1.

Title –

In vivo study of efficacy of Musta Yoga in acute poisoning of

Dicofol with special reference to Krutrima Visha
in Albino wistar (Rats)

2. Research question –

Whether Musta Yoga is effective in acute poisoning of Dicofol a widely used

Organo-chlorine pesticide?

3. Hypothesis –

i) Null hypothesis (H0) –

Musta Yoga is not at all effective in acute poisoning of Dicofol.

ii) Alternative hypothesis (H1) –

Musta Yoga is effective in acute poisoning of Dicofol.

1
4. Introduction –
The term pesticide covers a wide range of chemical compounds including
insecticides, fungicides, herbicides, rodenticides, molluscicides, nematicides, plant
growth regulators and others. Among these Organochlorine compounds (OCC) are
commonly used in controlling a number of diseases. There has been a steady
growth in the production of technical grade pesticides in India, from 5,000 metric tons
in 1958 to 102,240 metric tons in 1998. In 1996–97 the demand for pesticides in
terms of value was estimated to be around Rs. 22 billion (USD 0.5 billion), which is
about 2% of the total world market.1
The production of pesticides started in India in 1952 with the establishment of
a plant for the production of BHC near Calcutta, and India is now the second largest
manufacturer of pesticides in Asia after China and ranks twelfth globally. The pattern
of pesticide usage in India is different from that for the world in general. In India 76%
of the pesticide used is insecticide, as against 44% globally.2
The primary benefits are the consequences of the pesticides' effects – the
direct gains expected from their use. There is now overwhelming evidence that some
of these chemicals do pose a potential risk to humans and other life forms and
unwanted side effects to the environment.3 The high risk groups exposed to
pesticides include production workers, formulators, sprayers, mixers, loaders and
agricultural farm workers. During manufacture and formulation, the possibility of
hazards may be higher because the processes involved are not risk free. In industrial
settings, workers are at increased risk since they handle various toxic chemicals
including pesticides, raw materials, toxic solvents and inert carriers. 4
As per WHO estimation ‘Poisoning’ is one of the most common cause of
increased mortality and morbidity rate word wide. In the Indian scenario, Pesticides
are the most commonly used poisoning agent. Incidence of overall poisoning cases
were high due to pesticide (39.5%) followed by medicines (26.1%), household
products (22.1%), environmental poisoning (12.1%) and heavy metal poisoning
(00.2%). 5
Dicofol is an Organochlorine pesticide that is chemically related to DDT.
Dicofol is a miticide that is very effective against spider mite. India is the world’s
largest producer of Dicofol and is produced by public company Hindustan Insecticide
Limited. In India Dicofol is widely used as a pesticide on crops like tea, citrus, litchi,
cotton, chilli, brinjal etc.6 Many countries have either banned or restricted the use of
Dicofol and have opted for better alternatives. But, it is still used in India on large
2
scale. Worldwide production takes place in China, India and in Brazil and Israel. 7
The World Health Organization classifies Dicofol as a Level II - moderately
hazardous pesticide.8 it is known to be harmful to aquatic animals, and can
cause eggshell thinning in various species of birds. Dicofol is a nerve poison. The
exact mode of action is not known, although in mammals it causes hyper stimulation
of nerve transmission along nerve axons (cells). Symptoms of ingestion include
nausea, dizziness, weakness and vomiting. Poisoning may affect the liver, kidneys
or the central nervous system. Very severe cases may result in convulsions, coma,
or death from respiratory failure. No specific treatment is available. Evacuation of the
stomach followed by activated charcoal is advisable. Diazepam may be used for
treatment of convulsions.9
The branch Agadtantra mainly deals with the treatment of all types of Visha
(Poisons).10
अगदतআं नाम सप१ कीटलू तामूिषकािददं ३ िवष ਀नाथ१ िविवध

िवष संयोगोपशमनाथ१ ਀ ॥ सु .सं .सू . १/१४

Visha are classified into two main categories Krutrima and Akrutrima.11
थावरं जं गमं य০ कृिআमं चािप य् दषम ..... ॥ सु .सं .क. २/२४

