BASIC LANDSCAPE DESIGN PARAMETERS

Effective use of plant material in landscape design requires the

assimilation of extensive body of data about plants and synthesis
into a framework which is directly applicable to the process of
designing with plants. Which includes ….

NOMENCLATURE,SPECIES
AND COMMON NAME

ECOLOGY
ORIGIN,FAMILY ,NATIVE
USES IN LANDSCAPE
DESIGN
HABITAT
BOTANY

HORTICULTURE

AESTHETIC VALUES
GROWTH
PROPAGATION AND
MAINTANANCE
CHARATERISTICS FORM
AS FUNCTION OF HABIT
GROWTH AND SURVIVAL

USE OF PLANTS IN DESIGN

PHYSICAL
CHARACTERISTICS
PRINCIPLES INVOLVED IN SYSTEMATIC DESIGN WITH PLANTS

Two Major set of factors that influence the choice of

plant material

• Characteristics, Both Botanical and physical

characteristics of plant material

• Context in which the plant material is used and

environmental conditions

The interrelationship between these factors is the basis for

developing a sound approach
DEGREES OF ENCLOSURE
BASIC COMPONENTS OF A IRRIGATION SYSTEM
Controller:
• The clock, this is “The brain” of the irrigation system.
• The controller is programmed to start the system at a
given time.
Control Valve:
• This is the valve that sits between the main line and the
lateral lines.
• When an electrical charge is sent from the controller to
the control valve, the valve opens and lets water go to
the heads.
Main Line:
• This is buried plastic irrigation pipe that is connected to
the water source on one end and to the control valve on
the other.
• It is always pressurized while it waits for the control valve
to open.
Lateral Line:
• This is buried plastic irrigation pipe that is connected to
the control valve on one end and supplies water to the
heads on the other end.
• This line is only pressurized when the irrigation zone is
running.
Zone:
• A portion of the irrigation system that has multiple heads
that run at the same time.
Rotor head:
• A type of irrigation that is typically used for larger areas.
Spray head:
• A type of irrigation used for smaller areas
Drip Line:
• Porous tubing that is buried in the soil. When
pressurized, the tubing drips water into the soil to add
moisture.
 IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. Each irrigation system contains

a controller (or clock), when
the controller wants to start the
irrigation system it sends an
electrical charge to the control
valve connected to the zone it
wants started.
2. When the control valve receives
its electrical charge it opens and
allows water to run to the Rotor
heads, or spray heads or drip
line.
3. The Rotor heads and spray
heads pop up and drip line drips
to cover the water their watering
area.
4. When the time for the zone is
done the controller stops sending
the electrical charge and
the control valve closes which
stops the heads from spraying.
5. The controller will repeat steps
on the next zone that is
programmed to run until all
programmed zones have run.
Sprinkler Types
• Two main types of sprinkler heads are rotary sprinklers and spray nozzles.
• The rotary sprinkler head rotates along a set arc to distribute the water.
• The spray nozzle sprays an even distribution in a particular pattern.

For example:
1. 90-degree nozzles are for corners.
2. 180-degree nozzles go against the flat edges of hardscaping, such as a
driveway.
3. 360-degree nozzles are used in the middle of a lawn or other large scale
planting.

• Both types of sprinklers are

available in a pop-
up format, which means
they are hidden below
ground when inactive.
• When the system is turned
on, the water pressure
forces the sprinklers to rise
up and begin sprinkling.
• Pop-ups are perfect for
lawns
SYSTEM VARIATIONS FOR DIFFERENT TYPES OF VEGETATION

Drip Systems for Beds

• Sprinklers are the only feasible choice for watering
large lawn areas, but vegetables, annual flower
beds, and perennial borders are easily watered with
a drip system.
• These systems water at ground level precisely
where needed, which saves water and keeps the
foliage dry to help prevent disease

Bubblers for Shrubbery

• Tall shrubbery is often watered by bubblers.
• The bubblers screw onto the same risers as
sprinkler heads, and they're used to flood the root
system at the base of each plant.

Soaker Hoses for Groundcovers

• A soaker hose is often used to water groundcovers.
• This looks like an ordinary garden hose, except it is
covered with tiny holes that emit water.

Rotary Sprinklers for Large Areas

• Rotary sprinklers are the best choice for large areas
since they have the greatest spray distance.
• Regular spray nozzles are more easily adapted to
small and irregularly shaped areas.
MICRO IRRIGATION
Micro irrigation is a modern method of irrigation; by this method water is irrigated through
drippers, sprinklers, foggers and by other emitters on surface or subsurface of the land.

MAJOR COMPONENTS OF A MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEM

1. Water source,
2. Pumping devices (motor and pump),
3. Ball valves,
4. Fertigation equipments,
5. Filters,
6. Control valves,
7. PVC (Main and sub main) and
8. Emitters.

APPLICATION
• Drip irrigation is most suitable for wider spacing crops.
• Micro sprinkler irrigation system is mostly followed in sandy or loamy soils.
• This system is most suitable to horticultural crops and small grasses.
WORKING
• In this system water is applied drop by drop nearer the root zone area of the
crop.
The drippers are fixed based on the spacing of crop.
• Many different types of emitters are available in the market.
• They are classified as Inline drippers, on line drippers, Micro tubes, Pressed
compensated drippers.
Advantages of drip irrigation
system
• Water saving and higher yield
• High quality
• Suitable for all types of soil
• Easy method of fertigation and
chemigation
• Saving in labour and field
preparation cost

Disadvantage of drip irrigation

system
• High initial investment
• Clogging of emitters
• Possible damage of system
components due to animals, etc.,
Maintenance of drip system
• Back washing and sand filters has to be cleaned
• Frequent cleaning of emitters and drippers
• Flushing at every irrigation
• Cleaning of sub main and main pipes
• Cleaning of PVC pipes and laterals and acid or chlorine may be used to remove
clogging.
AFFORDABLE MICRO IRRIGATION SYSTEMS
Affordable micro irrigation system is mostly suitable to kitchen garden, nursery and
ornamental crops.
1. BUCKET KIT SYSTEM
Bucket kit system is defined for kitchen garden suitable
• It consists of a bucket (15 lit.) 10 meter long lateral (12mm) fitted with drippers (4 LPH), which can
irrigate about 100 plants in approximately 15 m2 area.
• The bucket is placed at a height of 1m (3 feet) and water is filled for 4 to 5 times daily.
2. DRUM KIT SYSTEM
• This system is ideally suitable to kitchen garden and small commercial vegetable growers. The drum is
having 200 liter capacity which would supply water approximately 500 plants by filling the drum twice
daily.
• One number of 16mm lateral and five 12mm laterals are used.
• This system could cover an area of 120 m2 (3 cents).
3. MICRO SPRINKLER SYSTEM
• Micro sprinkler kit is suitable for farmers with access to pressurized water.
• It is very useful for groundnut, vegetables, nurseries home gardens, and lawns etc.
• It can be connected with a tap from an overhead tank or a domestic water pump.
• It consists of 15 micro sprinklers with pipes irrigating an area of 250 m2 (6 cents).
• Fertigation can also be done through this method.