| 4 @™ ACTIVITY 1 a f, To measure the resistance and impedance of an inductor with or without iron core. _pePARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. A battery, a high resistance rheostat, D.C. ammeter, D.C. voltmeter, one way key, jable A.C. source (variac), A.C, ammeter, A.C, voltmeter, connecting wires. Material. A high resistance and coil having large number of turns wrapped on a hollow eylindr sgbestos core, a soft iron rod fitting into the asbestos core,GRCUIT DIAGRAM Inductor wv 2 Gor D.C. circuitAC. K ammeter {+}-—©) To 220 v: Oto AC. 12V inductor Ac. mains 36 AC. (air core) ‘voltmeter © AC. circuit _SESERVATION RECORD Least count of D.C. ammeter Least count of A.C. ammeter Least count of D.C. voltmeter Least count of A.C. voltmeter Zero correction for D.C. ammeter Zero correction for A.C. ammeter Zero correction for D.C. voltmeter Zero correction for A.C. voltmeter \_}- Measurement of Resistance Table for D.C. Ammeter and D.C. Voltmeter Readings 2, Measurement of Impedance (without iron core) Table for A.C. Ammeter and A.C. Voltmeter Readings (Similar to above table—write Z for R). 3. Measurement of Impedance (with iron core) Table for A.C. Ammeter and A.C, (Similar to above table) \@ONCLUSION L Voltmeter Readings ‘The resistance of inductor coil is almost same with and without soft iron core during the flow of D.C. andis...... ohm. 2. Impedance of inductor with iron core is much ‘more higher than without it for the flow of A.C.ASPLANATION The inductor having inductance L without iron core has inductance uL with iron core. ubeing magnetic (reactive) permeability of iron which is about 1700]. ‘The impedance, Z = /R* +(wL)’ without iron core becomes 2’ = YR’ +(uol)? For negligible resistance R, 2’ = Z.Ra ACTIVITY?, ml ¢To assemble a household circuit pot owee : ‘comprising three bulbs, three (on/off) switches, a fuse and (ppPARATUS AND MATERIAL Apparatus. No apparatus required in assembling a circuit. terial. Three b Mat ree bulbs (6 V, 1 w) each, fuse of 0.6 A, main switch a power supply (battery eliminator), three (on/off) switches flexible connecting wire with red and black plastic covering, a fuse wire. Supplementary. Main electric board with a two-pin socket and main switch. RY Electricity supplied to us for domestic purposes is 220 VA.C; and 50 Hz. The household circuit, all appliances are connected in “‘parallel” with mains. The switches are connected in series with each appliances in live wire. 5 A switches are required for normal appliances like, bulbs, fluorescent tubes fans etc. 15 A sockets and switches are required for heavy load appliances like, refrigerator, air conditioner, geyser, hot plates etc. All appliances musthave three wires called live, neutral and the earth. Total power consumption ‘P’ at a time, where P,, P,, P, are the powers drawn by appliances. To protect the appliances from damage when unduly high currents are drawn fuse of little higher rating, 10 to 20% higher than the current normally drawn by all appliances. For further: safety, a suitable value MAINS FUSE like rating 32 A is connected in series with supply source. DAGRAM ‘0 B, ® S AO o— Be St By § O80 A(AC.) AC. ammeter (*) FE 246, Power |S co ta o=e source Source of PANY | ease (010 0.75 A) Oto 10 : @) “ (a) Circuit diagram, (b) Actual layout.= ACTIVITY® a 3 go To study the variation in potential drop with length ofa wire fora steady current. AppARATUS AND MATERIAL, — Apparatus. Potentiometer, Material. A fully charged 4.5 V battery or battery eliminator, a low resistance thecstat, voltmeter of range (0-3.0 V), an ammeter (0-3) A, a one way key, a jockey, a set square, connecting wires and a piece of sand paper. THEORY — For a potentiometer with wire of uniform material density and thickness (cross-sectional area) carrying a steady current, potential drop is proportional to the length of the wire. We have, Vel = V=KI v K= 7 = constant where K is the drop of potential per unit length. It is called the potential gradient. DIAGRAM _—— 300. cm 100 cm Fig. Studying variation in potential drop with length of a wire.OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS * Range of voltmeter Least count of voltmeter Zero correction of voltmeter Range of ammeter L.C. of ammeter ‘Steady current shown by ammeter Table for length and po! 4 aT L > 3. 4 5. 6. t: 8. 