थावरं जं गमं चै ित िवषं ঋोঢंमकॄिআमम ॥

कॄिআमं गरसं ৯ तु िॿयते िवधौषधेः ॥ अ. .उ. ३५/५

Naturally occurring Visha is named as Akrutrima, whereas artificial
compounds are called as a Krutrima Visha. All types synthetic preparations,
chemical compounds, etc. are comes under this group, which causes the, diseases
such as Shopha, Pandu, Udara, Unmada, Arsha, etc. Various formulations are
described in different Ayurvedic texts, for the treatment of Krutrima visha. Among
these ‘Musta Yoga’ an herbal preparation made up of Musta churna mixed with
Ghruta (Ghee) and Tandulodaka (Rice water) are specifically mentioned for
Atidaruna Vega of Krutrima Visha (Severe acute condition).12 Musta (Cuperus
rotundus) has been used for centuries as a traditional medicine in India, China, Arab
and Africa. It is an important ingredient of Anti-aging Ayurvedic neutraceutical
(Rasayan) Chyavanprasha. As per modern pharmacology it has anti-
acetylcholinesterase properties.13
The pesticide Dicofol is a stimulator of Nervous system, by stimulating
nervous system function it produces the toxic symptoms.14 Due to anti-
acetylcholinesterase property Musta may counter act the action of Dicofol like
3
specific antidote. And it may be beneficial in all cases of poisoning produced due to
such types of pesticides. This type of research work is not carried out yet, hence the
experimental evidence is unavailable.
To fulfill the lacuna, I have decided to work on the same. This study will be
helpful in all cases of acute poisoning of Dicofol pesticide and may be in cases of
other pesticides poisoning. In addition to this, this study proves beneficial to reduce
the toxicity incidence caused in farmers, workers, etc., and also this will help to
increase the chance of survival in cases of such type of pesticides poisoning.

5. Review of literature –
 Recent work done –
Related to Musta 15 –
1. “To study the physiological aspect of Medovaha srotas with special reference
to sthaulya and combined effect of oral use of musta churna and udvartana on
it irrespective of diet (2690) 29-10-2015
2. ” EFFICACY OF MUSTADI GHANVATI IN MADHUMEHA WITH RESPECT
TO DIABETES MELLITUS “ (2342), 11-08-2015
3. To Study the efficacy of Musta Kwath in Balatisar (2141), 09-06-2015
4. Efficacy of Mustadi Ghanvati in Madhumeha with Respect to diabetes
Mellitus. (1315), 22-12-2014
5. Clinical study to evaluate the effect of musta _madhu yoga in sthaulya (1139),
17-12-2014
6. Management of Diabetic Nephropathy with Mustadi Yapan Basti (908),2014
7. Study the efficacy of Musta On Sthaulya with Special Reference to
Apatarpana Siddhanta (350), 27-11-2014
8. Charakokta Santarpaniya adhyaay men Varnit Mustadi Kwath ka Sthaulya par
Sandhantik avam Prayogik Adyayan. (273), 26-11-2014
9. To Study the Efficacy of Musta Kwath In Balatisar, (223), 26-11-2014
10. Analytical Study of Musta (Cyperus rotundus Linn.) and evaluation of its Anti-
oxidant activity with special reference to Primary Obesity (65), 21-11-2014
16
Related to Dicofol –
1. Riberio ml, et al. Effect of poilet washing system on Dicofol level in orange
matrix, Journal of Agriculture and food Chemistry, 2000 Jul. (7):0, DHARA ID
– D041938, Pubmed ID – 10898628
2. Saitta M, et al. Organochlorine pesticide residues in Italine citrus essential oils

4
 1991-1996, Journal of Agriculture and food Chemistry, 2000 Mar. (3):0,
DHARA ID – D041989, Pubmed ID - 10725152

Related to Pesticides (Residues) 17 –

1. Jamkhandikar Priti P., A toxicological Analysis of the Pesticidal residue on
Cabbage (Brassica oleraceae) before and after Dhavana by various
Vishaghna Dravyas, Agadtantra Avum Vidhi Vaidhyaka, Bharati
Vidyapeetha’s University College of Ayurveda, Pune. 2014
2. Nikam Rakesh K., A toxicological Analysis of the Pesticidal residue on Figs
(Ficus carica) before and after Dhavana by various Vishaghna Dravyas,
Agadtantra Avum Vidhi Vaidhyaka, Bharati Vidyapeetha’s University College
of Ayurveda, Pune. 2011
3. Jyoti Mane, A toxicological Analysis of the Pesticidal residue on Brinjals
(Solanum melongena) before and after Dhavana by various Vishaghna
Dravyas, Agadtantra Avum Vidhi Vaidhyaka, Bharati Vidyapeetha’s University
College of Ayurveda, Pune. 2011

