You are on page 1of 15

5A@E=?EYI"?

PGOPM=SQ=GJMAN*AGKJMLPV@A +f

G=?JI?EGE=?EYI#HA@E=?EYI Q=GJM=OEQ= r
>>7
M,
i-T
rr
FCNCACIM
JLI=?M;F?M
S;L<CNL;F?M

DA47DFAA ?3D4 7D;LA@57


Jif]\jfi[\>\i\Z_fJifZ\jXc\ecXOe`m\ij`[X[HXZ`feXc[\cXJcXkX';i^\ek`eX)
Ji\j`[\ek\BfefiXi`f[\cCejk`klkfCY\ifXd\i`ZXef[\>\i\Z_fJifZ\jXc)

>A
M
VV
>G

w
:
VV
F+
R
>G

J?
>G
55
M
F
/1
:

MOG;LCI5
C) Ji\c`d`eXi5Ffjdvkf[fj[\jfclZ`ye[\Zfe]c`ZkfjZfdf\ogi\j`ye[\cX
:`
ZlckliXZfdle`kXi`X) JM
>G
CC) ?cdvkf[f[\cXd\[`XZ`ye\ecX\og\i`\eZ`Xefik\Xd\i`ZXeX) S
M
VV
CCC) ?ckiXjgcXek\[\cXd\[`XZ`yeefik\Xd\i`ZXeXpjli\Z\gZ`ye\ecX [$

efidXk`mXeXZ`feXc) M
V
CP) ;c^leXj\og\i`\eZ`Xjhl\j\[\jkXZXe\ecXc\^`jcXZ`yeZfdgXiX[X) r
VV
>G
P) Mlg\i`fi`[X[[\cj`jk\dX[\cXZfeZ`c`XZ`ye(d\[`XZ`ye mXcfiXk`mX  55
>G
]i\ek\Xcdf[\cfefik\Xd\i`ZXef) [
PC) FXd\[`XZ`ye ]XZ`c`kX[fiX [\cXF\p-1)034efj\ZfdgX[\Z\Zfe\c
j`jk\dX[\mXcfi\jpZi\\eZ`Xjhl\gi\mXc\Z\\eel\jkiXjfZ`\[X[XZklXc)
AK
P`c) <Xj\jgXiXle\jhl\dXjlg\iX[fi)
:-'
PCCC);c^leXjZfeZclj`fe\j[\Z`\ii\)
0
-
(O

K b a f ^ ` f É k * ` r i q r o ^ v s ^ i l o b p 8 bi mlo nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 0//


J=KME=F6
>aX_ceXfXagXgeTUT]bWX\aiXfg\ZTV\ta'X_WXfgTVTWbThgbeeXT_\mThaTap_\f\fWXgT__TWbTVXeVTWX_bf`qgbWbfWXfb_hV\taWXVbaY_\Vgbf'
[TV\XaWbXfcXV\T_qaYTf\fXa _T`XW\TV\ta'l_bfiT_beXf]herW\VbffbUeX_bfVhT_XffXWXUXUhfVTecbaXeY\aT _TVbagebiXef\TfhfV\gTWT) >ageX
XfgbfiT_beXf'fXsT_TdhXu_g\`T`XagXfX[Tce\i\_XZ\TWbXa_TfXfgeTgXZ\TfWXfb_hV\taT_TUufdhXWTWX_T XY\V\XaV\T fbUeX_T ]hfg\V\T '_bVhT_
cXe]hW\VTerTT_Tf\afg\ghV\baXfWXeXfb_hV\taWXVbaY_\Vgbf)
IT_TUeTfV_TiX5<baY_\Vgb'`XW\TV\ta'VbaV\_\TV\ta']hfg\V\TlXY\V\XaV\T)

9:KLJ9;L
Bag[\feXfXTeV['g[X_XTW\aZThg[beVbaWhVrfTWXgT\_XWTaT_lf\fbYg[X`Xg[bWfbYVbaY_\VgeXfb_hg\ba'j\g[fcXV\T_X`c[Tf\fba`XW\T(
g\ba'TaWg[X_XZT_iT_uXfbaj[\V[gbfXX^TaXaWgbg[XVbagebiXefl):`baZg[XfXiT_uXf'[Xcb\agfbhgg[Tg\aeXVXaglXTef'g[XYbVhf[Tf
UXXabaLb_hg\bafgbg[XfXTeV[Ybe XYY\V\XaVl biXe ]hfg\VX 'j[\V[jbh_WUXWXge\`XagT_gbVbaY_\VgeXfb_hg\ba\afg\ghg\baf)DXijbeWf5<baY_\Vg'
`XW\Tg\ba'VbaV\_\Tg\ba']hfg\VXTaWXYY\V\XaVl)
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

?fidXiZfeZ`\eZ`f\e kfief[\leX`ejk`( _roÉ`o^q^pabqrokl 1*`^_bmi^kqb^oklp^idrklp


klZ`ye'`dgfe\icX\e\cd\[`f'jlgfe\leX fkqboold^kqbp crka^j bkq^ibp8 èbi j labil ab
Xi[fifjXkXi\X[\[\dfjkiXZ`ye[\jljm\e( o^Åw kloqb^jbof`^k^ ^almq^al ^_fboq^jbkqb*
kXaXj'[\cXe\Z\j`[X[[\ZXdY`Xi_uY`kfj' v `^pf pfk `lk`bpflkbp ab ^a^mq^_fifa^a * mlo
[\_XZ\ihl\XiiX`^l\\e\cZfdgfikXd`\e( i^p ibvbpk^`flk^ibp*vo^qfcf`^al`ekfkld mloi^
kf f \e cXj \jkiXk\^`Xj [\ cfj fg\iX[fi\j Jbv04,367ab0./.*obpmlkab^ i^ pfkdri^ofa^a
aliw[`Zfj) =\jfYiX \jjXY`[fcf [`]wZ`chl\ ab krbpqo^p m^oqf`ri^ofa^abp`riqro^ibp=l pf pb
j`^e`]`ZXXjld`i\`dglcjXikXc\dgi\jX) R mobcfbob*èobcibg^k+ v pbobcibg^kb k +ilppfpqbj^p
\eki\efjfkifjdlZ_fduj# ) ab`obbk`f^p*s^ilobpvmofk`fmflpj~p^oo^fd^alp
nrb mobs^ibk bk i^ bpqfj^qfs^ `ljrkfq^of^ bk
A* HJ=DAEAF9J6 DGK EoLG<GK qlokl ab i^ grpqf`f^= W il kl jbklp mofk`fm^i8
<= KGDM;A}F <= ;GF>DA;LGK è^`^pl bufpqbk v pb jrbpqo^k obkq^_ibp lqolp
;GEG =PHJ=KA}F <= D9 ;MDLMJ9 afsboplpjÄqlalpabplir`fÉk^iqbok^qfs^abilp
;GEMFAL9JA9 afcbobkalp*nrbpbbumbofjbkq^kbki^qfqrabpaf+
sbop^pv*bkqlal`^pl*bkpl`fba^abp+`lj l^i+
? m^oqfoab i^ mobjfp^ fkafpmrq^a^ nrb ilp jÄ+ drk^pabi^pbrolmb^p+nrbpbofdbkmlos^ilobp
qlalpabobplir`fÉkab`lkcif`qlppbbk`rbkqo^k vmofk`fmflpbkbpbk`f^pfjfi^obp^ilpkrbpqolp=
molcrka^vob`Åmol`^jbkqb`lkb`q^alp`lkilp
abqbojfk^alpvbpmb`Åcf`lpbibjbkqlpnrb`lk+ ?i `^_l ab qlal biil* fkqbkq^objlp abjlpqo^o
cfdro^k* ab jlal dbkÄof`l* bi `lkqbuql pl`f^i nrb i^ jbaf^`fÉk*q^i `ljlbpq~ obdri^a^bk i^
v `riqro^i v i^ faflpfk`o^pf^ ab i^p pl`fba^abp ibv k^`flk^i sfdbkqb* pb abpbkqfbkab abi s^ilo
bk nrb pb^mif`^k0* ibglpab `lkpqfqrfopfpqbj^p grpqf`f^* p^`ofcf`~kalil bk ^o^p ab rk^ mobqbk+
^fpi^alp molar`ql ab bumboqlp* bpmb`f^ifpq^p l afa^ bcf`^`f^ nrb bk ob^ifa^a bkj^p`^o^ rk

/, KMPCJJM*?rdrpql,;_ T eU \geT ]X ( Ihf WXfTYpbf&J^glr^kb*@rbklp,?fobp,*0..3*mm,05+06,

0, A?NNCJJGRRG* K^rol, 7 fcXVgbf fbV\T_Xf l c b _pg\V b f W X _ c eb V X W \` \X a gb V \i \_ 'eX Yb e` T f l gXaWXaV\Tf X ib _h g\iT f Xa _T
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

; hebcT b V V \W X a gT _ l b e\X a gT _'& bk FebVXfb& \W Xb_bZpTf l fbV\XWTW&mm,12vpp,* bpmb`f^ijbkqb mm,61+7., ?pfjfpjl*
pl_ob i^ molcrka^ sfk`ri^`fÉk ab i^p fkpqfqr`flkbp m^o^ i^ obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp `lk pr `lkqbuql `riqro^i8
B?K?QI? Kó J[X <TVXf b Y @hfg\VX T a W I gTgX 7 h gb e\gl ( Qbdrfjlp i^ sbopfÉk `^pqbii^k^, BTf VTeTf W X _T ]h f g\V \T l X_
c b W X e W X _ ;fgTWb( 7 an_\f\f V b ` c T eT W b W X _ cebVXfb _XZT_&Caf`fÉk,HroÅaf`^*abAefib*Q^kqf^dlabAefib*0...,

1, AF?QC* M, J^t, 9 h_gheX& T a W H \ghT_( : \f c h g\a Z IlfgX` f \a 9 ebff'9 h_gheT_ 9 bagXkg& LbtWloh Skfsbopfqv Nobpp* Lbt
Wloh*0..3,Qbdrfjlpi^qo^ar``fÉk`^pqbii^k^abD,K^oqÅk Bfw,: XeXV[b& V h _gh eT l e\gh T _( I\fgX` Tf WX eXfb_hV\ra WX
VbagebiXef\Tf Xa h a V b a gX k gb \a gX eV h _gh eT _&K^o`f^iNlkp*K^aofa+@^o`bilk^+@rbklp?fobp*0.//,

0/0 P l _ b o q l  Mj^o @ b o f w l k ` b
bpnrbj^ ab obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp ^o`^f`l fkcirgl ab ilp `^j_flp bk bi abob`el fjmrip^+
ìf
nrb bkqolkfw^ plir`flkbp mro^jbkqbcloj^ibp alpq^kql mlobi Alkdobpl`ljl mlobi molmfl :B
^ bpm^ia^p ab i^grpqf`f^ , Dfk^ijbkqb* ebjlp NlaboHraf`f^i* ^ qo^sÄp ab afsboplp moldo^j^p r
abmolmf`f^oi^prmbo^`fÉkabi^`qr^ipfpqbj^ab abrqfifw^`fÉk fkqo^graf`f^ibp ,?pÅ*i^ jbaf^`fÉk ///
l]
jbaf^`fÉk^ m^oqfoabpr m^ri^qfk^qo^kpcloj^+ dbpqflk^a^ afp`ob`flk^ijbkqb mlo ilpgrb`bpv ;3
>G
`fÉke^`f^bijÄqlalj~p^`loab`lkilps^ilobp mrbpq^^`^odl*dbkbo^ijbkqb*ab^_ld^alpnrb FCNCACIM
JLI=?M;F?M
vmofk`fmflpprmboflobpnrbmrbababkljfk^opb ^`qÑ^k elklo^of^jbkqbpfkobqof_r`fÉk3, S;L<CNL;F?M
`lk`fif^`fÉk+jbaf^`fÉk s^ilo^qfs^ ,
J^p_^pbpabpbjbg^kqbj lsfj fbkqlbksboa^a
AA* =DEoLG<G<=D9E=<A9;A}F=FD9 pb bk`lkqo^_^k molcrka^jbkqb ^oo^fd^a^p bk
=PH=JA=F;A9FGJL=9E=JA;9F9 i^po^Å`bpvbkbi m^p^al efpqÉof`labi m^Åp*nrb
mrbabob`lkl`bopbv^bki^Äqf`^vi^mo~`qf`^ab
Qb e^ pbÇ^i^alnrb i^^m^of`fÉk ab ilp?BPbk ilpmofjbolp`lilklpfkdibpbp9abpabbkqlk`bp*
i^ Ñiqfj^ m^oqb abi pfdil VV pb fkpboqÉ bk rk `i^ol nrb `lk cir`qr^`flkbp* i^p ^iqbok^qfs^p
bpnrbj^abmoldobpfsl^_^kalklabi jÄqlal ^i mol`bplgraf`f^i e^k pfal rk^ `^o^`qboÅpqf`^
qo^af`flk^iabbkgrf`f^j fbkqlgrofpaf``flk^i*bk abi jlabil kloqb^jbof`^kl ab obplir`fÉk ab
`lkplk^k`f^ `lk afsbop^p `loofbkqbp pl`f^ibp, `lkcif`qlp, ?kqbpabi do^k fjmripl abcfkbpabi
Ck pr dÄkbpfp fkcirÅ^ rk^ fj mloq^kqb `ofpfp ab pfdil ^kqboflo* i^ `lk`fif^`fÉk bpq^_^ obar`fa^
ifqfdflpfa^a* ^rknrb q^j _fÄk klqlof^p `^rp^p ^ i^ mbofcbof^ abi pfpqbj^groÅaf`l* jfbkqo^p bi
fkpqfqr`flk^ibp* mliÅqf`^p v `riqro^ibp, K~p bp+ ^o_fqo^gb e^_Å^ nrba^al ob`lkar`fal^ i^p kb+
mb`Åcf`^jbkqb*^q^a^p^`^j_flpbk ilps^ilobp `bpfa^abpabi jrkal bjmobp^of^i +mlaoÅ^j lp
bk`lkcif`ql*i^abp`lkcf^kw^bkbidl_fbokl*i^p `libdfo nrb pbjbg^kqb ob^ifa^a bo^*ab ^idrk^
mliÅqf`^pkblif_bo^ibpabmofs^qfw^`flkbp*i^ er+ j^kbo^pfjfi^o^ i^ krbpqo^+,
j^kfw^`fÉkabi^pfkpqfqr`flkbp^do^kbp`^i^*bi S'
M
&&
moldobplpl`f^i^qo^sÄpabi^jbglo^ fkafsfar^i J^bumilpfÉkpr`bpfs^vbio^af`^i`^j_flabqbk+
v bi bp`bmqf`fpjl mlpj labokl ^`bo`^ ab i^ abk`f^^m^oqfoabilp^Çlpl`ebkq^*bksboa^akl
:
e^_oÅ^pfal`lkpb`rbk`f^*`ljl`loofbkqbjbkqb &&
ob^ifa^al_gbqfs^*nrbbumobp^_^kfkdobafbkqbp qì
R
crka^jbkq^ibp ab i^ `riqro^ kloqb^jbof`^k^8 pbmfbkp^*abiabp_loababi^ ifqfdflpfa^a+cb k É + >G

