TAO DONG CHOC TAP TRONG DAY HOG BOG CHO HOG SINH LP 1 Thi HAM THI THUY VAN - Ths. PI VAN Hie! Abstract: In the grade 1. this is a important step transfer from kindergarten to elementary school, in which the environment fs changed. Many students, will find fear, that influence on pupll's cognitive pro- cesses in all courses specially in spelling. This paper analyzes the basis of psychology, education of primary school and then finds some measures to help elementary teachers create for pupil in grade 1 in joining effectively in activities of reading. “Keywords: learning motivation, reading, grade 1. V: l6p 1, lp chuyén giao ty bac mém non sang cép tiéu hoc. Day ld bude chuyén giao ic biét. Mai trudng hoat déng thay déi, cdc ‘em khéng cén duge vé vé ma phaihoc thuée bai, ngéi gay ngén, phai kiém tra bai, phai thyc hign ding nnhimng yéu céu cia gido vien (GV). GV lép 1 cing khacvéiGV mau gido. GV lép 1 06 ché ngéiriéng, cd ech ndiriéng, c6 sy dénh gid,... Nhiing diéu nay lam cho m6t sé hge sinh (HS) trong gid hoe nei chung, trong gié Hoc vanndiriéng o cdm giéc rut, nding tytin, kndng dm dgcto,doclge cf gigng,..D0d6, 46 hoc néi chung, trong dé ¢6 gid Hoc van di thychign nhy GV mong mun (HS tham gia hoot ccyc, dathigu qua cao), GV cdi tgo ra d6ng cathoc tap (BCHT) cuthé, nhe nhang, sinh déng, giup HS hoc tap mét céch hing thi, 1. Khai nigm vadae diém BCHT Theo Tur dién Giao dye he (1; tr 94), “Déng 0 (BC) li stic hp dé, Ibicudn cla déitwong ma cé nhén nh théy cn chiém linh dé thda man nhu du hay mong muéh cda minh”. Trong 66, ‘OCHT 14 cima viée hoc phai dat duc dé thod man nhu céu cia minh. HS hoc vi cdi gi thi chinh cai d6 lé CHT cla ho". C6 hai loai DCHT [4 BC bén trong va BC bén ngoai. Nhdng C bat nguén ty nhu cau, ham hiéu biét, niém tin, hay syquan tam,... cla cd nhan dén d6i tugng dich hye cia hoc tap duce goila BC ban tron Trailalkhi HS hoc vi d@ duge thucng hay dé khdi tréch phat hay vili do ndo d6 goi BC bén ng Trong nhatryéng, ca BC ben renga bénngoai éu rai quan trong. Day hgc 66 thé tao ra nhiing BC béntrong bing) cach kich thich ham hiéu biétcla HS va gtip HS cdm thay da tudo minh tao nén. Nhung digu nay khéng phai lic nao cing xay ra. Néu GV luén tréng dgi vdo BC bén trong dé hivong lam cho HS thuéng xuyén hang hai thi sé bj thét vong. C6 Giao duc $6 DAC BIET Ta nhing tinh huéng cdn su dong vién, khich 6 tu bén nngoai. GV cn khuyén khich va nuéi duéng BC bén ‘rong, déng thai dam bao DC bén ngoai cing oé duge vig hoc tap. Céc yéu t5 tam i anh huréng try tgp dén BC bén trong cla HS gém nhu cau va nhu cau hoe tap cla con nguéi. Theo A.Maslow, nhu cau thie day vide hoc ola HS nhu: nhu edu vat chét (phan thudng vat chat), nhu cdu an toan (khéng bj tén thuong, duge an toan va én dinh), nhu cu quan hé xa héi (nhu cau duge cho va nhan tinh cdm yéu thuong), nhu cau duge tén trong (duge thanh cng, ty tin, duge danh va thiza nhn), nhu cau duge khang dinh (duce: béc id hanh d6ng, séng tao) va myc tiéu hoc tap la ma HS ¥ thc duge né va ¢¢ gang vuon t6i, hoan thanh. Myc tiéu gép phn tao nén CHT bdimyc tiéu hudng chy cla HS vdo nhiém vy tryetigp, huy dong nhiing ¢6 gang, né lye, tang sukién tn, nhing ‘cach thite thyc hién. Cé muc tidu xa va myc tiéu