al 3. Mittelalter 3.2, Hochmittelatter Heinrich | After the death of King Konrad | in 918 - who was constantly at war with the Slavs and Maagyars - the nobles of Franconia and the Saxons elected the Duke of the Saxons, Heinrich, King of the German Reich. The nobles of Bavaria, Swabia and refused to acknowledge him until 925. King Heinrich had to use force to subdue the nobles of the Southern German States. Heinrich (876 - 2 July 96) was the fist of the Otfonian Dynasty of German kings and ‘emperors, he is generally considered to be the founder and first king of the medieval German slate. An avid hunter, he obtained the epithet "the Fowler” because he was allegedly fixing his birding nets when messengers arrived to inform him that he was to be king. Within five years Heinrich accomplished, though not without some fighting, the great task of uniting Germany. His work had, however, only just begun. Germany wos suff 19 at that time from invasions by the Magyars (Hungarians) on the east and from the Danes and Norsemen on the north. With his northem ‘and westem neighbors Heinrich did not have much trouble. His northem tribes were strong enough with his help to beat off the Danes, and Charles the Simple of France met the German king on a boat on the iver Rhine which separated France and Germany, and concluded with him a peace by which the boundaries of each land were established. Germany was faitly secure on the north and west, but on the east and south a new tormentor had arisen. Bands of Hungarian horsemen would sweep through the land, buming towns and. villages, stealing the crops, and killing men, women, and children as they came in their way. Castes were built to secure the borders. These were the first walled cities of Germany, 243. Mittelalter These castles were later expanded and its structures built of stone. For the last years of his life Heinrich could rule a peaceful and united Germany which he had delivered from warfare within and without. When he died, and was laid to rest in the abbey of Quedlinburg, the whole nation moumed him. That was the way the German nation was founded Otol, Otfo | the Great (November 23, 912 - May 7, 973), son of Heinrich |, King of the Germans, and Matilda of Ringelheim, was Duke of the Saxons, King of the Germans and the first Holy Roman Emperor. Otto was crowned German King in 936 In Aachen, the former capitol of Charlemagne. At his coronation banquet he had the four other dukes of the empire act as his personal ‘attendants: Amulf | of Bavaria as marshal (or stablemaster), Herman of Swabia as cupbearer, Eberhard Ill of Franconia as steward, and Gilbert of Loraine as chamberlain. Thus from the outset of his reign he signalled that he was the successor to Charlemagne, and that he had ‘the German church, with its powerful bishops and abbots, behind hit 253. Mittelalter Otto's early reign was marked by a series of ducal revolts. At the Battle at Andernach (near Bonn) Otto defeated the dukes of Franconia and Lorraine as well as his younger brother Heinrich, who had tried to kill him. To prevent further revolts, Otto arranged for all the important duchies in the German kingdom to be held by close family members. He was Duke of Saxony and he kept the now-vacant duchy of Franconia as a personal flefdom, while in 944 he bestowed the duchy of Lorraine upon Conrad the Red, who later mamied his daughter Liutgard. Mecnwhile, he arranged for his son Liutdolf to mary Ido, the daughter of Duke Herman of Swabia, and to inherit that duchy when Herman died ir Bavaria in 949, 947. A similar arrangement led to Heinrich becoming duke of The Battle of Lechfeld (10 August 955), the defining event for holding off the incursions of the Magyars into Central Europe, was a decisive victory of the forces of Otto the Great, King of the Germans, over the Magyars. A key part of Otto's domestic policy lay in strengthening church authorities, chiefly bishops and abbots, at the ‘expense of the secular nobility who threatened his own power, Otto intended to dominate the church and use that sole Unifying institution in the German lands in order to estatbish ‘an institution of theocratic imperial power. The Church offered wealth, military manpower and its monopoly on literacy. For his part the Emperor offered protection against the nobles, the promise of endowments. Otto unsuccessfully campaigned in southern Italy on several occasions from 966-972. In 972, the Byzantine emperor John | Tzimisces recognized Otto's imperial title and agreed to a martiage between Otto's son and heir Otto Il and his niece Theophano. After his death in 973, Olfo the Great was buried next to his first wife Egdith of Wessex in the Cathedral of Magdeburg, Otto tt Offo Il (955 - December 7, 983), was the third ruler of the Ottonian dynasty, the son of Otto the Great and Adelaide of Italy. He received a good education under the care of his uncle, Bruno, archbishop of Cologne, and his illegitimate half-brother, Withelm, archbishop of Mainz. 