i^ if_boq^a* bi fkafsfar^ifpjl* bi mlmrifpjl* i^ jbkl mo~`qf`^jbkqb rkfsbop^i+* pfkl nrb bpqb Jk
>G
&&
fdr^ia^avbiif_bo^ifpjl2, Ñiqfjle^_Å^qbkfalrkm^mbijr`elj~pjlabp+ H

ql*abpabnrb*`ljl^cfoj^Ae^pb4*i^sboa^abo^ /.
:
Jlp?BP*bkob^ifa^a*^_^o`^k^iiÅrk^_^kf`lab vcrka^jbkq^i `^rp^ ab pbjbg^kqb `^j_fl ab
jÄqlalpvmol`bafjfbkqlnrbfk`irvbki^kbdl+ qlok^pab_b_rp`^opbbki^`lkcloj^`fÉkabrk^
`f^`fÉk*i^ jbaf^`fÉk*bi^o_fqo^gb*i^bs^ir^`fÉk sboa^abo^vmolmf^ZlckliXabilp?BPnrb^pfbkq^
kbrqo^imobsf^*ilpgrf`flpprj^oflp`lkgro^alb bkafsboplpmfi^obp8i^ob^``fÉk`lkqo^bi efmboib+ :
d^ifpjl 9 i^ `lkqo^`riqro^ ab ilp^Çlp pbpbkq^9 JM
fk^`^_^_ibp`lj_fk^`flkbpab^idrklpls^oflp >G
S
ab biilp, @fbk nrb e^k pfal i^ jbaf^`fÉk v bi i^ `lkdlg^ mlo i^ mÄoafa^ ab i^ `boqfarj _ob  M
&&
^o_fqo^gbi^pcloj^pj~pafcrkafa^pvrqfifw^a^p* ab i^q^oaÅ^ jlabokfa^a vbi `ob`fjfbkqlab i^p <J
bk sfk`ri^`fÉk* kl pfbjmob `boqbo^ kf m^`Åcf`^* mofs^qfw^`flkbp`ljlrkfab^i,Tb^jlp8 M
V
`lk i^ i^_lo ab ilp qof_rk^ibpgrofpaf``flk^ibp, r
&&
>G
Bb eb`el pr bum^kpfÉk e^ pfal`ob`fbkqbjbk+ ^' J^ ob^``fÉk `lkqo^ bi efmboibd^ifpjl * nrb &&
G<
qb pfdkfcf`^qfs^ ^ m^oqfo ab ilp ^Çlp l`ebkq^* ^i `ofqf`^_^ bi bu`bpl ab `lkcf^kw^ bk i^ ibv f

2, AF?QCM,*E c9\g(m,/11, M


M
3, GUpW(mm,/13+/2.*alkabobpbÇ^krjbolp^pbpq^aÅpqf`^pnrb^s^i^kprp`lk`irpflkbp*`ljlq^j_fÄkpfdkfcf`^qfslp \
molkrk`f^jfbkqlpabiRof_rk^iQrmobjlvkloj^qfs^pibd^ibpnrbfkcirvbo^kab`fpfs^jbkqbbkbiabp^ooliilabilp M
?BP9bkqobbpq^pÑiqfj^pi^?BP ab/776, à
C
4, ?U\W(mm, /24vpp,

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 0/1


m^o^ obplisbo ilpafsboplp mol_ibj^p ab i^ bi ~j_fql ab i^ obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp8 ilp
pl`fba^a v ib^agraf`^_^ i^ molifcbo^`fÉk ab abob`elpab ilp ifqfd^kqbp mlaoÅ^k pboobjf+
ilp ob`i^jlpgraf`f^ibp, J^ ob^``fÉk cobkqb^i qfalpcrbo^abi^Éo_fq^abilpqof_rk^ibpvbi
efmboibd^ifpjl crbq^kqlrkcbkÉjbklml+ ^o_fqo^gbpbbuqbkafÉj^pfs^jbkqb^m^oqfoab
iÅqf`l`ljlpl`f^i9bjm^ij^_^`lki^pkrbs^p i^p`i~rpri^p`ljmoljfplof^pbkilp`lkqo^qlp
qbkabk`f^p pl`f^ibp* i^ obfsfkaf`^`fÉk ab ilp abbjmibl*`ljmo^sbkq^v`loobq^gb*^ibkq^al
abob`elp `fsfibpv i^ fdr^ia^a ab dÄkbol* i^ mloi^grofpmorabk`f^abi^Qrmobj^Aloqb,
afpmlkf_fifa^a abi abob`el ab ^pfpqbk`f^
groÅaf`^do^qrfq^*bkm^o^ibil`lkbi^`qfsfpjl a' NloÑiqfjl* i^c^iq^ ab`boqfarj _obvpbdr+
graf`f^i _^gli^AloqbU^oobk,J^Alkcbobk`f^ ofa^a* q^j _fÄk groÅaf`^* `^o^`qboÅpqf`^ ab
@rodrbo* pl_ob i^p `^rp^p ab fkp^qfpc^``fÉk ilp qfbj mlp mlpjlaboklp* fkcirbk`fÉ bk
mlmri^o `lk i^ ?ajfkfpqo^`fÉk ab Hrpqf`f^* i^ sfpfÉk ab ilp mol`bafjfbkqlpgraf`f^ibp8
ab /754* ^s^iÉ i^ `oÅqf`^ ^i efmboibd^ifpjl  bp`bmqf`fpjlv`lkpb`rbkqbabp`^ifcf`^`fÉk
v`lil`É bk bi bmf`bkqolab i^ _Ñpnrba^ ab ab`fboqlpjbaflpqo^af`flk^ibpabmorb_^*
i^p plir`flkbp* kl i^ bum^kpfÉk foobcibufs^ v `ljlbiqbpqfj lkflabqbpqfdlpafob`qlp*bi
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

`lkqo^molar`bkqbabilp?BP+nrbq^kplil fkqboold^qloflv^Ñkbis^iloab`fboq^pmorb+
pbilp`lkpfabo^_^^mqlpm^o^ i^plir`fÉkab _^pmbof`f^ibp*mloi^sfoqr^ifa^avabpmob`fl
abqbojfk^alp`lkcif`qlp*`ljlilpabbp`^p^ abi^ `fbk`f^_^pro^ ,Cibp`bmqf`fpjlklpb
`r^kqÅ^*ilpc^jfif^obp*ilpabofs^alpaba^Çlp ifjfq^ ^ i^ ^sbofdr^`fÉkab ilp eb`elppfkl
mlo kbdifdbk`f^p elpmfq^i^of^p l jÄaf`^p v nrbpbbuqfbkab^i^ab`fpfÉkgraf`f^i,Qfkl
`fboq^p krbs^psÅ^p m^o^`ljmbkp^oibpflkbp e^vrk^ ob^ifa^a nrbmrba^abqbojfk^opb
mlo^``fabkqbp+9pfkl^kqbp_fbk*biab_^qbpl+ fkabmbkafbkqbj bkqb ab i^ j bqlalildÅ^
_obrk^molcrka^obsfpfÉkabqlalbipfpqbj^ bjmib^a^* pb ^odrvb* èmlo nrÄ _rp`^oi^=
abbkgrf`f^jfbkql,J^pkrbs^pêab^pdfo^_^k Nob`fp^jbkqb mlo biil* ^cfoj^k* i^ jbaf^+
bkqloklab`fboqlpobjbaflplod~kf`lp`ljl `fÉk bp m ^oqf`ri^oj bkqb ^qo^`qfs^ `ljl
bi fk`objbkqlab ilpmlabobpafp`ob`flk^ibp lm`fÉkbk`r^kqlprl_gbqfslbpbiildolab
abilpgrb`bpbki^pafifdbk`f^pvmol`bafjfbk+ rkobpriq^alnrbklabmbkababi^ grpqf`f^ *
qlp mobifjfk^obp v* bk dbkbo^i* bk rk^ j~p kfabi prbÇl abi^`boqbw^^_plirq^,
^molmf^a^dbpqfÉkabi^p`^rp^p,
b' Ckabcfkfqfs^*pb`lk`irvb*i^bkqolkfw^`fÉkv
_' J^ `lkqo^`riqro^  obcfbob ^i j lsfj fbkql bi^rdbabilp?BPbkilpCC,SS,crbmolar`+
mliÅqf`l+pl`f^i ab ilp ^Çlp pbpbkq^ nrb pb qlabmbqf`flkbpfkpqfqr`flk^ibp*j^kfl_o^p
lofdfk^o^bkDo^k`f^vbuqbkafbo^fkcirvbkal mliÅqf`^pvbijlsfjfbkql`riqro^iabi^Äml+
i^od^jbkqb*q^j _fÄk^ ilp Cpq^alpSkfalp, `^*nrbe^kpfalcrboqbjbkqb`rbpqflk^a^p
Qrp m^oqfa^oflp pb j^kfcbpq^_^k k^qro^i+ abpabpr^m^of`fÉk5,
jbkqbelpqfibp^ipfpqbj^graf`f^ivmolmf`f^+
_^ki^ grpqf`f^`ljrkfq^of^ `ljlm^k^`b^* AAA* =DLJ9KHD9FL=<=D9E=<A9;A}F
bkp^iw^kal i^ jbaf^`fÉk m^o^clj bkq^oi^ FGJL=9E=JA;9F9QKM J=;=H;A}F =F
m^oqf`fm^`fÉkafob`q^vrkfjmriplmlpfqfsl D9 FGJE9LAN9F9;AGF9D
bki^pobi^`flkbpfkqbomboplk^ibp*`lkbu`ir+
pfÉkabilp^_ld^alp, Cp _fbk `lkl`fa^ i^ dÄkbpfpabi abpbj_^o`lab
i^ jbaf^`fÉk fkpboq^ bk rk ^jmiflv^j_f`flpl
`' J^p mliÅqf`^p kblif_bo^ibp v ab fjmripl ^ i^ m^nrbqb abobcloj^p`lkmobqbkpflkbpabbofdfo+
mofs^qfw^`fÉkbkÄml`^abPb^d^kfkcirvÉbk pbbksboa^abo^pmliÅqf`^pmÑ_if`^p6fj^dfk^a^p
:=OH<:MNL /10

5, AF?QCM,*E c9\g(m,/33*/60+/62,

6, T?PE?QTG?LAMQ* H,C,*; Y\V\XaV\TXa _T ]h f g\V \T  Xa I\fgX` Tf@hW\V\T_Xf& ACH?* Q, ab Aefib* LÜ4* 0..1* m, 46* alkab
plpqfbkb nrb i^ _Ñpnrba^ ab i^ bcf`fbk`f^ bpq~ Åkqfj^jbkqb obi^`flk^a^ `lk i^ fab^ ab i^ bp`^pbwvcfkfqra ab

0/2 P l _ b o q l  Mj^o @ b o f w l k ` b
m^o^ i^ qo^kpcloj^`fÉk ab i^p bpqor`qro^p v ilp abpab nrb i^ molsfpfÉk abi pbosf`fl `ljl _fbk
mol`bafjfbkqlp `fsfibp, Nolar`ql ab rk^ sfpfÉk mÑ_if`l fk`bkqfs^oÅ^ ^ ilp prgbqlp ^ ifqfd^o j~p :
pbpd^a^vrkfi^qbo^iabilp`ljmibglpcbkÉjbklp ^pfar^jbkqb/., m
fk`^oafk^alp bk ilp pfpqbj^pgraf`f^ibp* crbolk fk
c*
ilpbpqÅjrilp^ i^ obcloj^ nrbbk ilp^Çlp7.pb @^glbpbmofpj^*bicrk`flk^j fbkqlÉmqfj labi G?
EN
fjmrip^olk bk krjbolplp m^Åpbp abi pr_`lkqf+ pfpqbj^graf`f^i fjmif`^ i^qrqbi^abi abob`el^i FCNCACIM
JLI=?M;F?M
kbkqb^jbof`^kl*mlo^``fÉkabilp_^k`lpj ri+ jbklo`lpqlmlpf_ibm^o^bibo^ofl*`ljljbafl S;L<CNL;F?M
qfi^qbo^ibp ab`oÄafql nrb fkvb`q^olk moÄpq^jlp m^o^ l_qbkboi^ obar``fÉk abi `lpqlafob`qlab
obpqfqrf_ibp`lkbp^cfk^ifa^a,Ciilbkbij^o`lab ilpob`roplpabpqfk^alp^i^plir`fÉkab`lkcif`+
i^ _Ñpnrba^ ab qo^kpcloj^`flkbp bpqor`qro^ibp qlpv i^ l`roobk`f^ jfpj^ abaf`elp`lkcif`qlp
abi Cpq^al nrb* pbdÑk prp fkpmfo^alobp* bk`lk+ mlobibcb`qlabafpr^pfÉk bgbo`fal*^qo^sÄpab
qo^_^kl_pq~`rilbkbipfpqbj^abgrpqf`f^, i^pq^p^pnrbdo^s^kbi pbosf`fl//,

