BENJAMINS TRANSLATION LIBRARY “The BexjniasTaniton Lita sino sims cadence nd ning in eanlatin sues, leogrphy an omioogy. The Lira provies a fou foc varie of agponces (which may sometimes be conicung) i «Rtn, tere tpl nd peagopea cote The Library neler cola os, feces books abd pst gdunetabock apd ede ee English page es Ata (ns, Uy of Ga) Maso Be eps of Slee ery of Penis) "day God Roe (C ghana tr Yo Ga a ONMICO nd TE Fon) ‘ich i (Cope Lge ey of Sort) ‘reg (Cue ery of ane Ko ‘Ww ste Het (oy, Ono of Ea Ag) Jd Late (ao tory of tac) ity se ancoprapy Free Une of Aeron) "in Maly ane Bigham Fa Uses ao Nap era! Eugerng te User) ad Robes Se of raion a nurrean,Unberay of Ono) ‘an Sige tunes Mex) as a Sot (La ca Une ee Rp, Mee) Tins She Tne! Tn Fhe Pe) ay Satay (el of ron €Ierpreng. Umer of Ves) "ison Try Brn Cha ef Prato Tho, Tel Unter) ‘woltes Wis (gees Teun od herp, Ura of Sand Tait Woairor (FF Comme he Hi f Tala. ‘nana avery Moura) Sve ea Weg pled Lingus. Ke Ste Uber) Dail Gite asic Concepts and Mol for Interpreter an Traneaor Training BASIC CONCEPTS AND MODELS FOR INTERPRETER ) TRANSLATOR TRAINING DANIEL GILE INALCO and ISIT, Paris JOHN BENJAMINS PUBLISHING COMPANY 'AMSTERDAM/PHILADELPHIA.oo ‘Miche Natal Sd fain Sle" Rene of eo Ped rey Mr ART ZA 8 brary of Congress Closing Pabeton Dat cm Benen tan teay. SN OTIC ISBN 90 272 (62 Ste) 84189081) Pea a = © Cope 185. ein BY. Spf hy es J frm pi gen, Contents ItropucTios Capra 1 “Tucont7#CAL COMPONENTS IN INTERPRETER AND TRANSLATOR vert of waning in iteration an ansion 2. The components of Tashan xpeise 5. The varity of wining equieets TT ta inn for newcome’ 0 Trosation 3 Ponerinae Jor practicing nerpreters and tats «4 The ped or opinion fn Tansain taining 5 ‘The poces-aened approach in VT ining 6 Potential beei of beret eomponent a increta waar ining 1. hte for theoreti componess {Whore and how oid teneiel component for UT wining 5. Themaels Ceren 2 ‘GonnMsiCaTION AND QUALITY IN INTERPRETATION AND 1 Inredseton 2 Potessioml Tanlation a a of communication 3 Components fat of communication i Translation 31 Aime and etn: 32 Content and Pacage Frofessonl loyalty Gui SP The rere 52. Discourse components 53 The percenion of quai postions 35 The perception of guar: motivation and tention 6 Sovil sta an ea 5 Conaason 2 2s 25 26 3 a a y{Teaching suggestions Cuapree 3 Piper Iv INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION 1 odin 2 Ancsperient in fdelty 21 Phase one: verbal simple ideo 21.1 Framing Information 21.2 Linustcally Induced eformation 2.3 Personal formation 22 Phase vo: ransatinga Spl nerance Principles o elity HU The Message 22 Framing information 33 Linguistica Iced information 514 Personal Infomation 35 Contain 4 Secondly tlogaton an obstace an a help (41 The language seco LI-generated proems 412 Inerpretaion talon rom the Secondary Information 5. Teaching suggestions Cuarrer 4 (Conresienstow 1 IVTERERETATION AKD TRANSLATION 1. Iidtion 2. The Competeaion ogution 21 Abate equation 22 nals 25 More abou the relations in the comprehension equation 21 The subjective aspect of comprehension 232 Knowledge ofthe language 2.13 Esraingaseknomledge 24 Anata % as n st a Cores 3. Tnsation and he comprstension of pilin ets 1 Example 22 The lgperson’s comprebension 44 The Tanstrs comprehension rents 5. Teaching the pcp of comqebension Curren 5 {A SequexTia MopeL oF TRANSLATION 1. todo 2. The Mode 21 The Compretensin phase 122 The Reformation phase 2. Comments os 101 ror ron tos 106 “11 The sequent mal and onary comprehension and proacion 106 132 The Model and ranlaion at's proctced ABI The processing of ingle mliple Tatton Unis 4122 Sparaton beeen comprehension and ‘formation inthe eld an ring raining 21.83 Untied problems 5255 The neanty of te sequential process 125 The Knowle Base 55266 Tess on groups of Translation Unis 13 Revision 4 Inerpeation vs. wantin in eight ofthe Mosel Teaching the Mode SS Sensing he sens 52 Presenting the Model to sdents to 106 17 i 19 ho uo i i 55 Reinforcement of the Mode’ pricpler through error anlyis 119 54 Problem report bythe sadn’ 555 Th Sequential Model and professionali Couneren 6 KNOWLEDGE ACQUISITION N INTERPRETATION AND TRANSLATION 1 Irrction 2 Diferencs betwee itrpeetton a aslo: A reminder 1 6 73. Knowledge Acquisition nwt asain 31 Information sources SLT Clasifeaton of sources 512 Source variables randaion work 513 Waaesses and svengtr of morhua sources inthe ‘cqustion of mine! tnowiedge 412 Knowledge Aquisition noes inransaion 21 Time comideroons 522 Source selection 322.1. Satin pin sures, need sures, 3222 Acces 3223 ital source austin 3224 Liars artis 3225 Individual developed sources 21.2 Haman source 4. KoowledgeAemuson in inept 42.1 The three sepsof preparation 422 Preparation is proctced 4123 terrier losis 125 Referee documents 5. Long erm Keowee ld in inert and ranlatrs 6. Teaching suggestions Cuserer7 ‘Tae Errorr Mooeas 1x ivveRrRETaTion 2 Procesing capacity ad inerreaon Ello 21 The Lineing ond Anya Eo 22 The Prducton Bor 23 The Memory ort “An Elfort oe of smulanous interpretation 44 Pocosing epi poblems 421 Problems ansing fom an increase in procesing ‘rc eguement 422 Problems nsoited wih gal alrrabliy 143 Fale sequences, 65 anscpaton| ET linguistic otcipaion 442 Earalingusn anticipation ‘anor Model of conserve trecation for night anion ‘Simultaneous terpetain wi ext ‘Tye fon Modes and asain 9 Processing cacy apd interpretation stadents 10. Teaching suggestions 5 & 1 & ‘Cuarter 8 ‘Copine tacrcs 1 isTERERETATION 1. Induction 2 Toc in simultaneous iteration 21 Comprehension ces 22 Preenivetactes 25 Reformation cis 3, The selection of tacts in sinlaneasinerpretation 4 Tastes in consecutive ierreting sd in simlanents with ext 5. Tacs omar speaker ener 6 Coping tees in osltion 1. Teaching suggestions Cuarren 9 [CaNCAGE ISSUES IN CONFERENCE INTERPRETING (aN TRANSLATION) 1 Inrocion 2. The stant’ command of teleworking languages 5. The Gravitational Model of lguiseavalbliy 1 The baseline JT Te levi component 312 The smccomporent m 14 1% 16 v8 ne 16 1 8s 1 Ms 90 wt irs 192 198 197 20 am Er a2 23 a3 na522 Speech producer and interrters 45 The Gravitational Model of inate avaabliy 54 Dynamics ofthe Gravitational Model 115 The Graton! Model ondinerpetation 56 tmerpretaton ot manlaton 117 The Gravatonl Model and ange proficiency ‘enhancement for erpretation purposes 4 The language specifiy of terpretation 41 Potenialdfeences niece perepion AT Difereces nthe perception of Wide 412 Grammatical redundancies 4153 Syme cares 414 Socioingse aspects oftanrage 42 Diornce in production £3 inpicains or rang (Cuarrer 10 WT teatnine urenaTuRe 1 trrdction | 2 Gove charactertics of UT ining erate 21 facta materiale 22 Materials on raining methods eas, and hares 25 UT raining comers end thet pubitions 22.1 European ener, 252 American cones 23 Japon 2504 Aue 255 lirat 256 Other authors 24 Theauhor of IT terature 25 Anarseoment ofthe potential ale of I terore 3. Now UT terre ma BI m mo Bi as 2 a 26 Be 20 a 2 245, 6 2 By 2 aa a6 Introduction (Over te ast fw deeds, hres boon rami increase in the amber of| puiatons on ntepetatin pd translation Whereas nthe past st were “pilropbical” and dea with notions euch as wana. questions of ‘eit, and he vole of trnsaton erate and cali, a ees Proportion of texts on ierpretato ed apts are becoming hie fal and pei al fcas on ings poyholinuisictermiolosal, ant rofessional issues ‘One ery cena tpi in writings abou ansation is waiting. Ki increasing recognize hat foal wating a VT schools the mot pasta to each ad es ables to soply the make wth ede professional, and inception and asa using activity hasbeen creasing apy ‘ver the ps few year However, the event vestigation oF te mie al ‘omponents of tamlaton experts sony begining, and understandably, ‘rang methods est empirical and equi opiunation Hea he ge umber of papers, test, and pesnltins at seratonal conferences de ‘od othe subject. This books prof the movement I pesent the ress ln tec ad pa eon ie od var ag, The concepls and mals prseated tere were develop inl to respond a pcsonal we Like oer colagus, havi had te good ora Teaming a couple of gangs alin if stared my cera «wel tough easton. | ec had Ue oppatity to abdego forma taining a ‘conference nareting na became fina by the inlet spect I “Vand by the many questions ey generic. Some answers were spree t lose serions daring sata sing a ther na stra og whieh aended inte Ite 1970, However was nt aays hay wah those answers er i, lth eed or some jtiano he a a Fidey se maintained even when wore are chang dung inelngustc ase ad wanted undetand hy iotrrettion war sch a cielreine and what evidence there wat to demonstra tht te Ising snd ‘sicher aners wee lative beat they wee sheer ad rience to back then were weak. AS ase aught wasltor Who ha leaped tis trade while working, alo fe while anderpong formal ining none ‘choo and le, when sdying the saton eter schoo, ht he poser ‘isl vantages ofthe clacton eironent oer eldwork were way ‘therefore se ot sek my own awe My starch oases andament questions ia he arr began in 1978: sae developing person tsning principles and metho in 197, ‘nen Iw enn With coun insite ad tec naan fom panes in rene, a hen with interretion counsel A me steal by, st of bas ence, modes and methods gral crystallized, ‘My dtr dseration on the tining of imeretes and ansaters between Japanese apd French (108s) lea clade many of he eas presented heen varius sates of development Sie tent gained mor expe nce td condo casoom erprirent el mote diesions on ans Practices with alee in various art of he wel, done mare ecg I spell bets, and tended mae UT confers ad emis As ‘ez have contin t develop an improve my concepts mde 108, wrote s short monograph on base cone td mols or ert training wih I dtd to coleagues, ashang for comments and rites Nocrieal eomments wer recsve, bt there were man request for copies, of te monograph icing several eqs for peemsion 0 use I 8 textbook for IT courses. This spurte ta, iperet asthe work was, i Spproach apparent mel 3nd, an old phy be trent afl nication The present book the much expanded an (es oped ini ly improved prod at vod rom ten 1989 manogea “The contr and model jesentd ee ae the elt of mach esech incoting observational sis (be systema observation of henemens 3. hey ect tei), experimen studies he tty of coma siatons cert by the researcher) an theoreti ties, bo om he itd of FF td from oer diplins in part copntee pocholgy and peel Unguses However th fe preset of reeech SL repo wrsooucro8 hens tn ns oe ove 2s eu Hs for seenife spe mttaer ata ‘terete ch lesa i ea i cee econerea sour er irtaanes “ites mateo (ate erat Garena eee rt a Te ey Sat aco sun ced eat ras weer chant nen 2 een tapering connect Me apenas cree eit unc stn fotnes tigen ca Soutien tama bgtaemsay win twee ten teacen wattle Seana sre ath eth rs es es mse ome a ete ae tnx exons ving do why peas!rameters. Lblee it i good to undescore the smarts twee the wo [ofessions and eel ht i ell or tants know someting boa Imeetng ad vee vrs. In any cz, ll the chaps othe Book excep osibly chaper 7, which deus specially with copnive pete ands plications for interpreting. ae tat ast some extent relevant to bth Imereti and walaton “Te concepts and models presente ia this book tinted Koc wide we tnd shod be suitable format aning stations in tspettion and tons Toe, Tey have Bee designed 8 guash-atnomans “oles,” whit can be tight individually dug short working sessions. Depeing onthe time val and onthe tances’ pends, each component an be presente ines ‘tan one Hour or over ctrl Rous, aha ea dane my Lines in the past tenyears ‘When conducting shor seminars fr IT teachers te modes can be sed inlets jst as preseted bere Hecus, arsed above, ey ae signed around and refer to phenomena and ideas eady Known 1 Ge Putian Ia nial wining. hey ares metodo sid which teas {nd suppor the primary ingen of waning, namely clic bandon acc. In contin education senna for professes ieretes and anltrs, they Shoal at eat be combined with examples tha et spplicaion becomes clear to tripe. In UT research seminar they can ovide a conepnal framework fra eae overview ofthe problems fan, bu ate wo be supplemented with wider and moe spec consider one, ang material from the relevant dailies wabin te copnive se ‘Another point stat his ext i designed fr teachers of "highevel™ Imereti nd warslaon, tat, eteretion and aslo defined 5 the producto ofready-towie, accurate, and Wellin orwell prepared ‘argslngiage eto peechesepetvly. Aecoringl. has been it ten pinay for teachers in academe UP courses, Most the pipes expounds can