,
premenstrual syndrome (PMS). In Europe, the herb is Dun Daisy, Butter Daisy, Horse Daisy, Moon Flower, Moon
sometimes used as an aromatic, carminative and antipryreti- Penny, Poverty Weed
cum. Former use of the drug as an alternative to quinine is no ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
longer common. COMPOUNDS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Cyclitols: including meso-inositol, L(-)-quercitol, meso-ino-
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction sitok L(-)-quercitol
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic Polyynes: among them the strongly sensitizing trideca-
dosages. 3,5,7,9,11-pentain-l-ol and its acetate
DOSAGE
Flavonoids: including niviaside (a C-glycosyl flavone,
Mode of Administration: Ground drug (powder) prepared as containing a cyclitol instead of a sugar), apigenein-7-0-
an infusion or tea. glucuronide
#
LITERATURE EFFECTS
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Ox-Eye Daisy herb and flowers are used similarly to
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.
Chamomile as a tonic, although they have a much weaker
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der effect. They are also considered to have an antispasmodic
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag and diuretic effect.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nikolaevski VV, Kononova NS, Pertsovski i AI, Shinkarchuk
IF, Effect of essential oils on the course of experimental
Unproven Uses: Internal folk medicine uses include asthma,
atherosclerosis. Patol Fiziol Eksp Ter.52-3, Sep-Oct, 1990. whooping cough and nervous agitation. Among external
applications are skin ulcers, wounds and nose bleeds. (Also
Shubina LP, Siuttn *5A, "Savchenko VM, Inhalations- of essential
see Chamomile.)
oils in the combined treatment of patients with chronic
bronchitis. Vrach Delo:66-7, May 1990. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There is, however, a strong potential for sensitiza-
Ox-Eye Daisy tion resulting from skin contact with the drug.
Chrysanthemum leucanthemum DOSAGE
DOSAGE
Pagoda Tree Mode of Administration: As a mother tincture in homeopath-
Sophora japonica ic dilutions. Sophora is used by the pharmaceutical industry
in the production of rutin (a substance that influences the
DESCRIPTION resolution and porousness of the dilation of the capillaries).
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the ripe seeds. The drug is contained in medicinal preparations, which are
used to stabilize blood circulation and as a cure for nervous
Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in large, broad, disorders and inflammation.
sweeping terminal panicles made up of racemes. The flowers
are papilionaceous with a patent standard. The lower edge of LITERATURE
the lateral wing petals are bent over so that one surrounds the Izaddoost M, PH 14:203. 1975.
others. The fruit is a round pod tied in around the seeds like a Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
string of pearls. Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Trunk: The tree is reminiscent of the
robinia, with a densely branched crown. It grows 12 to 15 m Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
high. It has smooth, green branches. The leaves are odd- 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
pinnate with 11 to 15 leaflets. The leaflets are ovate, acute, Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin,
dark green above and glaucous beneath. The main leaf Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
petiole is very thick at the base.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to China and Japan, and is Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
found in Europe as an ornamental and roadside tree.
Polysaccharides: galactomannans
Habitat: Indigenous to tropical Amenca. Cultivated in all Indian Medicine: Worm infestation, damage to die urinary
tropical regions today. tract and stones, hemorrhoids, coughs and bronchitis have
been treated with Papaya leaves.
Production: Papaya leaves consist of the fresh or dried
leaves of Carica papaya harvested before the fruit appears. CONTRAINDICATIONS
Raw papain is the latex from Carica papaya, which has been RAW PAPAIN AND PAPAYA LEAVES
dried using Various methods; where necessary the latex is Papaya is contraindicated in pregnancy.
decontaminated mechanically or by filtration.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Other Names: Melon Tree, Papaw, Mamaeire RAW PAPAIN
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
COMPOUNDS: RAW PAPAIN
therapeutic dosages. Because of the fibrinolytic effect, a
Proteolytic enzymes (proteinases): papain, chymopapain A tendency to bleed is possible when there is a predisposition
and B, proteinase A and B, papaya peptidase A to clotting delay and during treatment with anticoagulants.
Other enzymes: lysozyme, chitotransferase, glycosidases, Allergic reactions, including asthma attacks, are also
callase, pectinesterases, lipases, phosphatases, cycloligases possible.
EFFECTS: RAW PAPAIN Drug Interactions: There has been some documented inter-
The proteolytic activity of the' raw papain enzymes can be actions with warfarin. Papaya extract has been shown to
used within the parameters of enzyme substitution for increase the international normalized ratio (INR) levels when
digestive complaints, particularly pancreatic conditions. used in conjunction with warfarin.
Papain has an antimicrobial, anthelmintic and anti-ulcerative
effect. Pregnancy: Because of the experimentally proven embryo-
toxic and teratogenic effects, as well as its known abortifa-
The results of the analgesic and anti-inflammatory effects are cient effect in humans, unripe papain fruit should not be used
contradictory. Experiments have shown that papain has an during pregnancy.
506/PAPAYA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
How Supplied: Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the curare, which is
the extract from the fresh or dried trunk, along with the bark
Chewable Tablets and the dried roots.
Tablets Flower and Fruit: The flowers grow in axillary clusters 10 to
15 cm long on stems that are often unbranched. There are 9
PAPAYA LEAVES
outer pubescent sepals about 1 mm long. The inner 6 sepals
Daily Dosage: No information is available.
are about 3.5 mm long and glabrous. The petals are 0.4 mm
LITERATURE long. The fruit is a drupe about 12 mm long and 9 mm wide
RAW PAPAIN on'a stem 4 mm long.
Buttle DJ et al., Affinity purification of the novel cysteine
proteinase papaya proteinase IV, and papain from papaya latex. Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a climber that grows up
In: Biochem J 261(2):469-476. to 30 m in height. The stems are velvety. The petioles are
Lohiya NK et al., Antifertility effects of aqueous extract of short-haired at the base, have long erect hairs near the leaf
Carica papaya seeds in male rats. In: PM 60(5):400. 1994. blade and are about 8 to 12 cm long. The leaves are
somewhat coriaceous,-entire-margined, sparse above and
McKee RA, Smith H, Purification of proteinases from Carica tomentose beneath. They are mildly cordate, triangular-ovate
papaya. In: PH 25:2283. 1986.
or roundish and obtuse, 10 to 15 cm in length and width. The
Zoch E, Uber die Inhaltsstoffe des Handelspapains. In: Arzneim root is about 2 to 5 cm in diameter, tortuous, black,
Forsch 19:1593. 1969. longitudinally furrowed with transverse ridges and some
Further information in: constrictions. Internally the root is grayish-brown, and the
Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der transverse section shows three or four concentric rings
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag traversed by wide medullary rays. The stem pieces are
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. similar but the external surface is grayish and marked with
numerous round, warty lenticels. -*--
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Characteristics: The taste is at first bitter, then slightly
. ..-?*•- ; * " * " " * " *
Shaw D, Leon C, Kolex S, Traditional remedies and food sweet- The plant is odorless.
supplements: a 5-year toxicological study (1991-1995). Drug Saf
1997 Nov; 17(5):342-56. Habitat: The plant is found in western Bolivia, Peru,
Ecuador, central Columbia and Panama.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. Production: Pareira root is the root of Chondrodendron
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. tomentosum. Tubocurare is extracted from the fresh or dried
Stuttgart 1997. trunk with bark of the same plant.
PAPAYA LEAVES Other Names: Pereira Brava, Velvet Leaf, Ice Vine
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag Bibenzyl isoquinoline alkaloids: including, among others, D-
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. tubocurarine, chondrocurarine, (-)-curine, (+)-chondrofoline,
chondrocurine, isochondrodendrine
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. EFFECTS
Oliver-Bever B (Ed.), Medicinal Plants of Tropical West Africa, Tubocurare contains tubocurarine and acts as an emmena-
Cambridge University Press Cambridge, London 1986. gogic and diuretic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PARSLEY/567
Myristicin
Paris quadrifolia l-allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzole: additionally including
See Herb Paris among others mentha-l,3,8-triene (up to 50%, aroma-bear-
568 /PARSLEY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
er). alpha- and beta-pinene, alpha- and beta-phellandrene, INDICATIONS AND USAGE
hybrid strains also exist PARSLEY HERB AND ROOT
Approved by Commission E:
Furocoumarins: including among others, bergapten, oxy-
peucedanin, isopimpinellin, psoralen, xanthotoxin, • Infections of the urinary tract
imperatorin • Kidney and bladder stones
Flavonoids (1.9-5.6%): chief components apiin Unproven Uses: The herb is used for flushing the efferent
urinary tract and for the prevention and treatment of kidney
Vitamins: in particular ascorbic acid (up to 165 mg per 100 gravel. In folk medicine, it is used for gastrointestinal
gm) disorders, jaundice, kidney and bladder inflammation, as a
diuretic and as an emmenagogue.
COMPOUNDS: PARSLEY ROOT
Volatile oil (0.05-0.12%): chief components of Petroselinum Homeopathic Uses: Inflammation of the urinary tract and
crispum ssp. crispum apiole, myristicin, terpinolene, tubero- irritable bladder.
sum apiole, beta-pinene, additionally including among oth- PARSLEY FRUIT
ers, alpha- and beta-pinene, (+)-limonene, beta- Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, the fruit has been used for
bisabolene menstrual disturbances, disorders of the gastrointestinal tract,
the, kidneys and lower urinary tract, and as a digestive.
Phthalides: including among others, ligustilide, senky-
unolide CONTRAINDICATIONS
PARSLEY HERB, ROOT AND FRUIT
Furocoumarins: including among others, bergaptene, oxy- The herb is contraindicated in patients allergic to parsley or
peucedanin, isopimpinellin, psoralen, xanmotoxin and apiole, those with kidney inflammations and in pregnant
imperatorin women. Irrigation therapy should not be carried out in the
presence of edema resulting from reduced cardiac and
Flavonoids (0.2-1.3%): chief components apiin
kidney function.
Polyynes: including among others, falcarinol, falcarindiol PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
PARSLEY HERB AND ROOT
EFFECTS: PARSLEY HERB AND ROOT
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
Although its mode of action has not been clearly explained,
conjunction with the proper administration of designated
its use for urinary tract complaints seems plausible.
therapeutic dosages. The drug leads rarely to contact
COMPOUNDS: PARSLEY FRUIT allergies; photodermatosis is also conceivable following
intensive skin contact between freshly harvested plant parts
Volatile oil (2-6%): chief components, according to breed and light-skinned individuals.
Apiole (58-80J& ^ _ Pregnancy: Therapeutic doses are contraindicated in
pregnancy.
Myristicin (49-77%)
1 -allyl-2,3,4,5-tetramethoxybenzole (50-60%) PARSLEY FRUIT
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
Alpha- and beta-pinene, beta-phellandrene: among others conjunction with the proper administration of designated
therapeutic dosages. The drug leads rarely to contact
Furocoumarins: including among others bergapten, oxy- allergies; photodermatoses occur somewhat more frequently
peucedanin, isopimpinellin, psoralen, xanthotoxin arid following skin contact.
imperatorin
Pregnancy: Parsley fruit preparations are contraindicated in
Fatty oil: chief fatty acid petroselic acid (60-80%) pregnancy; an abortive effect has been observed.
EFFECTS: PARSLEY FRUIT OVERDOSAGE
In animal experiments, a diuretic effect is said to have been PARSLEY HERB, ROOT AND FRUIT
demonstrated with low doses as well as a moderate increase The administration of higher dosages of the volatile oil or of
in uterine tone. Higher doses increase contractility of the preparations with high concentrations of the volatile oil can
smooth muscle of the intestine, bladder and especially the lead to poisonings. Symptoms include elevated contractility
uterus and therefore may be abortifacient; this explains its of the smooth musculature, in particular of the urinary
use for menstruation complaints. bladder, of the intestines and of the uterus. Other symptoms
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS
may include anuria, bloody stools, emaciation, fatty liver* Harborne Jr. B, Williams CE, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1741.
hemolysis, methemoglobinuria and mucous membrane Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
bleeding. Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
DOSAGE Innocenti G et al., (1976) Planta Med 29:165.
PARSLEY HERB AND ROOT Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
Mode of Administration: Comminuted drug for infusions as in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc.. New
well as other galenic preparations with a comparably small York 1980.
proportion of essential oil to be taken orally. Dry extracts are MacLeod AJ et al., (1985) Phytochemistry 24(11):2623.
used in pharmaceutical products, such as tablets. MacLeod AJ, Snyder CH, Subramanian G, Volatile aroma
How Supplied: constituents from parsley leafs. In: PH 24(ll):2623-2627. 1985.
Capsules — 450 mg, 455 mg Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel. Bde 1-3.
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Liquid — 1:1 Middleton E, Drzewiecki G, (1984) Biochem Pharmacol
Preparation: Infusion: Pour boiling water over 2 gm finely 33:3333.
cut drug and strain after 10 to 15 minutes. Neuhaus-Carlisle K et al., Calcium-antagonistic activity of
extracts and constituents of Petroselinum crispum and other
Daily Dosage: A total of 6 gm in the appropriate pheaylpropane derivatives. In: PM 59(7):A582. 1992.
preparations.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Jormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengiile.
Infusion: 2 to 3 cups over the course of the day. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg/ Lech 1993.
Sokeland J, Phytotherapie in der Urologie. In: ZPT 10(1):8.
Adequate intake of liquid is essential for flushing out 1989.
treatment.
Stahl E, Jork H, Chemische Rssen bei Arzneipflanzen. I. Mitt.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every Untersuchung der Kultu'rvaTietaten europaischer
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times a day (chronic); Petersilienhrkiinfte. In: Arch Pharmaz 297:273-281. 1964.