Various research works were carried out on Musta (Cyperus rotundus), as

well as on Pesticides or Dicofol separately. But research on Krutrima visha or Musta
yoga is not carried out yet. Also, the research like - study the effect of Musta Yoga
on commonly used pesticide like Dicofol is not done till day. Due to this reason this
research work is planned to study the efficacy of Musta Yoga in case of Acute
toxicity of Dicofol in Albino wistar.
 Literature review of Dicofol 18 –
Dicofol is usually synthesized from technical DDT. During the synthesis, DDT
is first chlorinated to an intermediate, Cl-DDT, followed by hydrolyzing to Dicofol.
After the synthesis reaction, DDT and Cl-DDT may remain in the Dicofol product as
impurities.
 Formula - C14H9Cl5O

 Chemical names - 2,2,2-Trichloro-1,1-bis (4-

chlorophenyl)ethanol

 Appearance - Pure Dicofol is a white crystalline solid.

 Solubility - It is stable under cool and dry conditions,

- Practically insoluble in water

- Soluble in organic solvents.

5
  Solubility - 0.8 mg/l (25 °C) in water.

 Melting Point - 78.5 - 79.5 °C for pure Dicofol,

- 50 °C for technical Dicofol

 Molecular Weight - 370.49 g/mol

It is used as a foliar spray on agricultural crops and ornamentals, and in or

around agricultural and domestic buildings for mite control. It is formulated as
emulsifiable concentrates, wet table powders, dusts, ready-to-use liquids, and aerosol
sprays. In many countries, Dicofol is also used in combination with other pesticides
such as the organophosphates, methyl parathion, and dimethoate.

 Drug Review – Musta Yoga 19 –

त दु लोदकयुतं पौरिप ं मूलम ुधर घृताढयम ।

पीयमानमितदॹणवेगं कॄिআमं गरलमाशु िनह् ॥ भा. भै . र. भाग ४

Ingredients –
Musta (Cyperus rotundus), Tandulodaka (Rice water) and Ghruta
Indications –
Acute poisoning condition of Krutrima Visha (Artificial poisons)

Main ingredient - Musta (Cyperus rotundus) 20 –

मु कं न ् यां मु ं िআषु वाौरदनामकम ।

कुॹिव संূातोऽपरः ॿोडकसे ॹकः ॥ ९२॥

भঈमु ৽ गु च तथा नागरमु कः ।

मु ं कटु िहमं ঁािह ितঢं िदपनपाचनम ॥ ९३॥

कषायं कफ़िप ा तृड्ग৹राॹिचज ुক्त ।

अनु पदे शे य৪ातं मु कं त श ते ।

तআािप मु िनिभः ঋोঢं वरं नागरमु कम ॥९४॥ भा. .िन.-कपु रािदवग / ९२-९४
Synonyms –
Sanskrita – Mustaka, Mustam, Varida-namaka, Kuruvinda, etc.
Hindi – Motha, etc.
Marathi – Motha, Bhadramushti, etc.
English – Coco grass, Java grass, Purple nut sedge, Purple
nutsedge, red nut sedge, etc.
Latin name – Cyperus rotundus,
Family – Cyperaceae
6
 Rasapanchaka and Karma of Musta –

1. Rasa Kashaya, Katu, Tikta

2. Virya Sheeta

3. Vipaka Katu

Agnimadhya, Ajirna, Anartava, Arsha, Aruchi,

Ashmari, Atisara, Bastiroga, Daha, Deepana,
4. Phalashruti
Jwara, Kandu, Kasa, Kashthartava, Krumi,
Kushths, Mrdhavardhaka, Medorogs, etc.

5. Guna Laghu, Ruksha

6. Doshaghnata Kaphghna, Pittaghna, Vatavardhaka

7. Shtrotasa Artavavaha, Annavaha, Majjavaha, etc.

8. Upayuktanga Kanda

6. Objectives –

i) Aim of Present study –

Study the efficacy of Musta Yoga in acute poisoning of Dicofol with special
reference to Krutriam visha in Albino wistar (Rats)

ii) Objectives –
 Primary Objective –
1. To study the efficacy of Musta Yoga in acute poisoning of Dicofol, with
special reference to Krutrima Visha in Albino wistar as per OCSD
guidelines 423
 Secondary Objectives –
1. To collect the sample of Musta from market (Genuine source) and to do
authentication and standardization of obtained sample.
2. To determine the Lethal Dose at 50 (LD50) of Musta yoga
3. To determine the Lethal Dose at 50 (LD50) of Dicofol – a Organo-chlorine
Pesticide
4. To study critically the term ‘Krutrima Visha’ from various Ayurvedic
classics
5. To study mechanism of action of Dicofol
6. To compare the efficacy of Musta Yoga with other control groups