263. Mittelalter At first only co-reigning with his father, he was chosen German king at Worms in 961, (he wos 6 years old!) crowned at Aachen on 26 May 961, and on 25 December 967 was crowned joint emperor at Rome by Pope John Xill. After sharing in various campaigns in Italy, returned to Germany and became sole emperor 29 the death of his father in May 973, without meeting any opposition. Offo spent his reign continuing his father's policy of strengthening imperial rule in Germany ond extending it deeper into Italy. He was required to punish attacks of Muslim Arabs on the “alan mainiand and, most of all, the aggressive policy of the Sicilian emir Abu al-Gasim, The Sattie against the Arabs resulted in a severe defeat of the Italian-German troops near Stilo in July 982 (in which, a-asim was killed), 9 June 983, largely attended by German and Italian princes, Otto ll had Otto Ill confirmed as king of Germany and a new campaign arranged against the Arabs. He died in his palace in ome on 7 December 983. Otto Ill (980 - January 23, 1002.) was elected king of Germany in 983 on the death of his ‘other (Holy Roman Emperor Otto Il). Shortly after his coronation, Heinrich Il, deposed Duke of Bavaria, seized him in an attempt to procure the regency, but in May 984 he was forced to um Otto to his mother, the Byzantine Greek princess Theophanu, who served as regent until her death in 991. Cito I's mother, Adelaide of Italy, then served together with Willigis, archbishop of Mainz, as regent until Otto Ill reached his majority in 994. Offo made Rome the administrative center of his empire and revived elaborate Roman customs and Byzantine court ceremonies. He took the titles “the servant of Jesus Christ," "the servant of the aposties," and "emperor of the world." He died in the castle of Paterno on January 23, 1002. He was 22 years old, Heinrich tt Heinrich ll (972 - 13 July 1024), called the Saint, was the son of Heinrich the Quarrelsome of Bavaria. As his father had rebelled against two previous emperors, he was often in exile. Heinrich was on his way to Rome to save his besieged cousin, Holy Roman Emperor Otto ill, when the emperor died in January 1002. Knowing that opposition to his succession was strong, Heinrich quickly seized the royal insignia from his dead cousin's companions. Rivals such as Ezzo of Lotharingia, Eckhard of Meissen ‘and Duke Herman of Swabia strongly contested Henry's election, but with the aid of Wiligis, archbishop of Mainz he was able to secure his election and coronation on (7 June 1002 in Mainz), though it would be a year before he was universally recognized. 73. Mittelalter rich’s most significant contributions as emperor came in the realm of Church-State jations and Church administration within the Empire. He supported the bishops against the monastic clergy and cided them in establishing secular rule over broad tenttories to go with their spiritual power. He made sure to enforce celibacy amongst the clergy so that the land he granted would not be passed on to heirs. This ensured that the bishops remained loyal to him and provided a erful bulwark against rebellious nobles and ambitious family members. order to consolidate his finances Heinrich took a look at the incomes of the monasteries. He took away most of their possessions - gold and land (which made him very unpopular with the abbots and monks, who enjoyed their ife in luxury). inrich established a binding justice system and punished those who broke the peace y (also higher nobles). Punishments: cutting out eyes, hanging, beheading, cutting off ands and feet, ripping out the tounge, branding ... Enforcing these brutal punishments ured a certain level of peace and justice over the years. rich lI spent the next several years consolidating his political power on his borders, He Jed a successful campaign against King Boleslaus | of Poland and then moved into Italy 2 confront Arduin of lvea, who had styled himself King of Italy. Subsequently Heinrich went ‘aight to Rome, where Pope Benedict Vill crowned him Holy Roman Emperor on 14 February 1014. The Salian Dynasty and the Decline of Royal Power in Germany Konrad I Konrad Il (990 - June 4, 1039) was the son of Count Heinrich of Speyer and Adelheid of Alsace. He was elected king in 1024 and crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire on March 26, 1027, the first emperor of the Salian Dynasty. Konrad grew up poor by the standards of the nobility and was raised by the bishop of Worms. In 1016, he married Gisela of Swabia, a widowed duchess. Both parties claimed descent from Charlemagne and were thus distantly related. Gisela bore him a son, Heinrich. 