gan, ‘surnhan thie va niém tin hoc tap. Bign phép bén ngoai ting cODCHT cla HS lasy kién kich thich ma néu né xuat hign trong quan hé nat dinh vai phan tmg thi ¢6 xu hung duy ti hay ‘ang cudng phan ing. Sykhen nggicé thé lasy cing c8tétnéu GV khen ngoiphan img ding dan cia HS. Sti dung gidi phép cling 6 tiéu cyc va tring phat lA cn thiét khi GV d6i mat voi nhdng hanh vi khéng mong doi 6 HS va cén chém dit hanh vi dS. Tuy nhién, cling cé tigu cyc va tring phat mang lai higu qua thap hon khen ngoi. 2.Tao BCHT cho HS 6p 1 trong day Hoc van Xuat phattirnhiing liluan trén trong tam lihge tiéu , gido duc hoo; aor dung BC hoe doc cho HS if hoc ndichung, décbiétlé déltvemg HS kip 1 trong giaidoan hoc van, theo ching t6i GV can: “Trung Dai hoc Hong Dic (Thang 12/2015)2.1. Ting cuéng dam bdo vé nhu edu hoc.tép: Ting cuéng diéu kién, méitrudng hootap. C thu vvign trudng, HS lop 1 duge trangbi day diiséch, truyén doc phong phii ve thé loai, dp img da s6vésdthich, phihgp voi lta tudi, véigiai doan hoc van. Phong hoc cho HS lép 1 duge trang tr sinh déng, tao méitrudng hoe doc vai nhiing déng chit r6 rang, dep 6 thé la bang-zén tn tung, im bia treo, gidy dén gid sé Sau métthdi gian ngan, céch trang tri va ndi dung tu, igi, déng chiflai duoc thay di. ~ "= Xay dung méi quan hé thay - tro than thién, gan ~ gii, HS nhén duc tinh thuong yéu va sy quan tém, » GV gan giii than thién, an cn hoi han HS nhing ché cdc em chua biét dgc, nhing ché da quén; sén sang hdtrg, nhac lai, doc lai, d6ng vign cdc em thidua luyén tap tién b6 tung ngay. = Tén trong, ghi nhgn va danh gid cao thanh tich HS dat dug. Trong lip hoc, c6 nhimg HS doc rat tét rnhung cling c6 HS doc chua tét bang céc ban khac. Tuy nhién ting bud, ting ngay, ting ngidung baih maHS dé da 06 giing va tin b6 thi GV can ghinhan va o6 vi, Khuyén khich céc em; khen céc em trudc tap thé | “4c em thay ty hao, tin tuGng vao kha n&ng C6 thé tién b6 dé tiép tyc phat huy, cé gang va cac HS khac hoc tép theo. 2.2. Xay dung muc tiéu hoc tp Vo Idp 1, 6 HS da dugc phy huynh day doc trudc va cling c6 HS chuatimg duge day doc. Trong qua trinh hge trén Ip, co HS tién bé nhanh cing cd HS tién bé cham. Do 46, ngoai xay dyng myc tibu cn hoc doe cho ca lép, GV cing c&n xay dung muc tidu cho ting déitugng HS doc tot, kha, yu. HS cd Shtys hign duge theo tling bai, tig ngidung hoc. Céthé thychién theo nhom nhé, cap doi (HS doc tét kém HS doc yéu) ho&c nhém Ién (trinh 46 déng ‘déu) ma dua ra myc tiéu can hoan thanh. Vi du: cing trong mét gid hoc, d6i véi HS yéu chi yéu cau ‘em nhan dang duge 4m van cén hoo, biétcach dénh van véi nhiing chit e6 khuén van dé va cé thé chap nhan néu céc em danh van hoi cham mét chit; trong Khi déi voi HS dgo khd hon, yéu cau cdc em nhan dang Am van dé nhanh hon va t6c dé danh van, doc cing nhanh hon. 23, Lim 16 nhén thiteva niém tin trong hoe tip: ~ GV céin giip HS hiéu duge doc t6t hay chua tét du c6 nguyén nhan tw sy chm chi, chiu khd. HS cén higu duge tai sao ban de lait6t hon minh (vi ban cham chihon, luyén doc nhiéu hon); luyén doc nhiéu hon thi s8 doc nhanh han. Ban doc chua tét vi ban chua cham doe, luyén doc cha nhiéu. Néu minh mun doc tétduge nhu ban thi minh cn cham chiva luy@n doc nhiéu. = GV gidp HS