7
  Terminal (End point) Objectives –
1. To study morbidity and mortality of Albino wistar in each group
2. To do Histo-pathological examinations of various organs of Albino wistar

7) Methodology –
Plan of Research work –
This study will be conducted in following IV Phases as –
Phase I – Review Literature
Phase II – Drug sample collection and pre-experimental preparation
Phase III – Experimental Study (Test system)
Phase IV – Data analysis

Phase I – Review Literature – Literary data will be collected from

a. Library - Vedic literature, Samhitas, Sangraha granthas, Nighantu
granthas, other Classical texts, Modern texts, etc.
b. Internet – from authentic sites
c. Other available sources of information – Research paper
published in renowned journals and magazines, previous thesis
from any university, WHO publications, CCRAS publications, ICMR
publications, etc.

Phase II – Drug sample collection and pre-experimental preparation –

Samples of Musta (Cyper rodundus) will be collected from the Market
from genuine source and also determination of the Lethal Dose at 50 (LD 50) of
Musta yoga and Dicofol Pesticide will done as per OECD guidelines 423,21 in
this pre- experimental phase.

 Lethal Dose at 50 (LD50) of Musta yoga –

As per Acute toxicity study of Cuperus rotundus, even 2000 mg/Kg

dose of ethanolic extract of Cuperus rotundus didn’t produce any mortality or
morbidity. 22 With the reference to this toxicological study of Cyperus rotundus
limit test at one dose level of 2000 mg/kg body weight will be carried out with
Group of six animals. And if required next limit test at one dose level of 5000
mg/kg body weight will be carried out with Group of three animals (As per
Point No. - 23 and Annexure 3 mentioned in OECD guidelines 423). 21
The doses will be administered to the Rats which are fasted overnight
with water ad libitum and will be observed 24, 48 and 72 hrs for signs of

8
 toxicity like change in skin colour, salivation, diarrhea, sleep, tremors,
convulsions and also for respiratory, autonomic and CNS effects.
 Lethal Dose at 50 (LD50) of Dicofol –

As per previous study – Oral LD50 values of Dicofol, in Albino wistar

(Rats) were estimated to be 587 mg/kg body weight. 23
With reference to this study for the determination of Lethal dose level at
50 of Dicofol the used dose level as the starting dose will be considered as –
5, 50, 300 and 600 mg/kg body weight. This study will be conducted in four
groups, 3 animals of each sex (Total 6 animals) per group, with respect of
dose level. The different doses will be administered to the rats which are
fasted overnight with water ad libitum and were observed on 24, 48 and 72
hrs for signs of toxicity for symptoms like change in skin colour, salivation,
diarrhea, sleep, tremors, convulsions and also for respiratory, autonomic and
CNS effects.

Phase III – Experimental Study (Test system) –

Actual animal experiment will be conducted in this phase
i) Type of Study – Experimental study (Animal study)

ii) Setting (Location) – 1. Certified Pharmacy GMP

2. Certified Animal Research Center

iii) Duration of Study – 12 months from Approval of synopsis

iv) Method of selection of study subjects and selection of comparison

group –
Present Animal study will be done in Albino wastar as per guidelines
motioned in OECD No.- 423. Permission of IAEC will be taken from institute
prior to begin Animal experiment.

 Test compound preparation –

Name of test compound Musta Yoga

Tandulodaka (Rice water) and Ghruta

Vehicle
(Ghee)

Test drug will be prepared in

Preparation of test
Tandulodaka (Rice water) and Ghruta
compound
(Ghee).

9
 Description of Animal used –

Animal Species used Rats (Albino wistar)

Source of Animals Certified Animal Research Center

50 % males and 50 % females in each

Sex of Animals
group will be taken

Age of Animals Adult

Avg. wt of Animals 150-200 g.

Period of Fasting Overnight

Feeding Wheat bran and water ad libitum

 Dose calculations –
Dose of Dicofol – will be calculated on the basis of LD50 study of
Dicofol. 80% of the respective LD50 dose of will be taken for experiment.

Dose of Musta yoga – Dose to be used in experimental group will be

calculated according to Paget’s and Barnes table extrapolated from Human
dose. Calculated dose will be given Once a Day up to 7 day.
The doses of the drugs will be calculated by extrapolating the
therapeutic dose to rat dose on the basis of body surface area ratio
(conversion factor 0.018 for rats) by referring to the table of “Paget and Barns"
(Paget and Barnes, 1964).
For Rats, - Humans dose x 0.018 = X g/200g. of Rats.
 Dose of Churna as Per Sharangdhara Samhita is 1 Karsha 24
which
is equal to 12 g. in Human.
 According to conversion factor of Rats (0.018), the dose of Musta
yoga in Rats is -
= 12000 mg x 0.018
= 216 mg /200 g. of Rat / day
= Rounded to 200 mg/200 g. Rats;
 Conversion to dose/kg body wt.
= 200 mg × 5
= 1000 mg / kg. per day
= 1g. / kg. of body weight per day

10
  Method of selection of comparison group –

Group Group type No. of Animals Details

Group 1 Normal Control 6 (3M + 3F) ---

Only Tandulodaka and

Group 2 Vehicle Control 6 (3M + 3F)
Ghruta

Group 3 Control for Dicofol 6 (3M + 3F) Only Dicofol

Dicofol and immediate

Group 4 Experimental group I 6 (3M + 3F) administration of Test drug
Musta Yoga

Dicofol & Test drug Musta

Group 5 Experimental group II 6 (3M + 3F) Yoga after development of
symptoms

vi) Operational definitions –

 Visha25 –
िवषाद जनन ाৡ िव् िभधीयते ॥ सु .सं .क.३/२१

जग् दषਖं तं वा तेनासौ िवषसं ि৯तः ॥ च.सं.िच. २३/४

The substance which causes sadness (Vishada) to the world is named

as Visha. According to Acharya Charaka as the world becomes despaired at
the sight of it (Become Vishanna), it is named as Visha.

 Krutrima Visha26 –

Visha → 1. Akrutrima Visha – Sthavara and Jangama Visha

→ 2. Krutrima Visha – Sanyogaja Visha
According to Acharya Kashyapa, Krutrima Visha is a combination
(Sanyoga) of two or more toxic substances. This combination form of Krutrima
Visha is very powerful and unusually it doesn’t cause immediate death. It has
delayed manifestation leading to long term complications. This can be
compound with synthetic poison.

 Poisons27 –
A substance, which on ingestion, inhalation, absorption, application,
injection or development within the body, in relatively small amounts,
produces injury to the body by chemical action.

11
 Pesticides28 –
Pesticides are substances that are meant to control pests (including
weeds). The term pesticide includes all of the following – herbicide,
insecticide, nematicide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide, rodenticide,
bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent, antimicrobial, fungicide,
disinfectant and sanitizer.

 Tandulodaka29 –
Tandulodaka is explained as a derivative dosage form of cold infusion
(Hima Kalpna / Sheeta Kalpna). It is prepared by using any type
raw/uncooked and broken rice (Red rice is best choice) and potable
/cold/boiled and then cooled water. Procedure – 10 g. of raw rice mixed with
60/80 ml of cold water keep it closed in a vessel for 2 to 3 hrs., then macerate
the rice with the help of hands for 2 to 3 min. Filter and use. The Tandulodaka
is used as an Anupana (Co-drink / Vehical) along with various Ayurvedic
formulations.

 OECD Guidelines for the Testing of Chemicals30 –

These are a set of internationally accepted specifications for the testing
of chemicals decided on by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and
Development (OECD). They were first published in 1981. They are split into
five sections as –
 Section 1: Physical Chemical Properties

 Section 2: Effects on Biotic Systems

 Section 3: Degradation and Accumulation

 Section 4: Health Effects

 Section 5: Other Test Guidelines
Guidelines are numbered with three digit numbers, the section number
being the first number. Sometimes guidelines are suffixed with a letter.
Guidelines are under constant review, with guidelines being periodically
updated, new guidelines being adopted, and guidelines being withdrawn.
Previous guidelines are maintained on the website for reference
purposes. Animal welfare concerns are dealt with by ensuring that animal
tests are only permitted where necessary.

12
vii) Specification of instruments used for Drug administration –

Syringes 1 ml tuberculin syringe / Insulin syringe

Needles Aspirator needles (16 gauge)
Centrifuge tubes Plastic graduated 10 ml tubes
Balance Meter balance (0-1000 mg)
Butter paper Small pieces

8. Research methodology and Data collection methods –

i) Sample size and sampling techniques –
Detail description of Animal used for the Present study –

No. of Animals 6 Rats for each group

Sex of Animals 3 male and 3 female in each group
No. of Groups 6
Dose form Fine powder
Route of
Oral
administration
Duration of Exposure Single exposure

ii) Methods for Data collections and Data collection tools –

Collection of Data (Observations and Examinations) will be performed
on the following items –
a. Mortality – will be observed on 24, 48 72 hrs. and up to 7th days. Further
observation will be continued up to 18th days.
b. Live phase of animals –
1. General behavior - observation of general behavior abnormalities of
the animal viz active, non active partially active and hyperactive will
be recorded every day.
2. Water intake – Measurements of water consumption will be made.
3. Food intake – will be quantified before starting the drug
administration and then daily on standard electronic balance.
4. Body weight – The recording will be done at pre and post exposure
to the test compound by using standard balance.
5. Cage side observation – This physiological activity cage side
examination will be monitored daily, by using following points –
Home cage activity, Faces – color, consistency and amount, Urine
output, etc.

13
 6. Physical sings - Daily examination of animals include respective
changes in – Skin fur (Hair coat), appearance of eyes and mucous
membrane, eyelids closure, occurrence of secretion and excretion
salivation, biting, etc.
7. Clinical Signs – General clinical observations should be made at
least once a day preferably at the same time of each day. Observed
Clinical Signs are convulsions, lethargy, sleep, coma, salivation,
diarrhea and date of death, etc.
8. Neurological examination – locomotors activity, static limb
position, abnormal gait, posture, response to handling as well as
presence of clonic or tonic movements, tail elevation, head position,
convulsion, tremors, rearing activity, ataxic gait, etc.
c. Clinical laboratory investigations – Clinical bio-chemistry,
Hematology examination, Urinalysis determination, etc. will be done
periodically as per requirement.
d. Necropsy and Histo-pathological examination –
i. Organ weights – will be note down at the end of experiments in all
groups of animals.
ii. Gross changes if any will be observed in all groups of animals
throughout experiment
iii. Histopathology – Animals found dead during the examination will be
examined and histo-pathological examinations will be performed in an
attempt to identify the cause of death and the nature (severity or
degree) of the toxic changes present.
Animals surviving to the end of the observation period will be scarified
at the end of observation period and Histo-pathological examination of
Stomach, Intestine, Liver, Kidney, Lungs, Spleen, etc. organs will be
conducted at the end of autopsy as per requirement.

iii) Data management and statistical analysis procedures –

The Data obtained from the experimental study will be statistically
represented in the form of tables and graphs.

All values will be expressed as mean + SEM (Standard Error of Mean).

The respective data will be statistically analyzed by using ‘Student ‘t’ test’ and
ANOVA test as per requirement. And if necessary other statistical test will be
applied accordingly.
14
  Result – The Result will be strictly drawn on the basis of observations,
which are obtained during experimental study.
 Discussion – On the basis of Data obtained from the study the Discussion
will be done.
 Conclusion – The Conclusion will be drawn strictly on the basis of evidence
found during Animal experiment and finding of Histo-pathological
examination.

9. References -

1. Md. Wasim Aktar, et al. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture – their benefits
and hazards, Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2009 Mar; 2(1): 1–12. 2009
Mar. doi: 10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7, Retrieved from - https://www.ncbi. nlm.
nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/citedby/, (Accessed on 19th Dec 2017)
2. Mathur SC. Future of Indian pesticides industry in next millennium. Pesticide
information,1999; 22 (4); 9-23
3. Forget G. Balancing the need for pesticides with the risk to human health. In:
Forget G., et al. editors. Impact of Pesticide use on health in developing
Countries.1993; IDRC, Ottawa:2
4. Md. Wasim Aktar, et al. Impact of pesticides use in agriculture – their benefits
and hazards, Interdisciplinary Toxicology 2009 Mar; 2(1): 1–12. 2009
Mar. doi: 10.2478/v10102-009-0001-7, Retrieved from - https://www.ncbi.
nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2984095/citedby/, (Accessed on 19th Dec 2017)
5. Jesslin J, Adepu R, Churi S. Assessment of prevalence and mortality
incidences due to poisoning in a South Indian tertiary care teaching hospital,
Indian J Pharm Sci. 2010 Sep;72(5):587-91. doi: 10.4103/0250-474X.78525.
Retrieved from - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21694990 (Accessed -
19th Dec 2017)
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10. Abbreviations -
सु . सं. - सु ॄ त संिहता

च. सं . - चरक सं िहता

भा. भै . र. - भारत भैष र ाकर

भा. . िन. - भाव काश िनघ ु

अ. . - अ ां ग दय

सू . - सू थान
क. -क थान

िच. - िचिक ा थान

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