Bbpabbimrkqlabsfpq^bpqo^qÄdf`l*vklpfk`fbo+ Qf_fbki^pmliÅqf`^priqo^+if_bo^ibp^ibkq^a^pbki^
q^ fkdbkrfa^a* ilp moldo^j^p ^rpmf`f^alp mlo aÄ`^a^abilp^Çlpklsbkq^bk dbkbo^ico^`^p^+
i^pbkqfa^abp`obafqf`f^pfkqbok^`flk^ibpm^oqÅ^k olk*klbpjbklp`fboqlnrbprboqbpfjfi^oe^k`l+
abi^mobjfp^nrbbkbipb`qlograf`f^ii^qo^kpclo+ oofalbk G_bol^jÄof`^i^pmliÅqf`^p`lkpfabo^a^p
j^`fÉkpbildo^oÅ^*j~pnrbjlafcf`^kali^pib+ qo^af`flk^ibp*ifd^a^pmloildbkbo^i ^i^rjbkql
vbpmol`bp^ibp*mlosÅ^abqo^pi^a^oi^pkl`flkbp abi mobprmrbpqlgraf`f^i*^grpqbpbkilpjlabilp
abdbpqfÉkjlabok^ molmf^pabipb`qlomofs^al mol`bp^ibp* v ^Ñk fk`lomlo^`fÉk ab jlabok^p
^inrbe^`bogrofpaf``flk^i, J^ fk`lomlo^`fÉk ab qb`klildÅ^p ab dbpqfÉk, Nofk`fm^ijbkqb mlonrb
qÄ`kf`^pabdbpqfÉk*abi^j^klabbumboqlpbk e^k lmbo^al bk cloj^ abp`lloafk^a^, ?pÅ* i^p
q^ibpqÄ`kf`^p*pboÅ^bi`^jfklm^o^ i^p^kpf^a^p obcloj^p mol`bp^ibp kl e^k qbkfal sfoqr^ifa^a
plir`flkbp(7,Ck sboa^a* j~p mobl`rm^kqb ^Ñk mo~`qf`^*pb^mlonrb^jbkralpbfkpboq^olkbkbi
bo^ i^ fablildÅ^ ab kbql pbpdl b`lkljf`fpq^* molmflv^dl_f^kqbbpnrbj^bp`ofqro^ofl+ sd,*ilp á
bk _ld^ mlo bpb bkqlk`bp* nrb pb mobqbkaÅ^ fkqbkqlp mlofkpq^i^ork^ ^rafbk`f^ mobifjfk^o+*
fjmlkbo`lkpbjbg^kqbpmolmlpf`flkbpbk`rvl v^ mloi^abprbqralabilpljlj ]fi`abpk^qro^if+ \
`bkqol^ibqb^_^i^`lk`bm`fÉkab`fjlkÉkf`^ab w^alp*lmloi^c^iq^ab^`ljm^Ç^jfbkql`lkrk 0
i^grpqf`f^ `fsfi `lk`b_fa^ `ljl _fbk mofs^al * jlabilabdbpqfÉk^ab`r^al, á
--
`rvlp _bkbcf`flp plk eb`elp prvlp mobalj f+ M
k^kqbjbkqb mloi^p m^oqbp ifqfd^kqbp, Bb^eÅbi Ciplilv^fpi^alfk`objbkqlabimobprmrbpqlgr +
molmÉpfqlababp^ibkq^oi^abj^ka^abgrpqf`f^* af`f^iq^jml`le^pbosfal^il_gbqfslabjbglo^o

O <
:
ob`roplp*ilnrbe^abfkcirfobki^qlj^abab`fpflkbp*^Ñkmlobk`fj^abi^`lk`bm`fÉkqo^af`flk^inrbsbbk i^ >G
r
grpqf`f^rkqbj^abmofk`fmflpabs^ilobpqo^p`bkabkqbp*nrbfkbulo^_ibjbkqbab_bkpbo`rjmifalp+mm,46+77+, [
--
Qbqo^q^*m^o^ klplqolp*abrk^ pbpd^a^sfpfÉkb`lkljf`fpq^*nrbkl`ljm^oqfjlp mlonrbabp`lkl`bmofk`fmflp O]
_~pf`lpabi^``bpl^i^grpqf`f^vbipfpqbj^abs^ilobpcrka^kqbpabi^crk`fÉkmÑ_if`^grofpaf``flk^i*abo^fd^j_ob [
`lkpqfqr`flk^ibkqlalpkrbpqolpm^Åpbp,Ql_obbiqbj^8@CPGXMLACP,M,;_VbfgbW X _cebVXfb'V b ` b fT Ve\Y\V\b c T eT X_ I
r
XeT e\b l Vb ` b \` c X W \` X a gb c T eT X_TVVXfbT_T ] h f g\V \T ' Xa: XeXV[bFebVXfT_9 \i\_T V gh T _&?_bibal+Nboolq-JCN*@p,?p,* `o8
>G
/777*mm,01/ vpp,
>G
O
7, JlnrbbkbiclkalprmlkÅ^abg^oabi^ali^sfpfÉkabilpmol`bp^ifpq^ppl_obilpmol_ibj^pgraf`f^ibpm^o^rqfifw^o
i^abilpbumboqlpbkdbpqfÉk,T?PE?QTG?LAM*H,?,E c9\g(&mm,54+56,

/., pU\W(mm,6.+6/,Ql_obbicfkmÑ_if`labi^grofpaf``fÉkmloqlalp8AMSRSPCC,H,*F eblXVgbW X 9 rW \Z b WXF ebVX W \` \X a gb 7@f


9\i\_&Klkqbsfabl* /723*m,70,

//, Qb e^ plpqbkfalnrb m^o^ ^ifsf^ov o^`flk^ifw^o i^ `^od^ abqo^_^gl ab ilpqof_rk^ibpvbsfq^o i^ obdobpfsfa^a abi
d^pqlbkgrpqf`f^ e^vnrbmobl`rm^opbmlo`lkqoli^oi^abj^ka^*vklpli^jbkqbi^ lcboq^abi_fbk 9vnrbbkqob
&
lqo^pcloj^pab^ifsf^o^nrbii^`^od^*^abj~pababp^eld^oilp^prkqlpmro^jbkqb^ajfkfpqo^qfslpv^nrbiilpnrb
-
mrbabk`^k^ifw^opbmlojb`^kfpjlpabobplir`fÉk^iqbok^qfslp*bpjbkbpqbo`l_o^omloilppbosf`flp^qo^sÄpab (O
i^pq^p^pgraf`f^ibp+T?PE?QTG?LAMH,?,*E c 9\g(&mm,46+5/,

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 0/3


i^pmobpq^`flkbp*pfklpbil^ajfkfpqo^vbgb`rq^ i^p crbkqbp obslir`flk^of^pco^k`bp^p ab /567
o^`flk^ijbkqb,Lfpfnrfbo^i^fkqolar``fÉkqla^+ nrb*bkprabpbkslisfjfbkql*vbk`lfk`fabk`f^
sÅ^ fk^`^_^a^ ab i^p jlabok^pqb`klildÅ^pab `lk pr l`^pl^ m^oqfoab i^ pbdrka^ jfq^a abi
i^p `ljrkf`^`flkbp e^ ^oolg^al ilp obpriq^alp pfdil ^kqboflo* e^_Å^ qboj fk^al mlo bki^w^opb
nrb pb bpmbo^_^k* afpl`f^a^p `ljl dbkbo^i+ `lk lqo^p afsbop^p ` l oofb k qb p obkls^alo^p
jbkqbe^kbpq^alobpmb`qlabilpabj~pkfsbibp nrb* bk rk bpq^afl obkls^alo* _ofka^k ^elo^
abipfpqbj^graf`f^i, prpqbkql^ i^abkljfk^a^grpqf`f^sb`fk^ilab
mbnrbÇ^p `^rp^p* nrb `l_fg^ afsbop^p cloj^p
Bb_bob`lkl`bopb*pfkbj_^odl+`l j l _fbk il plirqlof^p^iqbok^qfs^pabkqolabimolmflmol`b+
e^abpq^`^alT^od^pTf^k`lp+ nrbilpjlabpqlp plab`lkcfdro^`fÉkqÅmf`^j bkqbgrofpaf``flk^i
`^j_flpbk i^ dbpqfÉkgraf`f^i +cor ql  mofk`fm^i+ *pfdrfbkalbiafcrk a fa l j labillofrkalabi^
jbkqb ab i^ fkf`f^qfs^ abgrb`bp `ob^qfslp+ qÅ+ ibdfpi^`fÉk _o^pfibÇ^ ,
jfa^jbkqb fkqbkq^alp bk krbpqo^ obdfÉk* kl
l_pq^kqbbibp`^pl^s^k`bnrb e^k pfdkfcf`^al Qf bk i^grpqf`f^ ab m^wqo^af`flk^i i^ _Ñpnrba^
bk i^ jbglo^ abi pfpqbj^ graf`f^i* e^k qbkfal ab i^p plir`flkbp `lk`boq^a^p m^p^_^ mlo i^
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  ml o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

i^ sfoqra* ab qlalp jlalp* ab fkpq^i^o fab^p jfpfÉk abi grbw ab molmf`f^o i^ `lk`fif^`fÉk*
ab bcf`fbk`f^ v molar`qfsfa^a* dbkbo^kal rk bi jlal fkcloj^i abi qo~j fqb v i^ ab`fpfÉk ab
mol`bplabfkkls^`fÉkk^a^abpabÇ^_ib,Ql_ob clkal ^sboa^ap^_fa^v_rbk^cbdr^oa^a^ *i^
qlal* s^ib ^dobd^o* pf kl pb mfboab ab sfpq^ i^ bk`ljfbka^ ^ rkgrbw _^oof^i ab i^p mbnrbÇ^p
lod^kf`fa^aabi Åkqbdolpfpqbj^abgrpqf`f^vpb `^rp^pklbpprpq^k`f^ijbkqbafcbobkqb,Ckrkl
^qfbkab`lk`ljfq^kqbjbkqb^ i^ jbglo^bk ilp r lqol pfpqbj^* bi l_gbqfsl mofk`fm^i kl bp i^
abj~ppbdjbkqlp, ebqbol`ljmlpf`fÉk abi ifqfdfl +qo^k`ebo+* pfkl
i^ plir`fÉk ^jfd^_ib8 i^ grpqf`f^ `lk`fif^qlof^ ,
Ck bpbj^o`lpbmolmf`f^_^bifjmripl^ i^ jb+ Cjmbol+v ^nrÅo^af`^ i^crka^jbkq^i afcbobk+
af^`fÉk`ljlmrkq^abi^kw^m^o^i^fkpq^i^`fÉk `f^ `lk bi bpnrbj^ ab i^ jbaf^`fÉk+ ^nrbii^p
ab rk^ `riqro^ ^iqbok^qfs^* bk `lkqo^mlpf`fÉk sÅ^p `lk`fif^qlof^p kl mrbabk prpqbkq^o rk^
^i qo^af`flk^i j Äqlalab`ljmlpf`fÉkgraf`f^i, obpmrbpq^grofpaf``flk^i abpbdrka^ *ifdeq*abp+
Orba^_^ bkqobi^w^a^ i^ j baf^`fÉk* ab bpb bkqbkafa^abi^grpq^vbnrfq^qfs^`ljmlpf`fÉk
jlal*`lki^pfablildÅ^pkbl+mofs^qfpq^pbkbpb abi afcbobkal, Ci do^k mb`^al mloljfpfÉk ab
bkqlk`bp bk _ld^, Qb ^ibkq^_^ ^pÅ i^ abp`lk+ i^ ibdfpi^`fÉk k^`flk^i e^pfal*mrbp* mobp`fkafo
cf^kw^ e^`f^ i^ grpqf`f^ abi Cpq^al molmf`f^kal ab i^p bumbofbk`f^p sbok~`ri^p ab i^ grpqf`f^
i^`lksbkfbk`f^abpbosfopbabjbaflpmofs^alp ab m^wqo^af`flk^i ibd^ v* pl_obqlal* ^`ldbo
+_ fb k  nrb obdbkqb^a^p mlo bi mlabo ^ajfkfp+ ml`ljbklpnrbfkabif_bo^a^jbkqbbijlabil
qo^alo+nrbd^o^kqfw^o^k i^ if_ob^rqlkljÅ^ ab kloqb^jbof`^kl ab i^ jbaf^`fÉk* plpi^v^kal
ilpfkafsfarlp*pfkfkqbocbobk`f^pabilpgrb`bpv i^ sbopfÉk ^`qr^ifw^a^ ab ^nrbii^ nrb qo^prkq^
pfkilp`lpqlpvafpcrk`flk^ifa^abpabi^grpqf`f^ i^abkljfk^a^grpqf`f^sb`fk^i* _^oof^i labmb+
mÑ_if`^,Nl`lfjmloq^*_^glq^kpbpd^a^jfo^a^* nrbÇ^p`^rp^p,
nrbbiÄufqlabi^pplir`flkbp^iqbok^qfs^psbkd^
^pboafob`q^jbkqbmolmlo`flk^i^i^fkbcf`fbk`f^ AN* 9D?MF9K=PH=JA=F;A9KIM=K=
ab i^ grpqf`f^ bpq^q^i, Ck qlal `^pl* kf pfnrfbo^ <=KL9;9F =F D9D=?AKD9;A}F
s^iaoÅ^ i^ mbk^ bi bpcrbowl mlo jbglo^oi^ pf* ab ;GEH9J9<9
qlalpjlalp*bi^q^glabi^ jbaf^`fÉkiibd^o^^
crk`flk^o*^rknrbprmlkd^i^ crd^abimol`bpl * Bbbkqobi^^jmiÅpfj^d^j^abjlabilpnrbpb
v^Ñk*abiabob`elvi^grpqf`f^, buef_bk^m^oqfoabi^k~ifpfp`ljm^o^qfslabi^p
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

ibdfpi^`flkbp bk sfdlo* klp m^ob`b `lkar`bkqb


Bb m^pl* pb fj mlkb obp^iq^o nrb bi j labil ^ ilp cfkbp ab bpqb bpqrafl abqbkboklp bk bi
`lkp^do^albk i^ ibv02,351vo^qfcf`^almloi^ ob`fbkqb loa bk ^ j fb kql  fq^if^kl `lkp^do^al
ibv k^`flk^i 04,367 ab 0./.* abgÉ ab i^al i^p mlobiab`obqlibdfpi^qfsl LÜ06*abi2abj^owl
bumbofbk`f^p sbok~`ri^p nrb bko^fw^_^k bk ab 0./.* bk fj mibj bkq^`fÉk ab i^ Bfob`qfs^
ilp sfbglp laobp ab i^ grpqf`f^ ab m^w ibd^ ab ab i^ SkfÉk Crolmb^ abi 0/ ab j^vl ab 0..6

0/4 Pl_boql Mj^o @bo fwlk `b


nrb fjmrip^ bi abp^ooliil ab ilp?BP +^oqÅ`ril i^ mobqbkpfÉk+* mbol pfk sÅk`rilp ifjfq^qfslp, Ci
6+,Qb fkqolar`bbk i^ ibdfpi^`fÉk mbkfkpri^oi^ j^qbof^i^anrfofalaro^kqbbiqo~jfqb*abqlalp :
abkljfk^a^ jbaf^`fÉk bpqor`qro^a^/0 l fkpqf+ jlalp*klmrbabpborqfifw^albk i^riqboflo^`+ r
qr`flk^i* fkqbdo^a^ mlork^ obaablod^kfpjlp qr^`fÉkgraf`f^i+^oqÅ`rilp7v /.+, Ci jbaf^alo kf
O,
bpmb`Åcf`^j bkqb abpqfk^alp ^ ^`qr^o i^ jb+ mrbab*^rknrb klbpq~ l_ifd^al*cloj ri^ork^ JM
G<
af^`fÉk +`lkpbglp ab i^p Éoabkbp clobkpbp* ab molmrbpq^ab`lk`fif^`fÉk`r^kalbi^`rboalkl FCNCACIM
lqolp `libdflp molcbpflk^ibp v ab i^p `~j^o^p pbe^ildo^al+^oqÅ`ril//+9molmrbpq^nrb*pfkl JLI=?M;F?M
S;L<CNL;F?M
ab`ljbo`fl+* mobsfÄkalpb rk obdfpqolabbplp crbob ^`bmq^a^* mrbab dbkbo^o`lkpb`rbk`f^p
lod^kfpjlpv rk^bpmb`Åcf`^ mliÅqf`^ab plpqÄk pl_ob i^ fjmlpf`fÉk ab i^p`lpq^pbk bi riqboflo
^ i^cloj^`fÉkabilpjbaf^alobp, mol`bpl +^oqÅ`ril /1+, Ci ^`rboal`lk`fif^qlofl
nrb `lkpq^ bk ^`q^ ab_b pbo elj lild^al mlo
J^ j baf^`fÉk bpqor`qro^a^ mrbab pbo c^`ri+ bimobpfabkqbabiqof_rk^iabiird^oalkabqfbkb
q^qfs^* `r^kal i^p m^oqbp ab`fabk if_objbkqb pbabbilod^kfpjlfkqbosfkfbkqb*v`lkpqfqrvbkqb
ob`roofo^ bii^ +^oqÅ`ril0+9 r l_ifd^qlof^* `ljl qÅqrilbgb`rqfsl,
`lkaf`fÉk ab mol`baf_fifa^a ab rk^ bsbkqr^i
abj ^ka^* bk prmrbpqlp ab ` l k cif` ql p  nrb Jl nrb obpriq^ bpbk`f^i* bi oÄdfj bk nrb pb
sbopbk pl_ob `l ka l j fk fl * abob`elp ob^ibp* bpq^qrvb mlkb bi ^`bkql bk i^ `ljmol_^`fÉk
afsfpfÉkab _fbkbp*pr`bpflkbp* m^`qlpabc^j f+ c~`qf`^ ab ilp abob`elpnrbfksl`^k i^p m^oqbp*
if^* il`^`flkbp* `ljla^ql* ^oobka^jfbkqlp ab ^aj fqb i^ mobpbkq^`fÉk ab al`rj bkqlp +^ o+
e^`fbka^p* obp^o`fjfbkql ab a^Çlp abofs^alp qÅ`ril 1* fk`fpl 19 ^oqÅ`ril /5* fk`fpl 0 + v lqo^p
abi^`fo`ri^`fÉkabsbeÅ`rilpvbj_^o`^`flkbp* morb_^p* bpmb`f^ijbkqb mbof`f^ibp* fk`irvbkal
abobpmlkp^_fifa^a jÄaf`^vafc^j^`flkbp mlo i^p`ljmol_^`flkbpbpmb`f^ifw^a^p,Alkqbjmib*
jbaflabi^mobkp^*`lkqo^qlpabpbdrol_^k`^+ ^pfjfpjl*biklj _o^jfbkqlabjbaf^alobp^r+
Çlpvcfk^k`fbolp+^oqÅ`ril3*fk`fpl /+,?abj~p* ufif^obp+^oqÅ`ril6* fk`fpl2+, J^ eljlild^`fÉk _M
M
mrbab pbo afpmrbpq^ mlo bi grbw qla^ sbw nrb &&
graf`f^i kl pb ^dlq^ bk i^ jbo^ sbofcf`^`fÉk ab G<

aro^kqb bi abp^ooliil abi mol`bpl il `lkpfabob i^ obdri^ofa^a cloj^i abi mol`bafjfbkql* pfkl
:
abrqfifa^a+^oqÅ`ril3*fk`fpl0+, nrb obnrfbob fdr^ijbkqb `lkpq^q^opf bi^`rbo+ &&

R
al^oof_^al klbp`lkqo^ofl ^i loabk mÑ_if`ll G<

Ci jbaf^alolmbo^ pfk prgb`fÉk ^cloj^pabqbo+ ^ kloj^p fjmbo^qfs^p +^oqÅ`ril /0+, Ck prj^* _M
G<
&&
jfk^a^p*`ljljbgloil`lkpfabobm^o^c^slob+ pbbpqor`qro^ rk pfpqbj^ nrbpb^ibg^ab jlal f

`bobi ^`rboalbkqobi^p m^oqbp* _^globpbos^ ab m^ij^oflabi^pfjmibjbaf^`fÉk c^`fifq^alo^ /1, `1
:
bpqof`q^`lkcfabk`f^ifa^a,Qf^idrk^abÄpq^pkl
m^oqf`fm^ bk i^ jbaf^`fÉk bigrbw mrbab fkcbofo Ll bp qfbjml* qla^sÅ^ ab clojri^o _^i^k`bp kf
ab biil* bk bi riqboflo mol`bpl* ^odrjbkqlp ab grf`flpabcfkfqfslppl_obi^fkqbosbk`fÉkibdfpi^qfs^
morb_^ +^oqÅ`ril 6+, Ci mol`bafjfbkql ab jb+ nrb sfbkb dbkbo^kal sfs^p afpmrq^p al`qofk^+ :
af^`fÉk pb^_ob`lk i^ mbqf`fÉknrbpbmobpbkqb of^p,R^j_fÄk `fboq^jbkqb bk i^p ^kqÅmla^p abi _-/
G<
S
^kqb ^idrklp ab ilp lod^kfpjlp e^_fifq^alp* pfpqbj^ kloqb^jbof`^kl* ^rknrb mlo o^wlkbp M
&&
pfk prgb`fÉk ^ `ljmbqbk`f^ qboofqlof^i* v ab_b afsbop^p* pb r_f`^ bi jlabil abp^oolii^al bk i^ T)
obcbofoabjlal`i^ol^i`lkqbkfalabi^bsbkqr^i ibdfpi^`fÉk^ibj^k^,J^qbkabk`f^e^`f^i^mofs^qf+ M
P
abj^ka^ graf`f^i +m^oqbp* l_gbql v `^rp^ ab w^`fÉkjbaf^kqbi^^alm`fÉkabilp?BLklqrsl r
&&
G<
&&
G<
H

/0, @G?T?RG N,*7 eZ b ` X a g\W \: \e\ggb FebVXffhT_X9\i\_X& @lklkf^ Skfs,Nobpp, @lildk^*0.//* mm,6.7vpp,, Ck obi^`fÉk^i
oÄdfjbk^kqboflobk`lkcolkq^`fÉk`lk i^pd^o^kqÅ^p`lkpqfqr`flk^ibp8AMKMEJGMJ,N,*C Xmm\T _gX ea T g\i \W \gh gX _T X \
Z T eT a m\X V b fg\gh m \b a T _X &Ps,Bfo,Nol`,*0...*mm,1/6vpp, |
`-<
/1, TGEMPGRGT,* = \hfg\m\TXYh gh eb 4V b a V \_\T m \b a X XV_TffT V g\b a & PbNol* Q^l N^ril* 0./.* LÜ /6/* m, 1./, Ci oÄdfjbk ab gÉ
obcbobk`f^ klfkpqfqrvb rk^ jbaf^`fÉk `i~pf`^jbkqbbkqbkafa^*pfkl rk fkpqorjbkql^ qo^sÄpabi `r^i pb fkar`b \
^ i^p m^oqbp bk `lkcif`ql ^ ^`bmq^o rk^ molmrbpq^ ab `lk`fif^`fÉk bumobp^a^ mlo rk qbo`bol, B?JJ? @MLRò Q, O
BTb e\Z \a T _T V gh T V \r a Xa ?gT _\T WX_T  : \eXV g\iT ,**2)/,)9;& 9 \i\_F ebVXWheXHXi\Xj&Tlirjbk LÜ0* mm,71vpp,* 0.//, O
Bfpmlkf_ibCk8 :ttt,`fsfimol`barobobsfbt,`lj< \

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i ^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s^i lo ^ qfs ^ ï 0/5


j^vloob`bmqfsfa^a*bkqoblqolpjlqfslp+pbdÑk `fj fbkql ab i^ `rbpqfÉk ifqfdflp^9 fdr^ijbkqb*
pb ^cfoj^+ mlonrb bi mol`bplgraf`f^i loafk^ofl pf i^p m^oqbp kl mobpbkq^k rk^ molmrbpq^ ab
crk`flk^ ^ab`r^a^jbkqbv*mloilabj~p*lcob+ qo^kp^``fÉk mlobp`ofql*bi molmflqof_rk^i mrb+
`babkqolabprp molmflpbkdo^k^gbpprcf`fbkqbp abe^`boil,Ci^`rboalelj lild^al`lkpqfqrvb
mlpf_fifa^abp ab `lj mlpf`fÉk ^j fd^_ib/2, J^ qÅqrilbgb`rqfsl/3,J^ p^qfpc^``fÉk `lk bi pfpqbj^
bumb`q^qfs^ ^ifjbkq^a^ mlo i^ ^_ld^`Å^ v lqo^p m^ob`bpbodo^kab*mlonrbi^pm^oqbpo^o^jbkqb
molcbpflkbp if_bo^ibp abpblp^pab i^ bum^kpfÉk ob`roobk ^ i^ jbaf^`fÉk mofs^a^* pfklnrb mob+
bkilpjbo`^alpabjbaf^`fÉkv^o_fqo^gb*bkbpb cfbobkkbdl`f^o^kqbrkgrbwbpq^q^ibkbi j^o`l
bp`bk^oflkl`r^gÉpfklbkcloj^ifjfq^a^, ab rk^ fkpqor``fÉk graf`f^i `ljmibq^, Qlil bk
^idrklp`^jmlpbpmb`f^ibpv*mlobiil*obpfar^ibp
Ck `lkqo^m^oqfa^ plk ilpmolmflpqof_rk^ibpilp e^qbkfalpr`bpli^jbaf^`fÉkmofs^a^*^pÅbki^p
nrb buqfkdrbk mloqo^kp^``fÉk bkqob bi sbfkqb `rbpqflkbpabc^jfif^vafslo`fl/4,
mlo`fbkqlvbiqobfkq^ mlo`fbkqlab ilp ifqfdflp,
W^ abpab ilp ^Çlp pbqbkq^ pb e^_Å^ fkpq^i^al K~p^ii~ ab i^p klqlof^ppfkdri^ofa^abpabi bp+
rk^ `riqro^ graf`f^i ab i^ qo^kp^``fÉk* crb oqb + nrbj^dboj~kf`l*m^ob`bpfdkfcf`^qfslobp^iq^o
P bsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  mlo ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

jbkqb^rpmf`f^a^ mlobi ibdfpi^alo, Qbqo^q^ ab i^obfsfkaf`^`fÉknrbprmlkbbkq^kqlprpqbkq^