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
a day (HAB1). The daily dosage is 6 gm drug. Adequate Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
intake of liquid is essential for flushing out treatment. Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie.
Storage: Protect from light and moisture and tightly sealed. Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
PARSLEY FRUIT Stuttgart 1997.
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the fruit are for Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
internal use. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
Preparation: To rrfake'an infusion, pour boiling* water over York, 1995.
lgm freshly pressed drug and strain after 10 minutes. Warncke D, Petroselinum crispum - Die Gartenpetersilie. In:
ZPT 15(l):50-58. 1994.
Daily Dosage: The average single dose is 1 gm.
Wichtl M (Ed.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsses. Stungan
Tea — Two to 3 cups of the infusion can be taken daily. 1997.
Zheng GQ, Kenney PM, Lam LKT, Myristicin - a potential
Storage: Protect from light and moisture.
cancer chemopreventive agent from parsley leaf oil. In: J Agric
LITERATURE Food Chem 40(1): 107. 1992.
PARSLEY HERB AND ROOT PARSLEY FRUIT
Ashraf M et al., (1980) Pak J Sci Ind Res 23(3/4): 128. Ashraf M et al., (1980) Pak J Sci Ind Res 23(3/4): 128.
Bjeldanes LF, Kim I, (1977) J Org Chem 42:2333. Bjeldanes LF, Kim I, (1977) J Org Chem 42:2333.
Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin. Immunol. 73:801. Busse WW et al., (1984) J All Clin. Immunol. 73:801.
Chaudhary SK et al., (1986) Planta Med (6):462. Chaudhary SK et al., (1986) Planta Med (6):462.
Gijbels MJM et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 61(1): 17. Gijbels MJM et al., (1985) Fitoterapia 61(1): 17.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Eds.), Hagers Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Eds.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. 1994.
570/PARSLEY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Harbome Jr. B, Williams CE, (1972) Phytochemistry 11:1741. margins. They are glabrous on the inside and draw together
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen. Pflanzenallergene, ecomed when the fruit ripens. The fruit is 1 mm long, ovate, keeled,
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. flat and jug-shaped. The calyx is vertically wrinkled and
Innocenti G et al., (1976) Planta Med 29:165. pubescent.
DESCRIPTION
Mode of Administration: The fresh or dried drug and the
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the liquid extract are used.
above-ground section.
LITERATURE
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in axillary clusters of 10 Kem W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
to 20. They are encircled by stipules. The sepals are erect, Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
acuminate-ovate and pubescent on the outside and on the Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PARSNIP / 5 7 1
Flower and Fruit: The golden yellow flowers are in 8- to 12- PARSNIP HERB
rayed umbels, which are quite flat and contain androgynous Unproven Uses: The herb is used in kidney and gastrointesti-
blooms. There is usually no involucre or epicalyx, or they nal complaints and for digestion problems.
consist of 1 or 2 dropping bracts. The petals are even-sized, Homeopathic Uses: The herb is used for delirium.
golden yellow, 0.5 mm long when rolled up and 1 mm wide.
The fruit is broad-elliptical, compressed, similar to a lentil, 5 PARSNIP ROOT
to 7 mm long and 4 to 5.5 mm wide. It is yellow-brownish Unproven Uses: The root is used for kidney stones, sprains
when ripe. The fruit is marked with oil marks and hollows. and fever.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a biennial, which grows Homeopathic Uses: The root is used for delirium.
from 30 to 100 cm. The root is fusiform or tuberous like a
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
carrot or turnip. It is whitish and usually bears only I stem.
The stem is erect, angular, grooved, short-haired to glabrous No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
and branched above. The leaves are simple pinnate, glossy
dosages. An increase in UV-sensitivity is possible among
above, paler and soft-haired beneath. The cauline leaves are
light-skinned persons (due to phototoxic effect of the
on a long sheath, which is rolled at the edge. The basal
furocoumarins).
ML leaves are petiolate; the leaflets are ovate-oblong and deeply
lobed at the base. The terminal leaflet is 3 lobed and roughly DOSAGE
crenate to serrate. PARSNIP HERB
Characteristics: The turnip-like root tastes like carrot. Mode of Administration: Available ground, as a decoction of
the dried herb.
Habitat: Parsnip grows wild in most parts of Europe and
Asia Minor as far as western Siberia. It is naturalized in the Preparation: 1 handful of Parsnip herb cooked in 1 liter of
U.S. It is cultivated in Europe, America, Australia, India, water for 10 minutes.
China and southern Africa. Daily Dosage: For the first 8 days, drink-one wine-glassful 3
Production: Parsnip rjoot or herb are the dried parts of times daily; during the second week drink ope water glassful.
Pastinaca sativa. The daily intake can be increased up to 2 liters. The cure
takes 4 to 6 weeks.
Not to be Confused With: Other types of root such as
Corium, Parsley Roots and the root of Bear's Breech (also Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
known as Hogweed). 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
daily (HAB34).
COMPOUNDS: PARSNIP HERB
Furocoumarins: in particular angelicin, bergaptene, xantho- PARSNIP ROOT
toxin, imperatorin, psoralen Daily Dosage: Take 1 teaspoon of freshly grated root,
containing 50% plant material, 3 times daily.
fe Volatile oil: chief components cis- and trans-beta-ocimene,
trans-beta-farnesene, terpineols, palmitolactone Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
Flavonoids: including rutin 30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute, 3 times daily; chronic: once
COMPOUNDS: PARSNIP ROOT daily (HAB34).
Furocoumarins: in particular angelicin, bergaptene, xantho-
LITERATURE
toxin, imperatorin, psoralen
Ivie GW, Holt DL, Ivey MC, Natural toxicants in human foods:
Volatile oil (1.9-3.1%): chief components including aliphatic psoralen an raw and cooked parsnip roots. In: Science 213:909.
ester, in particular octylbutyrate (29-85%), in certain strains 1981.
572/PARSNIP PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Kubeczka KH et al., Uber das atherische Ol der Apiaceae Other Names: Easter Flower, Meadow Anemone, Passe
(Umbelliferae). II. Das atherische 01 der oberirdischen Teile Flower, Pulsatilla, Wind Flower
von Pastinaca sativa. In: PM 31(2): 173-184. 1977.
Stahl E et al., Uber das atherische 01 der Apiaceae ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
(Umbelliferae). Vl.Untersuchungen zum Vorkommen von COMPOUNDS
Chemotypen bei Pastinaca sativa. In: PM 371(12):49-56. 1979. Protoanemonine-forming agents: In the freshly harvested
Further information in: plant, presumably the glycoside ranunculin changes enzy-
matically when the plant is cut into small pieces, and
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 probably also when it is dried, into the pungent, volatile
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to anemonin. When
1994. dried, the plant is not capable of protoanemonine-formation.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Triterpene saponins
Nachdruck, Georg 01ms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, EFFECTS
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. In animal experiments, the protoanemonin and anemonin had
an antipyretic and motility-inhibiting effect. In the inhibition
test, an antibiotic effect was shown. Protoanemonin is a
strong local irritant to the mucous membranes and skin.
Parthenocissus quinquefolia
See American Ivy INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Pasque Flower is used for diseases and
functional disorders of genital organs; inflammatory and
infectious diseases of skin and mucosa; diseases and
Pasque Flower functional disorders of the gastrointestinal tract and the
urinary tract; neuralgia; migraine; and general restlessness. It
Pulsatilla pratensis has also been used to treat iritis, scleritis, gray cataract and
DESCRIPTION glaucoma.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole fresh plant
collected during the flowering season. Homeopathic Uses: Homeopathic uses include inflammation
of the respiratory tract, digestive organs, female genital
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary and almost organs, bladder, eyes, middle ear, menstruation complaints,
always nodding. They have 6 campanulate, close, bright- problems during pregnancy and nursing, rheumatism, prob-
violet tepals. These are usually thickly silky-haired on the lems with voiding urine, headaches, insomnia, measles,
outside with revolute tips, and are 1.5 to 3 cm long. The mumps and depressive states.
stamens are yellow and numerous; the longer ones are at
least two-thirds the length of the tepals. The carpels with the CONTRAINDICATIONS
style are as long as the tepals. The ripe fruit is oblong and The drug is contraindicated during pregnancy.
densely pubescent. The protruding style is up to 6 cm long.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial, 7 to 50 cm
high with a strong, dark, usually divided, rhizome. The basal General: No health hazards or side effects are known in
leaves usually appear after the flowers and are not hardy. conjunction witii the proper administration of designated
They are 3 to 4 pinnate with narrow linear acuminate end therapeutic dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin
sections that, along with the petioles, are thickly white contact with the freshly harvested, bruised plant (which
villous. The stems are erect and densely pubescent with 3 releases protoanemonine that is severely irritating to skin and
whorled high leaves, divided into linear, pubescent tips. mucous membranes) can lead to blister formation and
cauterizations that are difficult to heal. If taken internally,
Characteristics: The plant is poisonous. severe irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with
colic and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary
Habitat: The plant originated in southwestern Europe and
drainage passages, are possible.
now also grows in central and eastern Europe.
Production: Pasque Flower herb consists of the dried, above- Pregnancy: Administration of the drug during pregnancy is
ground parts of Pulsatilla vulgaris and/or Pulsatilla pratensis. absolutely contraindicated.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PASSION FLOWER/573
OVERDOSAGE
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quanti-
Passiflora incarnata
ties of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in See Passion Flower
animal experiments.
^ Symptomatic treatment for external contact should consist of
^ mucilaginosa, after irrigation with diluted potassium perman-
ganate solution; in case of internal contact, activated
Passion Flower
charcoal should follow gastric lavage. Passiflora incarnata
DOSAGE TRADE NAME
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut and powdered forms of Passion Flower (available from numerous manufacturers),
the drug are used, as are homeopathic forms for internal use. Alcohol Free Passion Flower Liquid
infusion is 0.12 to 0.3 g taken 3 times daily. The usual single Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the whole or cut
dose of the drug is 0.2 g; Powder 0.1 to 0.4 g; Tincture: dried herb and the fresh aerial parts. The yellow pulp from
single dose: 0.3 to 1 ml. the berry is edible. Several other related species also have
edible fruits or healing properties.
Conditions of the inner eye: 1 to 3 pills 3 times daily (from
powder and extract at 50 g /75 pills). Flower and Fruit: The axillary pedicle grows up to 8 cm and
bears 1 flower. The flowers are androgynous and rayed with
Homeopathic Dosage: From D2: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet or 5 a diameter of 5 to 9 cm and have an involucre. The 5 sepals
to 10 globules 1 to 3 times a day; from D3: 1 suppository 2 are green on the outside, white on the inside and tough. The
to 3 times a day; from D4: 1 ml injection solution sc twice 5 petals are white to pale red. There is a secondary corolla
weekly and 3 to 4 nose drops 3 to 5 times a day (HAB1). inside the petals made up of 4 thread wreaths arranged in
^ LITERATURE rays around the axis of the flower, which are white on the
Pourrat A et al., (1980) Planta Med 38:289. inside and purple on the outside. The ovary has 3 carpels and
3 style branches, which end in a thickened stigma. The 5
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
stamens are joined at the base and fused to the
Siess M, Seybold G, Untersuchungen iiber die Wirkung von androgynophor.
Pulsatilla pratensis, Cimicifuga racemosa und Aristolochia
clematis auf den Ostrus infantiler und kastrierter wei|3er Mause. Leaves, Stem and Root: The Passion Flower is a perennial
In: Arzneim Forsch 10:514. 1960. vine on a strong, woody stem reaching up to about 10 m in
Further information in: length. The vine is initially angular, later.gray and rounded
with longitudinally striated bark. The leaves are alternate,
Chan H, But P (Eds.), Pharmacology and Applications of
petiolate, serrate and very finely pubescent. The under
' Chinese Materia Medica, Vol 1, World Scientific Singapore
surface is hairier than the upper surface. There are bumpy
1986.
extra-floral nectaries on the leaf blades. Stipules and tendrils
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur grow from the leaf axils.
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufi., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. Habitat: The plant is indigenous to an area from the
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers soumeast U.S. to Argentina and Brazil. It is cultivated in
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 Europe as a garden plant.
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
1994. Production: Passion Flower herb consists of the fresh or
dried aerial parts of Passiflora incarnata. The flowering
j£ Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, shoots are cut 10 to 15 cm above the ground, usually after
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. the formation of the first apple-sized fruit. The harvest is
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, dried in a hay drier or in die air. For a maximum flavonoid
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. content in the flowering shoot, twice yearly harvest is
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, recommended; opinions are not, however, unanimous.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Not to be Confused With: Passiflora caeulea, Passiflora
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und foetida or Passiflora edulis
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995. Other Names: Granadilla, Maypop, Passion Vine
5 7 4 / P A S S I O N FLOWER PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Unproven Uses: Passion Flower is used internally for Hansel R, Pflanzliche Beruhigungsmittel Moglichkeiten und
Grenzen der Selbstmedikation. In: DAZ 135(32), 2935-2943.
depressive states such as hysteria, general nervous agitation,
1995.
insomnia and nervous gastrointestinal complaints. The herb
is used externally for hemorrhoids and as a bath additive for Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed.), Hagers
nervous agitation. Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Homeopathic Uses: Passifloraincamata is used for insomnia, 1994.
convulsions and agitation. Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics. John Wiley & Sons Inc. New
PRECAUTIONS.MMO ADVERSE REACTIONS .. ~ York 1980.
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Loehdefink J, Kating H, (1974) Planta Med 25:101.
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. Lutomski J, Malek B, (1975) Planta Med 27:381.