also be wed ia ober cou, bt dete who do ee have Sulit linguistic comptence and inl epocity may notte alee ‘ply tea oe sane ent Teshould a be pated out at thisbok deals with "pragmatic o non lier steretation ad wanton, which ar concerned mesty wth me. sages centered on ijomaton athe tan emotions. Ihave been tad by Tear wastes Uitte coneps snd model ale apply toler ans in bt 60 nf gaifed otal the prolem of ary ansation, ith ery intcate relonship Between contr an linguist package, a The various eh ad oder emoions associated with Ttishoped tht th bi concept and mode presented bere wil provide fl materi othe reader edt a clafieation of fai exper ‘ean idea, gestions ote optimization of VT iin, some ne fas {nt ideas about he processes underlying interpretation ad aslaton How tet these concept and ols anna be considered final they have Been ‘rolvngcontuouly, abd can and mast he proved with nes inp om xperence and esearch In keeping wth he pi in which they have been fevloped, I should be mot pate or coraments on and entice ofthe tks content and preset,Carrer 1 Theoretical components in interpreter and translator training “The rle of tisning in interpretation and transtaion toterrttion and anton are practiced under wide varity f conditions ‘Many imerrters and alton wok flsime- Obes, soc as Rowsewves. Thode, meticalsactionrs, egies and joaralsts, work partie, fo opplementary income. ltrretton and waston werk ean aso be a ieted econ or regula 10 employees whose formal dues bear no ‘cloconchip tosh tsk ba who happen fo speak one or more focien Tongues, “Tamas cab euied perfor highly restive wotk, when ey tegslate pocs robe iterate. Tei work ay ls iol the acquisition ralSome deep poctsing of specie informatie, in prtcalar—but nt ‘elusielyin soe and ecistwanshsion. In oer ecumstaness, ‘tosatlon inves ow-Jevel eoling” of busines eters. road signs. ire ‘foe for hoc ges ttre, et, Tranors may have wo acept mich respon, ferinstance wen asigoinerpretig important police) ‘perches and ep texts onthe oer and they may have « modes rol, for ‘eEtnce when tesaing the mena for cafeteria. Their ection level ‘ares om top aden qulifieaons othe very modest primary school ISre Depeoing on mst, sme ejoy ch een pesige at "ees tes in et ownight ora ply Sled language mesons, while others (So epaed sv nino lees, Their work may be aimed a single rca, or be pect to much ego, for instance when they inrpret fr ‘ovrlon ce wun a test-cing book, Some er 2 great deal of mone. ‘Stuters ve ver low sari, Inter words tough ey sere the same ‘he of snerprets” or rani” he question aes wheter they ean all relly be conte 6 sare some 2erapaion2 ‘Basie Concurts Mooes fom IT Tha ‘This station sno faerie to tops professonal, because Heir status and woking contin endo be denged down by terete aod ‘ansatorst lower levels ae than te ether way ard, Revue he ae 0 many self pocained inert nts whose level of efor ance is very low, since "bingul” secretaries in companies do muh te “merpetaion” and Wasa” work many yp atin postion 10 (and does not necessarily wth) see and acknowledge Ue dlfecnce tetwee them ad highletelptesoaul Tiles sacha "eonerence nce poe" court inexpeec” "Nommanity interpret,” “cet watt, “echnical ensue” oe “Tes tans,” wich, incidental) wtp teed by lw o replations in mot counts, tay lf some eles inst this phenomenon by dermintng between species and evel of ‘xpese, bu ao enough no cses For the pron the see a ven foe many ws of conference inerprting Services tee is ot eve a eat fice betwen itt and alton Beneath the diversity of elamance levee ud onions, interpretation so translation canbe deine as performing exsetily te same faction, ‘ely rexpesing in oe language what has een expressed in ent At the lames evel of efomance ete, this anton an be ail by eons having «minimum Knowle ofthe languages involved, and to Specie waning. But a roqvenets inceace, performance prbiens ae comprehension problens fomalaton problem enc probes. Some ofthese are slve stay: Tantors ths bok capitate Trantor denotes both writen uaslion and orl ntepeation extend thei kw ‘lg ofthe angages andthe subjects they deal with while Translating by seeking to lam more duph books, maguines and joa stuns, ‘Their fecha sills also prove with practice, Soe scully reach op level perfrmance dough expeene an selbst, oweve, many thers neve advance beyond et oi Some get stuck when they come up aginst specifi ifieules. 1 have been tl by ‘perencd wast that thy somebow never manage to fx themselves tom the surcelanguageseacre when wring tr urge nguag ox, tnd by several experienced conference intarpetrs tha thy fel hy do at ‘form ell enough is enseaive Beate they have had foal ating in noteaking techniques Sill the college do ot die jp one sep ‘ed, moving fom general tlton oepeciied translation om see, ‘eree-by-tntnce interpretation to consecutive inepeaton, rm con Tusonstest Comontats 3 "Test claims and heitions may rest ata weaknesses, ba they sometimes only mor hese collegues sity an lack of self-confidence ‘Altoogh ave worked with urbe of el/-ughietereters and na ‘ors who fave developed tad fais, my experince dos not match tht of Wilhelm Weber, ome den of he Traaaton and ierpetate Division of he Monterey Inte fr Intron Stas, ho wit Cnty exceponly site pepe wom have oly mi on Sang my proferenalea)cn hp acd to es ‘nom nou Ser to arsed malig oes Sea ea Se pea pom et Cleary, the sometimes heated debate on whether “ranltors te bor nat male" (Nid 1981 or "nie, not bom” (Hele 1978 ireducoite While erin “nara” atid are prerequisite ohh quality tanlatin, ee lly bey uarslaton, dor nt sem reasonable ta change he ide thst, fiance into tansation can be weil, be i for the purpose of developing alles when hey se pesca ofr insrsction nee roses (ee frinstance Tras 1988, Vago 198), Interpreter and wale tining can fully he consid guint thie Sockgroud Although formal waning sot mandatory, ican peor fo Important functions. On so help individuals who wi o become prof onl inerpees or anlar nue i perfomance fo he fl reali tio af thtr poten. The oe ist bly Sic nde develop thie “Translation sls more api dha ough ld experience an a insae Formal waning programs aio lave ter fnetons, more sci ro fesional in mare tn parila, they can help tie perl prfersona Standards by selection procedures, bth tadmision anda patton, This tum may belp rise the sci stats professionals, especialy if sandr ae set at postgraduate scdenic level. Programs can a help bepinning inte eee and anlar tart hei profesional carer by ntodcing them © ofesonal rganiatios andes. Tira particulary port acon In conference interpreting, as interpretaion schools intain lose inks with ‘jor inermatonlegaicatons and ober important cen and invite it ‘presenter fo ake part in gradusonexainatos. Tring programs ‘may ao help sandal wecking meted, give professionals a sense of4 ‘axe Cokes Moons om UP Trane ogg 9 nin on apie ban ei eur no cpm lana ce et ‘try af acach peo Tavelae cone tec och weaichaeh ee hy retin, crt peng ite tac grt Howey ge ea com rene ey poy ney tet ‘mn mar tO tt an et oc rma ny cia vi anh ey eon Comma pen ej a te reals saps pn Ts stale oir lesen epoca ry she pede co ong 2. Thecomponens of Translation expertise In ore open sls a inde to asi he ale of» tn froram. is necesny tanh knowl nd eh ke ‘eer npn nd natn nha respect ny sais tolean airs 980 = + oer saat st hve god pave know ‘passive working languages. 2 ae ie i erie om ov vs i car he pen tow pe awe be Pe ves eof tn ‘sonnel ste ihe! een hte tr pe sin cn imerreng eastene se ie. otc neg ince inet pte rma be soon ey pi spon angunge il wih ‘Sheerness Litera mabe Sopa de nama og eer bby their ehythm, music, and images (see chapter 9). Sneane eels bs tmerpretes and wanes st ve good command ft active working ences “Tweorenent Contents 5 nop tev iteretton nd rtatin, in pacar hi reauieent i se Tey demanding level Tec warts eer oe seo write ‘Mthustce ten thats 0 bive profesional rin is besies Being able atten the asin fom one fanguage wo te ober As fot Wray Stem tee wring skills must indeed be simi 10 those of eray thc Likewise, conference eres are requ tobe ale to make cating leel omnes withthe te ponies hey ‘Rese be they diplomas, scent, plc, ais, or tla. :Inerpcesawansntrs mt ave enough knowlege ofthe sub jer fhe eis or pects they proces Cceary, needs ae highly variable, depending on the evel of translation Gene he sebject themes, ad working conitons: Trantor: ean ‘eau more spsaiaed subjects lp from a expert anor relevant doce (Mons me anole “Extalingisie Krowledge” or "Wold Knowledge” Fae ae dscsed in chaps 43nd 6 Trastorno how fo Trane ' “Tis componeot refers 10 the concept faework and technical skis of Tmerpetaten and wansiioninvaves compretenion of isp of ide ‘Rho rfesonl ues of conc, oh ech] and harsh, But abo a Cenigues for Knowledge Acision, fr language maiteanc, ieee toting for decison smalig for otetaking. ad or sine erring Cher 3,567 an ie particular dal with soe echnical ls Las bot nt eat interpees ndwanltors must meet smelt itera Tose men apts bv berated ine and again nitivey by cron an ere tines forinstance Herbert 1952, Nb 196, ener 1978 Bons Aca 198) bt havent yet een determin’ sientii- aarpsuatitanding snl umber of esearch endear (ee for exam Carre gan Henderson 1987, Suki 1988). They ae comida Carer torsion io Teli soos, bat Jo ot frm tbe or component of tig aough Inning shuld improve the joc capci to ue hem mere ally6 Basic Coscurs Moos ok UT Tea The varabity fang requirements Ft componens of knowledge an sil itd above ony the tis specific ‘0 Teast. Knowing foreign languages, being sc to wi fxs pod ‘iia quay i one's own language, nd having ome peel od spc ized Knowl none several subj re infest ht can be found ‘in many india in parla among juris, sen, ineretonl ‘Sn servants and isco! ner ‘Wal seems cle that journals, sclentit, iteration cv evans, nd inratona injec wisi to become inept ad arsators Wout ot requir the sae ining as language teachers witht much general and ‘pecisized Knowledge, expert in 2 Geldof hasan acti whe have mo ‘sai silo is year niversiy deste in ay icipline, All ese ‘ald protably benefit fom tinng in tnsaton tnd itapectng tech. ues, ot tet needs in tems of guage sel, nd Kao lifer pealy. explained blow ‘Les fatrs calfr a vary of tating programs, bo short and ong filime and partie, sudentoreted sd prelesorl tented, bt basicly two ype of formal waning prorams can e defined 2.1 Inial ining for newcomer Translation “These we rogram sad at rg stdst who wish o been interes cr ansaos trough a ermal eaining program. Altouph many of tem sea have sme professional experienc they accept ith enti in the couse and aconsierabesevestment of time In otf te mje els of imerpreting and wana in the Wes whi nidntl, e prt of or Issecloted with iver, a mony a psig eel. propa st? {04 years of fle stay Generally? years rate evelo 304 eas undergrad eve, There we aso some sborer prog sacha an intensive month slabs in conference interpreting othe University of (ava, -menth inhouse ining progam conference merreng athe nied Nstions ad at the Commision ofthe Europesa Community. abl one {year programs in soe avers, tat th vas majo of programs wi Solid epataon ete over wot ft yas. Tn sch progeams, sient ae lavolved fall ime in ting over a relatively lng pete and ae therefore in poston to devote consicae Trwonesw Conse time and effort al four components of quiieaton (hhogh oficial. ‘Mn scools case to dea i linguini componen. which suppose ve ben mst ere admsion se chap 9) 3.2 arte ang for practising inerreters and tasltors inate of eft tn inesig nae rfc a {heise pnts of mn schol, many se coe tthe res tom ee el nd acs Tee eo ens, kt inept an toton se gly ries emi “SMDEg ar queatin, One oes, any slap roe {imi et ney woul ert om fer ning ome ase ee! TERE! Sex Tota pteonls wo have ton troop ores sateen wish osteo sich srwel nese ei aliy ei ic rseyent esi fe econ the pe ve ot Tomy mone fi wong gangs Cmequel esis sone and fo atoal ing wel ar Suge by Be igh egeaon a work opsand sommes dg resin inconiy cha te Unt om, ane Hong Kone, pn whee sich wraps ve been sire copans ke thse dese rotary set ovr obo sever eat sited other of reson ho ca il ale 6 “pwning froth alg efumen gh ve guna coe tos ioe center pk op some uments her Th “iy wotsoe for pacing peso per sone Uphrorsegmeatd in cveng seen cpanel oration, much whats ta to sade aealy nor we rtessnals Moreover pont Teldexpiene can trey grap some concep tht xm ute set eget sane floor care isha fer in tsk Soca td ape pending er tamog sme 3 ong ‘epesiy alae an or atotnptening posi poteion {Teenprenyrclr teoecinig mayen of sto ‘beers fcued on pater components of Tealon eerie toratng incon lel arene. anal ncomrte ee, pact ele, ce5 Basic Coneurs Moods oR UP Tears 4 Theneed for optimisation in Transation raining In sho pogans dese fr rofesol,opinizc wt but a sea tine tomo plea ce ‘out pning mech rom he pops nop aedg ined eae oaams hw san phy Seen ne oe a Jorma aig bo wy of mig be Tanatca Fle athe hoes ig enn rating spond hone enor Spon By ie nean eng by Tang rs compe Stren gas om epee cee ‘Te otin pn ly eae tn eh, cn trove no steps te tpn, my ese fod nie onl al a abs Howe hy mo mae feline sey be a ee pn The ag cto tn oe cat ee hn en a oh nae popes un pein, Teel, ini vie espero ied anny pers eon) ‘tl fr, uly of pert mays tr ens eer ‘Wien Ton acer a son wi tack pane oe i the ba pilsopty aed oy mt map ne a ak ‘tesa epee dota cae of a rey od ‘ch oh) prs! non erst) alae ‘th inet evo tapers, Maver sh ene recy She gnrally a tesn i fr aching a on ey ‘ve plan hss tee an hen wae a ‘ates rer thn pfeil Manat ty ap oa ne ‘ith roto eater rosea Goda ans |i eine pion, sper egal ne ocd cite Howe hy obi iow maces teea i eves Mace they "opr te tines ani ae ‘ch ae enim het a profil eee Teo the ely ohne samp se pte rug lover sacha sper ta oe cay. he ea “Twrotenent.CoumonTs ° cw of te ft hat tey wil ely have t supervise each assignment lnc, rao ha serine, a 8 3 lsroom exer as but aot Yen they say e assigned tone or two beinnes. while i fal traning. Tranationntctors Rave we lass teach THe speri- Sov aie aos cleat beter inthe i-house option inst cases. “Transtation exercises in formal tring ae by fiona A ‘hoger pecs ay be ken om fessional elit, t sco! they ae processed unde tft condos. They ay thereoe be es elvan and les effin as pedagogical tools than txts assigned 0 (rains in house ore ining. Silay, knowledge acquired rooney cefiiton oly eleva, wile Knowledge equd in ‘Train cools nt Ose tbe amount elvan Werk dove pet Aho tin ssl in oral nig tan inthe i-howse opin. Over [peridot fou year the ieence may addupo smingqite enifean. Fon raining is pi for by dents Ohi family, wheres in he wwe opin, Fegnning Talat are paid while earsing although (het wages tay be low. This means tat would-be Transl who Choose the form ting option may buve to find money to pay for {ulon aativing expenses fr 204 yer, wile those who setae oo the jo stat caring money whe ering thei trade, This ay make big irene especialy for al cadites who are beady engnged in tothe prfesonl activity and who may have family and nancial Ie should te sessed that this 4 general comparison, pot the res of Fawn stata dy of field condons. When properly designed and Property implemented, form taining programs can take advantage ofthe rouca” envwonment hey eet node fo ereae the effin ofthe ode” progression beyond tt of the umplnned, market-éependen in un ropeon Nevertheless, I hope te pints made above show onic: ‘nay tht opiizaton of formal ining programs is of rome impo if {he potential advantages ofthis option ate to be elzed. Lely, for mss ‘ficiency, oma tuning shale sueamline nto “lean” progr.0 asic Concerts Mooaas ro UP Tras The procesrorented approach in UF training ‘The desi f optimization sone goed reason for aoping 8 proces reed approwch nT taining The ens foasin he som 0408 ‘hts thats onthe end produc fhe Talat process, but ne process ‘Galt More speicaly, rater an singly giving suens texts to wan, Commenter by sting wt Wight and wha i wrong” is he {arget engage versions produced, and counting on te acamsation of ch rhein nd indicators led wanes op the easng crv, the proces ‘led apponh intctes o he stoent god Translation principe, mete ods and proedares + Prog w Tanshtion excise, methodological guidance given in he orm oft cons and mols Thisbookesseataly pesension cof och concep ad modes. + When eaecting sade eerie, insur comment ton thei {etecon of pacar age anguage words or ingle rates, ut ‘nthe proces volved. tive the processed approach has mum of advantages ove he Clase resulted met, at feast i the early stages of Tarlton ‘flung (he ia few weeks x monte of eaiig, depending onthe oa Tens f te program ands pci age) “+ Stadets ar ikely to er to mplemest Transition sais faster if Sch oseies explained thn f they vance by wil and er + tn Trasaten execs, ident fae dificult inte ore in which they sce Problems of any kde may come pa the sue time, ad (he ndrin which they apps ot toll conoled by te tines (Geting aside the ovis tinal and guste ards hat canbe (Socodinhe wanes” way tough the selection of appropriate Texts a ‘itereme pins along the labs). [athe tonal resul-oeted pionpty wears aco te ren fal se problems, which may fend os seaterng of ors, the peocess-oneted pilosopty, prob [Em equine te same methodological approach cal for an explanation ths approuch ony, tur lessening the dispersion of teaching apd “THeorETAL Comennrs " + Byconcenng on the reson for enes or good choices in Translation ‘tc a on the words or rats produced by the Soden, teachers “hve most of heielfectve cing ie 9 Teasation sarees and ete ine ver ey proaats + By focusing on the proces, techs can be more exible a regards Tngunie scopy nd andr of ity han when they have © met on reas, This ean a here some allowance Tor ne. ‘aavida arbiity in sch andar so follows tat the teacher tes ot se valuable ne io ying to convince stents that i © her Stendards ae beter than thir, and eres also lesser ik of antago ing students by imposing ooes own standards, and thus reducing tc teeepivenes Inde procesorinted approach, the teacher verifies thi the mdent has indeed followed cet principe, an appcach, a # process but docs mat iit on obtaining & parca eu (or fuer (ale, se Gite 194), “Te rce-rcte pposch sould improve Tantaton ets a well bat ‘Rkipovemens wil be dao proces coreton, Wich doe not pet thee tuning of eu ough he argustuon of me extesivead reise Hnguie and exee-linguisc Knowedpe Tht why Ue process-onentd tosh sind oe epg of ou oF a ig ‘Mcming awareness of enfants, bt not fie! a the sole {Galfer ming students o = high evel of professional Trasiaion expertise (Ceay, ate long peo’ of pofaetiented guidance ie necessary for fin using, with insets comseting 00 he ances’ choice of words and Stuer ss such, ad mang svpertons for beter foraltion fhe arg IEnguage Text Ths took forse on consps and models fo the iii proces reted pidance. doesnt ate Formulate recommendations Tete complementary Translation pace mslege” which shoud follow, ‘Su which in my opin is best foe nine of indivi sro, ‘sho wl implemen the persona 2078,Potential benefits of heoretial components nis Mos profesional nerd atoning programs wai con ‘areca of pce inet sad Taon sere ese teguge esr spree ter set eave wine ors ‘Nantes commented on leone ere e ie of inact gig oy else, dot nor sean ob ay eae ine between teacher, pooner, or sds ote ple tt aig sel cota cco tich exis, era ier ing opin mplencnato th pet don, pore 9 tans essen ant pon se An te ingen in pointes nade y AG he erates Aion of Enercon hr wn sana or conte ey ‘ation training (ATIC 1991). ™ ‘vicina anion keri swat pth et of ecules nares leaned ese una eaancenen sn inate comes noni pola ‘cence oa inden eo, a echevalTaon lea shai many pos pin eer wm {Sicouneto tapos r mepeton danse ery ao gen {Sne sah Hower, te wefunes of rch ered Cars ohen ‘Scged one posi at ey sao oe fo st STamsiton price ane ere nose fo sets Tien cme ube tow. ore nan hry may sre eons ter a he pty setup one oblige ines ad tant aban ster {hdveter owns mesey of ei roeional stileSone terete exes ty be necety moral sete eens gly furs B.A oran MA, which teh programe geal el wi sede ren het srs ry hei eh tne seve wel pues sloping fe Tes mins nd i> au te scat sate ef he Ton peso As enned in “Tusorerica Conroe a section 1 of his cape, this book dent atcly with the pedagicl “cron of wining Tes, only te pedagogical ferton of theory willbe comseed here Many subs hoe wren the pedagogical val of theory in Tras: sion enn, Aoeering wo Kersey (1985: 208) "teapot be denied \farrmtaon theory's soppowes inh laa serve a pe 10 ‘hnlon practice” A sna view exes by tes ahors (Kade and ‘Cate 197, Delle 1980: 57,96, 98: 136; Viny 1983 Gar 1983; Sorel 1985; Larose 1965; Gentle 1991; Pochacker 1992: Viaggio 1988, 1992) Tete the postive eet of theoretical component in taining po am sold be sought ins explanatory power. Whatever theory fag 1 “aden wines, o erin participa, ts onions greatest if can pe pan beter odersnding of nrpetaon or alton, pric tay th gar tte folowing: + Understanding phenomena: Why do authors wie the wn hey do? Why (despre make ung fentnces? Wht does mean fs ‘festnd verbal statement? How re wren or ora semen. pe ceived? + Understanding Transarion fics: Why isi ical to resapes te NMinmerag in aierat guage? Why thr ingushicinererence ‘Stewcen oro working languages? Why doieretrs sometimes fl 0 nerd very simple speech segments? + Understanding Translation sraeis recommend by sto: Why ‘Sitocepabl for rnin change some infrmaton clement when og tom source language target guage? Why should interpreters ‘ped stl ine an elf ne posible on noting coosectie? ‘Why should pe want oly int e's ative tongue? From such understanding, tiaing program parcpats may expect the fl lowing antag: + They may avance aster and farer as mentioned boven parca, 1p movi tem wih am appropri explanatory framewest tort Resp and models co ep ter prevent or do away wih trae ‘thorn transatom For ntnce, i they derstand the bk mais“ Basic Concors Moots fom UT Teac of ings vail, Translators can avid he waste invoived nthe tse of nappoprinte mater o enhancement of igus Hille a he working Iangunges (ee chapter 9)- They can also dscrimiate betwee oud and less dsiabe advice given 0 hem by clears, o even 8 {src who, in some chon are at alii interpreter o ala tor temtelven + Thea concepts and model can ep hem choot appropriate ra ier ond ccs when hy ace wih new uation et Sa, ‘he eaining program by providing them wit tools fo analysis ae treat and her respecte consequence. + aly, theoretical concepts and modes can aso help tea maine appropriate sraeies and wc abet than dit over ne to less Profesional and le ffient ones der make feces sch a final ed, lint demands of mispereepion fh Wodk by hid puis Foe into clot may ise hat ty werkt the non ative lnguags, srpng, without proper quliiaon wo dos, at he walt’ week leo such languages is of high quai. Again, a conceptual framework “thick exlinepenomens,teircaues_ andthe posible conroqences Incase to kacp i minds elerence an sled les of betavor dented by a tacts, 1. Chitra for theoretical components 1 tive the flowing cra ate wif ia being optimize toe Component ght in programs that are prely professional apd whose sole tim she waning of profesional Tastns. ink they ae as wel in traning progrons having wider aati objectives, at eal cxtir ‘They can help shape brdictory teorecal moles fer beganers before boot reflecton moves ox [a paral, simple, pragmatic heortal ‘components canbe ght arin the fit semester of taining without father tlaboraioe, 36 ap iaueductn fo practi seaepes on one hand, ano "teorcal sppoach of iteration and anton on te ote, ob fl lowed, ifthe syllabus al fora mare extensive there! view. by more eos, more stat, wider component, which would beeli fom the “Twonerien Comets s ‘More general, tbe flowing rls forthe deg nd implementation of here! components in ilerpretation and ans ation eaning may hep fsinze der efficiency in bth ime and fo in profesional sabi a 2 Design rae I= Components shoud be directly relevant to the Made ‘They should provide answers to questions and problems actualy faced or Tablet be encountered by sone and gradute, and shold ot contain toe tan can be considered usfl to hen. From this ange, histerca dexcrpons of language rete research, teeinological comparisons Between auors and theo, Unguisie taxa. inerest but heidi conbuton oe sents” popes ial which ‘nent wil be thea to be abandoned under a stesoining scheme. Design ae 2: Components should bos 10 grasp 1m paca, they shuld hate a simple logical sroctare and require ele seuintion of heoretal concep and technical tes In designing then, the ‘rope blaace wll have wo be found betwen exhausvenss and accuracy Te explanation of phenomenon on and and simply on the eter. Kis elo remember ta sich teal components se at wit pd. sores amin In pica, models ahr uncer ds apecah rims iy ack to repre rely not for frther rezarch purpose, Bt forthe purpose of ping sens understand cern genomes so tht they can te proper actions alg and necting lh comext implication ecomes an ed ine Inplemenain nde I: Component soul peleraly be tught afer ‘Components should preferably