rk^ i`^_kj YXj\[d\[`Xk`fe nrb crk`flk^ _^gl i^ plir`fÉk^jfpqlp^bk i^ molmf^pbabgraf`f^i*
i^p obdi^pabi mol`bpl`i~pf`l*`ljl rk^cloj^ _^gl dbpqfÉk abi grbw* nrb ^`qr^kal pbdÑk
ab `ljmlpf`fÉk mlo fkqboj baf^`fÉk abi grbw pr if_ob `lksf``fÉk mrbab iibd^o ^ molmlkbo
nrb bk`^g^ pfk fk`lebobk`f^p bk bi `ropl abi ^`rboalpqo^kp^``flk^ibp,Cpbkbi j^o`lab i^
mol`bpl, Ci mol`bafj fbkql `lk`fif^qlofl bpq~ fkpqor``fÉk abi mol`bpl* nrb pbc^`fifq^ i^ _Ñp+
obdri^albkbi^oqÅ`ril056XNM,J^qo^kp^``fÉk nrba^ab i^`lk`fif^`fÉk nrb*pf _fbk abmbkab
bkdil_^*abcloj^`ljmibq^i^pfqr^`fÉkgroÅaf`^ bkqbo^jbkqb ab i^ slirkq^a ab i^p m^oqbp* kl
vi^p`e^k`bp mol`bp^ibpab ilp`lkqbkafbkqbp* nrba^ `lkaf`flk^a^ mlo bi abp`lkl`fj fbkql
v ^ bii^ pb ^oof_^ ^ qo^sÄp abi af~ildl bkqob bi ab i^pfqr^`fÉkc~`qf`^labi^p`e^k`bpnrbbk
grbwvi^pm^oqbp*bkobrkflkbppbm^o^a^p,Llpb bi mi^klgroÅaf`l plk ab`fpfs^p m^o^ bi ^`fboql*
mobpbkq^bi`lkcif`qlbkqobilpm^mbibpabigrbwv bk qÄoj fklp abgrpqf`f^* abi obpriq^al, Ll ml+
abi`lk`fif^alo*bkq^kqlbki^`riqro^dboj~kf`^ aoÅ^^cfoj^opbnrbbi^`rboal^pÅildo^alnrbab
bimol`bplbk rkqlal*fk`irplbkaf`e^c^pbab abbpm^ia^p^i^grpqf`f^ *kfnrbi^qo^kp^``fÉk
i^ qo^kp^``fÉk* pb bpqor`qro^ bk cloj^ ^_fboq^* ^pfpqfa^graf`f^ij bkqbcrbobrkpfjmibpr`ba~+
af^iÉdf`^ v ab eb`el* bigrbw ^`qÑ^ `lk if_ob kbl abpbdrka^ ,
`lksf``fÉk vabjlalqo^kpm^obkqb,Nloilab+
j~p*bi ^oqÅ`ril3abi krjbo^i056 mobsÄnrbbi Skjlabilkljbklppfkdri^ombolnrbbk`r^+
qof_rk^i mrbababibd^oi^afob``fÉkabi^bq^m^ ao^bki^piÅkb^pqbkabk`f^ibpmobs^ib`fbkqbp*kl
`lk`fif^qlof^ ^ rk grbw X[_fZ bk`^od^al m^o^ l_pq^kqbfkpboq^opbbki^qo^af`fÉkabiZfddfe
biil*nrbpb^ jfbj_olabi`libdf^al, cXn' bp bi nrb pb ^oqf`ri^ bk Gkdi^qboo^* `lk
obpriq^alp ^iq^j bkqb p^qfpc^`qloflp bk q^kql
Cki^^rafbk`f^ab`lk`fif^`fÉkmrbabfkqboold^o i^ qo^kp^``fÉk bp bi bmÅildl j~p cob`rbkqb ab
if_objbkqb ^ i^p m^oqbp ^ ilp cfkbp abi bp`i^ob+ i^p`lkqolsbopf^p*do^`f^p^ rk^ mliÅqf`^ mÑ_if`^

/2, QR}PLCPP,*IbUeX _Tf eX Yb e` T f eXVXagXf a b W \eX \gb T _X ` n b ( LÜ/71*0.//*mm,133vmm,*142+143,

/3, QR}PLCPP,*E c 9\g(&m,143,?pfjfpjl* N{PCXP?EMLC?H,vMPRGXNP?BGJJMH,A,*9 rW \Z b F ebVXfT_ 9 \i\_ T _X ` n a + 


7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

P F E '&I,?abk^rboQqfcqrkd*Klkqbsfabl*0..4*mm,6/+61,F??QS,v@MASAAGBó?? eT c c b egb geT z? Z \h W \V X X _X c T e g\


a X __ W \e\ggb gXWXfVb(LÜ/75*0.//*mm,013vpp,

/4, \U \W ( m, 143, Bbqlalp jlalp* `lk obcbobk`f^ ^ ilp obpriq^alp mo~`qf`lpab ilp jbaflp^iqbok^qfslpvbi do^alab
`^ifa^a^i`^kw^albk`ljm^o^`fÉk`lkilpnrbpb^pfdk^^ipfpqbj^graf`f^ilcf`f^i*e^_o~nrb`lksbkfonrbbufpqbk
afcf`riq^abp `^pf fkp^is^_ibp m^o^ rk^ bs^ir^`fÉk o^`flk^i, Alkc,8 ICPL A,?,* FXeVXcZnb& c X eYb ` T a V X X c b _pg\V T 4
eXVXagXf Yb e` T f WX T U b eW T Z X ` W T Vb ` c T eT Z n b d h T _\gT g\i T Wbf f\fgX` Tf WX ]h f g\V T V\i\_(LÜ/76*^dlpql0.//*mm,10/
vpp,

0/6 P l _ b o q l  Mj^o @ b o f w l k ` b
ab moljl`fÉk ab i^ `riqro^ ab i^p plir`flkbp ?pÅ*bkbiabob`el^ibj~k*i^obcloj^ab /77/ ^
^rql+`ljmrbpq^p* nrb pb obcibg^ bk afsboplp i^XNMfkqolarglrkkrbslqbuql^ikrjbo^i263* :
jljbkqlp, W^ bk i^ c^pb mobmol`bp^i* ilp gi\( bk`rv^sfoqramrbabplif`fq^opbmorb_^mbof`f^i O
^kqf`fm^a^pl_obbibpq^alab rk^ mboplk^lbi >G
XZk`fe gifkfZfcj obdri^k i^p qo^q^qfs^p bk`^jf+ X)
k^a^p ^i ildol ab i^ qo^kp^``fÉk* `ljl rklab bpq^alls^iloabrk^`lp^*i^`^rp^abrka^Çl JM
EN
prp l_gbqfslp mofk`fm^ibp, Do^`^p^al bi fkqbkql ^ mboplk^p* ^ rk^ `lp^ lsf`fl abÄpq^9bi `lpql FCNCACIM
JLI=?M;F?M
bfkf`f^albimol`bpl*biANPab /776bkc^qfw^i^ abi^ obm^o^`fÉkabi a^Çl, Ci fkqboÄpgroÅaf`lpb S;L<CNL;F?M
kb`bpfa^aabnrbq^kqlbigrbw`ljlilp^_ld^+ qfbkb mlobufpqbkqb`r^kalbi af`q^jbk mrbab
alpfjmripbk rk^qo^kp^``fÉk,Jlpab_bobpabi ^vra^o^bsfq^ork mol`bpl/7,
qof_rk^i fk`irvbk i^l_ifd^`fÉk* molmf^ abi ZXj\
dfef^\d\ek'ab^pfpqfo^i^pm^oqbp^bplpcfkbp* ?ijfpjll_gbqfsl^mrkq^i^obcloj^fq^if^k^abi
mrafbkal ^abj~p abofs^o bi ^prkql ^ ^idrkl ab`+ibvab0..3*^i^jmif^oi^pcloj^pabl_qbk+
ab ilp jbaflp ^iqbok^qfslp bpmb`Åcf`lp +?BP+* `fÉk mobsbkqfs^ ab i^p morb_^p* fkqolar`fbkal
fk`irvbkal i^ fkqbosbk`fÉk^ plif`fqra abm^oqb i^ Zfejlc\eqX kvZe`ZX ^kqboflo ^i mol`bpl* `lk
abrkqbo`bolkbrqo^i(\Xicp e\lkiXc\mXclXk`fe() crk`fÉk`lk`fif^qlof^,QbdÑk bi ^oqÅ`ril474Y`j*
ANA,* i^p m^oqbp* ^kqbpab`ljbkw^ork^ `^rp^*
N^o^clow^o^i^pm^oqbpobjfp^p^i^rqfifw^`fÉkab mrbabkplif`fq^onrbbigrbwabpfdkbrkbumboql
bplpjb`^kfpjlp*`r^kalbigrbwilp`lkpfabo^ m^o^nrbmobpbkqbrkfkclojblofbkq^al^Zfd(
`ljl i^ ^iqbok^qfs^ j~p molmf`f^* pb ^ajfqb i^ gifYXi p [\k\id`eXicfj`oÄafqlpabofs^alpabifk+
mlpqbod^`fÉkbkpr`^plabiqo~j fqbabimol`bpl, `rj mifj fbkql`lkqo^`qr^i*lmloeb`elpfiÅ`fqlp*
Bbqlalpjlalp+`lj lpbe^plpqbkfal+obpriq^ fkqbkq^al*^ijfpjlqfbjml*i^`lk`fif^`fÉkabi^
crka^jbkq^i`ljmobkabonrbi^`lk`fif^`fÉkkl c`k`j-+)Qbmbopfdrb^iibd^ork^s^ilo^`fÉkqÄ`kf`^
e^ ab qbkbo ird^o ^ i^ plj_o^ abi abob`el /5* l_gbqfs^ nrb mbojfq^ ^ i^p m^oqbp bj_^o`^opb
nrb bp q^kql `ljl ab`fo nrb pr obpriq^al kl bkrk^kbdl`f^`fÉkcor`qÅcbo^*q^kmolkql`ljl JM
M
nrba^fabkqfcf`^albi`lkcif`ql*abpbjmbÇ^kal VV
mrbabpbofkgrpql^ i^sfpq^abiabob`el,
rk^ crk`fÉk obar`qfs^ bk obi^`fÉk ^i pfpqbj^
:
F^vqla^sÅ^ lqo^pbumbofbk`f^p nrb jrbpqo^ i^ abgrpqf`f^* afofdfa^ ^ bsfq^obi mibfql0/9 ^abj~p &&

k
ibdfpi^`fÉk `ljm^o^qfs^ v nrb plk Ñqfibp ^ ilp abi bcb`ql bsbkqr^i ab i^cloj^`fÉk ab morb_^ G<

molmÉpfqlpabfka^d^`fÉk,Llpobcbofjlp^^nrb+ qbjmo^k^ m^o^bicrqrolmol`bpl00, >A


>G

ii^plqo^pjla^ifa^abpprmbo^alo^pnrbo^af`^k M
i^p plir`flkbp ^rql`lj mlpfqfs^p bk i^ bq^m^ R^ibpbumbofbk`f^pabjrbpqo^knrbbiibdfpi^alo
:
mobifjfk^oabimol`bpl,Cp`lkl`fa^i^qbkabk`f^ klpb`lkqbkq^`lkclj bkq^ocÉojri^p`lj ml+
^^`bkqr^oi^fjmloq^k`f^abi^fkpqor``fÉkmobif+ pfqfs^pabg~kali^pif_o^a^p^igrbdlabilpmrolp
jfk^oabi^p`^rp^p*^oqf`ri^kalmol`bafjfbkqlp fkqbobpbpabi^pm^oqbp_^gli^ drÅ^abdbpqlobp
nrb ^kqb`babk ^i abpbj _lnrb bk i^ ^``fÉk kbrqo^ibp*`ljlbkbijlabilabi^kbdl`f^`fÉk :
>A
graf`f^ivnrb*mob`fp^jbkqb*qfbkabk^bifjfk^o bk _ld^* pfkl nrb pb ^ifbkq^k i^p plir`flkbp >G
r
bi`lkcif`qlbkbp^fkpq^k`f^qbj mo^k^/6, ^rql`lj mrbpq^p bk bi j^o`l ab i^ gr pqf`f^ M
VV
AJ
M
R
r
VV
>G
/5, ?LBPCUQL,*9 bagebiXef\XVb_Xgg\iX&geT a m T V\b a X XVb a V \_\T m \b a X \a ?a Z [ \_gX eeT &LÜ/47*0..7*mm,6/ vpp,
>G

/6, @G?T?RG*N,JXaWXaV\TfeXV\XagXfWX_T ] h f g\V \T V \i \_Xa; hebcT&m,303,TGJJ?N,Q,*BTX gT c T c eX _\` \a T eT _cebVXfbV\i\_(;a


B
NNL9baZeXfbD T V \b a T _WX: XeXV[bFebVXfT_( FbaXaV\TfZXaXeT_Xf(D^`riq^aabBbob`elS@?+??BN*@rbklp,?fobp,*
0..7*mm,17.vpp,
AL
&+
/7, JCG@JCQ,*FebVXfbV \i \_T _X ` n a ( @ldlq~* /777*mm,047vpp,

0., @G?T?RGN,*E c9\g(mm,304+305, Ä


0/, K?EEG D, v A?PJCRRG D,*?c eb i i X W \` X a g\W \\fgeh m \b a X c eX iX a g\iT  Xa ??cebVXffb VThgX_TeX( ? `ro^ af E,R^owf^ b ?, L
Q^ibqqf*Aba^j*Rbo`bo^*baf`fÉk,*0..6*mm,/37vpp, (
O
00, @G?T?RGN,*JhgX_TVThgX_Te&T a g\V \c T gb e\T l f h ` T e\T Xa_T eX Yb e` T \gT _\T a T (0..7*m,3.5,

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  m lo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 0/7


lcf`f^i* `lk `lkqoli abigrbwv* pl_obj^kbo^*bk `lk`fif^`fÉk*bk`^j_fl*^rknrbilp`lkqbkafbk+
i^ ^kqbp^i^ abi mol`bpl, Qfk `i^ofcf`^`fÉk ab ilp qbp `ob^k fkabif_bo^a^j bkqb nrb bi ^`rboal
eb`elp*^Ñkbkdo^alabsbolpfjfifqravprmbo+ p^qfpc^`b prp bumb`q^qfs^p* _fbk mlaoÅ^k e^_bo
cf`f^ifa^a*i^kbdl`f^`fÉk mba^ib^bkbi^fob *bp ^oof_^al ^i jfpjl pfk nrb `lk biil pb er_fbob
^idl^pÅ`ljlrksrbil^`fbd^p,?ibkp^j_i^opb eb`elgrpqf`f^,
^molmf^a^jbkqb^j_^p^`qfsfa^abp* i^p m^oqbp
iibd^k ^i ^`rboal ^jfpqlpl Zfe ZfefZ`d`\ekf J^qbloÅ^abi^obplir`fÉkab`lkcif`qlpnrbpr_+
[\ZXljf' il nrb d^o^kqfw^ rk `lkpbkqfjfbkql v^`bbk ilpjbaflp^iqbok^qfslpmobprmlkbab
j^arol corql ab rk^ bs^ir^`fÉk crka^a^ ab j^kbo^ fjmiÅ`fq^*nrbbkqobilp`lkqbkafbkqbp
i^p `fo`rkpq^k`f^p ab eb`el v ab abob`el nrb bufpqbrk^obi^`fÉkabfdr^ia^a9i^`lk`fif^`fÉk
m^oqf`ri^ofw^k bi `^pl, Jbglp* krbs^jbkqb* ab abfkqbobpbppb`lk`f_b`ljlrk^^kqf`fm^`fÉk
rk^ fkprcf`fbkqb v jbklp`^_^kqb jbaf^`fÉk abi obpriq^al abigrf`fl* ^prjfÄkalpb nrb prp
c^`fifq^alo^ abrk obpriq^al*`r^inrfbo^crbob* qÄoj fklp plk pfj mibj bkqb bi molar`qlab i^p
^Ñk bkbij~pfkbnrfq^qfsllfoo^wlk^_ib, mobaf``flkbpabi^pm^oqbp^`bo`^abbpbobpri+
q^al, Qfk bj_^odl +pbÇ^i^ ^`boq^a^jbkqb M,
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b opfa ^ a  ab Jfj^