Lutomski J, Wrocinski T, (1960) Bui Inst Ros Lee 6:176.
DOSAGE
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Mode of Administration: As a comminuted herb for tea and
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
other galenic preparations for internal use or as sedative bath
additives. Maluf E, Barros HMT, Frochtengarten .-ML et al., (1991)
Assessment of the Hypnotic/Sedative Effects and Toxicity of
How Supplied: Passiflora edulis Aqueous Extract in Rodents and Humans.
Capsules — 400 mg Phytother Res 5:262-266.
Meier B, (1995) Passiflora incarnata - Portrait einer
Liquid (alcohol free) — 1:1 Arzneipflanze. Z Phytother 16:115-126.
Preparation: To make an infusion, pour 150 ml of hot water Meier B, (1995) Passiflorae herba - pharmazeutische Qualitat. Z
over 1 teaspoon drug and strain after 10 minutes. To make a Phytother 16:90-99.
rinse for the external treatment of hemorrhoids, put 20 gm Middleton E, Drzewiecki G, (1984) Biochem Pharmacol
drug into 200 ml simmering water, strain and use when 33:3333.
cooled. Poethke W, et al., (1970) Planta Med 18:303.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PEANUT/575
axils. They blossom at sunrise and wilt in the same morning, PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
during which time they stretch from 5 to 20 cm and act No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
negatively phototropically downward. After pollination, a with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
meristem develops at the base of the ovary, from which the dosages.
fruit axis grows. The fruit only starts to grow when the stem
DOSAGE
is 5 to 10 cm underground, where it grows horizontally. The
Mode of Administration: As an enema, oil, bath additive and
fruit is a 4 cm long by 1.5 cm thick closed pod with a
medicinal base component.
fibrous, reticulate-wrinkled wall and 1 to 4 large seeds with
no endosperm and a thin, red shell. Daily Dosage: As a rectal enema, use 130 ml of oil at body
temperature. For use in a bath, the recommended concentra-
Leaves, Stem and Root: The peanut plant is an annual tion is 4 ml per 10 liters of water. Adults should bathe for 15
herbaceous 30 to 70 cm high legume, with glabrous, double to 20 minutes 2 to 3 times weekly. Children and babies
pinnate leaves and a decumbent to upright stem. should bathe for a few minutes 2 to 3 times weekly.
Habitat: Peanuts were originally indigenous to tropical and Storage: Protect from light in well-sealed and, if possible,
sub-tropical South America. Today, Arachis hypogaea is fully filled containers. Oils from different deliveries should
cultivated in all tropical and sub-tropical regions worldwide not be stored together. Oils with a tocopherol content less
except in the rain forests. than 50 mg/100 mg do not store well.
LITERATURE
Production: Peanut oil is the fatty oil extracted from the Adrian J, Jacquot R, Valeur Alimentaire de TArachide et ses
husked seeds of Arachis hypogaea by means of a "cold Derives, Maisonneuve et Larose, Paris 1968.
press" method or by hexane extraction and refining.
Avichezer D, Arnon R, Differential reactivities of the Arachis
hypogaea (peanut) and Vicia villosa B4 lectins with human
Other Names: Arachis, Groundnuts, Monkey Nuts
ovarian carcinoma cells grown either in vitro or in vivo
xenograft model. FEBS Lett, 395:103-8, 1996 Oct 21.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Boudreaux HB, Frampton VL, (1960) Nature 185:469.
Fatty oil: chief fatty acids include oleic acid, linolic acid and Codex Alimentarius Commission, Alinorm 79/17, Report 10th
palmitin acid. Also present in small quantities are longer- Session. Codex Committee on Fats and Oils, London 1987.
chained fatty acids such as eicosanoic acid and tetracosanoic Eghafona NO, Immune responses following cocktails of
acid. inactivated measles vaccine and Arachis hypogaea L.
(groundnut) or Cocos nucifera L. (coconut) oils adjuvant.
EFFECTS Vaccine, 14:1703-6, 1996 Dec.
The effect obtained when used as an enema for constipation Garcia GM, Stalker HT, Shroeder E, Kochert G, Identification
and in dermatology for dry skin, eczema and dandruff is of RAPD SCAR and RFLP markers tighdy linked to nematode
achieved primarily* from the drug's oiliness, although it has resistance genes introgressed from Arachis cardenasii into
been shown to contain lectines. Arachis hypogaea. Genome, 39:836-45, 1996 Oct.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Unproven Uses: Peanut oil is added to ointments and (Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
medicinal oils, and applied rectally in rectal constipation. It 1994.
is also used in dermatology for crusting and scaling of the
Further information in:
scalp (with hair), baby care and dry skin. Other applications
include use as a bath additive for subacute and chronic Bhagya S, Prakash V, Srinivasan KS, Effect of different
proteolytic enzymes on tile nature of subunit composition of
eczema and for atrophic eczema and ichthyosis.
arachins from groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.). Indian J
Biochem Biophys, 12:154-9, 1992 Apr.
The pharmaceutical and medical industries use peanut oil as
a vehicle for medication in external, enteral or parenteral Boudreaux HB, Frampton VL, Nature 185 (1960), 469.
preparations; the cosmetics industry uses it in skin, sun and Burks AW, et al., Identification and characterization of a
massage oil. Domestically, it is used as a salad or cooking oil second major peanut allergen Ara h II with use of the sera of
that is said to lower blood cholesterol levels. patients with atopic dermatitis and positive peanut challenge. J
Allergy Clin Immunol, 90:962-9, 1992 Dec.
Indian Medicine: Peanut oil is used for constipation, Calori-Domingues MA, Fonseca H, Laboratory evaluation of
neuralgia and dislocated joints. chemical control of aflatoxin production in unshelled peanuts
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PELLITORY/577
(Arachis hypogaea L.). Food Addit Contam, 12:347-50, 1995 edible. The seeds are pointed at one end and rounded at the
May-Jun. other. When ripe, they are dark brown to black, glabrous and
Codex Alimentarius Commission Alinorm 79/17, Report 10th about 0.5 cm long.
Session. Codex Committee on Fats and Oils, London 1987.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The pear is a tree, up to 20 m tall,
1987.
with a long-clavate crown. The bark is dark brown to black
' Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers and broken into square plates. The glabrous or slightly
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 pubescent branches are glossy brown or thorny. The leaves
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
are 2 to 8 cm long, ovate-round, acuminate, tough and
1994.
serrate. The ribs are protruding.
Langkilde NC et at, Human urinary bladder carcinoma
glycoconjugates expressing T-(Gal beta(l-3)GalNAc alpha l-O- Habitat: The Pear Tree grows mainly in the temperate
R) and T-like antigens: a comparative study using peanut regions of the Northern Hemisphere.
agglutinin, poly- and monoclonal antibodies. Cancer Res.
52:5030-6, 1992 Sep 15. Production: Pears are the fruit of Pyrus communis.
Sanford GL, Harris-Hooker S, Stimulation of vascular cell Fruit acids: malic acid (0.06-0.1%), additionally citric acid,
proliferation by beta-galactoside specific lectins. FASEB J, quinic acid
52:2912-8, 1990 Aug. Cyanogenic glycosides: amygdalin (only in the seeds)
Sreenivas A, Sastry PS, A soluble preparation from developing
groundnut seeds (Arachis hypogaea) catalyzes de novo synthesis Aromatic substances: including (E,Z)-2.4-deca-dien-(E)-2-
of long chain fatty acids. Indian J Biochem Biophys, 14:213-7, octen and -(Z)-4-decenacylethylester. acetic acid hexylester
1995 Aug. Caffeic acid derivatives: in particular 5-caffeoyl quinic acid
Srivastava R, Rajput YS, Khare SK, Tyagi R, Gupta MN,
Purification and characterization of an acid phosphatase from Pectin
Arachis hypogaea. Biochem Mol Biol Int, 224:949-56, 1995 EFFECTS
Apr. In folk remedies, Pear is said to be astringent and cooling.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Unproven Uses: Pear is used in the treatment of mild
Swamy MJ, Gupta D, Mahanta SK, Surolia A, Further digestive disorders, while its syrup is used as a diuretic and
characterization of the saccharide specificity of peanut (Arachis
laxative.
hypogaea) agglutinin. Carbohydr Res, 137:59-67, 1991 Jun 25.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS "
Stuttgart 1997. „ , ^ No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
Urtz BE, Elkan GH, Purification and partial characterization of with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
acyl carrier proteins from developing oil seeds of pisa dosages.
(Actinodaphne hookeri) and ground nut (Arachis hypogaea). DOSAGE
Indian J Biochem Biophys, 224:137-46, 1995 Jun. Mode of Administration: Fresh fruit (as food)
Zhang X, Ling L, Dai R, Constituents of the seed coat of
LITERATURE
Arachis hypogaea L. Chung Kuo Chung Yao Tsa Chih,
Belitz HD, Grosch W, Lehrbuch der Lebensmittelchemie, 4.
137:356-8 384, 1990 Jun.
Aufl., Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg. New York 1992.
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
Pear Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Pyrus communis
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fruit. Pellitory
Flower and Fruit: The fleshy fruit is typically smaller near
Anacyclus Pyrethrum
the stem and larger at the apical end, with a relatively tough DESCRIPTION
skin. The core has a number of carpels, which are large and Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root.
578/PELLITORY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Flower and Fruit: Each stem bears a 1 cm wide flower. The OVERDOSAGE
bracts are fused. The ray florets are white and tinged purple Signs of irritation are possible in connection with overdoses
beneath. The disc florets are pointed. The fruit has transpar- due to the mucous-membrane-stimulating character of the
ent wings. alkamides.
whose thickened, hollow stems grow a short distance along Mode of Administration: There is mention of use as a gargle
the ground before turning upward. The plant grows to about and as a powder, but no precise information is available.
45 cm high and has double-pinnate, tough leaves. The root is LITERATURE
almost cylindrical, easily twisted, tapered and crowned with Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
a tuft of gray hair. The outside is brown and fissured with Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde 1-8, Springer Verlag
shiny black markings. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Habitat: Common in Europe and the U.S., usually cultivated. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
PEPPERMINT LEAVES
Production: Peppermint oil consists of the essential oil of Approved by Commission E:
Mentha piperita obtained by aqueous steam distillation from
freshly harvested, flowering springs and preparations of • Liver and gallbladder complaints
same. Peppermint leaves consist of the fresh or dried leaf of 9 Dyspeptic complaints
Peppermint as well as its preparations.
The drug is used for convulsive complaints of the gastroin-
Peppermint leaf is harvested several times a year. The testinal tract as well as gallbladder and bile ducts.
maximum leaf harvest and highest oil content is shortly
Unproven Uses: In folk use, peppermint is utilized for
before the flowering season. The harvest is dried mechani-
nausea, vomiting, morning sickness, respiratory infections,
cally on drying belts at a temperature of 42° C. Peppermint is
dysmenorrhea and colds.
harvested mechanically shortly after flowering and dried in
the field. Homeopathic Uses: The drug is used for colds.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PEPPERMINT/581
Eccles R, Lancashire B, Tolley NS. (1987) Experimental studies Keller K, Hansel R, Chandler RF, (eds) Adverse Effects of
on nasal sensation of airflow. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockholm) Herbal Drugs 1. Springer Verlag, Berlin Heidelberg New York,
103:303-306. S 171-178.
Eccles R, Morris S, Tolley NS, (1988) The effects of nasal Kucera LS, Hermann EC Jr, (1967) Proc Soc Exp Biol Med
anaesthesia upon nasal sensation of airflow. Acta Otolaryngol 124:865 et 874.
(Stockholm) 106:152-155.
Leiber B, (1967) Dieskussionsbemerkung. In: Dost FH, Leiber
Fintelmann V, Moglichkeiten und Grenzen der Phytotherapie bei B (Hrsg) Menthol and menthol-containing external remedies.
Magen-Darm- Krankheiten. In: ZPT 10(1 ):29. 1989. Thieme Stuttgart 1967, S. 22.
Fintelmann V, Phytopharmaka in der Gastroenterologie. In: ZPT Leicester RJ. Hunt RH, (1982) Peppermint oil to reduce solonic
15(3): 137. 1994. spasm during endoscopy. Lancet: 989.
Friederich HC, Vogelsberg, H, Neiss A, (1978) Ein Beitrag zur Nash P, Gould SR, Barnardo DE, (1986) Peppermint oil does
Bewertung von intern wirksamen Venenpharmaka. Z not relieve the pain of irritable bowel syndrome. Br J Clin
Hautkrankheiten 53 (ll):369-374. Pract 40:292-293.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, (1995a) Effekt von Pfefferminz- und Noller HG, (1967) Elektronische Messungen an der
Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen Nasenschleimhaut unter Mentholwirkung. In: Menthol and
Kopfschmerzmodellen. Z Phytother 16:23-33. menthol-containung external remedies. Thieme, Stuttgart, S 146-
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M. Stolze H, Heuss D, (1995) 153, 179.
Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms. Phytomedicine Rees WDW. Evans BK, Rhoes J, (1979) Treating irritable
2:93-102. bowel syndrouie with peppermint oil. Brit med J 11:835-838.
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Dworschak M. Stolze H, Heuss D,
Reuter HD, Pflanzliche Gallentherapeutika (Teil I) und (Teil II).
(1995b) Essential plant oils and headache mechanisms.
In: ZPT 16(1): 13-20 u. 77-89. 1995.
Phytomedicine 2:93-103.
Rohmeder J, Menthol: Verum statt Racemicum. In: PZ
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Effekt von Pfefferminz- und
139(4):300. 1994.
Eukalyptusolpraparationen in experimentellen
Kopfschmerzmodellen. In: ZPT 16(l):23-33. 1995. Sommerville KW, Richmond CR, Bell GD, (1984) Delayed
release peppermint oil capsules (Colpermin) for the spastic
Gobel H, Schmidt G, Soyka D, (1994) Effect of peppermint
colon syndrome: a pharmacokinetic study. Br J Clin Pharmac
and eucalyptus oil preparations on neurophysiological and
18:638-640.
experimental algesimetric headache parameters. Cephalalgia
14:228-234. Taylor BA, Luscombe DK, Duthie HL, (1983) Inhibitory effect
of peppermint on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Gut 24: A
Grafe AK, Besonderheiten der Arzneimitteltherapie im
992 (Abstract).
Sauglings- und Kindesalter. In: PZ 140(30):2659-2667. 1995.
Hamann KF, Bonkowsky V, (1987) Minzolwirkung auf die Weizel A, (1980) Colon irritabile. Therapiewoche 30:3898-3900.
Nasenschleimhaut von Gesunden. Dtsch Apoth Z 125:429-436. White DA, Thompson SP, Wilson CG, Bel JD, (1987) A
Harries N et al.,(1978) J Clin Pharm 2:171. pharmacokinetic comparison of two delayed release peppermint
oil preparations, Colpermin and Mintec for treatment of the
Hawthorn M, Ferranthe J, Luchowski E, Rutledge A, Wie XY, irritable bowel syndrome. Int J Pharmaceutics 40:151-155.
Triggle DJ, (1988) The actions of peppermint oil and menthol
on calcium channel dependent processes in intestinal, neuronal Wildgrube HJ, (1988) Untersuchung zur Wirksamkeit von
and cardiac preparations. Aliment Pharmacol Therap 2:101-118. Pfefferminzol auf Beschwerdebild und funktionelle Parameter
bei Patienten mit Reizdarmsyndrom (Studie). NaturHeilpraxis
Hefendehl FW, Murray MJ, (1973) Planta Med 23:101.
41:2-5.
Heinzs A, (1995c) Oleum menthae piperitae: Wirkmechanismen
Further information in:
und klinische Effektivitat bei Kopfschmerz vom Spannungstyp.
In: Loew D, Rietbrock N (Hrsg) Phytopharmaka in Forschung Fenarolis Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Voir 1, 2nd Ed.,
und klinischer Anwendung. Steinkopff Verlag, Darmstadt, S CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
177-184. Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Herrmann EC Jr., Kucera LS, Antiviral substances in plants of Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
the mint family (Labiatae). III. Peppermint (Mentha piperita) (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
and other mint plants. In: Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 124:874-878. 1994.
1995. Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed
Hills JM, Aaronson PI, (1991) The mechanisms of action of Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988.
peppermint oil on gastrointestinal smooth muscle. Gastroenterol Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
101:55-65. in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
Kantarev N, Peicev P, (1977) Folia Med 19(1):41. York 1980.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PERILLA/583
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. COMPOUNDS
Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag Volatile oil: constituents vary greatly according to chemo-
Heidelberg 1996. type, with perillaldehyde, L-limonene + perillaldehyde,
perilla ketone, myristicin, dill apiole or elsholtzia ketone
A Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer predominating
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
Caffeic acid derivatives: rosmarinic acid (0.4 to 1.7%)
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997. Monoterpene glucosides: including perillosides A to D,
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und citrusine C
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena. New Flavonoids: apigenin glucoside and luteolin glucoside,
York 1995. estered to some extent with caffeic acid
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen. 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
EFFECTS
Stuttgart 1997.
Perilla aldehyde (chemotype PA) is sedative and antibacteri-
al in effect; perilla ketone (chemotype PK) acts as a
propulsive in the gastrointestinal tract. In addition, a
cytotoxic and antitumorous effect was able to be demon-
Perilla strated. Perilla leaves may trigger allergic skin reactions
Perilla fructescens (Kanzaki & Kimura, 1992.) In at least one study, serum
cholesterol and triglyceride levels in rats that were fed Perilla
DESCRIPTION oil were lowered (Sakono et al, 1993.)
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plants are the
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
leaf-bearing branches and leaves.
Unproven Uses: The herb is used pharmaceutical^ as an
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are in 2-blossomed false antiseptic and for diseases of the mouth. The oil may also
whorls in the axils of the triangular bracts in 5 to 15 cm long, have positive antilipidemic effects.
spike-like, downy-haired inflorescences. The calyx is cam-
Chinese Medicine: Perilla is used in traditional Chinese
panulate, bilabiate, 3 to 10 mm long, with a triple-toothed
medicine for colds with fever, coughs, shortness of breath,
upper lip and a lower lip divided in two. The corolla is 4 to 5
chills, swelling of the nasal mucous membrane, headache
mm long, almost radial, with a short tube and a broadened,
and to treat poisoning from ingestion of fish or crab. Efficacy
almost circular section having a whitish, 5-lobed margin.
for these indications has not yet been proven.
There are 4 stamens of almost equal length and a superior, 2-
carpeled, 4-chambered ovary. The fruit is globose, gray- CONTRAINDICATIONS
brown, with plirple reticulate stripes and-a-diameter of Use during pregnancy is contraindicated because perillaldeh-
approximately 1.5 mm. The pericarp is thin and brittle; the yde was demonstrated to have a mutagenic effect in some in
seeds yellowish-white. vitro studies.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The herb, stands up to 1 m high. The PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
leaves are long-petiolate. The lamina is wide-ovate, acumi- No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
nate, rounded at the base, crenate, curly, dull green with administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The plant
brown-red spots to blackish-purple. The leaves are glossy possesses potential for sensitization. In tests with sheep using
and downy-haired along the veins. The stem is square, .15 to 20 mg/kg body weight administration per infusion,
branched and downy. Perilla ketone triggered pulmonary edema. Perillaldehyde
had mutagenic effect in some in vitro studies.
Habitat: The species is found in India, Burma, Japan and
DOSAGE
China.
Mode of Administration: Whole, cut, powdered drug prepa-
Production: Perilla leaves are the dried leaves and leaf- rations and oil for internal use.
bearing branches of Perilla fructescens. Harvesting is from Daily Dosage: Extract (aqueous): 3 to 10 g
July to August, after which the leaves and branches are dried
in the sun or shade. LITERATURE
Blaschek W, Hansel R, Keller K, Reichling J, Rimpler G,
Other Names: Beefsteak Plant Schneider G (Eds), Hagers Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen
584/PERILLA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
LITERATURE Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried or fresh
Behninger C, Abel G, Schneider E, Vinca minor zeigt keine leaves, the underground parts collected in autumn and dried,
antimitotische Eigenschaften. In: ZPT 13(2):35. 1992. the aerial parts collected toward the end of the flowering
Gosset-Garnier J et al., (1965) Bull Soc Chim Franc 676. season and the whole fresh plant.
Janot MM et al.. (1962) Bull Soc Chim Franc 1079. Flower and Fruit: The reddish flowers appear before the
Kaul JL, Trojanek (1966) Lloydia 29:25. leaves, immediately after the snow has melted. They grow on
Neczypor W, PA 24:273. 1969. flowering shafts from the base of the plant. The shaft is erect,
thick *and has purplish scales. The ones bearing the male
Taylor, B, In: Taylor WI. Famsworth N (Ed.): The Vinca
flowers are 15 to 20 cm high and those bearing the female
Alkaloids, Marcel Dekker Inc.. New York. 1973.
flowers are 40 cm high. The capitula of the mainly male
Trunzler G, Phytodierapeutische Moglichkeiten bei Herz- und flowers are initially in ovate, compact racemes. The flowers
arteriellen Gefa(3erkrankungen. In: ZPT 10(5): 147. 1989. are tubular campanulate. The female flowers have a thread-
Vinpocetin. In: ZPT 14(1): 11. 1993. like, tight tube and a bilabiate margin. The involucre is in 1
Further information in: to 2 rows and is reddish. A prismatic fruit with a yellowish-
m whitish pappus develops from the flower.
m
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers Leaves, Stern and Root: The short and gnarled rhizome lies
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 vertically or somewhat slanted in the ground. It is about 4 cm
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992- thick, brownish and thickened at die nodes. The root creeps
1994.
and branches under the surface. The leaves are large, basal,
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. long-petioled and roundish with a deeply cordate base. It is
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, gray underneath and irregularly dentate.
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. Cfiaracteristics: Petasite has the largest leaves of all
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie. 5. Aufl., Springer indigenous flora and has an unpleasant smell.
Verlag Heidelberg-1992. " . . ^
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, Habitat: The species is found in northern Asia, Europe and
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. some areas of North America.
Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. Production: Petasite consists of the whole plant of Petasites
Stuttgart 1997. hybridus. Petasite leaf consists of the leaves of Petasites
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und hybridis. The leaves are harvested before the end of the
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New flowering season and quickly dried. Only leaves that are the
York 1995. size of the palm of the hand are picked, as these are said to
have a higher level of active principles than the larger leaves.
Petasite root consists of the dried underground parts of
Petasites hybridus. A distinction is made between andrody-
Persea americana namic and gynodynamic varieties. The roots of the former
See Avocado are dug up in autumn and of the latter in spring. After being
dug up they are washed and dried. If drugs containing
petasin are to be extracted, then cultivation must be carried
out under laboratory conditions.
Persicaria bistorta Not to be Confused With: Other Petasite varieties and the
See Bistort leaves of Adenostyles alliariae or Tussilago farfara.
586/PETASITES PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Daily Dosage: Drink 2 to 3 cups of the infusion per day.
P E T A S I T E S LEAF
Note: The herb should not be used unless the pyrrolizidine
Unproven Uses: Petasite leaves are used to stimulate the
content is known. The maximum daily dose of pyrrolizidine
appetite and to treat nervous cramp-like states and states
alkaloids is 0.1 micrograms.
associated with pain, colic and headaches. In folk medicine,
the leaves are used internally for respiratory disorders, liver, PETASITES ROOT
gallbladder or pancreas disorders, as a prophylaxis for Mode of Administration: Extracts obtained with ethanol or
agitation and to induce sleep. Externally, the leaves are used lipophilic solvents and other galenic preparations for internal
to heal wounds and as a poultice for malignant ulcers. use.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PETASITES/587
Daily Dosage: Dosing of herbal preparations is highly Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
dependent on a variety of factors, such as growing and Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
harvesting conditions, plant parts, extraction methods used Mauz Ch et al., (1985) Pharm Acta Helv 60:4.
and the dosage form chosen by the manufacturer. Standard- Meier B, Die Pestwurz - Stand der Forschung. In: ZPT
ization to single constituent makers has proven unreliable. 15(5):268-284. 1994.
^P Since no official standards have been established to date to
Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
regulate production of herbal medicines in the United States, 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
dosage ranges must be employed as guidelines.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
Preparations equivalent to 4.5 to 7 gm drug may be used. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
When used internally, the daily dosage must not exceed 0.1 Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
micrograms of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 unsaturated Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
necine structure including their N-oxides. When used Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
externally, the maximum daily dosage should not exceed 10 Stuttgart 1997.
micrograms of pyrrolizidine alkaloids with 1.2 unsaturated PETASITES ROOT
necine structure including their N-oxides. Teas should not be Bicket D et al.. Identification and characterization of inhibitors
used. of peptide-leukotriene-synthesis from Petasites hybridus. In: PM
60(4):318. 1994.
Homeopathic Uses: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every 30
Brune K, Analgetische Wirkung von Pestwurz. In: DAZ
to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
133(37):3296. 1993.
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc, acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once
Brune K, Bickel D, Peskar BA, Gastro-Protective Effects by
a day (HAB1).
Extracts of Petasites hybridus: The Role of Inhibition of
LITERATURE Peptido-leukotriene Synthesis. In: PM 59(6):494. 1993.
PETASITES LEAF Bucher K, (1951) Ober ein antispastisches Prinzip in Petasites
w Bicket D et al., Identification and characterization of inhibitors officinalis Moench. Arch Exp Path Pharmacol 213:69.
of peptide-leukotriene-synthesis from Petasites hybridus. In: PM Carle R, Pflanzliche Antiphlogistika und Spasmolytika. In: ZPT
60(4):318. 1994. 9(3):67. 1988.
Brune K, Analgetische Wirkung von Pestwurz. In: DAZ Chizzola R, Distribution of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids
133(37):3296. 1993. senecionine and intergerrimine within the Petasites hybridus. In:
Brune K, Bickel D, Peskar BA, Gastro-Protective Effects by PM 58(7)93. 1992.
Extracts of Petasites hybridus: The Role of Inhibition of Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientzündliche Drogen. In: ZPT
Peptido-leukotriene Synthesis. In: PM 59(6):494. 1993. 14(1):26. 1993.
Bucher K, (1951) Ober ein antispastisches Prinzip in Petasites Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
officinalis Moench,^Arch Exp Path Pharmacol 213:69. Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
Carle R, Pflanzliche Antiphlogistika und Spasmolytika. In: ZPT
Gruenwald J, Brendler T, Jaenicke C (Eds.), Physicians' Desk
9(3):67. 1988.
Reference for Herbal Medicines. Medical Economics Company
Chizzola R, Distribution of the pyrrolizidine alkaloids Inc., Montvale, 1998.
senecionine and intergerrimine within the Petasites hybridus. In:
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
PM 58(7)93. 1992.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
Dorsch W, Neues iiber antientzundliche Drogen. In: ZPT (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
14(1):26. 1993. 1994.
Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Hasler A et al., Trace analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by
4P* Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- GC-NPD of extracts from the roots of Petasites hybridus. In:
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 147. 1996.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Mauz Ch et al., (1985) Pharm Acta Helv 60:4.