be aught afer tudens have een made avare of es, and ia all possible, ater hey re made sense othe. Many Student ate not aware of ines sch a lnguste interference, rely robles wi dictonars, or contig interests betwera cents, author! Speakers, nd readerafisteners: ran il only there ae when cing6 ‘asic Concerts Mooas foe VF Trane 2 problem. For isan, many sues ar ot aware of th le of processing pacity an ts imitation in ech compen and speech rotor ‘nd three do ot ecognze the isk even aking es oo exh vey im conecutne ited, Enlting tei pucpaton in an expe men which shows that te steningelfeiency deteriorates when they sat ‘aking nates (ce chapter 7) tone way of semitiing them to the Hs. Sensizaton sould ress he stds" eepiveness by showing ht he Implementation re 2: Components sboald be recalled repeiedly cago the cour ‘The proc inplcaton of theoreti components should be evden 0 stuns ut hey shoul ali be resed repeatedly ting the correction of rascal VT exercises sha heir imput made deeper and more ding ‘This doe not mes tat model shouldbe expuned over an over rng ie ous, tt hat they sold be steed Yo whenever hey ae ilevant to stony being expsined r © comments ona siden performance, Thi ‘hoeld ot help convince the siden ofthe componets elvan. ‘tegen imate ter mink ig wisi ht och references oul nly be mae when stl, ich meas ta eomponens| ‘ould be designed in sich away st be imple real and power ‘planter andr guiding olive hit one the aor weaesesof ‘many theories eomponeots aight in UT prograns i that ey ate iter ize spplcable nor deigndin sch way a bese called seve ‘ies ding ening” AS aes stent ar them nly od soe tem ‘nsome memory compartment where they ae stom fever essed, Even ‘ually they ane forgot wathout over hating Den wd Where and how o find theoretical components fr IT traning Basa bre ar hee ways of finding hort components ute for opimied or “lea ining programs. Toe fst adap thse which have steady been developed by ther IT instr orresarches, The second iso ‘adapt components developed by oer which ae ot daweywable the framewdk of Tea” progam. The thd eo develop such components 00 “TwowemeaL Cournot ” Readymade tcoeical components that can Ye presented deat 0 sons and ee tere cxplaine hove erate fica ofind in the Meare, Recase, apparent few iron oe westarchers have tied 10 (evelop any. There hve been many sais of nerpetation and wanssion fenomenn a och, bo mst ofthese ae scholarly rather than teaching ‘rena ven hough ther aim, Formule by done who conceived hem, Stent help aw inferences eppleable wo Tratsltion and Transation veehing-| There ar aso number of boks giving practical ideas on teaching ivepeaionan aston, fen with ome heretical references, Rzan's pede noes en merpétation concave (1936), which explains meth ‘sli ciples of stetaking ant contains several practi eerie, i Vinay tnd Datelnet'sSoisiguecomparce de Vanlas ed fronals {Ibs}, wich offers metoolopcal idee nt many examples toilette the ides are clas tet in thi estepory. Other examples are Detse's ensipnement de inerprtation ef de a adution (1981) and Web's ‘ining wonclators and conference interpreters (1988), coving both ine rotation sd wonton. Beda excelent La traduction techni (1988) Eines wamaion only wile ‘Selskowich and Ledere's Pédegopie Tauomnce de Vnseprdaon (989) deals with conference interpretation ‘Storer of rts on ining canals ound in joa suchas Met, abe, ‘uttngua, the Univer of Tet's The erpree's Nwsleter 3 ‘ening wer so have ih rofl eny WT onference proceedings and be pions se te revew nchapter 10), Toever, dt few mors ave stem to design heretical com> ponents as ining package fr det wea Declassoom. I therefore tried 0 [fveog iy ow son became apparent that while some "heoreical” Smponentinclding inponant ones, could be developed cn the basis of ‘hervaon witout mach theoretical background (se for example the Se- (fa Model of translation ness 3 te Iformational composition of ‘Rfmatve sentences in caper 3, and the Grovitaona! Mode! of ingisic Deal ichoper9)explnsion of sme phenomena habe sought in Ings payehotingistis, and cognitive peyeboogy In parila. highly ‘eleva information came fro paychoinguste esearch on spect prod (Roan compehension and fo sogniive psyeholoy stds om shared Ihtaon, However thee slrens azo Rad fo be adapted 10 the stent” seeds mort reque to much ime a effonin earning terminology atconcepts The mel reseed in his book ar therefore at a interment Psion, between pata! gpestons and herecal cones and cost ‘ration from pjetology and psycholnguiscs. Obvious they ave no ten developed ere int precise an exhaustive heretal entis, but iis hoped hatter smetre, made of blag locks drawn manly om these ‘wo disiplines.seabeive and power enogh be of ue to tach and ‘ude of nerpetton apd waste 9. Themodels In trying develop teal componcos fr easy assimilation and use by student Intell tured ote ide of models, The advange of model thay ace stots incorporating several concepts and describ lion ‘hipsbetween thm The general pcure can then be gasp an recalled ore ‘uly than when the sme concepts ae presented separaely. The models induced inthis book ave een develaped over the pst 3 years. They were First conceived as package for my itertation and wasltion tents a the Japanese department of te lsttutNaorl ds Langues et Civilisation (nents in Pacis. Since te, they have heen developed farther Wows ‘eter and practical fine wningafle resetto in may etre at nie the in UT conferences ania taiing seminars and worksbops, including Profession! workshops fr pefessionl waits, anda number of raining Penis for UT teachers ‘Te main models [wei ntepreting and translation programs ar the fotowing + A Communication Mode of UT (chaper2) +The Informational Stace of lformative Sentences (chapter 3) The for Mosel of erring haps) + The Gravion! Modelo Lingisic Availability (chapter9) + The Comprebersion of Technical Speeches nd texts chapter) +A Sequentl Model of Translation (hater 5) “Tusneenca Couronenrs » “The model fail onerous an an be taught indivi, However, tren phi a peerammatc sequence, te following progression seems {prepite, posbly shipping some depending ov the ccumsaness |. Communication ues (chapet2): teeters ad tanslatos are mate the right Sexson for optimum qual. the fi have o be made Sve fhe fat ht errand ansaton ae a seice provided {o pariclr pesos in priclrcommnication situation. Quality 1 ‘filly led agains ceria based on is iden of UT a a commune 2. Piel (chapter 3): Bocuse of diletences betwen lnguagesinermsof lexical ented agus suet, intepretaton and ansation pac ‘ines inevitably have o make choices whic imply some informations dereoces between sourcelanguage couse ad arget-nguage di Course Ths lead othe wellknow emma of conten fie vers linguis fidety, which a tobe dea with early ona iin in nde optimize the ssdent proses ere, 3a. Forinerretationsadent: Te Effor Model (caper andthe Gra ‘atonal Mel of Linguine Availity (chapter 3), Both ae based on the concep of processing capacity an exlain may ofthe problems scouotred reully by staene and practitioners whl intereetng ‘oth lp understand and asess the sraegies and tacts suggested by teacher to deal wit ese cific 23h, Forreston student: The Seen Model of Tanltion caper} 2 model of tanlaion sussing is meodelogial components the ‘epantion beween the compwetenion phase sn the refrmulston ise, the nod forte teat pete importance o dein msn {narlation. This abasic methodology which have found very wef ‘mesplaining the pei locaton of weaknesses ie stad anlar. 4. The comprehension of teal speeches and ets (ape §) Once the on mahodologia elements have ee presented and praticed in nn species interpretation and wasn he sfficulis of Specialized ‘exis and discourse ca be dealt wth This component cussion of the compreenson of lec peaches and texts by nonspecialts. ahightng the ements nd frobleme associated withthe tee: ‘aon (and tansaton) of sch prose20 Basic Concerts Moves rk UP Teas Formal VF wainin is no an aul pce but can help begining meres nanan Be perme ripe Ioterpreters and ansators mst ae: 1nd passive nwa of heir psive working languages + food commando ee active working langues) 1 Requte Word Knowledge + go command ofthe rails an etnies of Tension Tain ete vy depending te eine” petting Know Zed ls rr pine propa» icin ttn te tig progr fer eg pregrae cot eis mecessrtopimice oral tiningin ode to make it tly beter ‘pti than othe ob waning which ae tint advantages interme of ‘elevanc, finances an actual waitin race, “Tne proces oriented approach acs on principles meth, nd r= cede rater an on Trasation results I ean be ssured to be amore powerful teaching tol ding te iil part of tng, but mist te ‘complemented by more tional, relented cometon for He ‘Theor componets inate and wasn ining can ont ue o tee staden endetanting of enone ifs, ad sae ‘es, thar hlping them advance frter td fer and maintain ape Pit atpe even afte they have eft choo, ‘Theorie component shoul be: + dct elevate stent nals + earytognep 1 tpi alter enition + sealed sees Cuaerer 2 Communication and quality in interpretation and translation 1. Introduction ‘When ewoling in 2 Tenslaton core, most students ae only ava of the Tnguse aspects of tslaon, ant even thsi generally limited tthe ‘choolrastation oppo. Wh piven» souce-anguage test they simply {yond the cen inguin eis in he ret ange witout being {Ser forking into account the rol ofthe aston operation In oer ‘rors ey do ot Kaw wha profesional Translation is about and ave no “incepta amewor for self viuton ad "navigation wowad good gual Sy Inmy experience atte ae provided With thi concep framework, thoy do not under teins’ ace on tacts and tte. In ppeelerdue this ck comprehension hey are often reactant flow [svice whic eas ther away fom heal wanshtin ad lashes wid thei Hevoar choo experience. “Tiss why Teoidrkimporanttoexphinto them very ery ott, ‘nhs very it caso seston or ctares, hat prfessional Translations Cloenally a senice acy with «commanicaion function, petfomned in 3 [ote seting witha poesia im a mind and constrained by this ning few simple ode and dss resented in the following pages have te found hep in is respect.2 Base Concirs Magus re UF Tans 2. Profesional Translation: An ac of communication “Teaslion activity iteration nd wantin) foun in sever coments “Te mort widespread pes known ype school raslation stars ‘nwaly everyone experiences tin school I ams eo improve ano ies ‘tides passive and utive owt of foreign ansage: alain no the eeign ngage hows and improves uring silty angage ors lent th ability to wre forcpn langasge tet flowing lexical a ya fhoices induced bythe source anpsape text, walang fom the foreign Iangusge improves and demonsnates comprehension of ors and linguistic sxrcaes int agus “Ache asthe translation of teat in a orcgn langue into one's ‘own language foes ptsonal se sane stage: for instance ne may ‘vih to tant into one's ow Language pars of 3 asec manual if writen ina Inngege ne does trend easly and if one expects to have 10 ‘onal the anal athe fen, "Yet another eae is he easton of pice of Hate ia puicalar sty for the wast’ pleasure. The pleasure canbe asoited withthe fac that aston oles a cael dy of he tex ce withthe creative tetslation proces sel "A for iteration, the mast widespread non pofsional vary is ccasional help givento ends, elatves, oor ing vst, geeng, shoring Profesiona! Tronlaton les ral thes ia wo base espe: + Professional Talat is mod ata Receiver (ade or istene) other han he Transtar io esl a ater oa actor ofthe Tans ton in ptoesona rasan te Recaver i eset net in the Ten in whatever “message” itcues, adi te Seder athe ot speak) nt inthe Tensor or in the Tension proces + Profesional Tahini done o equa ois reward Profesional Tatlin is there profesional acto communication. and sch i eabjected to profesional rules 5 well C0 paca ules Conan ax Quatery x Professional anton ts on ta wren bya au, ener fe source langage readers edie fom he aration readers One my ah tha in some cao canbe weten ded for easton ead ers Iman ay be writen especialy for cents in an oversea market “eres bth for sore anuage readers ad or easion ears» the ewe of a user's manual for products aimed at both the domesue and ‘verses thts Ante point th professional ramlaton pa fOr) = Chant, define ee as the pron company, deparament, of ther oganizain ti ods the wanton and ays the Ultra hat this Cin ned Tote the aor orth reader of te warlaton In be most general cae, the Configuration of commonest acter in which profesional tanslation © ‘urs can therfore be epee Figue ‘ge The confit ef cor profesional Tran ‘utor——> Source eguge