tin vao ban than ¢6 thé hoe tét len duge, tn vao sy gidp dé cia od va cia ban bé. HS hidu duge tated cac em déu cd thé doc tot néu chm chiluyén doc nhiéu dtrén ldp, nha, dbat ett noi ndo c6 thé: chi nao khéng biét, c6, ban va tat cA nhiing nguéi lén xung quanh cé thé gidp 43 va chéc chan ‘cdc om sé tién bd. 24. Khen thudng, dong vién: “GV can khen thuGng HS diing lite, dling ket qua datduge métcéch 16 rang; HS hiéu duge laikhen nh 9¢ to, doe 16 rang, da doe duce nhanh hon tnd. vd cn phat huy hon nda. = Khen cing cé lign tuc, phy thuge vao sythay déi, huéng HS vao sytién bé cla minh, khéng so sanh vot HS khac dé trénh cém gidc ty tiva chan doc. 25. Trach phat: = Khen thuéng c6téc dung dng vien, khuyén khich tao duge CHT cho HS hon tréch phat. Tuy nhién, khong phailiic ndo ciing khen thudng ma Khicén van phaistf dung hinh thue trach phat.Do dé, GV van nén sstfdyng hinh thiéc trach phat khi HS khéng thyc hign {étyéu cau vé vide luyén doc. - GV cén cuong quyét thyc hién hinh thite tréch phat véi HS chua thye hign tétndi dung hoc . = Chi tréch phat hanh vi, khéng thing phat phém chat, nhan cach HS. Khi HS ludi doc, GV tring phat HS bang cach yéu céu doc nhiéu lan, doctrong gid ra chai. Khong la mang a “dét nat, *kém cdf... $8 lam tén thuong dén ling tytrong cla HS, khién cdc em sq hai, hoang mang va tut. - GV diéu chinh string phat so véihanh vigay rac HS, khong phaihanh visainao cla HS cing déu phat cdc em ding géc Idp ma tly hinh thie vi pham ning nhe, mute d@ anh hudng nhu thé ndo ma khién trach. Vid: HS métlan ludi doc bai, GV nhac nhd; hai lan ludi dc, GV cho lén trudc bang doc nhigu lén; ba lan khéng'doe bai, gid ra choi dlailop ge cho cé nghe,... ‘| ~ Sau khi tring phat, GV nén c6 Idi déng vign, hich i d8 HS cé niém tin va cd gang sua, Néu HS tién bo sau khi bi tréch phat thi GV nén dong vin, khen cdc em trude tap thé dp dé cdc em tytin hon, nhn ra duge lbisai cua minh. (1) Nguy€n Vin Giao - Nguyn Hou Quynh - Va Van Tio - Bai Hién, Ti dién Gido duchgc, NXB Titdién bach khoa, H. 2001. (em tp trang 95) (Thang 12/2015) Tap ¢h jye SO DAC BIET | 97trong thue hign nhigm vy hoc tp, khong hon i"déng khuén’, “dp dat’ nhu day hoc déng loat. ‘Trong DHPH, GV thiétkék@ hoach day hoe da dang shusgng vao ting HS va ting nhom doi tugng HS dé “Gp (ng nhu cau ‘va suc’ cling nhy hing thi, sd -jnuéng, phong cach hoc tp...cia HS. Vi vay, HS 06 ‘og hdi phat huy t6i da tinh ty gidc, tich cyc, déc lap, Ang tao ola ban than. Dé dap th \g duge cach tS chute trong lép hoc phan héa, doi hdi HS phai hun thyc “bic ki ng nhu: lim vige nhom, lam vige d6c lp, _quyétvan 48, ang nghe va phan héithéng tin, quan Ii thai gian tn ip hoc, Kinng xay dung myc tu va _Tthyc hign myc tiéu hoc tap... "2.6. DHPH tao co’hgi cho GV cé nhiéu co hgi 6 thé hién néng luc su pham va chuyén mén cia ban thén, Quatrinh DHPH yéu cau GV phaihdi ty nhigu nang lye, trong dé thé hién 6.6 ting nhém nang lyenhu: tim hiéu, phan loai HS, thiétké ké hoach. 16 chiic hoat déng day hoo, kiém tra, dénh gikét qua, digu chinh va hoan thign qua trinh DHPH. Dim khac biét cla GV trong |ép hgc phan héa khac vi lbp he déng loat lé ho phai sit dung thud thyc duge nhigu kithuét, phuong php, hinh thc day hoc hudng vao ting nhém déi tugng theo céc ti i kde nhau. GV trong ldp hoc phan héa phai chap nhan va thich Ung vdi su thay d6i vi tri nhém, hiéu tung tén ting HS va quan lich&t ché moihoat d6ng cla thanh vign trong céc nhém. Nhu vay, GV trong lop hoc phn héa phai hoat déng nhiéu hon, dac biét phathuy vaitré dinh hudng, huéng dan, t6 chttc, diéu khién, diéu chinh, gidm sét, danh gid hoat déng hoc tap. Ho khéng cén ld nguéi truyén dat mét chiéu, 4p at cing nhac nhimg gi minh biét cho HS ma tré thanh ngudité chifc dé HS ty gidc, ich eye, déc ip, ‘sng tgo trong Iva chon nhigm vy va cach giai quyét nihigm vu. 2.7. M6I trudng cia dp hoc phan héa. Moi trudng day hoc d kip hoc déng loat théng thuéng cd inh vé khéng gian, thdi gian va han hep vé nguén hoc iu. Trong khidd, khéng gian trong lép hog phan héa lun thay déi so véilép hoc truyén théng. Cé lac lop hoc duge tap trung cling nhau dé gidi quyét mot nnhigm vy chung, nhung phan dn la thye hign theo nhdng nhém riéng, tham chi ting cd nhan dé gidi quyétnhiém vu déc lip. HS o6 thé hgc tép trong khuén kh6ép hoe nhung ciing cé thé hoc ngoai khéng gian trudng kép. Di 6 dau, van dé van a gidi quyét xong yéu cau cla GV dé ra cho minh. Thai gian hoc tap. cho mat long néi dung 46i vai ting HS, nhém HS (Thang 12/2015) Tap chi Giao duc S6 DACB cfing khéc nhau. DHPH doi hdi cd sy da dang vé guén hoc ligu nhu: sach, béo, tranh anh, video, dyng cuthi nghiém, thyc hanh... trong cing métlép hoc dé gidi quyét bai hoc theo cach cila cd nhan HS. DHPH la quan diém day hoc dan chi, ton trong toi a dc diém riéng biét ca ngudi hoc, PPDH nay 06 thé gdiquyét duge métsé vuéng mao, tén taicia day noe déng loat hién nay. Tinh chat DHPH khéng han ‘aduynhét, tuy nhién trén phuong dign cu tric QTDH, tinh chét DHPH cé nhiéu khac biét tir muc dich, ndi ing, phugng phap, phuong tién, hinh thu, dénh tri GV, HS cho dén maitruéng day hoc so véi day hc déngloat. Xac dinh rétinh chétcla DHPH c6 ¥nghia quan trong trong viéc dinh hudng #6 chic hoat ding DHPH cho GV; dng thai, DHPH cing doi hdi GV phai cd nang lye day hgc toan dién, c6 higu tinh thong nhiéu finh vyc, dc bigt a c6 nang lye phan loai HS, quan li va t@ chtic ldp hoc mdi dap tng duge yéu cau. ‘Tailigu tham khio 1. Thai Duy Tuyen. Phuong php day hoc truyén thong va d6i mdi. NXB Gido duc, H. 2008. 2. Dang Thanh Hung. “Co s& su pham cia day hoc phan héa”. Tap cht Khoa hoc Gido duc s6 38/2008. 3. Julie W. Ankrum; Rita M. Bean (2007). Differen- tiated Reading Instruction: What and How. Reading Horizons, V48.1 4. Kay Brimijoin, Ede Marquissee, and Carol Ann Tomlinson (2012). Using Data to Differentiate Instruction. ASCD.All ringhts reserved. Tao dng co hoc tp trong day hoe... (Tiép theo trang 97) ‘Tailigu tham khio 1. Dang Thi Lanh - Hoang Cao Cuong - Trin Thi Minh Phuong. Tiéng Vigt 1 (tap 1,2). NB Gido due Viet Nam, H. 2014, 2. Pham Minh Hac (chi bien) - Nguyén Ké Hao - Niuy&n Quang Uiin, Tam Ii hge. NXB Gido duc, #1991. 3. NguyEn Hou Hap. Gio dyc hge tiéw hoe. NXB Dai hoc Su pham, H. 2012. 4. Le Phuong Nga Le A - Dang Kim Nga- Bd Xuan ‘Thio. Phuong phép day hoc Tiéng Vist ¢ Tiéu hoc 1 NXB Bai hoc Su pham, H. 2011. 5. Phan Trong Ngo. Day hoc va phuong phap day hge trong nha trig. NXB Dai hoc Su pham, H. 2005.