N* KMH=JAGJA<9<<=DKAKL=E9<= DGQQ04+* i^ ^irafa^ `lk`fif^`fÉk ab ilpfkqbobpbp


D9;GF;ADA9;A}F)E=<A9;A}F bpq~ bk ob^ifa^a bkcrk`fÉkabilp ob`roplpbk
N9DGJ9LAN9 >J=FL=9DEG<=DG dbkbo^iabnrbafpmlkb`^a^m^oqbmlo^prjfo
FGJL=9E=JA;9FG bi mol`bpl* ilp `r^ibp* `lk cob`rbk`f^* bpq~k
afpqof_rfalpbk j^kbo^ abpfdr^i, Ciil^cb`q^o~
CkbijlabilqbÉof`lloqlalulabi^jbaf^`fÉk+  fkbsfq^_ibj bkqb bi mol`bpl ab kbdl`f^`fÉk*
?BP+*bi`lkcif`qlpbobprbisb`lkmobp`fkabk`f^ mlo i^ pfqr^`fÉk ab abpfdr^ia^a ab i^ m^oqb
ab i^ ^mif`^`fÉk abi abob`el*vbk ^qbk`fÉkq^k jbklpc^slob`fa^*mloi^jbklo`^m^`fa^am^o^
plil ab ilp fkqbobpbpbk mrdk^ v`rvl _^i^k`b l _qbkbo v ^k^ifw^o i^ fkcloj ^`fÉk kb`bp^of^
pb molmrdk^* fkar`fbkal ^ i^p m^oqbp bkcobk+ pb^ mlo i^ rodbk`f^ nrb mrba^ qo^bo `lkpfdl
q^a^p ^ ^oof_^o* mlo pÅ jfpj^p* ^ rk^ plir`fÉk pr ob`i^jl*v^ mloi^ fj mlpf_fifa^a ab`lpqb^o
^rql`ljmrbpq^, J^ crd^ abi mol`bpl kl pfdkf+ rk mol`bplgraf`f^i,W* pf _fbk* i^ abpfdr^ia^a
cf`^ p^ifoab i^grofpaf``fÉkgraf`f^i +`l j l bk bi ab i^p m^oqbp q^j _fÄk mrbab afpqlopflk^o bi
pljbqfjfbkql^~o_fqolp+*pfklifp^vii^k^jbkqb molmflmol`bplgraf`f^i*bkÄpqbnrba^pfbjmob
p^ifo ab i^ grpqf`f^ jfpj^01* abpbkqbkabopb ab i^ mlpf_fifa^a ab nrb i^ fkqbosbk`fÉk abigrbw
i^grpq^vbnrfq^qfs^ `ljmlpf`fÉk abi `lkcif`ql, `lkqof_rv^ ^ afpjfkrfo* rqfifw^kal i^p afsbop^p
Ck_rbkolj^k`b*q^kql`ljl`lkqbkq^opb`lk qÄ`kf`^p mol`bp^ibp* bi fj m^`ql ab ^nrbii^p
rk^grpqf`f^ abpbdrka^ *rkml_obprpqfqrqlab abpfdr^ia^abp, Ck ob^ifa^a* i^ `ob`fbkqb r qfif+
i^obplir`fÉkgraf`f^iv*j~p^Ñk*rk^obqfo^a^ab w^`fÉk ab ilp jbaflp ^iqbok^qfslp `lkpqfqrvb
i^grofpaf``fÉk02, rk fkaf`^alo bil`rbkqb ab i^ qbkabk`f^ ^ i^
mofs^qfw^`fÉk abi^grpqf`f^bpq^q^i05,
Ck`lkqo^mlpf`fÉk*ilpcfkbpmÑ_if`lpabimol`bpl
graf`f^i v `lkpb`rbkqbjbkqb i^ jfpfÉk ab ilp Cimol_ibj^`bkqo^inrbmi^kqb^i^jbaf^`fÉkbp
grb`bp +`l j l  ^cfoj^ DGQQ03+ bp e^`bogrpqf`f^* bi ab i^ fkprcf`fbk`f^ ^_plirq^ `ljl jbafl ab
a^kal crbow^ v e^`fbkal ob^ifa^a ilp s^ilobp obplir`fÉkabi^pafpmrq^pm^o^iibs^o^`^_lrk^
`lkqbkfalp bk i^ A lkpqfqr`fÉk v i^ ibv, Ck i^ ^ab`r^a^qrqbi^ab ilp abob`elp fkslir`o^alp,
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

01, @G?T?RG*N,Ec( 9\g(&mm,312,TGEMPGRGT,*Ec( 9\g(&mm,1..+1./,

02, DGQQ*M,*9 b a geT _T V b a V \_\T V \r a Xa X _ WXeXV[b V b ` b eT mr a c s U _\V T (0..5*m,/22,

03, DGQQM,*Mm,E cómm, /2.+/20,

04, DGQQM,*Hg)@k)gg)/1/+/11,

05, EGJJCQP*9 \i\_ @hfg\VX I\fgX` f T a W 9 \i\_ F ebVXWheXf \a VbaiXef\ra (LÜ/51*0..7*mm,112+113,

00. P l _ b o q l  Mj^o @ b o f w l k ` b
Llplilmlonrbmloabcfkf`fÉkbi^`rboalbkqob qor`qfs^ ab i^p krbs^p molmrbpq^p* v il nrb bp
i^p m^oqbp fj mif`^ pfbjmob rk^ obkrk`f^ ab j~pfjmloq^kqb*prfk`fabk`f^pl_obilps^ilobp 7
abob`elp +b i abob`el ab_b mboj^kb`bo qo^p `ljrkfq^oflpnrbbpq~kbkgrbdl, r
>G
i^ mrboq^ +* pfkl^abj~p abpab nrb bi jÄqlal O,
klbpq~bk`^m^`fa^a m^o^bifjfk^o*l^i jbklp A lk`obq^j bkqb bk obi^`fÉk ^ i^ j baf^`fÉk* JM
>G
obar`fo*i^p`lkpb`rbk`f^pabi^abpfdr^ia^anrb m^ob`bkÅqfalnrbbibjmbÇlabpr fjmlpf`fÉk FCNCACIM
ab `ljÑk qo^bk bkqob pÅ ilp `lkqbkafbkqbp, Ci l _ ifd ^ ql of^  kl mrbab abpbkqbkabopb ab i^ JLI=?M;F?M
S;L<CNL;F?M
mofk`fmflabi^ kbrqo^ifa^a abilpjbaf^alobp* bufpqbk`f^bkqobklplqolpabrk^crboqb`riqro^
bpbk`f^i^il_gbqfslabnrbi^pm^oqbpvpÉilbii^p qo^af`flk^i nrb e^ pfal obco^`q^of^* mloo^wlkbp
^i`^k`bk* bk `r^inrfbo `^pl* pb^ `ljl crbob* jÑiqfmibp*^pr^ajfpfÉk,Qbqo^q^*mob`fp^jbkqb*
bi ^`rboal* `lkar`b fkbsfq^_ibjbkqb^ nrb pb mrbab^odrjbkq^opb* ab mrg^o m^o^ mbojb^ov
^oof_b*^jbkral*^plir`flkbpfkgrpq^p*klplil qo^kpcloj^obp^`riqro^prpqfqrvÄkali^mlolqo^
mlonrb kl pb qfbkb bk `rbkq^ i^ afj bkpfÉk abpfdkllmrbpql,Qfkbj_^odlbifkqboold^kqb
groÅaf`^ abi `lkcif`ql* pfkl q^j _fÄk mlonrb pb `bkqo^i pfdrbpfbkal8èbp^`riqro^ krbs^ ^`lj+
mlpf_fifq^ nrb i^ m^oqb j~p crboqb qboj fkb fj+ m^Ç^ v pb prpqbkq^ bk ilp s^ilobp v `obbk`f^p
mlkfbkalilpqÄojfklpabi^`rboal06,Jlnrbbp mobaljfk^kqbp* bk bpqlpqfbjmlp* bk i^ pl`fb+
mblo* k^afb pbo~ obpmlkp^_ib ab i^ mÄoafa^ ab a^a^odbkqfk^=
ilp abob`elp l ab i^p `e^k`bp ab i^ m^oqb abp+
c^slob`fa^bk i^ obi^`fÉk9v^klbpq~kilpgrb`bp CklqolpqÄojfklp8 i^psbkq^g^pprpq^kqfs^pnrb
kf bi Cpq^al m^o^ obpmlkabo mloabcb`qlpab i^ pb^qof_rvbk^i^jbaf^`fÉk*`^o^`qbofw^a^mloi^
mobpq^`fÉk pbosf`f^i, ^oqf`ri^`fÉkabmol`bafjfbkqlpjbklpgbo~onrf+
`lp* ifkb^ibp v`lkqo^af`qloflp* j~p fkcloj^ibp
NA* D9E=<A9;A}F >9;ADAL9<GJ9 <=D9 v^`bibo^alp*nrbmbojfqbk^ i^pmolmf^pm^oqbp
D=Q.2*145FGK=;GEH9<=;=;GF =D obplisboprp`lkcif`qlpm^oqf`fm^qfs^jbkqb*_^gl M
KAKL=E9 <=N9DGJ=KQ;J==F;A9KIM= i^ pli^ ^pfpqbk`f^ abi jbaf^alo* ègrpqfcf`^k bi --

HJ=N9D=;==F FM=KLJ9KG;A=<9< p^`ofcf`fl ab ilp s^ilobp abgrpqf`f^ b fdr^ia^a*


9;LM9D molmflpabi pfpqbj^graf`f^i*ab ilpnrb^nrbii^
pbabpbkqfbkab=Wj~p^Ñk8bifab^inrbbumobp^
J^pcloj^pabobplir`fÉkab`lkcif`qlpobcibg^ki^ nrb ob`roofbkal ^ i^ jbaf^`fÉk pb moljrbsb rk
G<
--
`riqro^ab_^pbabrk^`ljrkfa^a+prps^ilobp* rk^ pl`fba^a j~p m^oqf`fm^qfs^ b fkqboobi^`fl+ M

prp`lksbk`flkbppl`f^ibpvilppÅj_lilp^qo^sÄp k^a^*obdfa^pmloobdi^pfkcloj^ibpvplifa^of^p* 1
:
ab ilp`r~ibp pb obmobpbkq^k+,Wbp^ obi^`fÉk bp ^Ñk^aj fqfbkalbuefmÉqbpfpnrbcrbobsboa^ab+
ob`Åmol`^* ilp jÄqlalp m^o^ i^ obplir`fÉk ab ol*è `ljmbkp^ prpabpsbkq^g^pklqlof^pvm^o+
i^pafpmrq^pplk rkc^`qloabfjmloq^k`f^bk i^ qf`ri^oj bkqb nrb bpb qfml ab plir`flkbp ^iqbo+
q^ob^ fk^`^_^a^ ab `lkcfdro^o i^ `riqro^ bk i^ k^qfs^pc^`fifq^obpriq^alpfkgrpqlp*fkprcf`fbkqbp :e
\
`r^i pb fkpboq^k*bkbi pbkqfalnrbilp`^j_flp m^o^^pbdro^oi^m^wpl`f^i=è?`^pli^jbaf^`fÉk* G<
S
bk i^ ifqfdflpfa^a obmbo`rqfo~k bk i^ jfpj^ `ri+ `ljlbpq~ obdri^a^ bk i^ ibvk^`flk^i sfdbkqb* M
``
qro^,Bb^eÅnrb`r^inrfboobcloj^mol`bp^iqo^p+ fkcirvb bk krbpqo^ `riqro^ abq^i cloj^ nrb kl AJ
`bkabkqbklmrbabpbo`lkpfabo^a^Ñkf`^jbkqb plilabg^^i`fra^a^kl`ljÑkbkmlpf`fÉk j~p M
V
abpabbi mofpj^abiqb`kf`fpjlibd^i07,Qfbjmob aÄ_fi if_o^alvbumrbpql^ fkgrpqf`f^ bk pr `^pl r
--
G<
pbob`rboa^i^^cfoj^`fÉkabAlrqrob8rk`Éafdl fkafsfar^i*pfklnrb*^abj~p*bpq~`lkqof_rvbk+ --
G<
mol`bp^i klbp rk^ l_o^ ^`^aÄjf`^ pfkl mliÅqf+ al ^ `lkpqfqrfo  rk^ krbs^ `riqro^ +l* jbglo* O
`^, Ci ibdfpi^alo ab_b plmbp^o pbpra^jbkqb bi `lkqo^`riqro^ ab+`lkpqor`qfs^+  abpbkqbkafa^
_^i^k`b ab ilp s^ilobp nrb bpq~k fjmif`^alp* abs^ilobp v `obbk`f^p `ljm^oqfalp ^iq^jbkqb
A
AK
M
bpqfj^o bi fj m^`ql `riqro^i v i^ crbow^ `lkp+ pbkpf_ibp* `ljl ilp ab grpqf`f^ b fdr^ia^a= M*