reader Teor > Teclngune reser [As canbe seems diagram defines we at of communication, one going ‘rom te autor tothe sure Language reader ad the ther rom the ransator (othe rget language rede, asoppoetto ie ide of nle to step model ‘fcomminicaion which ron wed athe representation of th commanis tion flow of wanslaion (Figure 2)- This secood moe! des oo take ito count the general ease ofthe autor wring for readers of the source ewe 2. The ancl mel of Traian Inereettion fers ror warslaton a thatthe Sead (ie speak) geneally spent eer tothe targetlanguage tener aly in which case the elasie Site set two sep digram of gue 2 applicable. orto both soure langue listeners an ret angsge steer.4 Basic Concas Manes om UT Tease we 3. A camino aeration Ieper > Tagetengnge litres "shoud he noted that in inert, lite aston, al parties concerned car of the communication station inclading pale difiaes a ined wih he interingtl ad smetines iterator taster, Since pene. ally al pares wis 0 communicate, more copeation canbe expected fom ‘hem tania tansltion, where they are aware of ext rater than of 2 ‘communication station. This inlues cooper from speakers ho may ty to speak move slowly enunise mre Cel. boos certain ers and sucess avoid tes and lity ems and Concept they wouldnt ‘terse bother to explain nie spite of what wou sec eson be and contrary to Neva’ ssptionn 1983.13, thisunorate othe speaker's systematic or even san behav, Cooperation may als fexhcoming rom stn, cxpecny in cnseatv, whee the cn bp te integer with word quale and gener listen sympathetically. hove this nor always he xe Inter words albooph he inept evenly wok alone, he or she maybe ped thug oie imran mith a Sealer and Receiver, wil in sation seh ert ae fare (On the ther hand if the proprio f target langage listeners in the dene i ery smal he interpreter may sulle fom nereence intend of benef fom cooperation, expecially in constctive. The reson is that source Tangngelstenes often pecrveierretation as acest Ci en the deegates who actualy ated interpretation re few in mambes aed import forte ees meetin can be pereived ar an unecessary i tates sof Un as wel a technic cnatains peed every. ‘esting arrangement, te mandatory we of 3 mierophone, ec). Delegates may therefore put pressure on the interpreter tobe very Wit or summa, wil ot cooperate ner ways Conan a80 QUALITY 2s 4. Components of acts of communication in Translation Before these modes are analyzed qunltavely tay Ye appropriate oefest {nse deal onthe base components of vera act of comkmunicaion ofthe ‘pe found in profesional rslaton, 31, Aime and neions Inia, nat of vet commanicon coring ins poesioa Tras tonating is zgere by anim or nnn These are mee. For une se most pera pera ct of ommumicson may ai at iene Receiver atac a epee, ay aim at ering pt increta deta by roving ths norton, ow comeing he Recciver ta piloopy, ort ending an cmon mesnge (1 Goat of Jor etr ny) Conmanicon teretns oe pak of pha ayer Zoning for inaane of hrc small kf help bald pesoal ‘Santi as ere lt he cormakaon nied essing Sots and ofan infomation ayer ler a mae extensive dsusion of ‘man commicaton thro guage, for stance maa 1972, ‘Cry 1978 or Same nd Pre 9B, song many god oaks on he sie. yo all layers are equally active im a speaker's or author's conscious mind, aod oral egal pow shaping fe menage which crest ‘hte. Nore ty eu blo snot acre othe Receiver eve ote Sender he rhe oer. sme may Be iti he Sticomous ov ocoscos par of min, a woul esineey ds ‘Owed beor she breane swf en) Prehosalys din paul Ye Lana Scola hat sch depp foes shape moth of ot Ting io ena, cnfrence inter nd om erry ase wo colleen to work on al lvl of net, ap, explained elo they veto scout morta nel serge Sender's Basely, ty process conecaine wie of fore language Test (ext of Specht sc fence clans, prt of elses (Tosaion Unis). {Ticoment otwtch nese jormeriona. The iameite ss behind ‘Merman! deus een can be sified 5 foo:2% Basic Concerts Moves tox I Teens + Informing he se uetying te production ofthe segment may be lite proving 2 pice a information sich a an des ame, Simension of abet + Explaining: se am oft segment my be tcl ort expla Brough inflation a she ase ofthe explanation af symbols and abies + Persuading: Test segment ay nose pec of nfermaton a de tcconvne the ear or litne atthe nde sea correct oally Fei appropriate forthe creursancs te Forint fiaes may be [sven as erdese, cr an uthovatve personality supporting pion ray be quate tw ormationa scours sch ai genealyprocessed ia ne ear it pean and ation these thes components may als be equally active in| the Sender's mind a piece of infomation may be omsciusly chosen forthe purpose of exnng an ide, ant the explanation may Be given $0 a © onvince the Resiver, The Tranator who ams at serving te Sende ee telow) wil sive oprotace iso er own arget-language dour in sich {way astocofibut oa hs "nin lye” Since ey converge ova th ‘he goal tis docs ao ove sy problem of prin: the main bales ‘Sse fom te posible nnequay or lave weskess ofthe iafcation or peckageof the Tet invlaton te Sener s aims the Receive’ stud (ee blow), 32 Comont and Package tn most vera commanicston ats, inorder achieve a aim, the Seer ‘Such vera signa. wren or spoken, which conse of lfotins oneat ie Message) and is porte Inspeches, te packages made up of the words an linguistic src of the speech. a wel as the voice ad ‘tive (nd sometimes espeily in poetry. the acta combinson of wed Sus nd yt) pas oneal signal i wee texts composed ‘twos ingot secure, fot page ayot papi In ter Wor, the ter pocage rele to he ingle an per inuisticeoces made by the Sender an oe phil media hough which they re stant, CComunicass ak QUALITY ” Cel. thre may be information conten ia the package a8 well. For {entance by wing lc em the seer or writer ny show the hey Wish the Receiver to know tht hy are specialists by sing fama syle or Tian inate of dacourse where more ial language generally we, Senders may ao at making i clea hat he dont wish fll conven Choral behavior by iain someone's linguistic of gestural mane they may show ack of espe otha pn. There also ch information traumited vninentonlly by Seda he package mistakes may sow tbe ‘Ser law level of eduaion, an nce may india te county ox pasa 2 couniy they te fo, ceratnfestures of eeivery may beuay a speaker's ervowoess, and mich formation my be gained fom a writer's handric Ing. However, sn te following dacution of Translation, I foes on Be Menage, defo hee 3 infomation (nd sometimes figs) the Sender ‘ncaa convey. This importan! to ote tht buh cone and package ae selected as 1 funcin of te carers of the target Receivers sx percaved by be Sender in prc ei knowledge of he ngage sujet sn conet, and ther paola carl atitodes war the Sender and his or herds. AS ‘plain inane pro thischpe, ths ives particular significance tthe ‘hl srt fe coniuncaton models of figures and 3. Taking thease ‘wo leary or pragmatic couse, vetl communist 38 occ in 8 “rasan or Translation ein cn eefore be depicted asia gue Basal, from the Senders viewpoint, communication i soecesul if eof ‘She manages to achieve he sm: hat in he ake of ote interpreta ‘hon and transation sf Receivers of he argeanguage Text ae successfully ‘afrmed, understand th pit, anor have ben persuaded. Ainteion SENDER —> DISCOURSE —> RECEIVER Explala Paiage2” Baste Concer Mooess ror VP Trane 4. Profesional oat From the tot ews that heals profesins Trasation should ot be conse as a exer in gui nd informational ais oly [Assess by E- Cay (1985-45), professiona atlaton doesnt ake place jna waco: exis only 2 sevie to he provide fo ter people: When Sch people communicate, they hve aims, Ar detined by Gram (1983 55), "Wit ery Tew exces the principal definitive indicator [or the ‘rsa’: entation] i he reson pups © intention aca 10 te ‘rnin ‘This rises a yeoblem of princi: the Trmlator i working forthe Ser, but aso forte Receiver ad he Cen, whose pups nd tenons ‘nay not ly. Tis paralysed the eanding aim. the Recsve, whos irs may be dilleren fom he Seder ayo wt be convinced bat may also pp tothe informing im, Reever ay be inverted in only part ofthe information the Sees hs chosen ove en ‘or may asig diferent weighs to information elements. Ths scenery leary in gl pocedigs for example, where lyr ty to make the ost of some pees information nd devalue ters te for intnce Mess nesting ani (1989) af hs oit wit respect ointeettion Sung ‘he tial ohn van Dejan. As for theclen, who py fr he werk one by the Trantor his rhe terest may Be solely comercial and canbe linked othe lopsics ofthe operation rather than othe eet of the Sender's smesage onthe Receiver Quoting L, Castel Inoue oper rte it coming antag the or ys eel gay. He ser mH ly be ma orem with thee hc iver ons es psy Sede presen C98). When sah contractions materiale, they are pot witout pata cons quences actin such sn anstion agency may wan very speedy sition Service spe of he igh ons readability or tring accray of the rp ca ths may ead to. AS te by Sager (1985: 121) Theatr of the talon determines he ine aval fr te work of the translator, ‘a hour the price he is wing to py. he type and quay of the ‘rrsnton required In interpretation, inener or hirperaon in ego tion may wal the terete fo summarize ov sip some spesth segments Conca an QUALITY 2» case hey do ot wt oe tem, though be spear ley intends {temo be patolthemesageInsch iss, he Translator inca betwen Soing ners and peses “An loge xa ien ina paper by D. Mellen (1988: 27) she potest lling ees roma investment compasy ‘Many eds ne reste icone ea aby we knit dg gol Mayes en we Ske yourcuon progam arbesn evened or You el ied ellen comments hat "ies sence itclade obvious nd serious gamma {avers they wer inl in ler thar generally port ite.” Steosing tne cof he sno ae Spanish-speaking promecte cs tamer ofthe avetmen company. tre person ing eon erty marl ete i tore be putt eptie pe ualtyof he weie the Spar coer) wens mt ences the eer hal See conan ney wine rman tad Teruo of profionl lay eer very ec Mian ei relics eau noc om bt des hve ps ve basic and probably most widely accepted position is thatthe Transia- crismatrapoa bearer seit, ese berss ccna ‘Seat aeuara nanan nd cofeesncreton oy ‘25's tearm nl elon nf no sn com epee ‘bn ately. Tr shoul oar her Ove Inn rin he nor or pica sexo een it Gere eae ener “he Tamim pie een eins anencl ony pion tno tig ing Tse shor erser he Tala slob bast in ire tno te ware tnd tne psc acto fhe Rete is maya either cpt see ome) Hn 9 ener, he nee ‘rts aber for oppose sees ort oa shi om oe srSarTic eran nee dem naman, Sterley seseray possi pecic poms mineeson, however eck an ome0 Baste Concerts Mods foe I Tease in daring intstetaton and intfre (questions. os ection, inerop- ‘os fom tenes) In community treet, ths becomes ay ise. ‘Some spac, womay bon th sn ofthe Cent ern the same etic cross ethene, ai © understand the rowing sdesokng rile and expect singed loyal from interpre. a some eas, Fong sdeaking maya be pychoocly fie oachivenerpet- rdotelongo sca ups, do ave moral, political nd eigius comic: tions do ve personal terest wich my be ic fr therm speak grin Insoch aetna be bt forechsieto haves own ere, ‘ren though is mayb expensive andtecnseallyasncesay 1s important to tren atin oe casey, including police negotiations, nips can toply the rotating seaking principle witout afc and do no fel treaty wih the conflicting ecsomic or pois niet f the counties they ‘ee imerpetig for in sects Probl generally ai ony moral Ses spe res itertetrs el very song aboot ae involved. This er oe etc out inert, patil a warts ins 2 ‘ery senve typeof asgnment wich many interpreters have refed i teers ta thie who do seep them in eof thee moral convictions do manage to perform seq “A corlay of the Sendeloyaty principe is thatthe nee of he ‘tia whos ot nina part ofthe Sender to Receiver communication process, most ot be taken ina ascoet they ae not compile with He ‘Seode's ims Tis, however, may be ificlt both pata and psyeho- Ingcly, sine the anlar iveloed depend onthe Cnt ot ce Stover er Receive. This inet one of the major esons why cone ‘nce iets, who ace generally recruited by colleagues (obo therefore teow lems wy. evn though ey ae mt te ons who py) ty ach more weight othe eptaton she profession tan feedback fom ‘conference delegates. “Te Senda loyalty rope snot he ony Hyatt to be found in professional Tetalaton, Some Tans Se themselves as woekng for the Receiver especie the eres of he Sender Othe fel hoya iste wo the Cnt rather tanto eer he Seer or the Receive. This prio eth ip of army a goverment Talon in whos ease Eich yall isconiered eset Fo ape (1983), bth he writers ine Tionand th esd sexpctations soul be akc ints acount when ase {anslaon Fr Newmark (B39), there i m0 saght answer to the Conn ano Qua ” question, ast depend onthe pose” of te tansaion. My owe ew is that ‘Stog asthe inert speak othe irs perton, hata lon ase oe oxmaly ets wath he speaker, nda longa be anser write ext that wil be ken bythe Reese a a aif target language version of he ‘Sorc anguge te heres ane biatio to adophe Sender oyaty init ihe Talc ats otherwise he or she shoud make clea othe Receives fo stance by speaking inthe third person ME So-and-S0 sys thot, or by making clear in another ay Bal the ansaon san acon! tthe Sener Tet rather than a target language version of his Text Tne present nly offered or peagopial papas. itis important o sess tha fering oni oflovaky may alec quality crea with Feopecto to contet and package The flowing drcuionsacadig thst Uli (chapter 3) reba be Send loyalty choice. Ineass where ferent oyalty pip apps, abold be easy or he ede to exrap> late othe relevant enviroment Quality 51 Theerteria CConidering ht he Sener formas a atement with an im in mind itis ‘easnae to ase hat rom is ber pot Of ew, athe level of esch Text spent, commancaon i success i the aim is achived or test reasonably wall saved by the sepment. From the Receives point of view. Conimancaton is suecesfl they udestand the Sende's mesg, eg te of he filings of the Senders sims tey may be susied with the ‘omumincaon even they callnge the explanation an even i they al to be convinced by the meses ‘Generally expe sve, Trasaas regards dheneles as Serving rma he Senet the Receerete Cent. hey eas thereere onside Toi tsk to hve been sues performed if hey provide a ssa the Cee respectively, depending one Dasic piesopy inthis eect ‘One shoud neha in some eter, te coretion between ssa ‘rly oy prceved by a ven sor abd he level of acy nuit expat, lary, oF rina ccuray ofthe Trans oupat s» ‘ate Concerts Moots roe VF Tea weak: inerpeers hive been known o serve the pupae of ing prestige 0 Conferences where tei ngiic meson wae ot eet bane 3 ‘ful ol “oficial scapegoats n ilomaticnegtinion, oo sete ‘accel payee by pivng one ofthe paris in negations rte tine ‘hin. Tints have een own oul legal oradinisrave ansaion regrerent rather than cally afer ifomation forse bigs Counties where Receivers understand bo lngungs In sue eases, Trl in quality may have deo do with geting the mesage arnt in eine et of communication. Clay, ever though the eee of sch sitions anno be ened they cana serve a a bass or general rasan sae ‘ies. especialy in a ean sition. or tudes, tbe oa shoul bays be Te shuld be Suess that he last i struments i helping t0 chee the Sender's aims but camo! quarone ther flflimer he Sends Sttement may Be nadeqne, andthe Receivers may lk the aces) bckround Knowledge, inelccalapiude, or maa 1 recive the mesa. nf ty may have strong resistance tthe eas he Sender i "ying to wansic Translators a alo hampered by thei poston a cues 5" who know less generally ch ess im mst technical and etic Tratlstion eins aout he sabe! tnd. Perms othe cor setion cofguation sie. the Taster may know vey Tile abot the Sender andthe Receiver, epi when working fra lent wh x ee, ‘ch asa walation company th meres ofthe company len Keping tt (cen Senders or Reeves and sich compan often refse tiv “Trantor employes information aboot these clients fr far of bing by assed in subecquetstpment Tis a specific nd foquet ese where the conmmunicaton tere ofthe Seer lath with he connec nee ofthe Chant follows that the epee of oes in the oemmuniain secant be taken asthe soe citerin a Transation quay, houph cisions mae by he “Transltr have lo becomatle with thes of he communication she ‘As indicted above, the at of communication occuring in the Transition sting canbe aaled att of tre pale components, namely conte CommonseaTion avo Quatry 2 and package, wbichnterac provide the dese effec, For instance, good contents weakened by poor syle in witiag and by a poor wee or poor Sliver naeech, Convers, a 00 voices lesan {Bivery may ccasionaly do moe toward convincing 2 Visener than the “gut of he en tha formated o the formato tht i diver “This apie to the Trans’ a of eommunication as wel a to the Sender's Fonte, anion rede often compe sb inaccurate oe ofteminnogy, which makes comprehension of wanted texts maint asp of sth rendering of he omen Ima als) inpedecommanics erty lowesing the credit of he Trantor, who th ent nde ‘yesofthe Receivers an ete the fed Silay, conference delegates SSmeimes complain sboat he monotonous delivery of iterrettion which rakes listing esome an hnders communion. On the ther hand ie “pskagng” of he information by te interpet or walo ean stent ihe impet ofa speech ext tn fact packaging may est ina distorted view of quality, aes inerpeting. One often bears delegates assess an inert performance a ‘sey gon inspite theft hat the iterpreter siting adjacent the booth ld detet nero an sometime major errs of content. It pears that the inept vice and slated delivery havea confidence nspting ‘fet. Covers, beginning inerrters wit 2somevhat hesiant voice are ‘fen minrosted by elas, however afl and clea the informational ‘Stone peck 53. The perception of quali portions “Te perception of guy in Teasation depends to no small extent onthe viewpoint ofeach parigat in communieston: a pasionatesecch intr ee very convincingly may bist apreiadby the Sender but resented {ya Receiver who happen toe the Clem ad fst debvery of arabe couse ‘nstion may rest in satisfactory quality asesament by a translation com ny which pays forte work bin por qual asessment by the eae of the tne langage text Such hesomens So actualy cen fin iter prettier ust fen sessed by Cle and parcpants general Echavior and outward appearance are import components, expecially in igh-evel diplomatic and plc meetings and conferences (be mate is hacoss fther athe end ofthis chap). Price considerations alo come“ ‘Basic Concerts Mooats ro UP TR ino ply: a Yow priced Translation service and a higher riced Teansation| sevice my be judge diferent because ofthe deat piceso-perorm fice ati ee Pincha 1977 206 an Sager 1983 121-22) Since pots ‘onl Translation onesie in and constined bythe Social and economic Context hese factors inal sessment should ot be dep Bascly, however, there «consensus on Some quai eter which ace mare ees dependent of the cotext [eatin clay, guise Seep, and teminolopeal acurcy a well tity ono ide and Sopopit fessional behvie onthe te, all cotiate to high-qality ‘Tnshtion,ahough at explained stove, he weight given othe 8 id ‘ual ners ny vay efor example Buble 1986, Kar 1989 for thease of Inerpreaton. Tes lo wort noting that some ator. pric Tour (19 sho has bee venigting exisingranlaton noms lieve that cepa [iy etecn are not the ae for anlar writen ein the tage gue. erry wali, hi easy understand Hiterary tous are esenly veils fr much more ta infrmaton,nluing emo tinal and esthetic component nd ees my be avare of and Wish 0 ean inthe geet ing trace of ome eres he source ngsage {he eae and ofthe ators trary personaly. However, inthe waslaion ‘of primary efron ste, asian insects Ser ho the wan nous vew tat the ole applicable eri of aceepaility are tote of he target angsape. According 10. Syker (1983-42), "The wasaion 10 rad like «composition onpinaiy writen athe age anguage" Gram (1983: 103) goes fare tsa“ the revision sage th aston i ext iit ‘wight and mst be able o stand po soniny a ised em. dered from ts angel sure text" nhs bok, which deals with pins infor frnilonl xsi 2 dat, a therefore norte, apo, [opt He ‘Ont basso nivel quality cteriarach devo lay nis te accel, and termiologia ceway, compete assesons of fag matic Tranatine should theretcaly ave at sir assesment of Translation quality. sore stations one or two af thst i th comen- heaton station hay be dssatisi wth teresltseeaue hey agaest their imerst, ut thy wil probably acknowledge tha Tastings chen oer ne eve ter CConmnacarn ano Quarry % Inthe ld atl Tenlation assessnens do ten to factuate greatly spec in nerpretaion (Bertone 1989). This can be doe ime alia to Carability in individ sensivy fo deviations (em “acepable” spoken langoge td nial arms of aceepabilty. as describe in a sty by Gil (985) he munberof devon rom ingle seepabity detects sha eipeced spect by asosingutealy ior spl of 10 inform [ho varied ttm $28 However, assent vaibity can lobe aseibed tothe various mtr” pido nthe communication coniguaton, sd to Tans with whi hese postios we socinted, The Sener tn wantin, Sens ace generally unaware of the was sting, and Feely donot even know te txt being Waited. Ms often, hee Comal ofthe argtangaze weak of even nooenstent. When they See te ianstion and when tr understanding of the tre language {Seu ey maybe nm god poston tates anton goby ola they understand the cox of te ext aden pik up inceracs, However, tritou an understanding of wasiion methodology, they may nt under Trad cevain ngistie tansormaions lavolving some apparent iss” oF un ofiformation chapter 3) Moraverter assessment capi cat te strongly snflenced bythe mbjecive felis they may ave about the Message” these may induce thas 1 bite weakmerest 2 wansation stich fas trode he expected esl, wee fact ts the nadeacy of Tiron text tharcan bebeld esponsble, Sometimes, te geeral approach isu o te wa staked ae ot sited othe cate ofthe Receivers Ath fet ir ot expected Tn ntepettion, Senders are generally aware of the fet hat they ae wing inert. and itrct withthe Receiver Inte consecutive mode. they can ie othe target langage sec, nd given sufficient understand ingot the tage language, bein 2 Bood postion to ase the quality of| intpetation They ara pe by the volatile nature a the spoken Wot ‘ich disappear oily fom tein ad eves thm With he meaning nd general pacts thy fg he enact wd used in heir mn Speech and feat othe mesoge and impact of he target Ingsage speech, wheres 0 Urrlaton tee aaye he tmpain to compare words and nga “tes Inthe smullaneoes ne, Senders cannot ear the rseLanguage6 Baste Concars Mopets ro UFTeavns spec and can thelre only check it ery ined extents te ‘action af the Receivers te dleate fan. The Receiver ofthe trgttanguage txt Recsves ae a the oposite end ofthe commeniction ite. Ip ranslaton, they general see ony te age lnguage text od cold ne understand he source language ext ven if they sw ie-itherwi they woul ot nee te ‘tration. As fr ste pakaging i ancemed, hey cam je the lary, Unguisic aecepabilty, terminological accarey, an logical consistency ef tie wanslaton However, hey hve no way of checking del te ey of ‘he target-lingrape text though hey maybe abet esi inaccuracies he ‘ansae'souput conan inconsistencies or rss eos which hy belie ‘Me nally have orgie ine Senter’ discourse. Insimaltaneas interpretation te steson i iors clegates ‘an tisen ony tothe ogee thentepetain Some spot ebecking ‘of words or groups of words can be dae, bt ti exteely dicl i at ‘imposible Hse tothe whole tgetlanguagespech and to the whole source Tangoge spesch whl itibeingintrpeted. Moreover whl ender camoften obtain the Source language tet fr verification purposes ding the ‘same thing ors spechs very fie une bth he eign nde arse language speech have been recorded, ich snot standard practice, Even if sch ecordngs ar aval, the comparison process egy and tious 2 delegate listening to smulapeoustmereetion can tree assess the pckaping, bat my id i js iff to ass content ely te ‘ade of write asain consecutive iene, the station is quite diferent if ees understanding fb languages is good enough, they ar in ela goo Psion to assess the quality of iterreationrepudng the accaacy of ingvidoal segment. ough they may not be able © nee all he omission because ofthe large quit of formation involved at fat hat hey ot take notes a the terete does (Se Cie ftom) The Clem When he Cents neither he Sener or the Receiver, chances ae that eo she does not ead the waaation intent the interpreting dor ot now mich about he subject. He ose therefore ot ina ood postion 10 sess te gai of the Transaion and relies sty om feedback rom he CCouscarion ano QuALTY ” ferns of fom ter Tans nome cs ower the Chet oes [Sermon compete and does ck Flin qo a vier tetra noch acs bec scan be ery goo eal ees ‘he Trantor “The Tatar sa Receiver and Sender, hss god uae standing ofthe foure langogs and «god command of he age! Iaegtage, bat generally tues essa the bjs the oiasions, te sims, ane the respective ere ofthe actors and eles ami wi he appropiate terminology thovihe Seni and the Receiver. Avoter cons pies specially 12 terete: beauetey fe engrossed in complex copie