1994. Meier B, Die Pestwurz - Stand der Forschung. In: ZPT
Hasler A et al., Trace analysis of pyrrolizidine alkaloids by 15(5):268-284. 1994.
GC-NPD of extracts from the roots of Petasites hybridus. In: Roder E, Pyrrolizidinhaltige Arzneipflanzen. In: DAZ
PM 62, Abstracts of the 44th Ann Congress of GA, 147. 1996. 132(45):2427-2435. 1992.
588/PETASITES PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, aerial part has a diameter of 4 to 12 cm, and the pressed-in
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. top is filled with gray, woolly bushels of hair. The head is
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, divided into irregular flat warts by horizontal grooves.
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. Roundish aueroles of paintbrush-like yellowish or whitish
Wichtl M (Hrsg.), Teedrogen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges. tufts of hair grow from the tip of the warts.
Stuttgart 1997. m
Habitat: The plant grows in northern Mexico and bordering
southern Texas.
Cucurbitacins: chief component 25-acetoxy-2beta-D-gluco- prevents allergen- and PAF-induced bronchial obstruction in
syloxy-3,16,20-trihydroxy-9-methyl-19-norlanosta-5,23- guinea pigs. Int Arch Allergy Appl Immunol, 95:128-33, 1991.
dien-22-one (1.0 to 1.5%. extremely bitter) Mahajani SS, Kulkami RD, Effect of disodium cromoglycate
and Picrorhiza kurroa root powder on sensitivity of guinea pigs
Glycoproteins
to histamine and sympathomimetic amines. Int Arch Allergy
EFFECTS Appl Immunol, 42:137-44, 1977.
The acetophenone derivatives androsine and apocynine are Pandey BL, Das PK, Immunopharmacological studies on
bronchospasmolytic and antiasthmatic in effect. In addition, Picrorhiza kurroa Royle-ex-Benth. Part III: Adrenergic
antiphlogistic, immunostimulating, antibacterial and antivi- mechanisms of anti-inflammatory action. Indian J Physiol
ral, hepatoprotective, choleretic, spasmolytic and insecticidal Pharmacol, 42:120-5, 1988 Apr-Jun.
action mechanisms were able to be demonstrated. The Pandey BL, Das PK, Immunopharmacological studies on
positive influence of Picrorhiza kurroa in the treatment of Picrorhiza kurroa Royle-ex-Benth. Part IV: Cellular mechanisms
vitiligo is traceable to the immunomodulating and hepatopro- of anti-inflammatory action. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol, 42:28-
tective characteristics of the drug. 30, 1989 Jan-Mar.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Shukla B, Visen PK, Patnaik GK, Dhawan BN, Choleretic
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses have included menstrual effect of picroliv, the hepatoprotective principle of Picrorhiza
complaints, enteritis, gall bladder complaints, for stomach kurroa. Planta Med, 95:29-33, 1991 Feb.
conditions as an emetic, fever, constipation, chronic dysen- Vaidya AB, Antarkar DS, Doshi JC, Bhatt AD, Ramesh V,
tery, scabies, leucoderma, joint pain, chronic asthma, infec- Vora PV, Perissond D, Baxi AJ, Kale PM, Picrorhiza kurroa
tions, inflammations, coughs, hepatitis and snakebite. (Kutaki) Royle ex Benth as a hepatoprotective agent -
experimental & clinical studies. J Postgrad Med, 42:105-8, 1996
Chinese Medicine: Picrorhiza is used for fever induced by Oct-Dec.
strain, hyperemia, dysentery, jaundice, carbuncles, hemor-
rhoids, epilepsy and malnutrition in children.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper Picrorhiza kurroa
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. See Picrorhiza
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations for internal use.
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescences are racemes of white Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
or lilac flowers, which develop very quickly into the Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
infructescence. The fruit is a brown, globular berry, which is
about 0.75 cm in diameter. The fruit has a rough surface and
the remains of the calyx are present as a toothed ring at the
^ apex. It contains 2 reniform seeds. Pimpinella
Leaves, Stem and Root: The tree is an evergreen up to 12 m Pimpinella major
in height. The leaves are oblong and coriaceous. DESCRIPTION
Characteristics: The odor is aromatic and reminiscent of Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried rhizome,
the dried roots and the fresh roots collected in May.
cloves.
Flower and Fruit: The white flowers are in compound 5- to
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the West Indies and is I5:rayed umbels. There is no involucre or epicalyx. The
cultivated in South America, Central America and Jamaica. flowers are small. The petals are uneven with curved lobes.
Production: Pimento leaves are the foliage leaves of Pimenta The style is longer than the ovary during the flowering
racemosa. Pimentae fructus is obsolete as a drug. season. The fruit is dark brown to black, oblong-ovate,
compressed at the sides, 2 to 3.5 mm long, heavily grooved
Other Names: Allspice, Clove Pepper, Jamaica Pepper, and has no beak.
Pimenta
Leaves, Stem and Root: The 50 to 100 cm high plant is a
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY perennial. During the flowering season, it develops lateral
COMPOUNDS rosettes of leaves for the following year. These are usually
Volatile oil (hay oil, 0.7-1.2%): chief components- eugenol glabrous, occasionally finely downy to short-bristly. The root
(50-60%), chavicol (20%), additionally including among is fusiform or carrot-shaped. The root is 10 to 20 cm long
g| others eugenol methyl ether, methyl chavicol, myrcene, and I to 1.5 cm thick, gray-yellow and somewhat ringed.
limonene, (-)-phellandrene, 3- octanon, l-octen-3-ole, citral The stem is erect, angular, grooved, hollow, glabrous,
somewhat leafy and branched from the ground up. The
EFFECTS leaves are simple pinnate and glossy. The leaflets of the
Pimento is antiseptic and analgesic, and is a skin irritant. lower leaves are petiolate. They are ovate or oblong-indented
or serrate acuminate.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Pimento is used externally in rubefacient Characteristics: The fresh root smells rancid, suet or carrot-
lotions or liniments. like. The taste is tangy at first then burning-hot.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS Habitat: The plant grows all over Europe with the exception
General: No health hazards or side effects are known in of Scandinavia and the southern Balkans. It has been
conjunction with the proper administration Of designated introduced to North America.
therapeutic dosages. Allergic reactions to eugenol occur Production: Pimpinella herb consists of the above-ground
rarely. parts of Pimpinella saxifrage and/or Pimpinella major.
DOSAGE
Pimpinella root consists of the dried rhizomes and roots of
Mode of Administration: Pimento preparations are adminis- Pimpinella saxifrage and/or Pimpinella major. The root is
tered externally as lotions or liniments. dug up in spring and autumn. The uncut root is dried at
temperatures of 40° C to prevent loss of essential oils. The
LITERATURE drying process is completed when the roots can be broken.
Hogg JW et al., (1971) Am Perf Cosmet 86:33.
Not to be Confused With: Pimpinellae radix should not be
m Kato Y, (1975) Koryo 113:17 et 24. confused with other Apiaca roots. It is often adulterated with
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Eds.), Hagers Handbuch der the roots of Heracleum sphondylium, Heracleum mantegaz-
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag zianum and Pastinaca sativa.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Other Names: Pimpernell, Saxifrage, Burnet Saxifrage
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
York 1980. COMPOUNDS: PIMPINELLA HERB
E F F E C T S : P I M P I N E L L A HERB PIMPINELLA R O O T
No information is available. No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
COMPOUNDS: PIMPINELLA ROOT
dosages. Photosensitivity may occur in light-skinned
Volatile oil (0.05 to 0.7%): chief components- trans-epoxy-
individuals.
pseudo-isoeugenol (20-57%), additionally pregeijeren
(10%), geijerene (3%), beta-bisabolene, germacrenes A to D, DOSAGE
Reichling J, Martin R, Pseudoisoeugenole - eine Gruppe wide. They are usually thorny dentate and arranged in
seltener Phenylpropanoide im Genus Pimpinella: Biosynthese rosette. The stem is short.
unfd biologische Wirkung. In: PZW 136(5/6)225. 1991.
Characteristics: The fruit is usually parthenocarpic. The
Further information in:
cultivated fruits are seedless. The fruit pulp is white to
9 Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers yellow with a sourish-sweet, aromatic smell and taste.
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992- Habitat: Hawaii, Japan, Taiwan
Daily Dosage: Internal application: 80 to 240 mg of raw Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the U.S.
bromelain in galenic preparations, corresponding to 200 to
Production: Pink Root and herb are the rhizome and aerial
600 FIP units.
parts of Spigelia marilandica.
Storage: Seal tightly and air dry.
Other Names: American Wormgrass, Indian Pink, Maryland
LITERATURE Pink, Pinkroot, Starbloom, Wormgrass
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
(Drogen). Springer Verlag Berlin. Heidelberg, New York, 1992- COMPOUNDS
1994. The drug has not been investigated in recent times. Older
Harrach T, Eckert K. Schulze-Forster K. Nuck R. Grunow D, sources include, among others, references to the presence of
Maurer HR, Isolation and partial characterization of basic acidic resins, volatile oil, tannins, waxes and a volatile base
proteinases from stem bromelain. J Protein Chem. 57:41-52, (presumably identical with isoquinoline).
1995 Jan.
EFFECTS
Holtum JA, Summons R. Roeske CA, Comins HN, O'Leary Pink Root has anthelmintic actions.
MH, Allergic reactions, including asthma, to the pineapple
protease bromelain following occupational exposure. Clin INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Allergy, 57:443-50, 1979 Sep. Unproven Uses: The herb is used for worm infestation, as a
Hotz G. Frank T, Zoller J, Wiebelt H, Antiphlogistic effect of febrifuge and for malaria.
bromelaine following third molar removal. Dtsch Zahnarztl Z, Homeopathic Uses:- Spigelia marilandica is used as a
57:830-2, 1989 Nov. calmative during states of excitement.
Taussig SS, Batkin S, Abortifacient effect of steroids from
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Ananas comosus and their analogues on mice. J Reprod Fertil,
22:461-2, 1976 Mar. According to older sources, the drug allegedly contains a
toxin that paralyzes the spinal marrow and leads to death
Taussig SJ. Batkin S, Bromelain, the enzyme complex of
through asphyxiation.
pineapple (Ananas comosus) and its clinical application. An
update. J Ethnopharmacol, 22:191-203, 1988 Feb-Mar. DOSAGE
Taussig SJ. Batkin S, Modulation of pulmonary metastasis Mode of Administration: As a powdered root or herb or as a
(Lewis lung carcinoma) by bromelain, an extract of the liquid extract.
pineapple stem (Ananas comosus). Letter Cancer Invest, 22:241-
LITERATURE
2, 1988.
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen): Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
EFFECTS
The active agents are the tannin, hemlock tannin, and picea Piper nigrum
tannols. The drug has astringent, anti-inflammatory, diapho- See Black Pepper
retic, and diuretic properties.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Unproven Uses: Pinus Bark is used for digestive disorders,
diarrhea, and diseases of the mouth and throat. It was Pipsissewa
formerly used to treat scurvy. Chimaphila umbellata
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS DESCRIPTION
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the dried Ier.es
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic (occasionally mixed with twigs and flowers), the fresh ierial
dosages. Administration in allopathic medicine is not parts of the flowering plant and the complete dried pLiat.
common.
Flower and Fruit: The plant has terminal inflorescences 10
DOSAGE cm long with umbels of 2 to 7 flowers. The flowers. *inch
Mode of Administration: The drug is available as a liquid are initially bright pink and men white, are nodding and
extract, in medicinal preparations and combinations. mildly campanulate. The 5 sepals are obbvate. denuze and
about a third as long as the 5 petals. The petals are broadly
LITERATURE ovate, domed, pink and 5 to 6 mm long. The 10 stamens are
Hoppe HA, (1975-1987) Drogenkunde, 8. Aufi., Bde 1-3: W de thickened at the base, the edges are winged and ciliare. The
Gruyter Verlag, Berlin, New York.
anthers are short, thick and red. The style is very short and
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der the stigma broad and shorter than the anthers. The fnm is a
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde 1-8: Springer Verlag 5-grooved capsule with erect stems.
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a perennial semi-shrub
growing up to 25 cm high with an upright, angular stem and
a creeping white rhizome. The evergreen, alternate leaves are
Pinus species short-petioled, coriaceous, ovate-spatulate to linear and
wedge-shaped. The leaf margin is sharply serrate.
See Scotch Pine
Habitat: The plant grows extensively in Europe. Asia,
Siberia, and North and South America. It is a protected
species in Germany.
Piper betle Production: Pipsissewa is the aerial part of Chimaphila
See Betel Nut umbellata, which is collected in the wild.
596/PIPSISSEWA PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
externally for skin diseases and smallpox. Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are the leaves and
roots.
Homeopathic Uses: Among uses in homeopathy are chronic
inflammation of the efferent urinary tracts, prostate gland Flower and Fruit: The androgynous flowers usually have
and mammary glands. numerous stamens and a large 3- to 5-valved superior ovary.
The style spreads into a wide, stemmed umbrella, which
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS spreads over the stamens. The 5 stigma sit as small cone-like
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction structures on the underside of the roof of the tips. The
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic numerous marginal ovules are on individual axillary shafts.
dosages. The drug possesses a weak sensitizing effect, due to The fruit is a valved capsule. The small, membranous, thin-
its chimaphilin content. The drug is not suitable for long- skinned seeds contain an abundance of endosperm.
term use because of its hydroquinone glycoside content. (See
Leaves, Stem and Root: Sarracenia purpurea is a strange,
Uva-Ursi leaf.)
perennial plant with leaves that are in a basal rosette and
DOSAGE change into a tube or beaker-like formation. The beaker
Mode of Administration: Constituent of homeopathic prepa- bears a long wing-like strip on the side turned towards the
rations in dilutions or as a mother tincture. stem. These beakers are often very colorful and fill up with
rainwater and insects. During hot weather they are closed
Preparation: A liquid extract is prepared 1:1 with ethanol. because of a concentration of fibers. The enclosed rainwater
and insects form a mass, which probably acts as a fertilizer
Daily Dosage: The usual single dose is 2 g drug, 1 to 3 g
and has a strong odor.
drug in a tea, or 1 to 4 ml of extract.
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to the U.S.
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 to 10 drops, 1 tablet, 5 to 10
globules 1 to 3 times daily, or 1 ml injection solution sc Production: Pitcher Plant root and leaves are the root and
twice weekly (HAB1). leaves of Sarracenia purpurea.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS PLANTAIN / 5 9 7
Plantago ovata Unproven Uses: The drug is used for dyspepsia, gastrointes-
tinal complaints, diabetes, scurvy, diarrhea, hypertension and
See Psyllium gout. The roots of the tree have been used as an anthelmintic
598/PLANTAIN
and considered useful in alleviating bronchocele. The juice Usha V, Vijayammal PL, Kurup PA, Effect of dietary fiber
was used as a snakebite antidote. from banana (Musa paradisiaca) on cholesterol metabolism.
Indian J Exp Biol, 44:550-4, 1984 Oct.
Indian Medicine: Uses include worm disease, scabies, severe
thirst, bronchitis, itching, kidney disease, pharyngalgia and Usha V, Vijayammal PL, Kurup PA, Effect of dietary fiber
from banana (Musa paradisiaca) on metabolism of carbohydrates
dysuria. Efficacy for these indications has not yet been
in rats fed cholesterol free diet. Indian J Exp Biol, 44:445-9,
proven.
1989 May.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. It is
conceivable that the amine content could trigger attacks of
migraine headache. The freqency of myocardial fibrosis in
Platycodon grandiflorum
See Balloon-Flower (Jie-Geng)
tropical countries is said to be caused by chronic ingestion of
the plant. (Plantain should never be eaten raw; it must be
cooked or fried.)
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Preparations of the whole, cut and
Pleurisy Root
powdered drug are administered orally.
Asclepias tuberosa
DESCRIPTION
Preparation: Plantain starch is extracted through the elutria-
tion of the ground fruit pulp. Plantain powder is produced by Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is the root.
dividing the fruit into slices and air- or chamber-drying them
Flower and Fruit: The plant bears panicles of deep yellow
to a water content of only 15%, and then grinding. Plantain
and orange petalous flowers on the apex of the stem.
powder (or the unripened mashed fruit) is added to milk and
drunk or made into bread called Chapatis. Leaves, Stem and Root:. The plant is perennial, erect, 50 to
100 cm high with a fleshy tuberous root stock bearing a few
LITERATURE
Chattopadhyay S, Chaudhuri S, Ghosal S, Activation of stout, hairy stems. The leaves are alternate, oblong, glabrous,
peritoneal macrophages by sitoindoside-IV, an anti-ulcerogenic narrowly lanceolate and dark green. The under surface of the
acylsterylglycoside from Musa paradisiaca. Planta Med, 94:16-8, leaves is somewhat lighter than the upper surface. The
1987 Feb. rootstock is mildly ring-shaped with a branched crown. The
Englyst HN, Cummings JH. Digestion of the carbohydrates of roots are grooved lengthwise, grayish brown on the outside
banana (Musa paradisiaca sapientum) in the human small and whitish on the inside. The tissue is made up of
intestine. Am J Clin Nutr, 44:42-50, 1986 Jul. concentric rings, which divide easily. The root is tough, short
and starchy. Asclepias tuberosa is devoid of the latex typical
Goel RK, Gupta S, Shankar R, Sanyal AK, Anti-ulcerogenic
effect of banana powder (Musa sapientum var. paradisiaca) and of the genus (see Asclepias incarnata).
its effect on mucosal resistance. J Ethnopharmacol, 18:33-44,
Characteristics: Pleurisy Root has a nutty and bitter taste.
1986 Oct.
The odor is faint.
Lyte M, Induction of gram-negative bacterial growth by
neurochemical containing banana (Musa x paradisiaca) extracts. Habitat: Indigenous to America and Canada.
FEMS Microbiol Lett, 44:245-50, 1997 Sep 15.
Production: Pleurisy Root is the root of Asclepias tuberosa.
Mukhopadhyaya K, Bhattacharya D, Chakraborty A, Goel RK,
Sanyal AK, Effect of banana powder (Musa sapientum var. Other Names: Butterfly Weed, Canada Root, Flux Root,
paradisiaca) on gastric mucosal shedding. J Ethnopharmacol,
Orange Swallow-Wort, Swallow-Wort, Tuber Root, White
21:11-9, 1987 Sep-Oct.
Root, Wind Root, Orange Milkweed
Srivastava A, Raj SK, Haq QM, Srivastava KM, Singh BP,
Sane PV, Association of a cucumber mosaic virus strain with ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
mosaic disease of banana, Musa paradisiaca - an evidence using COMPOUNDS
immuno/nucleic acid probe. Indian J Exp Biol, 94:986-8, 1995 Cardioactive steroids (cardenolids) : including frugoside,
Dec. glucofrugoside, coriglaucigenin (aglycone)
Usha V, Vijayammal PL, Kurup PA, Aortic/glycosaminoglycans
alterations in antiatherogenic action of dietary fiber from unripe EFFECTS
banana (Musa paradisiaca). Indian J Med Res, 94:143-6, 1991 Pleurisy Root is said to act as an expectorant, tonic,
Apr. diaphoretic and antispasmodic.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS POGOSTEMON CABLIN / 5 9 9
INDICATIONS AND USAGE Flower and Fruit: The flowers are radial, their structures are
Unproven Uses: Pleurisy Root is used for coughs, pleurisy, arranged in fives with white petals and a superior ovary. The
disorders of the uterus, as an analgesic and to ease breathing. fruit is a 1-seeded nut.
The plant plays a particularly important role in the medicine Leaves, Stem and Root: Plumbago is a semi-shrub. The
L of American Indians as a remedy for pleurisy. It is also used leaves are simple and entire.
as a diaphoretic in treating pneumonia, inflammation of the
mucous membranes, local or general atrophy, diarrhea, Habitat: The plant is indigenous to Malaysia and China.
dysentery, rheumatism and stomach ache. Pleurisy Root is
also used as a diaphoretic and expectorant. Production: Plumbago herb is the dried aerial part of
Plumbago zeylandica.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Pleurisy Root is not to be used during pregnancy. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction Naphthalene derivatives: chief component plumbagin
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic (0.04%), including as well 3-chlorplumbagin, isoshinano-
dosages. lone, 3,3'-biplumbagin, elliptinone (6,6'-biplumbagin), dro-
serone, 3,6'-biplumbagin (chitranone), zeylanone, isozey-
OVERDOSAGE lanone, maritinone, 2-methyl naphthazarine
The drug has an emetic effect in higher dosages, and
digitalis-like poisonings are possible due to the cardioactive EFFECTS
steroid content. For possible symptoms and treatments for No definitive data available.
poisonings, see Digitalis purpurea.
INDICATIONS AND USAGE
DOSAGE
Chinese Medicine: The.herb has been used for rheumatism,
Mode of Administration: The drug is used internally as a
intestinal parasites, joint pain, anemia, scabies and furuncles.
liquid extract and is also available in combination
preparations. PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
LITERATURE
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
Costello CH, Butler CL, (1950) J Am Pharm Ass Sci Ed administration of designated therapeutic dosages.
39:233.
DOSAGE
Pagani F, (1975) Boll Chim Farm 114(8):450. Daily Dosage: 9 to 15 gm of drug
Petricic J, (1966) Arch Pharm Ber Dtsch. Pharm Ges
299(12): 1007. LITERATURE
No data available.
Further information in:
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3,
Plumbago zeylanica
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. See Plumbago
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormana K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
Podophyllum peltatum
See Mayapple
Plumbago
Plumbago zeylanica
DESCRIPTION
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts of the plant are the leaf Pogostemon cablin
and root. See Patchouli
6 0 0 / P 0 I S 0 N IVY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc; acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once yellowish-green, fleshy and glabrous. The upper part of the
a day (HAB34); children are given different doses. stem is occasionally pubescent. The stem is erect, tubular,
glabrous and branched. The leaves are palmate: The lower
Storage: In tightly sealed containers, not to be kept for more
ones are long-petioled with 2- to 3-lobed segments, and the
than a year.
upper ones are sessile and usually trifoliate.
LITERATURE
Characteristics: A bruised leaf coming into contact with the
• Gross M et aL PH 14:2263. 1975.
skin creates a blister that heals very slowly.
Millet S et aL PH 15:553. 1976.
Randall RC. Phillips GO, Williams PA. Food Hydrocolloids
Habitat: The plant is indigenous to central and northern
3:65-75. 1989. Europe.
Shobha SV et aL, Inhibition of soybean lipoxygenase-1 by Production: Poisonous Buttercup is the fresh herb of R.
anacardic acids, cardols, and cardanols. In: JNP 57(12): 1755- sceleratus, which is gathered in October.
1757. 1994.
Other Names: Celery-Leaved Crowfoot, Cursed Crowfoot
Symes WF. Dawson CR, Nature 171:841. 1953.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Further information in:
COMPOUNDS
Frohne D. Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur Glycoside ranunculin: as protoanemonine-forming agent in
Apotheker. Toxikologen und Biologen. 4. AufL Wiss. Verlags-
the, freshly harvested plant (1.4% of the fresh weight) that
Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
changes enzymatically when the plant is cut into small
Hausen B, Allergiepflanzen, Pflanzenallergene, ecomed pieces, and probably also while it is drying, into the pungent.
Verlagsgesellsch. mbH, Landsberg 1988. volatile protoanemonine that quickly dimerizes to non-mu-
Lewin L. Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. AufL, Nachdruck, Haug cous-membrane-irritating anemonine. When dried, the plant
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. may not be capable of protoanemonine formation.
Madaus G. Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Saponins
£t Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K: Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, EFFECTS
4. AufL, Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993 (unter The active agents are ranunculin, protoanemonin and anemo-
Toxicodendron). nin and flavoid in the leaves. The plant is highly toxic. The
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. AufL, Springer
juice contains protoanemonin, which causes pain and burn-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992. ing sensations, increases saliva secretion and causes severe
inflammation of the tongue.
Teuscher E. Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Pharmakologie, 2. AufL, Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994. INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und Unproven Uses: Poisonous Buttercup is used as a skin
pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New stimulant for skin diseases (such as scabies) and leukoderma.
York 1995.
Homeopathic Uses: Poisonous Buttercup is used for skin
complaints, swollen muscles and joints, and influenza.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Poisonous Buttercup No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
Ranunculus sceleratus dosages of the dehydrated drug. Extended skin contact with
DESCRIPTION the freshly harvested, bruised plant can lead to blister
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the fresh herb. formation and cauterizations that are difficult to heal due to
the resulting protoanemonine, which is severely irritating to
& Flower and Fruit: The plant produces numerous flowers.
skin and mucous membranes. If taken internally, severe
They are small, pale yellow and 4 to 10 mm in size. The
irritation to the gastrointestinal tract, combined with colic
petals are as long as the calyx. The sepals are revolute, ovate
and diarrhea, as well as irritation of the urinary drainage
and downy. There are many stamens and numerous ovaries.
passages, may occur. Symptomatic treatment for external
The fruit consists of an oblong, ear-like capitula. The calyx
contact consists of mucilaginosa after irrigation with diluted
and corolla drop easily.
potassium permanganate solution. In case of internal contact.
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant grows from 20 to 60 cm administration of activated charcoal should follow gastric
high with an annual root. The plant is pale, glossy, lavage.
602/POISONOUS BUTTERCUP PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
OVERDOSAGE Production: Poke Root and berries are the root and fruit of
Death by asphyxiation following the intake of large quanti- Phytolacca americana.
ties of protoanemonine-forming plants has been observed in
Other Names: American Nightshade, American Spinach,
animal experiments.
Bear's Grape, Branching Phytolacca, Cancer-Root, Coakum-
DOSAGE Chongras, Cokan, Crowberry, Inkberry, Jalap, Phytolacca
Mode of Administration: The herb is available as a mother Berry, Phytolacca Root, Pigeon Berry, Pocan, Poke Root,
tincture and extract in homeopathic dilutions. Poke Berry, Pokeweed, Red Weed, Red-Ink Plant, Scoke,
Skoke, Virginian Poke
LITERATURE
Bonora A et al., PH 26:2277. 1987. ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl., Wiss. Verlags- Triterpene saponins (mixture termed phytolaccatoxin): phy-
Ges. Stuttgart 1997. tolaccoside A-G, phytolaccasaponin B, aglycones 28,30-
Hegnauer R. Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11: dicarboxy-oleans, including jaligonic acid, esculentic acid,
Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997. phytolaccagenic acid, pokeberrygenin
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der Triterpenes: including alpha-amyrin, beta-amyrin, taraxast-
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8: Springer Verlag erol, psi-taraxasterol, tirucallol
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1969.
Lectins (pokeweed-mitogens)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg 01ms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Ribosome: inactivating proteins (1-RIP), in the seeds
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, Betacyans (red pigments): including among otfiers phytolac-
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. canin (betanin), particularly in the fruits
Ruijgrok HWL, PM 11:338-347. 1963.
Lignans: caffeic acid aldehyde-oligomerics; including
Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie, among others americanme A, B and D
Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
Histamine: gamma-aminobutyric acid (in the rhizomes)
Saccharose: cyclitols
ilis, mumps, conjunctivitis, scabies, ring worm infestation, Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
ulcers, constipation and as an emetic. Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
MecPherson A, In: Toxic Plants, Ed. AD Kinghorn, Columbia
Homeopathic Uses: Uses in homeopathic medicine include
Press 1979.
inflammation of the mucous membranes (particularly of the
respiratory tract), feverish infections, inflammation of condi- Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
m
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
tions of the mammary glands and rheumatic conditions.
Shin KH et al., (1979) Soul Taehakkyo Saengyak Opjukjip 18:
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
90.
General: All parts of the plants are poisonous, due to the
Sick WW, Shin KH, (1976) Yakhak Hoe Chi 20(3): 149.
presence of mucous membrane-irritating saponins and of the
toxic, perorally effective lectins. The toxicity is reduced Sick WW et al., (1976) Soul Taehakkyo Saengyak Opjukjip 15:
through cooking, since this destroys the lectins. 103.
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
Pediatric Use: Emergency poison treatment procedures Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
should be instituted in small children who consume even one
Tang W, Eisenbrand G, Chinese Drugs of Plant Origin.
berry.
Springer Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
OVERDOSAGE Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologie, Chemie,
Symptoms of poisoning include diarrhea (sometimes Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
bloody), dizziness, hypotension, severe thirst, somnolence, Tomlinson JA et al., (1974) J Gen Virol 22:225.
tachycardia, vomiting, and in severe cases, spasm and death
Ussberg MA et al., (1977) Ann N Y Acad Sci 284:431.
through respiratory failure. Up to 10 berries are considered
harmless for an adult, but could be dangerous for a small Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
child. Adults who consume more than 10 berries and small pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
children who consume any berries should be treated for York 1995.
£ poisoning. This includes stomach and intestinal emptying Woo WS, Kang SS, (1978), 88:4750.
(inducement of vomiting, gastric lavage with burgundy-
colored potassium permanganate solution, sodium sulphate)
and instillation of activated charcoal. Electrolyte substitution
and the use of sodium bicarbonate to treat possible acidosis Polemonium caeruleum
may be necessary.
See Jacob's Ladder
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Administered as a powder, liquid
extract and tincture.
Daily Dosage: Usual dosage is 60 to 100 mg
Polemonium reptans
See Abscess Root
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or 1 to 3 times daily (chronic);
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml SC, IV., IM, acute: 3 times daily;
chronic: once a day (HAB1). Poley
Storage: The drug should be stored in paper or sacks made Teucrium polium
from cloth.
DESCRIPTION
LITERATURE Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the whole herb.
^ Aron GM, Irvin JD, (1980) Antimicrob Agents Chem 17:1032.
Flower and Fruit: The flowers are axillary forming a
Kang SS, Woo WS, Triterpenes from the berries of Phytolacca capitula. They are fused and sessile, and their structures are
americana. In: JNP 43(4):510-513. 1980.
in "fives. The calyx is turned slightly upward with 5
Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der acuminate tips and is white-gray pubescent. The corolla is
Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. AufL, Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag reddish-white or yellowish. The upper lip is deeply divided
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. into two and fused to half of the lower lip so that it appears
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug 5-tipped. There are 4 stamens, which are much longer than
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. the corolla, and a 2-carpeled ovary, divided, but not to the
Lewis WH, JAMA. 1979 Dec. 21; 242(25):2759-60. base. The fruit is a nutlet.
604/POLEY PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Leaves, Stem and Root: Poley is a dwarf shrub that grows up LITERATURE
to 45 cm high. The leaves are decussate, obovate to elongate, Autore G, Capasso F, De Fusco R, Fasulo MP. Lembo M,
crenate, involute and pubescent. The stem is densely covered Mascolo N, Menghini A, Antipyretic and antibacterial actions of
with white, greenish or golden hairs. Teucrium polium (L.). Pharmacol Res Commun, 16:21-9, 1984
Jan.
Habitat: Mediterranean region
Capasso F, Cerri R, Morrica P, Senatore F? Chemical
Production: Poley herb is the dried aerial part of Teucrium composition and anti-inflammatory activity of an alcoholic
extract of Teucrium polium L. Boll Soc Ital Biol Sper,
polium collected during the flowering season.
59:1639-43, 1983 Nov 30.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Gharaibeh MN, Elayan HH, Salhab AS. Hypoglycemic effects
COMPOUNDS of Teucrium polium. J Ethnopharmacol, 24:93-9. 1988 Sep.
Diterpenes: including picropolin, picropolinol, picropolinon,
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpier H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers
teucrin A, teucrin PI , teucrin H3 , montanines B and C, Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6
teupolins I to V, gnaphalidin. the diterpene spectrum varies a (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
great deal according to both the subspecies being investi- 1994.
gated and its source
Mattei A, Rucay P, Samuel D, Feray C. Reynes M, Bismuth H,
Volatile oil (0.1 to l%): the following have been demon- Liver transplantation for severe acute liver failure after herbal
strated to be chief components, varying according to medicine (Teucrium polium) administration, letter J Hepatol,
22:597, 1995 May.
chemical race, alpha-pinene and beta-pinene, alpha-cadinol,
alpha-humulene, beta-caryophyllene, caryophyllene oxide, Rizk AM, Hammouda FM, Rimpier H, Kamel A, Chemical
cedrol, gamma-cadinene, delta-cadinene, limonene, linalool, composition of the wild Egyptian plant Teucrium polium L.
menthofurane, myrcene, ocimene, T-cadinol, terpine-4-ol Pharmazie, 22:540-1, 1974 Aug.
Rizk AM, Hammouda FM. Rimpier H. Kamel A, Iridoids and
Iridoids: iridoid glycosides, including 8-O-acetyl harpagide, flavonoids of Teucrium polium herb. Planta Med. 22:87-8, 1986
harpagide, teucardoside Apr.
Flavonoids: including apigenin-7-O-glucoside, luteolin-7-O- Rizk AM, Hammouda FM, Rimpier H, Kamel A, On the
glucoside, acacetine, apigenin, cirsiliol, cirsimaritin. eupato- essential oil of Teucrium polium L. Pharmazie. 22:351-2, 1974
rin, luteolin, salvigenin May.
Suleiman MS, Abdul-Ghani AS, Al-Khalil S. Amin R, Effect of
EFFECTS Teucrium polium boiled leaf extract on intestinal motility and
The antidiabetic and anti-ulcer efficacy with which the drug blood pressure. J Ethnopharmacol. 22:111-6, 1988 Jan.
has been credited has not yet been documented in definitive
clinical studies. A reduction of the ulcer index was described
in connection with animal experiments; furthermore, a
definite reduction of the blood sugar levels was exhibited
following the I.V. administration of a 4% decoction of the
Polygala amara
dried herb. The drug is additionally antibacterial, antipyretic
See Bitter Milkwort
and possibly anti-edematic and antiexudative in effect.
Daily Dosage: Single dose for infusion: 1.5 gm drug per cup Polygonum aviculare
Storage: Should be tightly sealed and protected from light. See Knotweed
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS POMEGRANATE/ 605
when young. The trunk later becomes fissured and twisted. No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper
The leaves are generally opposite or in clusters on the short administration of designated therapeutic dosages. The high
^ shoots. They are deciduous, simple, pinnate-veined, short- levels of tannin content in the drug could lead to gastric
petioled, glabrous, hard, oval-lanceolate with a tough middle irritation.
rib. OVERDOSAGE
Habitat: The plant probably originated in Asia. Today it is Due to the alkaloid content, overdoses with the rind of the
widespread in the Mediterranean region as far as South stem or the root (above 80 gm) lead to vomiting, including
Tyrol, the Near East, South Africa, South Asia, China, the vomiting of blood, later to dizziness, chills, vision
Australia, U.S., and South America. disorders, collapse and possible death through respiratory
failure. Total blindness (amaurosis) could occur within a few
Production: Pomegranate bark is the dried bark of the trunk hours or a few days.
roots and branches of Punica granatum. The roots, trunk and
older branches are collected at the beginning of autumn. Following gastrointestinal emptying, (inducement of vomit-
Their bark is peeled off and air-dried. ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
manganate solution, sodium sulfate), installation of
Other Names: Delima, Grenadier medicinal charcoal and shock prophylaxis (quiet, warmth),
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY the therapy for poisonings consists of treating spasms with
COMPOUNDS: POMEGRANATE FRUIT PEEL diazepam (i.v.), electrolyte substitution and treating possible
Tannins (25 to 28%; gallo tannins): including punicalin cases of acidosis with sodium bicarbonate infusions. In case
(granatine D), punicalagin (granatine C), granatine A, of shock, plasma volume expanders should be infused.
granatine B Monitoring of kidney function is essential. Intubation and
oxygen respiration may also be necessary.
COMPOUNDS: POMEGRANATE STEMS AND ROOT
W Tannins (20 to 25% gallo tannins): including punicalagin, DOSAGE
boiled for 30 minutes (Belg IV). Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part of the plant is its leafy
branches.
Daily Dosage:
Flower and Fruit: The inflorescence is an umbelliferous
Tapeworm treatment 1 (decoction) — 4 doses of 60 ml with
raceme with 8 to 15 single flowers on 3 pubescent pedicles
2 hour intervals between doses accompanied before treat-
that are up to 3.5 cm long. The flower structures are in fives
ment and after treatment by a laxative.
and fused. The calyx is inconspicuous, up to 3 mm long, and
Tapeworm treatment 2 (maceration) — administration of 3 5-toothed. The corolla is campanulate, 5-lobed, 4 to 5 cm in
doses of 65 ml with a duodenal probe at 30 minute intervals; diameter, violet to pink-violet with green-yellow spots on the
a laxative is administered after an hour. upper lobes. There are 10 stamens and a multi-chambered
ovary on sessile disc. The fruit is an elongate-cylindrical
As pomegranate bark juice extract — single dose: for capsule. The seeds are small and can fly.
tapeworm 20 gm.
Leaves, Stem and Root: Rhododendron ponticum is an
Homeopathic Dosage: 5 drops, 1 tablet or 10 globules every evergreen shrub typically growing up to 5 m high, occasion-
30 to 60 minutes (acute) or I to 3 times daily (chronic); ally up to a tree height of 8 m. The leaves are 8 to 15 cm
parenterally: 1 to 2 ml sc acute: 3 times daily; chronic: once long, 3 to 5 cm wide with a 1 to 2 cm long petiole. The
a day (HAB1). lamina is elliptical-elongate, acute at both ends, entire,
coriaceous, dark green, smooth and glabrous above, pale
Storage: Pomegranate should be sealed in containers and green and glabrous beneath. The plant is heavily branched.
protected from moisture. The branches are glabrous.
Wylegalla R, Biblische Botanik: Pflanzen und Friichte aus dem Flavonoids: myricetin, gossypetin, azaleatin, malvin
gelobten Land. In: DAZ 137(11):867-869. 1997.
Steroids: sterols, including beta-sitosterol, alpha-amyrin,
Further information in: ursolic acid
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers EFFECTS
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6 The drug has the effect of reducing blood pressure in animal
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
experiments, due to the diterpenes it contains of the
1994.
andromedan type (grayanotoxins). Historically,' effects also
Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug have been described as stimulating, narcotic, diaphoretic and
Verlag, Heidelberg 1992. diuretic.
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3, INDICATIONS AND USAGE
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979. Therapeutic use is no longer recommended because of the
Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte, drug's possibly dangerous side-effects due to its toxic
4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993. content.
HERBAL MONOGRAPHS POPLAR 607
Unproven Uses: Folk medicine uses have focused on (Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York. 1992-
primary hypertension and arthritis. Various species of 1994.
Rhododendron have been used for rheumatic and gouty Keller S, von Kiirten S, Pachaly P, Zymalkowski F, Sterines
conditions and for stones. and triterpenes from Rhododendron ponticum. Pharmazie.
25:621-5, 1970 Oct.
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
All medicinal administration of the drug is discouraged. The Thieme H, Walewska E, Winkler HJ, Isolation of salidroside
observed effect (lowered blood pressure resulting from from leaves of Rhododendron ponticum x catawbiense.
bradycardia) is the first sign of a toxic reaction. Pharmazie, 24:783, 1969 Dec 12.
Daily Dosage: There are no more exact details available. In Populus alba (leaf 6%, bark 2%) chief components:
salicortin, tremulacin, salicin
LITERATURE
Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Ed), Hagers In Populus nigra (leaf 2%, bark 1.5%) chief components:
Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4 - 6 salicortin, salicin
608/POPLAR PDR FOR HERBAL M E D I C I N E S
Flavonoids: (particularly in the glutinous coating of the Mode of Administration: Poplar buds are available in semi-
buds, also yielding propolis) including chrysin, tectochrysin, solid preparations for application to the skin.
galengine, izalpinine, galangin-3-methyl ether, kaempferol- How Supplied: Semi-solid preparations equivalent to 20% to
3-methyl ether, pinocembrin, pinocembrin-7-methyl ether, 30% of drug.
apigenin
Daily Dosage: Externally, 5 gm drug.
Glycosides and esters yielding salicylic acid: including
LITERATURE
salicin, populin
POPLAR BARK AND LEAVES
Volatile oil: chief components alpha- and beta-caryophyllene Anonym. Phytotherapie: Pflanzliche Antirheumatika - was
bringen sie? In: DAZ 136(45):4012-4015. 1996.
EFFECTS: POPLAR LEAF BUDS
Poplar buds have antiphlogistic, antibacterial and wound Jossang A et al., Cinnamrutinoses A and B, glycosides from
Populus tremula. In: PH 35(2):547. 1994.
healing effects.
Picard S et al., Isolation of a new phenolic compound from
INDICATIONS leaves of Populus deltoides. In: JNP 57(6):808-810. 1994.
POPLAR BARK AND L E A V E S
Thieme H, Benecke R, (1969) Pharmazie 24:567.
Unproven Uses: Poplar bark and leaves are used for pain and
Vonkruedener S et al., Effects of extracts from Populus tremula
rheumatism therapy; and in micturition complaints due to
L., Solidago virgaurea L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. on various
prostate hypertrophy.
myeloperoxidase systems. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(8): 809-814.
P O P L A R L E A F BUDS 1996.
Approved by Commission E: Further information in:
Jossang A et al., Cinnamrutinoses A and B, glycosides from Habitat: The plant originated in western Asia. It is cultivated
Populus tremula. In: PH 35(2):547. 1994. worldwide commercially.
Picard S et al., Isolation of a new phenolic compound from
Production: Opium is the thickened latex collected from the
leaves of Populus deltoides. In: JNP 57(6):808-810. 1994.
outside of immature Poppy capsules that have had incisions
Thieme H, Benecke R, (1969) Pharmazie 24:567. made in the fruit capsules. The unripe seed capsules suitable
Vonkruedener S et al., Effects of extracts from Populus tremula for the production of opium are trimmed. Subsequent to
L., Solidago virgaurea L. and Fraxinus excelsior L. on various drying, the processed latex is scraped off and formed into
myeloperoxidase systems. In: Arzneim Forsch 46(8):809-814. pieces of varying size. The obtained material is referred to as
1996. raw opium (Rohopium) and is also the basic substance used
Further information in: for the production of heroin.
Fenaroli's Handbook of Flavor Ingredients, Vol. 1. 2nd Ed. Other Names: Garden-Poppy, Mawseed, Opium Poppy
Pub. CRC Press Boca Raton 1975.
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11, COMPOUNDS
Birkhauser Verlag Basel. Boston. Berlin 1962-1997. Isoquinoline alkaloids (20-30%): chief alkaloids morphine
Kern W, List PH. Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der (3-23%), narcotine (2-10%), codeine (0.2-3.5%), papaverine
Pharmazeutischen Praxis. 4. Aufl.. Bde. 1-8, Springer Verlag (0.5-3%), thebaine (0.2-1%).] The alkaloids are present as
Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969. salts'of meconic acid, lactic acid or fumaric acid.
Leung AY, Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used Benzyl isoquinoline type: papaverine (0.5 to 3%)
in Food Drugs and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons Inc., New
York 1980. Phthalide isochinoline type: narcotine (noscapine, 2 to 10^)
Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde. 1-3, Rubber (5-10%)
Nachdruck. Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
Resins
Wagner H, Wiesenauer M. Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
pflanzliche Homoopathika. Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New Mucilages
York 1995.
EFFECTS
The main alkaloid is morphine, which is a strong analgesic
that, even in small doses, causes euphoria, sedation then
Poppyseed narcotic sleep. It depresses breathing and slows down
evacuation of the stomach, causing constipation and urine
Papaver somniferum retention. Codeine has an antitussive effect and papaverine is
DESCRIPTION spasmolytic and vasodilatory.
Medicinal Parts: The medicinal part is the latex extracted INDICATIONS AND USAGE
from the seed capsule. Unproven Uses: Opium is used most frequently as a sedative
Flower and Fruit: A solitary flower grows on a long, and/or analgesic. Uses in folk medicine include as a sedative
glabrous or pubescent pedicle. The flowers are erect with a in cases of typhus, intestinal tuberculosis and intestinal
diameter of 10 cm. There are 2 green, glabrous, falling sepals ulcers; for spasms of smooth muscle, bile ducts and urinary
and 4 violet-white or red petals with a darker mark at the tract; for peritonitis; for gallstones, kidney stones and
base. The fruit is round or ellipsoid and often has a very bladder colic; as well as for coughs and certain types of
large capsule! The numerous seeds are reniform, pitted, depression.
black, and blue-frosted or whitish. Chinese Medicine: Uses in Chinese medicine include chronic
coughs, diarrhea, dysentery, anal prolapse and abdominal
Leaves, Stem and Root: The opium Poppy is an annual that
symptoms.
grows 30 to 150 cm high. It is a 1-stemmed blue-gray frosted
plant. The stem is erect, straight or branched and produces, Indian Medicine: Irritable cough, ear and eye inflammation,
as does the whole plant, white milky latex. The leaves are proctologic symptoms, diarrhea and dysentery are considered
entire, glabrous, serrated or crenate at the margin and indications for use in Indian medicine.
clasping.
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Characteristics: The cultivation of the plant and the extrac- Contraindications include pregnancy (alkaloids pass through
tion and sale of opium is banned in many countries. the placenta barrier), nursing (alkaloids entering the mother's
610/POPPYSEED PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
milk), illnesses connected with reduced respiratory function, Pfeifer S, Mohn - eine Arzneipflanze seit mehr als zweitausend
pancreatitis, colon ulcers, elevated internal cranial pressure, Jahren, Teil 1 und 2. In: PA 17:467-479 et 536-554. 1962.
acute hepatitis propheria and biliary colic. Caution is to be Repasi J, Hosztafi S, Szabó Z, 5'-0-Demethylnarcotin:
observed when administering in the presence of Addison's A New Alkaloide from Papaver somniferum. In: PM 59(5):477.
disease and hypothyroidism because of opium's centrally 1993.
depressive effect. Znek MH, Uber das Opium, das den Schmerz besiegt und die
PRECAUTIONS AND ADVERSE REACTIONS
Sucht weckt. In: PZ 139(48):4185. 1994.
No health hazards are known in conjunction with the proper Further information in:
administration of designated therapeutic dosages. However, Frohne D, Pfander HJ, Giftpflanzen - Ein Handbuch fur
the following can occur as side effects: clonic twitching, Apotheker, Toxikologen und Biologen, 4. Aufl.. Wiss. Verlags-
constipation, dizziness, general weakness, headache, hyper- Ges. Stuttgart 1997.
thermia, itchy skin, rashes and trembling of the hands. Kern W, List PH, Horhammer L (Hrsg.), Hagers Handbuch der
Sensitization has been reported, with papaverin the presumed Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 4. Aufl., Bde. 1-8. Springer Verlag
allergen. Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1969.
OVERDOSAGE Lewin L, Gifte und Vergiftungen, 6. Aufl., Nachdruck, Haug
Overdosage leads initially to reduction of mental capacity, Verlag, Heidelberg 1992.
reactive euphoria, analgesia, miosis, bradycardia, slowed Roth L, Daunderer M, Kormann K, Giftpflanzen, Pflanzengifte,
respiration. That can progress to respiratory failure, cyanosis. 4. Aufl., Ecomed Fachverlag Landsberg Lech 1993.
tonic-clonic spasms, pylorospasm and sphincterism, intesti- Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie. Springer Verlag
nal atonia, nausea, vomiting, pulmonary and brain edemas. Heidelberg 1996.
Following gastrointestinal emptying (inducement of vomit-
Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
ing, gastric lavage with burgundy-colored potassium per-
Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
manganate solution, sodium sulfate) and instillation of
activated charcoal, the therapy for poisoning consists of Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel. 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
electrolyte substitution, treating possible cases of acidosis
with sodium bicarbonate infusions and administration of Teuscher E, Lindequist U, Biogene Gifte - Biologic Chemie,
plasma volume expanders in the event of shock. Intubation Pharmakologie, 2. Aufl., Fischer Verlag Stuttgart 1994.
and oxygen respiration may also be necessary. Naloxone Wagner H, Wiesenauer M, Phytotherapie. Phytopharmaka und
(i.v.) is suitable as an antidote. pflanzliche Homoopathika, Fischer-Verlag, Stuttgart, Jena, New
York 1995.
DOSAGE
Mode of Administration: Opium is obsolete as a drug.
Morphine is administered as a pure substance and in
combination with other active substances, although it has
been extensively replaced by synthetic analgesia. Codeine is
Populus species
used by itself and in combination with other agents. See Poplar
Numerous cases of death due to opium use are known.
LITERATURE
Amann T, Zenk MH, Endogenes Morphin. In: DAZ I36(7):519-
527. 1996.
Potentilla
Bethke T, Codein. In: DAZ I33(6):433. 1993.
Potentilla anserina
Buch, In: Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology. Volume DESCRIPTION
104/1 und 104/11: Opioids I und II. Springer-Verlag Berlin, Medicinal Parts: The medicinal parts are leaves and flowers,
Heidelberg, New York, 1993. whole or macerated, collected during or shortly before the
Buchbauer G et al., Headspace constituents of opium. In: PM flowering season and dried.
60(2): 181. 1994. Flower and Fruit: The flowers are solitary on long pedicles
Czygan FC, Hellas und Phytopharmaka. In: DAZ 135(51/ of lateral shoots growing from the stem nodes. They are 1.5
52):4707-4711. 1995. to 3 cm wide. There are 5 epicalyx bracts, 5 sepals and 5
Freye E, Leopold C, Opiate und Opiatantagonisten. I. petals. The last are twice as long as the sepals and are golden
Theoretischen Grundlagen der Opioidwirkung. In: DAZ yellow, ovate and without a distinct margin. The 20 stamens
131(29):1517. 1991. have ovate anthers. The styles occur laterally, are thread-like
H E R B A L MONOGRAPHS POTENTILLA REPTANS / 6 1 1
and only thickened at the stigmas. The ripe fruit is glabrous, DOSAGE
ovate to almost globular and grooved on the back. Mode of Administration: Potentilla is available in commer-
cial forms for oral intake. It is also available in crude and
Leaves, Stem and Root: The plant is a two-axis herbacious powder forms.
perennial with a short, thick, branched rhizome and rosettes
of basal leaves. The stems are 80 cm long, creeping, rooting Preparation: To prepare a tea, pour boiling water over 2 gm
at the nodes, softly pubescent eventually becoming glabrous. finely cut drug, strain after 10 minutes (1 teaspoon corre-
The leaves are unevenly paired, pinnate and glossy with sponds to approximately 0.7 gm drug).
silky white hairs beneath, tomentose and fresh green above.
Daily Dosage: 4 to 6 gm of drug; Tea: 1 cup freshly
Characteristics: The plant has an almond-like fragrance and prepared several times a day between meals.
dry taste.
Storage: Protect from light and moisture.
Habitat: The plant is found in temperate and colder regions
of the entire Northern Hemisphere. LITERATURE
Eisenreichova E et al., Cesk Farm 23:82-84. 1974.
Production: Potentilla herb consists of the fresh or dried leaf
and flowers of Potentilla anserina harvested shortly before or Kombal R, Glasl H, Flavan-3-ols and flavonoids from Potentilla
during flowering, as well as its preparations. anserina. In: PM 61(5):484-485. 1995.
Other Names: Cinquefoil, Crampweed, Goosegrass, Goose Schimmer O, Lindenbaum M, Tannins with antimutagenic
Tansy, Moor Grass, Silver Cinquefoil, Goosewort, Prince's properties in the herb of Alchemilla species and Potentilla
Feathers, Trailing Tansy, Wild Agrimony anserina. In: PM 61(2):141-145. 1995.
Further information in:
ACTIONS AND PHARMACOLOGY
COMPOUNDS Hansel R, Keller K, Rimpler H, Schneider G (Hrsg.), Hagers
Tannins (5 to 10%): chiefly ellagitannins Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, 5. Aufl., Bde 4-6
(Drogen), Springer Verlag Berlin, Heidelberg, New York, 1992-
Flavonoids: including quercitrin 1994.
Hydroxycoumarins: umbelliferone, scopoletin Madaus G, Lehrbuch der Biologischen Arzneimittel, Bde 1-3,
Nachdruck, Georg Olms Verlag Hildesheim 1979.
EFFECTS
The drug is astringent because of the tannin concentration. Schulz R, Hansel R, Rationale Phytotherapie, Springer Verlag
Heidelberg 1996.
On isolated rat uterus a paralyzing effect was proven which
is due to the presence of ammonium salts. The empirical Steinegger E, Hansel R, Pharmakognosie, 5. Aufl., Springer
evidence of a spasmolytic effect in dysmenorrhea could not Verlag Heidelberg 1992.
be definitively proven. Teuscher E, Biogene Arzneimittel, 5. Aufl., Wiss. Verlagsges.
Stuttgart 1997.
INDICATIONS
Approved by Commission E:
• Diarrhea
• Inflammation of the mouth and pharynx Potentilla anserina
• Premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
See Potentilla
Internal application for topical treatment of inflammation of
the oral and pharyngeal mucosa, adjuvant treatment of non-
specific, acute diarrhea, and dysmenorrhea symptoms.
Unproven Uses: In folk medicine, Potentilla is used external-
Potentilla erecta
ly as a wash for poorly healing wounds. See Cinquefoil
PRECAUTIONS
No health hazards or side effects are known in conjunction
with the proper administration of designated therapeutic
dosages. There have been complaints of stomach irritation Potentilla reptans
associated with Potentilla. Sge European Five-Finger Grass
612/PREMORSE PDR FOR HERBAL MEDICINES
Premorse LITERATURE
Hegnauer R, Chemotaxonomie der Pflanzen, Bde 1-11:
Scabiosa succisa Birkhauser Verlag Basel, Boston, Berlin 1962-1997.