á
-
06, R?PSDDM*K,Ec(9\g(&mm,//4+//6, (
O
07, AF?QCM,*Ec(9\g(&mm,11+51,

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 00/


j~ppfjmibjbkqb*bkqÄojfklpnrbmi^kqb^Ae^+ i^qrqbi^graf`f^ibcb`qfs^*i^ bcf`^wmobpq^`fÉkab
pb*èi^fab^nrbqo^kpjfqbi^jbaf^`fÉkobpmb`ql ilppbosf`flpabgrpqf`f^ abi ^oqÅ`ril //2*qbo`bo
^ i^ ^ab`r^a^loabk^`fÉk abi^pl`fba^abkpr m~oo^cl*fk`fpl4`e ]`e\)
`lkgrkql*bp^`bmq^_ib=1.
Qbkq^a^i^ob`Åmol`^vmolcrka^`lkbufÉkbkqob
Ai^olnrb^pÅmi^kqb^alpq^ibpfkqboold^kqbpkl `riqro^ v jbaflp ab plir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp1/*
mrbabk ob`f_fo obpmrbpq^p Ñkf`^p kf `boqbo^p9 `^_b^colkq^oi^obj^kfa^`rbpqfÉkabi^ `riqro^
pboÅ^ rk s^kl fkqbkql* abp`^ifcf`^_ib mlo pr abiifqfdfl l abilpabob`elp cobkqb^i^ `riqro^
s^`r^ fkdbkrfa^a* mobqbkabo ^prjfo bi obql ^ ^iqbok^qfs^abi^m^`fcf`^`fÉk l abilpfkqbobpbp ,
c^iq^*`ljlbpklqlofl*abprcf`fbkqbfkcloj^`fÉk Bb_bjlp `ljbkw^o mlo ^ aj fqfo nrb bk rk^
l_gbqfs^ abofs^a^ ab qo^_^glp bjmÅof`lp m^o^ pl`fba^a if_ob v miro^i ilp `lkcif`qlp mrbabk
^sbkqro^ogrf`flp ab s^ilo pl_ob q^k `lkcif`qf+ pbo obprbiqlp bk jlalp afsboplp v i^ bib``fÉk
slp ^pmb`qlp, Qlil mlabjlp qo^kpj fqfo `fboq^p ab rk^ r lqo^ sÅ^ abmbkab bu`irpfs^jbkqb ab
^molufj^`flkbppfklqo^mobqbkpfÉknrbpbÇ^i^o i^ sl irkq^a ab ilp molmflp fkqbobp^alp, F^v
^idrklp o^pdlpqÅmf`lp`^o^`qboÅpqf`lpab krbp+ o^wlkbp* v pl_ob qlal `fo`rkpq^k`f^p +c~`qf`^p
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  m l o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

qol ^`qr^i pfpqbj^ ab bkgrf`f^j fbkql `fsfi _^gl vgroÅaf`^p+ nrb e^`bk mobcbof_ib* mlo obdi^* bi
bi mofpj^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i v `lksbk`flk^i* nrb `^jfklabi^grofpaf``fÉknrb`lkar`b^i^pbk+
`lkpqfqrvbkilp^o_lq^kqbpnrbobcibg^i^`riqro^ qbk`f^, Ck`^j_fl*`r^kal pbqo^q^ab`fboqlpv
abkqolabi^`r^ipbabp^oolii^, abqbojfk^alp`lkcif`qlp+obi^`flkbpabc^jfif^*
ab sb`fka^a* ab `lbufpqbk`f^ifa^a bk dbkbo^i*
Cki^pÑiqfj^paÄ`^a^p*vmofk`fm^ijbkqb^ m^o+ ab j bklo `r^kqÅ^+ bi pbkabol ab ilp jbaflp
qfo ab i^ obcloj^ `lkpqfqr`flk^i ab /772* pb e^ ^iqbok^qfslpobpriq^ j~pmolmf`fl,
fkdobp^albk i^ c^pbj^aro^ abicbkÉjbklab
i^ `lkpqfqr`flk^ifw^`fÉkabi^pd^o^kqÅ^p l*pfpb Ck i^ jbaf^`fÉk i^ o^wÉk* i^ `rim^ l bi boolopb
mobcfbob*i^ mol`bp^ifw^`fÉkabiabob`el`lkpqf+ afprbisbk m^o^crkafopbbk i^ mlkabo^`fÉk ab
qr`flk^i ,J^^ajfkfpqo^`fÉkabi^grpqf`f^`fsfi*^ ilp fkqbobpbp, Qbbsfq^k `fboq^jbkqbilp ofbpdlp
m^oqfoabi^ob`bm`fÉkabi^Alksbk`fÉk?jbof`^+ vabpsbkqro^pabi mol`bpl* mbol e^vnrb obpfd+
k^abBbob`elpFrj^klp&bk^abi^kqb A?BF ' k^opb ^ i^ kl+grpqf`f^, Cp mlpf_ib nrb pb^ Ñqfi
pb prpqbkq^ bk rk kÑ`ibl arol l bpbk`f^i ab m^o^ ob`rmbo^o i^ cb ob`Åmol`^ v ^Ñk bk`^oofi^o
mofk`fmflpnrbi^dl_fbok^k*vnrbobpriq^k^qfk+ i^pobi^`flkbpjbii^a^pmlobi`lkcif`qlafprbiql
dbkqbp^ i^Zfe[`Z`ye [\c al\q'`ljlfjm^o`f^ib mlo rk obpriq^al p^qfpc^`qlofl m^o^ ^j_lp, Qfk
fkabmbkafbkqb9^ i^pgXik\j'^ nrfbkbppb ibpe^ bj_^odl* `ljl bumobp^ @f^s^qf* bi mol`bplgr +
ab^pbdro^obi^``bplfoobpqof`ql^i^grofpaf``fÉk af`f^ibpq~abpqfk^alcfpfliÉdf`^jbkqb^obdri^o
vbi abob`el ab abcbkp^9 v^i gifZ\[`d`\ekf' bi plil i^ jÅkfj^ m^oqb ab ilp`lkcif`qlp pl`f^ibp*
ab_fal mol`bpl nrb e^ ab pbo pfjmib* `i^ol v mbol`r^kalbi ifqfdflbpq^k ^dral`ljl m^o^
o~mfal*m^o^pbolÅal `lk i^pab_fa^pd^o^kqÅ^p obnrbofo i^ fkqbosbk`fÉk ab i^ grofpaf``fÉk* kl
vabkqolabrkmi^wlo^wlk^_ib *ilnrb`lkiibs^ pb mrbab `lj mofj fo i^ kb`bpfa^a ab ifqfd^oab
biaf`q^alabrkmolkrk`f^jfbkqlab_fa^jbkqb jlalnrb bp kb`bp^oflbk`^oofi^oil bk i^psÅ^p
crka^alvgrpql,Qbqo^q^ ab i^p ^XiXekwXj al [ `( abrk^loabk^a^`lkcolkq^`fÉkgraf`f^i,
Z`Xc\j nrbpbabofs^kabi^oqÅ`ril6A?BFvnrb
pbfkqbdo^k`lkbiabob`el^rkob`roplpbk`fiil Nlo l qol  i^al* v nrfw~p il j~p fj m l oq^ k qb *
v o~mfal nrb _ofkab ^jm^ol `lkqo^ ^`qlp nrb krbpqo^ppl`fba^abpj^kfcfbpq^krk^crboqbkb+
sflibk ilp abob`elp crka^j bkq^ibp +^oqÅ`ril `bpfa^a ab ibd^ifa^a, J^ mÄoafa^ab ilps^ilobp
03+, J^ Alkpqfqr`fÉk obcloj^a^*^abj~p* ob`l+ mÑ_if`lp v abi _fbk `ljÑk bk klj_ob ab rk
:=OH<:MNL /10

kl`b`ljld^o^kqÅ^crka^jbkq^i biabob`el^ fkqboÄp mofs^al nrb pb mbopfdrb ^ qla^ `lpq^*

1., AF?QCM,*Ec(9\g(&m, /66,

1/, pU\W&mm,0.+0/,

000 Pl_boql Mj^o @b ofw l k` b


bp `lkpb`rbk`f^ q^j _fÄk ab i^ ab`^abk`f^ ab mol`bafj fbkqlp* `r^ibpnrfbo^ crbobk* nrb il
i^ crbow^ ab i^ ibvvab i^ c^iq^ ab ^mqfqra m^o^ bj _obqbk bk bpnrbj^p obar`qlobp nrb kl :
^mif`^oi^,Cimol`bplgrofpaf``flk^iabpbjmbÇ^bi mrba^k ^pbdro^oibplir`flkbpgrpq^pvbnrfq^+ S
oli abab`fobiabob`elvab ob`loa^onrÄ`lp^* qfs^p,J^grpqf`f^*bkofnrb`fa^abpabi^bnrfa^a >G
O,
m^o^ i^ `ljrkfa^a* bpgrpq^ v iÅ`fq^ vnrÄ `lp^ obpriq^foobkrk`f^_ib*fkafpmlkf_ibab`^o^^ilp j
EN
klilbp,Qbqo^q^abrk olibpbk`f^i^inrbklpb s^ilobp mobs^ib`fbkqbpbk i^ pl`fba^a* mlonrb FCNCACIM
mrbabobkrk`f^o10, bipfpqbj^pbabpibdfqfj^`r^kal^m^Ç^bpnrb+ JLI=?M;F?M
S;L<CNL;F?M
j^pnrbpb`lkqbkq^k`lk_ofka^o^i`fra^a^kl
J^ `riqro^ ^asbop^of^i * e^ ab^ajfqfopb* mrbab rk^abibwk^_ibgrpqf`f^ abpbdrka^ ,
vab_b`lksfsfo`lk^nrbii^`ljmibjbkq^of^ab
i^`llmbo^`fÉkm^`fcf`^alo^,Sk^vlqo^fkqbdo^k ? rknrb pfosfbo^* il `r^i obpriq^ ^iq^j bk qb 
bi pfpqbj^ ab obplir`fÉk ab i^p `lkqolsbopf^p, aralpl*m^o^ moljlsbork^pl`fba^a j~pm^o+
Cufpqb`lkpbkplpl`f^i^iobpmb`qlvbiile^pfal qf`fm^qfs^ b fkqboobi^`flk^a^* sbkq^g^ nrb* bk
bi ildol v i^ qo^kpcloj^`fÉk nrb lmbo^ abpab qlal`^pl*`^_b^agraf`^o^ i^ obdri^`fÉkabi^p
ilp^Çlpklsbkq^8`ljfbkw^^bjbodbo*m^ri^qf+ ^``flkbp`lib`qfs^pv i^ ibdfqfj^`fÉkbuqo^loaf+
k^jbkqbvkl pfk pl_obp^iqlp* i^ krbs^ `riqro^ k^of^,NloÑiqfjlvab`fpfsl8i^jbaf^`fÉkkbrqo^i
abi^afpr^pfÉkvi^ _Ñpnrba^abi^pplir`flkbp ab fkqbobpbp*^i `lil`^opb abbpm^ia^p ^i abob+
^jfpqlp^p,Wbiilbp^iq^jbkqbmlpfqfsl, `el* obkrk`f^ ^ i^ jfpfÉk mÑ_if`^ bpbk`f^i nrb
Lll_pq^kqb*klmlaoÅ^^cfoj^opbnrbfdr^i`lk+ `loobpmlkab ^i Åkqbdol pfpqbj^ abgrpqf`f^ abi
pbkplpl`f^ipber_fbobdbkbo^albkqloklabi^ nrbcloj^ m^oqbabbp`i^ob`bo^ i^ `ljrkfa^a*
jbaf^`fÉk c^`fifq^alo^ ,Nlobi`lkqo^ofl*mrbab bkobi^`fÉk^ilp`^plp`lk`obqlp*^`bo`^abnrÄ
^pbsbo^opbnrbbpbj Äqlals^^ `lkqo^mbilab `lkar`q^lpfqr^`fÉkbpgrpq^vibdÅqfj^,Orbbp
ilpmofk`fmflpvs^ilobp`ljrkfq^oflpob`ldfalp q^kql`ljlobpfdk^oi^crk`fÉk`lkpqor`qfs^ab
v bumobp^alp bk i^ Alkpqfqr`fÉk v bi N^`ql ab i^p fkpqfqr`flkbpgroÅaf`^pv i^ fkcirbk`f^ ab i^p M
&&
Q^kHlpÄnrbi^fkqbdo^*s~ifalpvbufdfÉibpbkil ab`fpflkbp bk i^p obi^`flkbp fkqbomboplk^ibp* G<

prpq^kqfslm^o^qla^pi^pcloj^pabplir`fÉkab il nrb `lkcfoj^ i^ sfk`ri^`fÉk ob`Åmol`^ bkqob 3


7
`lkcif`qlp*fk`irvbkal^ i^ obdri^`fÉkabi^ jb+ ifqfdflpfa^av`riqro^*q^kql`ljli^fjmloq^k`f^ &&
Gì
R
af^`fÉk,Ckbi_^i^k`babilps^ilobpvmofk`fmflp ab i^p^`qr^`flkbp mol`bafjbkq^ibp bk `r^kql G<

fjmif`^alp*e^abmobs^ib`bo^nrbiilpabgrpqf`f^ ^ pr obmbo`rpfÉk bk bi j ^kqbkfj fbkql ab i^p #"#
G<
&&
b fdr^ia^a nrb`lkcloj^kvpb bumobp^k bk bi `obbk`f^pv`lksbk`flkbppl`f^ibp11,J^fab^nrb M
F+
kÑ`iblarol ab i^p d^o^kqÅ^pv*bk bpmb`f^i*bi qo^kpjfqbi^jbaf^`fÉkabfkqbobpbp*bkabcfk fqf+ 1
:
abob`el ^ i^qrqbi^graf`f^i bcb`qfs^ v^i^``bpl s^*`lifpflk^`lk i^^ab`r^a^ loabk^`fÉk ab i^
foobpqof`ql^ i^grpqf`f^, pl`fba^abkpr`lkgrkql*m^o^rp^oi^v^obcbofa^
bumobpfÉkabAe^pb,
Lfkdrk^ ab i^p sbkq^g^p nrb pb ^agraf`^k ^ :
#"#
i^ jbaf^`fÉk mro^j bkqb ^pfpqfa^ * ab `lk`bo+ N]`* :9K=KH9J9MF =KIM=E9KMH=J9<GJ G<
S
q^`fÉk ab flp fkqbobpbp* grpqfcf`^ afpmbkp^o i^ M
&&
mbopb`r`fÉkab^nrbiilps^ilobpvmofk`fmflp,Ci Bb il nrb pb qo^q^ bkqlk`bp bp ab ^ oqf`ri^o O,
`fra^a^klqfbkbi^moboold^qfs^*`r^kalbpq~k cloj^p ab jbaf^`fÉk prmbo^alo^p abi jlabil M
V
bk grbdl bi ob`lkl`fj fbkql ab prp abob`elp loqlalul mro^jbkqb c^`fifq^alo * fkprcf`fbkqb S
&&
G<
srikbo^alp* ab rqfifw^o bi j Äqlal ab `lj ml+ m^o^ ^pbdro^o plir`flkbp p^qfpc^`qlof^p mlo &&
G<
pf`fÉk j~p ^ab`r^al, Nbol ^i Cpq^al Alkpqf+ obpriq^obnrfq^qfs^pab ilpabob`elpbk `lkcif`+ O
qr`flk^i ab Bbob`el ib bpq~ sba^al molmf`f^o ql9qof_rq^ofl ab rk mol`bafjfbkql `^obkqb ab