9. CALCULATION FROM GRAPH < Plot a graph choosing a suitable scale, for the values of potential drop V along y-axis and lens" lalong x-axis shown in figure. pamper ny crea Lain AC clash But, KS zPotential drop, V (volt) - Length, i(cm) From equations (1) and (2), tan0=K @) ‘The slope of straight line OB gives the value of potential gradient, RESULT () ‘The graph between V and lis a straight line, Therefore, the potential drop along the length of wire is directly proportional to its length. Vel Vek (ii) The potential drop per unit length of wire is, k =... Vem,@™ ACTIVITY 4 mm wt and lateral deviationof a beam of light incident obliquely on « glase pPARATUS ee Glass slab, drawing board, white drawing sheet, drawing pins, pencil, eraser, protractor, metre scale, adhesive tape. oer When a ray of light (PQ) is incident on the face AB of glass slab, then it bends towards the normal refraction takes place from rarer to denser medium. The refracted ray (QR) travelling along a straight line and incident on face DC of slab, bends away from the normal because refraction takes place from denser to rarer medium. The ray (RS) out through the face DC is called the emergent ray- (i) ‘The incident ray is parallel to the emergent ray i.e, Zi = Ze. (i) The perpendicular distance between the incident ray and the emergent ray is called lateral deviation. For a given angle of incidence and a pair of media, the lateral deviation is proportional to the thickness of the glass slab. We have, d=tsecrsin (i-r) o dat Refraction through a glass slab. \OBSERVATIONS ive Least count of protractor = __— degree an Least count of metre scale = —s Thickness of glass Ze (degree) (em) slab, t (om) ——, [a sey 1 4 2 t, 3. 4 at 5. [.-& t"aE RESULT \_——~ 1. The ray oflight changes its path emerging out of glass slab which proves that refraction happens when light travels from o ne medium to another. The emerging ray is parallel to the incident ray ie, Liz Le, ‘The lateral deviation of the emergent ray with respect to the incident ray is directly proportional to the thickness of the glass slab, 3. The lateral displacement increases with the angle of incidence (i). PRECAUTIONS .——~ ‘The pins should be fixed vertically on the drawing board. . The glass slab should be clean and of uniform thickness. . Use sharp pencils for making lines. . The glass slab should be kept lengthwise at the centre of the drawing sheet. . Measurement of angles should done accurately. PuRwne For better accuracy, distance between the pins should be 5 cm or more while locating the angle of incidence and angle of emergence. . It must be ensured that the pins 1 and 2 are in straight line. Similarly, the pins 3 and 4 are in straight line. 8. While viewing the pins, one eye should always be kept closed.Ve @ ACTIVITY & mS study the nature and Hleand ascreen forage tnt image formed by a conver lens on a screen by using @ ea ah tt distances of the candle from the lens). apPAaRal Convexlens, optical be a mich with three uprights, candle, matchbox, metre scale, cardboard screen, spit level qHeORY ‘The nature and size of the image eae by a convex lens depends on the position of object. From the lens formula, z-2 : | vy Foru=0,v=f Foru=~2f,v=2F | Foru=-f,v=2 For u < (~f), v becomes negative (image becomes virtual). Hence, as the object (burning candle) is moved from infinity towards the convex lens, its image (position of screen) moves away from the focus of the lens towards infinity. For candle distance less than the focal length, image becomes, virtual and does not come on the screen. DIAGRAMS ~~ Images formed by a convex lens for different positions of candle are given below:OBSERVATIONS ~~ Nature, size and position of image by convex lens A RESULT ~ ‘The nature and size of the images formed by a convex lens is according to theoretical predictions.mm activity @ m6 {po study the nature and size of the image formed by a concave mirror on ascreen by using @ ft woos colocmeen tr tntras re ggtere Apr ‘Anoptical bench with three uprights, a concave mirror with holder, aburningcandle,acardboard seen etc ele, sprit evel 1808 From mirror formula, 1,4. vu hen u= 0 (infinite), v = - f venue -2f,0=-2f" pens f= Cnfinite) when u < (- f), v becomes positive (image becomes virtual) irror, its Hence, as the object (burning candle) to moved from infinity towards the concave mis jmage (position of screen) moves from focus of the mirror towards infinity. The two cross each other at aistance 2f'te., at the centre of curvature of the mirror. For candle distance less than focal length, image becomes virtual and does not come on the screen. pIAGRAMR, ~~ Images formed by a concave mirror for different positions of candle are given below: of n oN F c F (i) Object at infinity (ii) Object beyond COBSERVATIONS \~ ats Nature, size and position of image by concave mirro Real and inverted AtC ol] BSN Between infinity and C Magnified Highly magnified Real and inverted At infinity Virtual and erect Behind the mirror Between F and pole RECORD een ‘The nature and size of the images formed by a concave mirror is according to theoretical Predictions, _ PRECAUTIONS POPACTHT PTR 1. Both the activities should be performed at a shaded place but having plenty of light. 2. Optical bench should be in perfectly horizontal Position, which can be ensured using a spirit level, 3. Do not look directly at the image of the sun while finding the tough focal length. 4. The optical needles should be held Perpendicular to the optical bench, 5. For getting an accurate measurement, the eye should be kept at more than 25 cm from the image. 6. Parallax error must be taken into account. 7. The lens and mirror should have small aperture.