eperations under (Shoe tine pene ee caper tee processing capaci) I bosy i mat reson, they ar ot in orion © monte ull the quay of heir et wile mterpesing, Clea afr interpreting, pr of the materia or arson ne longs there, a words ve igppeared ror thr mids. In nas wastr ave the materi sthand and can sain itn both be Source aguge and the get ansge at any tine “To sum ap he Transat sn beter psi to assess quality tan cite the Sener ov te Resi in some respect, but also as Kted sesment apy SA. The perception of quality: motivation and tention “The preceding analysis indicts the base postions and_posibiiies for quay assessment natal ricice, assessment aso depend onthe mati {fn of te parcipni in comumnicston aed onthe tention they actly Feeus on oat evaoaton. arti. asexpsined above, receivers of informations discourse nay no be uly irs ial he information offered o in the overall {gly of Tesston They ny be interested i pica pieces of informa “Tonic ave found ina fraction ofthe Text an completely separ he es mubich ease this pereption f gis depends fo a age extent on on of vert Toshio segment that rescued cael. whi thee of he Cengage cee i gp eta wine “Tor parevtary sien conference interpretation: delegates tnd to titen ool pat ofthe presentations piven tconeences, both beats they fee! tht ay ave no levnt orn intresting enough, and bees the38 Basie Concers Mopats 10k UF TRADING concentration red ten cry al of then very taxing, They hereore tend jug ality without th ecssary eon! of afta ‘content, which fen eds x suing favorable assessment of qa in onfeences in which ners el they Bove doe avery poe 3. Very lid bard duis avibl on be abet (Carl note in 1978 the abseaceof| ny oroughging yon nerreation ality, ne stun mas ‘ssetalywochanged pit of een fos by professional inepee— (orareviw ad ducuson, se Gi forhcoming 3) bts anette fom 8 fon experince may be enlightening! aa sports conference, a rather poor Speaker fom snanufering company presented his company's device for esuing an alt perfomance arabe The auetce cwsstd of in inrstor oft events and two represent of water manufac of ‘nile machine. The organizer was worried abut the por quai of te lou language spesh and ated the partipans wheter ie ltereeaton| ‘ro lena delegates sl was fin, excep the two representatives ofthe {ethers competitor, who complied thy "bad not understood anthing”| fromthe terrain, This ancedte ses heft hat the acta ses ‘nen of quality depends ines onthe specie needs of he szesir, a ‘apes tat although common quay een do exist etal overall quality ‘seeament cn ay sigan i ay gen comet fr his ery ees, 6 Social status and quali (One recur heme in Translators mestings and in VF jou she ow soci stato te pofesin, Ax expuned in char, bis pewomenon can ‘Rexplaied by th exiting versity inert anasto tnsad ‘ulifestion. The marketplace does indeed compas al Kinds of "mere (Se and“tanalator” fom the low-end no proesionl guste meats tetely acqinined withthe Inguages they use 1 the highly professional, Ilya xpene who ake esponsiby for processing portant a ‘Complot document species. Since he lyon ees more fhe omer thon ofthe laterite onertandable tat the gosta sol Sas of Ue ofesion ends ote somewhat below tp lve ‘Non oh cx for of UT eins ll hae economic justin, However tis atl hat tplevel racine wish ras ie sora sts f the profession, wh ts also ihe rest of lowe level CCommantenion ano Quatzry » rcttoners our tir qulicatons ad acede a hghe sas. The eas question ot nly 2 mate of sea prestige this arcu aspect | ‘pln ths scsi, thoughts importance Stout nate denied ie TRnitane' vin joan ting. The pot tha higher socal ee means a stoner poston for negotiating bates working conins Si trms of wages rfc, do ems of sce information This ua alia sn ierpreing n wich speakers olen bold very high ‘none. Whee inert are sen as lwvlevel guise sta they ae ‘etmes refed eet aces othe speaker al w documents. When heir ‘ite highe such ose is ai, and they are fn 3 Beter psi todo 2 [oath The difleenc pata eiting when going fom some coun ‘Sex where aces to miners and Heads of Sate i considered mural. ihe eunuies where i seems ht proteing the inividal Sats of ci ‘ine somehow ivelves aking Burin tween eonfreceitepees ae upper echelons of the brary, which maker he ierpreting (ase ‘noel ‘One important point that canbe tested inthe classroom shat, Deause people know ao litle show meretation and translation, te prcitione's [ite is determined to signet exe! by it own bavi. Whatever ‘ous his views rant bn a fet comac he Beare ike 2 espns fofesioal. the attade ofthe vies wll wad te shift ward that tats “Tiss why csges with Pinhaksvew ht an dunno il sve oe hat as en pode what ough expe fine ie ome he nel he cus EE" ute atk o ger uty tan he ees hs wl Ieee ger ea (977 20) | believe soc an atitude bound to havea generally deena effecto0| ‘tplaton quality and woking condos sd should be proscribed from UT ‘Some diffeuies may ase becuse of psychological or scilopcal factor partcl, snch ofthe ring oF commissioning and egotating tm be done by lw level cel sa at eseat he UT practitioners lan Tougher sats, In ay ae, ts peobably wel insrcto sts (othe ‘Suen tht digiy and seiusnsr shoud ky lens te practi fstehaior Losing one's temper, showing of acne inesponsibly wil {endo undemine this profesor sats” Baste Concers Monts ro UF Tene ‘As sugpeted by the dousion a he previous page. criteria of qty ad ‘etal quality aes by te vate prtcpans in communication may {depend toa spntican ete! he defation othe Testor les ‘Sender's aker ego, ort fair of commumestion working foe the Revever ete Chet In what can be somewhat vaguely described as high eel Translation, sncuding conference imeretation, the general consent applies ary all aes that Translation shold be 8 ffl image of e oa \incouse, and thatthe Taso shoud sive orepesent fully the Sender nd hints Tis sh ems tbe he mot hllengng poston, othe ‘Trantor accepts fll esponsibility for ceating an image as fife as ose ofthe Sender’ at of commnizaton in the Translation Revver ‘vironment, withthe welbkaown echnical and piosopial diffises his task involves, as disused extensively y Nid Moun, and many other This aso the most rewarding llert oe he Trantor nt ony case of ‘he inerentingchalenge ive, bt alo bee och an inlet eo fe rmore ikely than rato word forward o¢"inguia” Tesnlation) to rave and maintain the interpreting and testing professions in «higher ‘ei sas Besides he inlet sie, which inated reser dea inthe folowing chapters, here an amtngsocogiel point wen Trane Tors ac a6 Senders alr ego, Receives tnd to lace Hem in poston our to that of he Senders the ebarasing extent than negations, ‘hey sometimes ako hem aterhan othe Sends seems dick ‘downto someone who as ust spoken as “We the Queen of Eglin” abe Pope ora th Presiden ofthe United States of America. When ites tal abou the Senders and epor tir words ate hansen her in ‘he fre peron, thy mann the ance Between the speakers an the tsi and ste probably more ible wo be considered lower-rank guise Iino (which they steht higher socal tus rae proesonly, 35 ‘xpained shove) ‘Whenever the fs profesional loyalty opon ix chosen, according 0 Which he Tratlstr he Sender's ae go consideration on communis CConannacarn Axo QUALITY a 4 Transl layly de it an foremost tothe author a peer in| spite ofthe ct a they are paid by lets wo mn ot be the Seaver ‘Whenever hs the ease, the Chen's requirements can extent Be const rote of nererence athe eramuncition process. 1. Quay i function of communication efficiency fom the Sender's ‘pio, an Bos package and comet ofthe message i the target langunge should he optimined with view t falling the Senders hjecves. This, however, can nly be done within the limit of the ‘Trashtr's margin of fedora ithe conventional view of translation, ‘rane: ny ot sigan change source language eto speech to make more eflectve, bough hey may make Some ches tht will rodce pester impacton he Receiver ee cape 3). This ison of he Inn dificles in rasan, a changes made inte Senders interests nny lsh wi be lms of he Trantor profesional terms af ele nce seen by one several of he pais concerned Although fly objective components forte ssesment of quay as "woken down in conte, packaging and he imeacion cn be fund, ‘qi assent can be vey fel peiely because of he orm teaton configuration which kes Transiaion necessary and beaut of ‘esiicleomstrans 8. Teaching sugeestons /Asmetone at tbe bepnning of his cpr, lieve at explaining ality ‘Sound communication, at i atempted above, et be helpful t sens ‘those experience with Trasation Is confined to "rasaion” exes in {cool aad hove col guiding principe in making appropriate decisions ‘then decison recalled for ar ling ‘A senile way tteach Translation quay is to stat with on session of xplanaons with eamples (se the appendix ois cape. However, be ciples ls ed oe eal apd suengthned tiouphout the couse ‘One way of ding hs a fist step all iterrtation or waaslation cece 0 analyae the commaticaion station or ask te students toa ‘Baie Concert Mopels ror I/F TRAIN nly tt ast rng he ft prt fhe course. Some obvious questions te Who athe speakeresatos ent ed of xperie, oncton, sta, ie) Who ae thir isenereaders, ho does the Testor assume them to be? Who are the Translator’ inenerseades? On the basis of available {efomation onthe atte and ution he ext, ote cnfrence), whats Uhelikely sang he speaker or autor wishes sed ars othe listeners fot cedes? Are ere pragmatic, psychological, social. or cura fers hich may ites? Sortie ths information expt nthe coment Somounng the talon ak el Someties isnt ae stents ave 0 make assomptons Stet shoud eo tat profesional ransaos need Sch asreated information or anzumpions opie ther decision-making through (oe for instance selina apd Tienes Cont 1981) ‘Once the omunicationcotext has ben esabised, he inscior can refer ot repented In pc, when monitoring or conectng sade interetion and anion teres, comments shouldbe made not only o& Tngunc or informatie ucts, tt also, whenever psu, on oman hctoneaed sve dens soul made ava of te relative mens of tir choc of word and sete eh respect at nly to general sisic ‘erin, ut lio othe im of serving ie Sender (othe Receiver o Clea in tchivig the desired eet ia the specie communication station, For instance, when ntereing fr an American aun, is bee to retain om ing purely Beh hms ad gues of spcch When ine ing for an ance a abl popaion of whch des mo have very Eood onpeeesion of Engi ay be Beer ase imple English aber than ‘ery elegant angeage- Whe tasting for Amencan eas spelling shou follow Armen rater han English sage. When tatslating into French fo Sonos know for» put atiide toward the Fen language i maybe {ene to void words imported rom Eng f French ynonjns exit ve ‘thon sich English pore aremere general sede ethan th French Cumerpas a gow cae in pout he vocabulary of compute siece wi Te driver le pote, le CASE me. VAGL—Atber de Genie Lop le ‘postr vl frente, ‘When student makes a naprprate cols, rater an singly ind cate a peferabl leave tis probably ete to question the cove in th parce communication statin: How o you ink the reader wil ac Tha? yow not hi tate tee X wll be easi ousting han he Comsunacaro ann Quatary % term ¥7 Do you fal the speaker would recognize th Wen at yo hie {meredith he pareuarconottion contribute by the fee 2 ae tanec he eho ough. ‘Acsveat believe that he esting the couse ts somewhat isk socaplin ste interpreters the limitations of parcians in communis thonasrepards the perception of quali ey are old that iti mposible or stots to check thr oupatinthesmlaeous mods, a at ei clients seprccstion of quality a to alae exe not be coveted with what ey ‘ser good gla ieterpreaton ces the marketplace they nay fs ‘Sct and alto ya ard a ding wining do good work may terefore be wiser to wat unl hey have Been socalzed ito demanding Sanur However teen of hex fal ining when ey ae abou Sur working inte markpet is appropiate prepare hem forthe way ‘lity esta perceived in the eld by some arp commas. ‘in telev ht when doing taints boul ates that whntewete rato of elgates,merpeter ithe see se each ther with an tion eal er. Since most interpreter re ied mre Geen by ther folegues than rey by Cents, is tes ep the on tees “Te cae of tesaion is dierent Somctimes tation work i: sewed by colleages whore workitis to ost hat. This the opal ete [ker times, nition i ed eral by the Chen o by translation readers who give some feedback othe anlar. This alo provides mow toe for ait, altho hirer may not be deta he alts, Sepending on th Clie or wansiain eae’ plosophy. Problems occu ‘aly when here 20 systematic