283. Mittelalter Jn 1028 at Aachen Konrad had his son Heinrich elected and anointed king of Germany, During his reign, he proved that the German monarchy was no longer dependent on Contracts (cath of loyalty in exchange for land and titles) between king and territorial nobles. He made the land, which was held by knights hereditary, it became the possession of the knights and could no longer be taken away by the higher nobles! Thus he created very grateful and loyal allies! King Konrad was a fearless and brave warrior. Konrad campaigned against Poland in 1028 ‘and forced King Mieszko I, fo make peace and retum land that Boleslaw | had conquered from the Empire during his father’s reign. One year later Konrad launched a campaign against Hungary. The Hungarians successfully used the scorched earth tactics and the emperor had to withdraw with his army. Finally the Hungarian army forced him to surrender at Vienna. After his defeat Konrad was obliged to cede some border tertitory to Hungary, Konrad also fought the Slavs and subdued rebellions in Northern Italy Konrad did not pay much attention to faith and the church; he despised the popes, especially Pope Benedikt IV, a twelve-year old boy, but used him to get rid of bishops, who he saw as enemies. Heinrich Heinrich Ill (29 October 1017 - § October 1056), called the Black or the Pious. ,Hé was the eldest son of Konrad Il of Germany and Gisela and Duke of Bavaria. On Easter Day 1028, his father having been crowned Holy Roman Emperor, Heinrich was elected and crowned King of Germany in the cathedral of Aachen by Pilgrim, Archbishop of Cologne. Upon the death of his father on June 4, 1039, he became sole ruler of the kingdom and was crowned emperor by Pope Clement Il in Rome (1046). |n 1039, while he was touring his dominions, Conrad, Duke of Carinthia and Heinrich’s cousin, died childless. Henry being his nearest kin automatically inherited that duchy as well. He was now a triple-duke (Bavaria, Swabia, Carinthia) and tiple-king (Germany, Burgundy, Italy), He ttled to reform the church and rid it of all vices, iLpractices, simony and married priests, Heinrich took his army to Italy, deposed all three popes and appointed another, Clemens Il, who crowned Heinrich Emperor. On 5 October 1056, Heinrich died. He had been one of the most powerful of the Holy Roman Emperors: his authority as king in Burgundy, Germany, and Italy only rarely questioned, his power over the church was at the Foot of what the reformers he sponsored later fought against in his son. He united all the great ‘duchies save Saxony to himself at one point or another, but gave them all away.3, Mittelalter Heinrich lv Heinrich IV (1050 - 1106) was King of Germany from 1056 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1084, Until his forced abdication in 1105. He was the third emperor of the Salian dynasty and one of ‘the most powerful and important figures of the eleventh century. His reign was marked by the Investiture Controversy with the Papacy and several civil wars with pretenders to his throne in Htaly and Germany. inrich IV mother, Agnes of Poitou, - acting as Regent of Germany - was a weak. insecure, ‘pathetic and rather uneducated woman, unable to keep the Reich strong. (Her only desire was to become a nun) Henry's first task after assuming control was to restore his authority in the duchies, especially in Saxony, where a revolt (1073) was subdued in 1075. He then turned his attention to Italy, where he sought to restore imperial authority; this provoked a conflict with the papacy. Henry disregarded the opposition of Pope Gregory Vil to lay investiture. Gregory, in 1076, declared Henry excommunicated and deposed and absolved his subjects of their oaths of fealty. By Henry's humiliation and penitence he moved the pope to grant him absolution at Canossa in Jan., 1077. Despite the absolution, the rebel dukes were determined to depose Henry, and they elected Duke Rudolf of Swabia antiking. Rudolf died in 1080, and his supporters elected a Lotharingian count, Herman of Salm, to succeed him. In Germany, Henry broke (1088) the ower of Herman, but his stubbom support of Clement Ill against Gregory's successors made his own family turn against him because they felt he was endangering the monarchy. Henry IV was imprisoned and forced to abdicate (1105). in 1106, just before his death, he escaped and received considerable support. 30