i 5 UNDERLINE all the examples inthe present ‘simple in the text. Then look atthe Grammar map. ‘1 general statements, of fact ora Permanent situation Schoo! starts in September. 2 repeated or usual actions goto school by bus. 3 scheduled events in the near future (public transport, ‘shows, The tran arrives at platform 9. & marca the examples nthe present simple to the Corresponding usein the Grammar map. Then write Sentences for ech use, 7 eamcut at the examples inthe present Continuous inthe text. Then lok at he Grammar map. 1 for actions. happening at the moment & to express annoyance ‘with an action My sister 2 for actions in f | ialways progress 2 (disturbing me! What are you thinking ot the moment? 3 for temporary activities, Wie are learning how to drive now. B marcu the examples inthe present continuous to the corresponding use in the Grammar map. write sentences for each use. Q cuoose the correct alternative. 11 Helio Peter? What bus do you wat/ are you wating for? 2. Doyaugeneralygo/ Are you genealy oingto school by bus? 3. You always frget/ are always forgetingny birthday ‘4 Look! That traffic warden puts / is puttinga ticket on your car. 5 Inmost countries, children stort / are starting school at six. 6 At the moment, Marks and Spencer do not have/ are nat having. sales Shall we check on our way home? 10 compuere the sentences with the correct form in brackets. e 1. Mysister never (wtite) me texts 21 (enjoy the party (you / wear) anew e ~ {you ke) it” 4 Thecolour.. (suit) you {not fit) you very: 5 Students aways Mondays. Tey. 6 We (wander) about now aJE all the examples inthe past simple in the text. Then look at the Grammar map. ‘to speak about finished states, events and actions that took place ata specific time in the past We stayed ino campsite on the coast last summer. happening in sequence (My parents climbed mountains, |and ‘my sister cycled or went canoeing. week/month/year/_ in 2015, in the XX century. {G marci tne examples inthe past simple tothe Corresponding vse inthe Grammar map. Then write Sentences foreach use. 7 camcuz al the examples inthe past continuous Inthe text. Then ook atthe Grammer map, PAST CONTINUOUS Alto alk about an action in progress at temporary situation particular time in inthe past the past | was working in Last right owas London lost week having comer 5 totalk abouta 2 to tak about two continuous parallel actions Iwas studying k ‘and my sister information wos watching ‘She was walking olong mM that dark road and. S toset the scene at the beginning, ofa story and to give background 3 to talk about an activity in progress interrupted by another event Wile we were having a picnic it started to rain, B marci the examples in the past continuous tothe corresponding use in the Grammar map. Then write sentences for each use. Q compere the text with the correct past tense form of the verbs in brackets. Last summer Sean and Mary (1) to redecorate their sitting room, They (2). (not choose) a dark colour but (3) . ‘ream paint forthe walls and brown for the celing, (4)... (begin) painting but they (Find) the walls (6), - (be) to agueme () (havea call to make. todo? He(11) He (12) (2). ee ‘Amy, coming to spend COMPLETE the 10 form of the verbs fromfy UNDERLINE athe examplesin the present pertectin the text. Then look at the Grammar map. * PRESENT PERFECT 1 totalk about life ‘experiences (with ‘ever! never! yetin questions and negative sentences) Have you ever seen have never found 3 to talk about recent past events (with ‘lready/just/recenti) reading that book i tly seen the /haven't seen to say something has happened several i (with up to now/ so far MATCH the examples in the present perfect to the corresponding use in the Grammar map. Then write CHOOSE the correct past participle of the verbs from the box to complete the sentences. + write « send « prefer «buy # have fll see ‘book for your mother's asleep during a film. anemallta the wrong such a good version of infrontof alarge book about how to cass dscussion about ‘watching the er Kate has always to reading the book COMPLETE the sentences with ever neve just aleady, yet weaurenas the prompts below and write sentences using the present perfect. lose / your car keys / ever / you? this year / Pars /1/ so far / ist thre times the bus / already / Ohno! / leave just /to collect /the lesson /go/ the teacher / the books for Star Wars yet / the latest / see / fl? books / nat read / about ghosts / they /or vampires / ever four times / watch / it’s great! / already /1/ that film try/apoem /to write / you / ever? yet try no COMPLETE the sentences with the present perfect of the verbs in brackets. My parents (never / visit) New York. No, he (not se) that fim yet: Don't phone John! (already / dol it. 1 (just Finish) my homework. Yes, the match (already / start). Their plane (stand). Talking about personal experiences 10 mans as of ive books you have never read but ‘oud ike to read and fe fms youThave seen and sroud recommend tend Compare your lst with Cssrate by ating and answering questions using the present perfect.Grammar reference 1.1 Present simple use + Itexpresses general statements of a factor a permanent situation thats une to change Most ans kl ony fo food + Itexpresses repeated or usual actions He always eats 0 sandwich or inch © It expresses scheduled events in the near future (public transport shows, etc) The fim begin ot 9 >> SPELLING -5 When adding -sin the third-person singular * verbs ending in consonant + -y@) stuoles * verbs ending in -o@ goes, does * verbs ending in -sh,-ch, -5,-2,-x@ washes, watches, buzzes >> FREQUENCY ADVERBS Frequency adverbs like: always, often sometimes, usualy, hardly ever, seldom, never etc have a Specific place in the word order: ‘© They follow the subject with simple tenses. He never forgets birthdays ‘= They come after the simple tenses ofthe verb be. Jam rarely gry. ‘* With interrogatve phrases they come after the subject. When does the train usualy leave? 1.2 Present continuous USE = Itexpresses actions taking place or in progress atthe ‘moment of speaking /.am studying right now * Itexpresses actions taking place only for limited period of time that is stil in progress. ‘am taking five courses tis semester ‘* Itexpresses actions that ae arranged for the near future; there isan incication of time either direct or implied by the context ‘Som is leaving at noon tomorrow. + It expresses complaints, annoyance or anger. n these cases itis used with the adverb always. ‘Mery is always leaving her dirty socks onthe for >> SPELLING ING When adding -ing: + verbs endingin single -e@ arguing «verbs of ane syilable ending in vowel + consonant @) stopping «+ verbs of two or more sylables endingin vowel + consonant wh stress on the last sylable @ admitting + verbs endingin vowel + I traveling (rn) «+ verbs ending in-ic@ panicking 168 >> PRESENT SIMPLE VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS ay = ringat ths ‘She reads excting novels but row they ae drinking. (My parents normaly drink to, What do you do? (What's your)ob7)| Wht are you doing? (A the 4.3 Dynamic and stative verbs USE Some verbs, called ‘stative verbs, are not used in the continuous tenses and, therefore, in the case of the present tense they only have the present simple form. They describe states and nat dynamic activities. Verbs which describe actions cor activities are called ‘dynamic verbs, and they have both a simple and a continuous form, eta acy opee ppecae (= ndertan) sure bine Yu eet tind felt ssa ge ‘ess magne lnow meon perce reise. eal rcognse collec emerber eid se rola acton spose (caves pon understand Feelings and | adre adore aporecte(s value, deste detest ‘emotions disk fear, hat, lite, loathe, love mind = care, eed, | prefer respect valve, want wish Possession belong have owe, own, possess | Sense fee hear rwoluntary action), se, perceptions siel= perceive a scent or an odour taste {normaly used wth cor) Other existing appear be, concern, consist contain cost depend states est old, keep, mate resemble, seem, sign sound, weigh ‘Auxiliaries be, hove >> STATIVE VERBS WITH A CONTINUOUS FORM Some stative verbs can be commonly used as continuous with adfference in meaning, Here are some examples: * Hear listen formally to complaints. @ The court shearing, enidence this oftemaon * Think use one's mind, no opinions given or asked fr. © What are you thinking about? tm thinking cbout my boyfriend4 see meetbY apPOIETENE D Jam, arrow. Seeing my solicitor | gewst © he doctor seeing a 5 Get sna @ Dons smelling herent * Ze wnen followed by adjectives sucha "504, hot/cold, tensel relaxed, nena M MStmin rie and 21 evo ce sad wed tein meaning © How doyau oar mie ‘om feeling bette. aes «fet touch © Sue is feling the fur 1 Soe tae (m0 for drink «bath, ers encounter (uber affeaaes aoe er Be (2 Feiy wth an acectvel. © They ore hovingg pany fpnarow «Se veth certain adiectves (quiet noisy ey deve sup generos/ mean, end wt (et No mpl a temporary characters tease & Toms being foolish Facteristic of the subject. 4.4 Present perfect simple a rte erpresses resuts in the present ‘pet has broken down (We have touse the stars) « ropresses the ea that a past action canbe repeatedin the present tim ee sen voles n that forest (tis stil possible to see them ogei} Frees Cameron has made many films (He stil mos fs) rmused for actions occurring in an incomplete period of remiich may be indicated by taday, this morning wel! monyeor century ately, recent, nthe ast fen GS! weeks! months! years or before. Tovent seen Torn this afternoon ts 3pm) «tre eeed for the repetition of an activity before now. We hove had four tests so for this semester” have flown on an cirplane many times. > SPELLING -ED When adding ~ed + verbs ending in single -e@ argued + verts of one syllable ending in vowel stopped + vers of two or more syllables ending vowel + wth tress on the last sylable © * verbs ending in vowel + -/@ travelled (BrEN) * vers ending mn -ic@ panicked 7 t+ -¥@ studied * verbs ending in consonant 1 + consonant © ‘consonant >> PRESENT PERFECT WITH ADVERBS OF TIME * The present perfect is often used with indefinite time aiverbs suchas. mara ata ee eody, ohways, ever, ust, never, often are ‘hove already finished this book ‘have not finished this book yet. os the postman arved yet? ‘Hove you ever been to Englond? ‘ve just washed my scooter We nee ne is also | | with phrases such as so far, up to. Rocko cet i a renee {havent leant much nthe couse far This isthe frst time Ive met Tom. ‘That is the most interesting museum I've ever visited ‘Where to place adverbs: Before the past participle | _Attheend of the sentence, eody eve jst never stil |once, tke, re/manysevers | times | most nary so for upto row recent. atl | theo ew dys before ‘lays, ofte, rarely seldom | vet a) >> BEEN AND GONE : © Goneis used when someone has lft to go somewhere stilthere visting and hasn'treturned- «Been used when someone visited somewhere, possiON _more than once andalso retuned, They hove gone to Roe (Tey ae] Tey have been to Ree (TY Paar tonther way tere and | went oRame ord ey Owe They hovertcame bocryel) | akeadycome bck) Palas gone tote spt tis_[ Pauls been othe spt is Pa we ets s tee oron is. |\marig He went and ascome toy here) tock) j 4.5 Past simple use USE used to express that an actty or station began and fended ata particular time in the past bought a new cor tree days ag9. «Trento used for an action whose times not gen Put itfach occupied a period of tme now fi He lived in Pris for ten + Sometimes 2 definite asked about ‘He rived a minute 0g0* tis used to describe completed actions which happened in sequence. When fane arived, we watched TV.(= Jane arrived and then we watched 7V) © tis used with the expression it's time . /Its hgh time. / I's about time ttstime we left {ts about time you started eying >> IRREGULAR VERBS When studying the simple past, remember that there are regular and irregular verbs. CP For alist of irregular verbs see pages 191-193, For spelling rules for -edsee 1.4 Prowunerarion ay DiI 1s1 Gl, thd wa ne ven mn loved nu cleaned imind/ Mal ater tans 14 @ ‘wanted wont ended/ enc 170 sit 1.8 Present pete A OS determined od Time of action _undetermned what has happened more portant we brow exacty when or where ning than when or whereithas happened past the acton took place Some has stolen nye | sam Tor tthe co ystrty Relationship tothe effects ofthe acon oftenhave none present time rests in the present Se an (eae re mean [ice Smecten = [em Expressions ether nopast time's mentionedor definite oitine se ctadverbs See 1) Gree 15) ‘and adverbs undetermined time: recent ever, _determined time: yestooy est yer never ust aeod, 50 fr, upto now, etc. | 1992, two days Oa when es | etc “Ihave okeody studied ths rule | studted ths ule a week go | timenot yet concluded: today tis time already concluded ‘morning, tis yer, etc. | (5 11am) thaventdone much his 3pm) dnt do mcr ths morg | | morning repeated action: twice 0 few! several ‘mes, et. singular action: once one tme ete = a This the only fim he has seen | Ths the best fis ve ever seen >> USING BOTH TENSES {Questions and answers inthe pre uestions inthe past simple= simple ‘hve eo hrs Perc tbe 120k read” en og ‘unspecified mn far caren oot rsp nthe 9 Uren, (eve ed tod Sikes bom tio pea ee gn Permanent stuaten}” S008” since Febrasy - rota omar ey) ‘have been tennis aot ts week {1m gong to ploy gain) Compare to have ployed tennis ot ths week fm Probatiy not going to Ploy again before the weeks over have been English since 3oek fam sti studying) Present pret ingoe me eens Teese the nsec and eu tees mic verbs pret action 1s ein progress x Dynamic verbs when the connuing ‘moment an erally ust Frise, have been studying English since 3ocock just stopped) ‘Why are you so sweaty? Ihave been running (The focuses ‘onan action that hos st finshed, whose fects ar stil se | interes) [ree expressons foro ong ec aoe athe ene ‘ime, since + past simple | mpi a durati “Questions x How long hove you een wating 1? | been wa | How long hove they ‘een married? negave statements hover studied | | |trepresent perfect | Engh for ree yor | | Jconnious snot feceronte | | | _regatwve sentences, The simple form is preferred, | havent seen Tom fr two weeks. ltistwo weet since saw Tom. |The laste sow Tom wes 40 weet 50. st so To wo week 26. fw lorgs since you st sow | How long go see Ta? ca nen did youtastse Tor? ‘These are the only possible construcbons when there are verbs that refer to a completed acton and there 9 Continuity in ime. Such verbs include. for example, arrive ‘begin die finish leave. start. stop and with them the present perfect simple/continuous + for/sine cannot be used 1.8 For and since USE ‘The present perfect simple and continuous are used with two ‘Prepositions to speak about the time during which the action takes place [ for ‘Since tis used with a period of tne that can be quantified (seconds, minutes, hours, days, weeks, months, years, etc} for hee | hours, fortwo dos for ages, for ten yors for along tne foro. tha point n bme thats the startng mom Moy, sce 1990, eis omitted with expressions | Itcan also be used with a clause |begenng ath of simple pat. | ey hove been Sngngalinght | ven een om since wos @ | ae co >> FOR ALONG TIME AND FOR LONG Foralong time Forlong ‘ts used in affirmative its used in nterrogative | sentences sentences They have been in Rome for alg. | Have they been in Rome for long? time, ‘tis used in the negative when a ong period af time s implied | They havent been to Rome for a long time (Ther last ws to Rome 90s along time ogo) tis used inthe negative when a short period of time is implied. They havent been in Rome (ford fang, (They have ust arrived in Rome) 2.1 Past continuous USE * ttcan be used to express an action that was in progress at a particular time inthe past. The action began before, was in| progress during, and continued ater that particular time in the past ‘He was sleeping at 10 pm lat right * Itisalso used to express an action that wasin progress ‘when another event took place (normally the past simple). He was sleeping when Larrived. ‘= As itis a continuous tense, it can only be used with dynamic verbs. (See 1.3) ‘© When itis used without.a time expression, itindicates a gradual development ora description ‘The sun was rising gil was playing the piano. « Itindicates two actions occurring at the same time and covering a certain period of time, ‘was watching TV and Tom was reading a book al2.2 Past simple vs past con’ Pastcontinuous | When, while and os can be used ‘But only when canbe used vith ‘with the past continuous in the the simple past to express ether Tanger oftwo actions tomean _|althe action mternuptng tc one ‘using that time They suggest _|in the past continues that te action took encugh time |b or am ac tocomplete to allow something. [Srey ta” Fllowedby i | another ation tn this ease, t ‘else to happen whet was Bone means st tre tre When While As 205 waking home" was planing my ley 1 e ws thing on hepone™ | when rues SPE | 1 hen gon isoad | memes >> PUNCTUATION “A comma's used when the adverial use rece independent clause. (ariel “When the adverbial clause follows the independent clause, usually no commais used, 2.3 Used to and would + bare infinitive USED To * Itexpresses a past habit or state that isin contrast with the present. used to have long ha, but now tis short ‘© This habit can be an activity, len wos ache fer used tread me a story before went to bed © Oritcanbe a situation, Jock used to ive n Chicogo, he used to be a tennis player and he used to have a Ford. woud * Gives the same idea as used to but only when actions are involved. I cannot be used for situations. When I was a child, my fother would read me a story before 1 went to bed. Jack used to live in Chicago. NOT Jack would ive in Chicago. ‘Ir usually suggests that the action was deliberate, and the time when it happened isin some way mentioned or suggested. When | was a child, my father would read me a story before | went to bed 2.4 Be used to/ Get used to BE USED TO GET USED TO «© itmeans ‘get accustomed to’ and gives the idea ofthe process between ‘nat being’ and ‘being used to’ Hes not used toa lot of noise, but as he has moved ta the centre of the city, he will soon get used to it 2.5 Past perfect simple use «expresses an actin that happened before something se cecum then tthe house, covered tha somebody had stolen yb e bicle wos stolen while was 7 2 0 ten trent out Ireaksed tot someone ad stolen) «+ Itempresses an ation tat nappenee before another pera Of ume n the pastor a atime father back than acertain pontin the past. Until yesterday | had never heard about it «© Certain expressions, such as after, aleady, 0s soon as, before, by the time, when are followed by the past perfect when there's the need to emphasise thatthe action expressed fad happened (or he state had existed) atanearer time than another action orstatein the past Sam had aeady lef when we so there titer she hd sung her song she sot down iy porents had eaten by the tme sot hae. ‘© With before or afte, the past perfects often not necessary because the tune relationships already clean these cases the simple past may be used. The fim had started before we arvedat the crema= Th fn started before we arrived at the cinema, ‘ater the gusts hod eft. we went to bed = After the gusts et we went to bed + The past perfectis also used when the sentence starts wth fewos te fstsecond,. time ‘It was the second time he had broken his leg. ‘© Itis also used when a sentence contains a superlative to talk about the past Thats the worst fin had ever seen 2.6 Past perfect continuous use * Itrefers to actions or events in progress up to another time inthe past Expressions lke forand sincecan be used with