gully consol and whee no fcdtack ‘fered othe translate, safe the cas when translating for + ansltion \orand tbe readers of te wor, is exe effr toward quality wil depend the waits profesional pide and ehics, which shoul be Bl op Seg sng is wort sessing that walt dlrs fom nerpettion ‘att he ter "one-shot el, whereas with translion, nea aly to tack and inroace improvemenf fact erative provement bat "eh imo te tansationprocedre ech 5. ‘A fl pont on uty ele to bbw axpet of Tatton, Ty se peripheral with esp fo the ceil copive poste i nerelation {naleanaion a ted in he clastoom, bu fn ake up an patnta Basie Conesrs Mooss ro UT Teasons ‘quay component in aie professional envionment, and therefore de Relations with Cems and deleetes: Besides res best classified under professional ethics, which sul be tout separately toad the end ofthe ‘raining curclum, sock aspects a professionali, responsible beavis, ‘Signy witht anogance, an even leslie and sprog loting syle (very taely mentioned ia the Irae inthe West, bt prominent some Japanese polis soch 2s Kunio, Nishiyama and Kanayama 1969), can sony ieunce he Chet and legate perepin of quality Inthe case ‘of tansation observing deadines 2 pully important element nthe perception a aa, Relations with colleagues: Tse ae paicalay relevant in inerpeing, whichis mos often pated in ems Soar nd ative coperation nin Soot ad with chine eahnce not oly he quality of nee a sours (sin anal the echniucs explained in cape bt ao te ‘mage of nerpeaton inthe ejs fe cet In anslato, relations wit ‘oleaguer ae le ible tothe Client, Booth manners: ln inerreing te ae io an pont ality compensa, ‘ten gored by practitioners. The allowing ue shuld definitely be ough + sethe cough (rma baton abet tb microphone of baton when ouphing, clearing one's tral, asking.» question, or making other + oid excessive movement inthe both, which ete Macon in the Nelume of he ge npuage speech mn ede hea, + oid resting paper in oe of th microphones + keep your tou iy and aange working document 3085 10 ey 0 retrieve when required Seaents should be made sare of hese aspects of ality from tesa of trsining. Those which canbe implemented te clas shoul be stesso roophout taining. Those which cannot shoal be recalled athe endo he CComnatcamos asm Quite 4s MAIN IDEAS. 1. Profession! Translation commnicaon see perfermed ina pro {esional environment 2, Acs of verbs! communication aking place in conference itrpreaton| (Bo soe terry waslation stings Eee si informing anor ‘olin adr pernding he Receive. 4. When wasting ox interpreting te Trantor chooses primary loyalty tothe Sener. he Reever, rhe Cen, general the frst The eres ofthe due may con. 14 Thee exis a general content onthe components of good Trashsion ‘qty, namely detional lary, guste accel, terminalasical erecy an acceptably, fei an profesional behavior ‘5. Te impact of «Transaion isa ret of the combined effects of is ‘nen and pecking the eltve weigh of which my wary signi cay {6 rais assessment of Tran fies iil to perform for Send: i Receera and Clients because of lations in teins and ‘alguie bnowledgy aod tees of echnical factors. Thies 0 ‘ying sr etments oft sme Transation nthe eld 1, Te sci tas of Trpslars depends 2 only om the gui oft rac but als, to signet extent oni professional behav,6 ‘Baste Concerts Mans roe IT Teatunc “Te flowing describes demonstration condced with he aim filling to stents several points on quality asesmct as explained inthis chalet ‘Toe material repocved bee wat taed atthe University of Moet in September 198, “The Soore Text, in Engh, was taka frm the October 1993 eof the mugcine PC Lapp. Four successive segments Were tne ino French by he insta Inthe Sa, deviations rom ing acceptability Store inoced. Inthe second here ae ewes in substance. In the thi (Siminlopical wage is icorect. The fou rat scepable ansation. ‘Stans were given the French text cal and ald that twas tb nso sion of an Eop text. They wee staked to read segment A (wih ‘eviadons fom lng aeceptabiy) aad comment on it. When they (ove the devon. he pont wat ead that thy were able to lige thi pect of ait onthe tis of their Kaowledg ofthe tage ange. ‘Tifout knowing mach abot te sj and without ooking atthe soe language txt Ne thy wee ake fo red seent B (with cor insubsiance) and make comets oo fred ot tha hose who Knew someting abut ‘Tnvosompaesspted tansaion errors. Those whe didnot couldnt en {ty ese ero The pot can be made Ba these eros in substance could hve neriusconseguenees forthe Sende and forthe magazine which was © uh the elatn, st were vcore. In segment Cn wich there were instances of incoect terminologies sage onl paripa familiar with computers spted them. Te was poised ethan spe ofthe err the et war derstand Impistions of sh rors wih respect oe tani of te Message to Reivers a with Stapec ote Toss of impact doe to te Loss of erebiiy ofthe tet wee Goruned he fourth epment conti eror. Neves, sme pins id nd ol with statically This ood opportunity to demons ae Stade varsity inom of Unis eeepabty, which is als fond “Stony Chen and age anguage Receives, as wells atsaton revises CComannocanans no Quatery " A Le rome eine Quer J One vt mont gil ae pe Sees pati tpi bt ee cae esis om gua 1 peepee oe pe 1B Lesouens Quem 3 J Otel wb otbook 3 aed 8 cape ‘Ponape Windows le up an tan cla ps gue 33 res no sch hing a 686 pocesoe 12 ig itvey hry raat a te ecto (C Le Qaneno 33 nn VGA de 7 pes de 64D x40 ic oe 16 ‘esd pie Sia vier 95 ches Carga tn ud mug ds Go slr) San ge Se Meg ee & Meg ‘let i aca 2 Mo Tes tp Few. ‘Faun propane de tanec codon umm). Syme ep shoul wane de 1 pene et po Roh len ae Feredigocs ise ip uns poor cate FEMCIn Se pe Ite ‘Gran congrte alearr un yor ale un pose ort pour ‘oatear VGA cesar 2 stu par ao ‘Sree pur nx Bdge exec op AS, Sourcedanguage ext, Me agi nt uae sa dn seme sl, hentia 1 Obvetrs em Quen 3 64 Winkwscapale 386 steak with 2 Irene eight 297 ons‘Baste Concers MooaLs Foe YT Tea The Qin 39 spn stevens tackle VA. apy wh 640 400 Syma we» NICS tery i poe fe or i A “Se ea ae ees of RAM ana») ene Forme stage an peel comes,» MCTA Type Ca sate ‘wtih Gus i to fates se, pal ener YOA top. ‘Supra ema mote san comet te ota exe py de 8) CHarrer 3 Fidelity in interpretation and translation 1 Invade “The ise of deity baby the mos tasi aed widely discussed compo: rem of Tralation quay, Seng side the qoesion of waslaton compe (ene, heoeiians have wondered wheter easaion ean be “ly faihl ‘tile retaining the edt (ore) meio he sooce langage text. The Irom obvious ple with eli stems fom the wellAowa fat that Ttnzvages a ot Homerpis in oer words, thre Is no One-to-one come spondence betwen em a ep exe elements words") or lngitic ‘rues asocited wth ule gran, yc rues, et In patie, tine inno tomatic equivalence between words inthe source ac tet Tangogs. and aperey sma sets may ave different uses ant Cite conations. Heoc the fous “belle niles” and “wade Toditove” ad the ks, defended i paral by Georges Moun (1963), "hat anion an “approximation test 1h phosopicnl darsion of he sajet i beyond the Scope of this chapter Some asi commision ret dea ate exphined in Nis ton clase Tomurd Since of Tranlrng (1964) snd Nid and Tobe's The Theory and Prac of Tranlaon (1960). Fr a recent dicusion of fey speci inten, se fristance Doovan-Cagigs 1950.1 (ete an eneive analyst of the ise ix mot very CmeefMlent in 2 ‘artaton oe lterretaon ning couse. n which practical skills st be Tene and in which idly aaa for every exercise ona casebyease tis Howevesasimple concept amework roving students wth new asi utok on idly may be ef inteted into the wring program. "Theveason tat primary and secondary school sadn have ban rained {ormach words linguist cnstracions ater thn eexpres Messages, ‘hd when toy roach anivershy and anion school hey often ind itso ‘asc Concer Move: sro UT Teas atic wo acep ede tht changing a constuction o "adling” ot " Sng” words while tasiaing dove nor amount ta teach of fidelity. Coe: qc. en toe vey comarvasive ihe ison making nny capeence, “iene” expanntons re ot ees fice tc ots adic and ale soul be sppted whenever pose ard ‘rene of same hn. The experiment described below provides evidence ‘Sat jnies sme ese of edo ne aslo proces ny exp nce, the experinent ad the model dened fom is ress ceay ely “Sthcte rake more daring decions and make beter we of ti nay inligeone and wring sels when tnsaing. In view of ty onaibuton ote andrstanding of te natie of tity and in view ofthe very fandaentalposion af he question of fidelyHo Trmtadon srtgin | believe thatthe experiment and the informational ‘nel ofneematveserence shoul be rode a very ey sage in ‘heya preferely taeitly after he modules on communication and sali. 2, Amexperimentia ety “Te expeiment sported below has been cad out otha 70 ines over nor an 13 yearn vais cous atd with languages as ileest 5 srbi, Chinese Engh, Finnish, reach Geran, Hebe, lia Sapaese, Spanish Swediah and Taian, wih consistent result as oid below, nontating wide appa. 2.1 Phase ones erbaiing simple ea Hale sues are asked leave the room simple rowing suggesting a8 lmentary informational Message is reseed tothe remaining papas, ‘Shoei waar stean ssinultedand ask formulate he Message in| (her own wows in eu yatve tongue, The sentences ths obsined ae tes rend aloud ‘is pin itmay be appropri seal ase tat in his book which das essential wi he Trartin of laformatioal Tents, the word IMesioge defied not the saement produced ete eal materia: thm of communica inenion, bls the information thatthe Seder gst range fo te ely exprimen anus pet across tothe Receiver a and which the verbal statement wll ‘Se const. This is motte ony definion of the tem there, bt eves ur purposes hee and should be Kept in mind when reading the follwing es Inde example dscased her, the ding shown pats depicted 4 rot a seen from inside aca, with oad sgn showing “Pas 90 (Pig The parcpats were od he folowing: Fue 2 Diagram sor fide eprint in France2 ‘Baste Concer Moots ror I/F TRAIN ‘Ar meron picts ing int Menage ot expres by ie teeowing nthe examen nigel lhe {i setences bey ised ibe same age ig ea exeriment “This s on vl ining comiderng tat he Mestg ery ple nd stato pp pars were lrg, rm ow Soe ere tha once parte often with mre hn wey having the same er “Te fet content rp loving: Give exacts same Message preemed under exalt condita the ame intima mds rn etme moter ng me ie enencerespret “Te wa paid to ierece in wy te subject under tod te Messge ses ohms pono nals ad itroge ‘homof the abet howe Inter neste entered sem orf ‘Senile sane Mesa sth chs ofthe entenes ated on, Sotset of ose cole rem nate Els seats oeepbion he Se st tl Sst ae Orn (0) ity tomers Pais (2) Sal ity Rome go. (0) Weil ein Paris in ity ilometers (4) ity hlometer ong. (5) Welle here in fifty oes, (6) Ps i ty ilmeters rom be ‘The Finding thatthe same Message as defined here i formulated jo tere ways Nasa coolay” If diferent sentences can correspond to the ‘ume Meanie, anf hi applicable mba he source language a the target language, then in onsltion deen sentences nthe age langue nay reflect the xame Messoge asthe oe inital generated in he soure language ‘eller in Figure 3, Message M genet spontaneous erences 1,52, and'$3 none langage and spontaneous seteees TT. and T3 8 Poauny 2 Fe: Relatonshibrmer se Menage Man Sentences i aga S(S, 2 nd anguage eT Th 1 st seviooes 71,72, andT3 ae lpm tanslaons of each of he sentences SI,S2 a3 "Tis reasoning i bated on he etn poi ta she statement is ult around a Messege forthe prpose of ransiting i However, is lepimacy nay izly be challenge as ely is generally ake apply ot ony he sage tot lo toe packaging. Tats, ity aplics not oly 1 the Message, but ls 10 hore the session in capt 2. trough the trey he or se expresses Hence the need to lock move closely at te ‘ferences betwech te seenes obtained in be experiment Ditferncesberwen etences nour exerinent, it ted nt hat sentences expressing the sane Message ‘ld be strikingly diferent. hough he asic ifersation about the dstance ‘ne ify Klee found nal st sentences repredacd above. Pais is ot enone in seneees 2, ,o 5, Forermor, seaenees 2,3, and 3 indicate hate peer smoving toward place located it ilometr fom the present poston; in faethe "we." sentences 3a inate at 1 lest one person besides the speaker i also moving toward the same ‘stingy, Sentences? 4 ato eat tha he speaker has lead been Inoving for some ine i tht hee se ent sarin the ie of speaking ally ony sence 3 and indict hat eacingParisis autre event Tnoher words. the seins diferfrom eachother andfrom the drain inthe infomation content “These ferences may be divided ino: