2.Give the main feature of Lewis approach of chemical bonding. Ans, Lewis postulated that atoms achieve the stable octet when they are linked by chemical bonds. He assured that atoms are positively charged centre and the outer shell that could accommodate a maximum of eight electrons. These electrons occupy the corners of a cube which surrounds the centre. Lewis introduced simple notations to represent valence electrons in an atom called Lewis symbol8,What type of bond is formed when atoms have high difference of electornegativity? Ans. Electrovalent or ionic bond. 9.Define dipole moment. Ans. Dipole moment is defined as the product of the magnitude of the charge and the distance between the centers of positive and negative charge. 10.Give the mathematical expression of dipole moment. Ans. Mathematically dipole moment is expressed as dipole moment (M) = charge (Q) x distance of separation (1). Dipole moment is usually expressed in Debye units (D). 11.Why is dipole moment of C02, BF3, CCl; is zero? Ans. Because there molecules have symmetrical shapes and thus the dipoles gets cancelled and the net dipole moment is zero. 12.Why is BF3 non - polar? Ans. Because BF has symmetrical shape, the net dipole moment is zero and thus it is non ~ polar.26.Define antibonding molecular orbital. Ans. The molecular orbital formed by the subtraction of atomic orbitals is called antibonding molecular orbital. ao =VA-VB. 27.Explain diagrammatically the formation of molecular orbital by LCAO. Ans. The molecular orbital formed by subtraction of atomic orbital is called antibonding molecular orbital.1.Give the main feature of Kossel’s explanation of chemical bonding. Ans. Kossel in relation to chemical bonding drew attention to the following facts — ( In the periodic table, the highly electronegative halogens and the highly electropositive alkali metals are separated by the noble gases. (ii) In the formation of a negative ion from a halogen atom and a positive ion from an alkali metal, atom is associated with a gain and loss of an electron by the respective atoms. (iii) The negative and positive ions so formed attain stable noble gas electronic configurations. The noble gases have particularly eight electrons, ns” np®. ‘The -ve and +ve ions are stabilized by electrostatic attraction.7.Mention the factors that influence the formation of an Ionic bond. Ans.lonic bond formation mainly depends upon three factors ~ (® Low ionization energy - elements with low ionization enthalpy have greater tendency to form an ionic bonds. Gi) High electron gain enthalpy - high negative value of electron gain enthalpy favours ionic bond. (iii) Lattice energy - high lattice energy value favours ionic bond formation. 8.Give reason why Hy" ions are more stable than Hy’ though they have the same bond order. Ans.In Hz" ion, one electron is present in anti bonding orbital due to which destabilizing effect is more and thus the stability is less than that of Hy" ion, 9.How would the bond lengths vary in the following species? Cp, Cy" C,. Ans. The order of bond lengths in Cp, C2" and C2” is Cz > Cz" > Co”.12.Why NHg has high dipole moment than NF; though both are pyramidal? Ans. In case of NHg the orbital dipole due to lone pair is in the same direction as the resultant dipole moment of the N-H bonds, whereas in NF; the orbital dipole is in the direction opposite to the resultant dipole moment of the three N-F ! | bonds. The orbital dipole become of lone pair decreases, which results in the low dipole moment.16.Bond dipoles in Be Fz Give the main features of VSEPR Theory. Ans.The main postulates of VSEPR theory are as follows : (@The shape of a molecule depends upon the number of valence shell electron pairs around the central atom. (iiyPairs of electrons in the valence shell repel one another since their electron clouds are negatively charged. (iiiy There pairs of electrons tends to occupy such position in space that minimize repulsion and thus maximize distance between them. (ivyThe valence shell is taken as a sphere with the electron pairs localizing on the sphere at maximum distance from one another. (v)A multiple bond is treated as it is a single electron pair and two or three electron pairs of a multiple bond is treated as super pair. (vi)When two or more resonance structures can represent a molecule, the VSEPR nodal is applicable to any such structure. 17.What's difference between lone pair and bonded pair of electrons? Ans. Lone pair electrons do not take part in bond formation whereas bond pair electrons take part in bond formation. 18.CO, is linear whereas SO, is bend - shaped. Give reason.20.For the molecule, F rt LF FF I~ (a) (b) Why is structure (b) more stable than structure (a Ans. In (a) the Ip is present at axial position so there are three Ip - bp repulsions at 90° . Whereas in (b) the Ip is in an equatorial position are there are two Ip - bp repulsions. Hence, arrangement (b) is more stable than (a). 21.How would you attribute the structure of PH; molecule using VSEPR model? Ans. Phosphorus atom has 5 electrons in its outermost orbit. H - atoms contribute one electron each to make in all 8 electron around P ~ atom. Thus 4 pairs of electrons would be distributed in a tetrahedral manner around the central atom. Three pairs from three P - H bonds while the fourth pair remains unused. Due to repulsion between the bp and Ip, the shape is not of tetrahedral but trigonal pyramidal molecule. 22.In SF4 molecule, the Ip electrons occupies an equatorial position in the trigonal bipyramidal arrangement to an axial position. Give reason. Ans. In SF, molecule, the Ip electrons occupies an equatorial position because, Ip bp repulsion is minimum. 23.How is VBT different from Lewis concept? Ans.In Lewis concept, bond formation is explained in terms of sharing of electron pairs and the Octet rule whereas in VBT bond formation is described in terms of hybridization and overlap of the orbitals. 24. - orbital does not show any preference for direction. Why? Ans. S- Orbital does not show any preference for direction because it is spherically symmetrical.27.What is zero over lap? Ans. The unsymmetrical overlap of orbitals results in zero overlap i-e; between px-s and px- py orbital + 1 + + }—eZ a ~ > } Ss ) I px px py fig. zero overlap. 28. the features of hybridisation. Ans. The main features of hybridization are (® The number of hybrid orbitals is equal to number of the atomic orbitals that get hybridized. Gi) The hybridized orbitals are always equivalent in energy and shape. (iii) The hybrid orbitals are more effective in forming stable bonds than the pure atomic orbitals. (iv) The hybrid orbitals orient in a manner to minimize repulsion resulting in a particular geometrical shape.31.Ethylene is a planar molecule whereas acetylene is a linear molecule. Give reason. Ans. In case of ethylene, C,H, show Sp* hybridization where the four hydrogen atoms are placed in four corners of a plane sharing 120° Whereas acetylene shows sp hybridization and shares an angle of 1 gg? and thus it is linear. H--C——C 4H sp 32.1n HO, HS, HySe, HyTe, the bond angle decreases though all have the same bent shape. Why? Ans. In all the four cases, the molecules undergo Sp° hybridization forming four hybrid orbitals, two of which are occupied by Ip of electrons and two by bp electrons. Thus they are expected to have 19°28! angle but this does not happen. In case of HQ molecule, as ‘oxygen is small in size and has high electronegativity value, the bp are closer due to which it is subjected to larger repulsion (bp-bp). In case of #7, as S atom is larger than O, bp-bp repulsion is less as compared to 7,0 and it is true for H,Se and H,Teas well. 33.Out of p-orbital and sp-hybrid orbital which has greater directional character and why? Ans. Sp-hybrid orbital has greater directional character than p-orbital. Because in case of p- orbitals, the two lobes are equal in size and equal electron density is distributed whereas in Sp-hybrid orbital, electron density is greater on one side. 34, He, does not exist. Explain in terms of LCAO. Ans. The electronic configuration of helium atom is js? . Each helium atom contains 2 electrons, therefore, in He, molecule there would be 4 electrons. These electrons will accommodated in Js snd G7 1s molecular orbitals leading to electronic configuration : He; : (1s)(o"1s)? Bond order of | Hess LQ-2