AK
5A

10, @G?T?RG* N, Ec( 9\g(& mm, 6/4+6/5, Ck pbkqfal pfjfi^o8 ESXKòL L,J,* 7 an_\f\f V epg\V b  WX _T  \` c _X ` X a gT V \r a  WX _bf Z
` o gb W b f T _gX ea T g\i b f W X fb _h V\r a WXVb a Y_\V gb f (0./.+0*mm,/5vpp,*bpmb`f^ijbkqbmm,02+07,?pfjfpjl8AMKMEJGM* %
J,N(E c (9 \g(&m,15/, (O
11, AF?QCM,E c (9 \g(&c c (/51+/60,

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^ ï 001


qo^kpm^obk`f^vabd^o^kqÅ^p,Skkrbsljlabil T^ibqbkbo bk `rbkq^* mlo Ñiqfjl* bi klsbalpl
^`bmq^_ibnrbmbojfq^^i`^kw^obpbfk`^kgb^_ib oÄdfjbk nrb e^ bpq^_ib`fal i^ ibv /1,73/ ab
l_gbqfsl* mobprmlkb _~pf`^jbkqb8 &f' bi prgbql i^ Nolsfk`f^ ab @rbklp ?fobp +0 . . 7 +* bk bi
nrb abpbjmbÇ^ i^ jfpfÉk nrb* mlo pr ^i`^k`b nrb abpmrkq^k ^idrk^p ab i^p mobjfp^p ^ nrb
vcfk^ifa^abp* mlaoÅ^ abkljfk^opb`lk`fif^alo+ sbkfjlp ^irafbkal, Qb qo^q^ ab rk^ prboqb ab
jbaf^alo* ^prjb crk`flkbp `bo`^k^p ^ i^p abi `lk`fif^ `fÉ k+j ba f^ `fÉ k  s^ilo^qfs^ * prpqbk+
grbw* bk i^ `lk`fif^`fÉk graf`f^i9 bp bumboql bk q^a^ mofk`fm^ij bkqb bk i^ bufdbk`f^ abi `lk+
abob`elv*^ijfpjlqfbjml*^mif`^qÄ`kf`^pmol+ pbkqfj fbkql fkcloj ^al  ab i^p m^oqbp `ljl
mf^pabi^jbaf^`fÉkvi^ kbdl`f^`fÉk,?`qr^o~* `lkaf`fÉk ab s^ifabw ab i^ ^rql`lj mlpf`fÉk
`r^kal crbob kb`bp^ofl* ^pfpqfal mlo molcbpfl+ +^oqÅ`ril /+ vi^ fkqbosbk`fÉk^`qfs^abigrbwbk
k^ibpablqo^pafp`fmifk^p, i^ eljlild^`fÉk abi ^`rboal ^oof_^al ^kqb bi
jbaf^alo +^oqÅ`rilp /7*0.* 0/+, Cigrbw mrbab
L^qro^ijbkqb* pb obnrfbob rk^ ^ab`r^a^ mob+ jbaf^kqb obplir`fÉk crka^a^ elj lild^oil l
m^o^`fÉkmolcbpflk^inrbfk`irv^`ljmbqbk`f^p ob`e^w^oil +^ oqÅ`r il  0.+9 plil mol`bab i^ el+
groÅaf`^pv* ^abj~p* `lkl`fjfbkqlp bpmb`Åcf`lp j lild^`fÉk `r^kal bkqfbka^ nrb bi jfpjl
Pbsfpq^ b a fq^ a ^  ml o ^ ir j k l p  ab i^ D ^`riq^a ab B bob`el ab i^ S k fs b op fa ^ a  ab Jfj^

abqÄ`kf`^pabjbaf^`fÉk9&ff'bi mol`bafjfbkql +^ ` r b oa l + obmobpbkq^ rk^ grpq^ `ljmlpf`fÉk


ab`lk`fif^`fÉk+jbaf^`fÉkab_bpbomÑ_if`l*bk abilpfkqbobpbpabi^pm^oqbp +^oqÅ`ril/7+,Qbo~
bipbkqfalabsfpf_ibvqo^kpm^obkqb*^pbdro^kal jbkbpqbo pbdrfo ^qbkq^j bkqb i^ bumbofbk`f^
`lkaf`flkbp mol`bafjbkq^ibp jÅkfj^p ^ nrb mo~`qf`^ abi oÄdfjbk ab i^ ibv _lk^bobkpb ab
e^_o~ ab ^grpq^opb bi `lk`fif^alo+jbaf^alo9 s, 0..7*nrb e^ prp`fq^aldo^kabpbumb`q^qfs^pv
do,*i^mlpf_fifa^aabi^pm^oqbpabmobpbkq^oprp kl ml`^p fknrfbqrabp`oÅqf`^p, Qb^ `ljlcrbob*
mbqf`flkbpvmorb_^p*i^ fdr^ia^a prpq^k`f^ibk ebjlpab `lksbkfonrbpbqo^q^ ab rk pfpqbj^
biqo^qlmol`bp^ipfkmbogrf`flabi^fkcloj^ifa^a fkkls^alo nrb fjmif`^ rk klqlofl ^s^k`b bk
abi mol`bafj fbkql1/, obi^`fÉk^i oÄdfjbkabiloabk^jfbkqlk^`flk^i
vprppfjfi^obpbksfdlobklqo^pmolsfk`f^p,
R^kql`ljl i^ mlqbpq^a ab ibs^kq^ork^ fkpqor`+
`fÉkprj^of^pfnrfbo^prmbocf`f^ipl_obilpeb`elp NAAA* 9D?MF9K;GF;DMKAGF=K<=;A=JJ=
ab _^pb, Ck bi ^`q^cfk^i ab_babg^opb`lkpq^k`f^
pr`fkq^abi^pmlpqro^pabi^pm^oqbp*bpmb`f^ijbk+ ^' J^molcrka^vob`Åmol`^fkqboobi^`fÉkbkqob
qb`r^kalbifkqbkqlabplir`fÉk^rql+`ljmrbpq^ ilp jÄqlalp ab obplir`fÉk ab `lkcif`qlp v
er_fbobco^`^p^al9pbqo^q^ab^qbpq^`flkbpbpbk+ ilp s^ilobp* `obbk`f^p v mofk`fmflp nrb `^+
`f^ibpm^o^bs^ir^obi`ljmloq^jfbkqlvi^_rbk^ o^`qbofw^k dbkÄof`^jbkqbi^ `riqro^ ab ilp
cb nrb pb obnrfbob ab i^p m^oqbp, Ck pr `^pl* pb mrb_ilp* fjmlkbbu^jfk^oi^ `lkdorbk`f^
fjmlkao~i^p`lpq^pbkbiriqboflomol`bplgraf`f^i bkqob^nrbiilps^ilobpcrka^kqbpvilpjb+
`r^kali^ pbkqbk`f^*^Ñk pfbkalc^slo^_ib*^`lo+ aflp ^iqbok^qfslp ^i^grpqf`f^pl`f^i,
a^ob^nrfbkobpriqÉobpmlkp^_ibabi^corpqo^`fÉk
abi fkqbkql bi jfpjl fjmloqb* l rkl fkcboflo* ^i _' @^glbp^mobjfp^*^ierod^obkilpmofk`fmflp
lcob`falmloi^`lkqo^of^bki^kbdl`f^`fÉk, vs^ilobpnrbprpqbkq^ki^Alkpqfqr`fÉk gr+
ofafw^a^ v i^p `lksbk`flkbp bk m^oqf`ri^o*
Nloilabj~p* e^ ab moflofw^opb i^ fkpbo`fÉk ab bki^A?BF*bjbodbk`fboqlpmofk`fmflpnrb
i^`lk`fif^`fÉk+jbaf^`fÉkbki^bq^m^mobifjfk^o fkqbdo^k bi abkljfk^al kÑ`ibl arol ab
abi mol`bpl*^oqf`ri~kali^`lk ilpjb`^kfpjlp i^pd^o^kqÅ^pgraf`f^ibp+grbwk^qro^i*ab_fal
ab fkpqor``fÉk qbj mo^k^ ab i^ ifqfp* ab jlal mol`bpl* bcb`qfsfa^a ab i^ qrqbi^* bcb`qfsl
ab mlpf_fifq^o ^ ilp `lkqbkafbkqbp ^oof_^o ^ i^p ^``bpl ab ilp `fra^a^klp+* nrb ab_bk
7 : L E 9 7 J K I  /10

plir`flkbp `ljm^oqfa^p `lk `lkl`fj fbkql ab fj mobdk^o ^i Åkqbdol pfpqbj^ abgrpqf`f^,
`^rp^*_^gli^dbpqfÉk abigrbw, ?prsbw* ilp jbaflp^iqbok^qfslp`ljlbp+

12, R?PSDDM,K,Ec( 9\g(&m, /27,

002 Pl_boql Mj^o @b ofw l k` b


nrbj^p^aebofalp^ipfpqbj^grofpaf``flk^i* iÉdf`l kblif_bo^i* abpabÇ^ i^ abpfdr^ia^a
`lkpqfqrvbk lm`flkbp Ñqfibp ^ afpmlpf`fÉk k^qro^i ab ilp `lkqbkafbkqbp v* ab eb`el* \
abilpfkqbobp^alpnrfbkbp*bk bgbo`f`flab mlqbk`f^i^fkgrpqf`f^abimolar`qlobpriq^kqb, Ö
prp if_boq^abp* mrbabk afp`ob`flk^ijbkqb ?rknrbpbobprbis^i^ mrg^abfkqbobpbp*kl êHg
s^ibopbabbiilp, pbd^o^kqfw^biildolabi^ m^wpl`f^i, g-g
FCNCACIM
Z% Ai^olnrbbiibdfpi^alo`ljÑksfbkb`lkaf+ a' J^ `^a^ sbw j~p`ob`fbkqb`ofpfpv m^o^ibi^ S ; L < CN L ; F ? M 

`flk^al*bk i^^oqf`ri^`fÉk abq^ibpsÅ^p^i+ kb`bpfa^aabibd^ifa^amloi^nrbpb^dfq^bi


qbok^qfs^p*mlo^nrbiilpmofk`fmflpvs^ilobp fk`lk`fbkqb`lib`qfsl*e^ab`loobpmlkabo+
crka^jbkq^ibp,Bb^eÅnrb*^iobdri^oi^jb+ pbklplil`lkbi^pbkq^jfbkqlabi^crbow^
af^`fÉk* kl mrbab ibdÅqfj^jbkqb ^almq^o ab ibv* pfkl q^j _fÄk v ab jlal bpmb`f^i
bpnrbj^pnrbmlobk`fj^v abbpm^ia^p^ ^ qo^sÄp ab pr ^mif`^`fÉk bk `lk`obql, Qfk
i^grpqf`f^ pb`lkqbkqbk`lki^pli^bfkprcf+ jbkdr^ abi mol`bpl grofpaf``flk^i `ljl
`fbkqbcfk^ifa^aab^pfpqfokbrqo^ijbkqb^i^p bp`bk^oflk^qro^i alkabbigrbwbumobp^ i^
m^oqbpbk i^`obbk`f^ fkdbkr^ abnrbbii^p* jfpfÉkbpbk`f^iabab`fobiabob`elv*pl_ob
mlopÅpli^p*mrba^k obplisboil, qlal* i^ ab fkqbomobq^ov^mif`^oilps^ilobp
_~pf`lp bk nrb pb plmloq^ bi `lkqo^ql pl+
Ck i^ jbaf^`fÉk ab mrolp fkqbobpbp i^ o^+ `f^i * i^ jbaf^`fÉk plil pb s^ifa^ bk q^kql
wÉk* i^ `rim^ v bi boolo pb afprbisbk v j~p afpbÇ^a^ m^o^ p^qfpc^`bo ^nrbiilp s^ilobp
^ii~ abnrbbufpqbk pfqr^`flkbpbk nrb* mlo nrb bumobp^ bi kÑ`ibl arol ^kqbp obcb+
bu`bm`fÉk* i^ rqfifa^a pb jrbpqo^ m^ij^of^ ofal* `ljl nrb sfbkb ^ fkpboq^opb abkqol
+`rbpqflkbpc^jfif^obp*absb`fka^a*jbklo abi molmfl b Åkqbdol pfpqbj^ ab plir`fÉk
`r^kqÅ^ l obi^`flkbp ab `lbufpqbk`f^ifa^a ab `lkcif`qlp, Bbpab bpb elkq^k^o* obpriq^
bk dbkbo^i+* i^ mbopb`r`fÉk ab pbjbg^kqbp `i^olnrbplili^abkljfk^a^`lk`fif^`fÉk+
l_gbqfslpklgrpqfcf`^bij^dolobpriq^alab jbaf^`fÉks^ilo^qfs^mrbabprmbo^oi^`of_^ á
kl+grpqf`f^ ^ nrb `lkar`b, Nofk`fm^ijbkqb ab ilp s^ilobpv`obbk`f^pnrb ^pfbkq^k bk
mlonrb*fj^dfk^alabpabrkbpnrbj^fabl+ i^ o^Åwabkrbpqo^`riqro^, î
R
JS

JM
JS
==
M

1
:

:
JM
JS
M
M
ZZ
l,
M
J(
S
``
JS

JS
O

AK
Zf

5-
(O

K b a f ^ ` f É k *  ` r i q r o ^  v s ^ i l o b p 8  bi  mlo  nrÄ ab i^ ` l k ` f i f ^ ` f É k + j b a f ^ ` f É k  î s ^ i l o ^ q f s ^  003

You might also like