PHN VII

AN TON TRONG CNG VIC

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MC LC
I. LM VIC TRN CAO ......................................................................................................... 3 1. Cc khi nim ..................................................................................................................... 3 2. Nguyn tc lm vic trn cao .............................................................................................. 3 3. phng ri ng ................................................................................................................ 4 4. Phng nga nguy him ....................................................................................................... 5 II. AN TON HO CHT ........................................................................................................ 7 1. S c hi ca ha cht ....................................................................................................... 7 2. Tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th con ngui ..................................................................... 9 3. Cc bin php phng nga ................................................................................................ 12 III. AN TON THIT B P LC .......................................................................................... 16 1. Gii thiu chung ............................................................................................................... 16 2. Cc bin php gim thiu ri ro ........................................................................................ 17 IV. AN TON KHI VO KHU VC KHNG GIAN HN CH ........................................... 20 1. Cc khi nim ................................................................................................................... 20 2. Khng gian hn ch .......................................................................................................... 20 3. iu kin i vo ................................................................................................................ 22 4. Bin php phng. ......................................................................................................... 23 5. Cch ly ............................................................................................................................. 24 V. GIY PHP LM VIC ..................................................................................................... 26 1. Mt s khi nim. ............................................................................................................. 26 2. Giy php lm vic. .......................................................................................................... 26 3. Cng vic cn giy php lm vic. .................................................................................... 28 4. Hiu lc ca Giy php lm vic. ...................................................................................... 31 5. Cng vic cch ly.............................................................................................................. 32

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PHN VI

AN TON TRONG MT S CNG VIC

I. LM VIC TRN CAO 1. Cc khi nim Trm lm vic nng h: (Elevating Work Platform - EWP) Thit b chuyn ng (t hnh nng h, xe c gii hoc xe ti ko) cung cp cc phng tin c lp vn ti khu vc lm vic. Bung cng tc: (Workbox hoc Mancage) Trm lm vic c thit k v lp t c chng a cng nhn lm vic ln v xung bng cn cu, ti. Cc thit b phi c ng k v kim nh. Gin gio (Scaffolding): Kt cu, bc hoc trm tm thi c lp t c bit h tr cho con ngi, thit b hoc cc vt liu khc trong cng vic lm vic. Ngi nng lc: Th lp gin gio c chng ch cng nhn.

2. Nguyn tc lm vic trn cao Tt c mi ngi khi lm vic cao t 2m tr ln trong tnh trng c th c nguy c ri ng u phi s dng cc thit b an ton chng ri c kim duyt (trang b bo h lao ng y v dy buc gim xc) gn vo im an ton chc chn trn c cu. Phng php trn p dng cho lp rp v tho d gin gio khi cng vic c tin hnh m khng c cc thanh ngng v lan can bo v. Phng php ny ng thi cng c p dng cho cc khu vc khng c lan can, gin gio, li bo v hoc c nhng khng m bo an ton hoc b tho d i qua. Mi dng c v thit b s dng trong khu vc lm vic nng h phi m bo an ton v trnh ri xung cc khu vc di. Tt c li i b v b gin phi c bng ch dn ngay sau khi lp lan can. Khi c ngi ang lm vic pha trn ng i chung, phi t cc bng, bin bo hiu trnh trng hp c ngi i vo khu vic nguy him. Nhng ngi ang lm

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cc cng vic bn di cc khu vc ny phi thng bo nhng cho nhng ngi lm vic pha trn v s c mt ca h. Cc dng c v trang thit b ch c chuyn ln hoc xung bng cu hoc cn trc. Cc dng c v thit b nh hn c th chuyn ln xung bng dy cp hoc thng, gu c m bo an ton. Cc dng c nng lng phi c buc ko vo thn ca dng c, khng c ko bng dy ca dng c . Khng c tung, nm cc dng c t ngi ny qua ngi khc. Khng c chuyn cc dng c ln hoc xung cho n khi nhng ngi di c thng bo v khng c g ti khu vc bn di. 3. phng ri ng Phi s dng cc phng php phng ngi lm vic, dng c, thit b ri khi lm vic trn cao. B ai an ton phi lun trong tnh trng tt, c kim tra thng xuyn trc khi s dng v c gn vo ai hng. Nhng ngi s dng b ai an ton y phi qua kho o to nhn thc chung v ai an ton trc khi s dng. Cc yu t dn n trng hp ngi b ng bao gm (nhng khng gii hn): Bt ng tng tc hoc gim tc Chuyn t sn ny n sn khc c b mt khc nhau B mt sn khng ti C khe m hoc l hng nhng khng c bin nhn bit hoc ngn nga Thay i cp gin gio Mt phanh, hm tay Mt sn trn trt i giy khng ph hp Trang thit b, dng c, rc bn gy cn tr ti ni lm vic Thang s dng khng ng o qun b vng B mt sn chuyn ng Chiu sng khng ph hp iu kin thi thit km B vt khc va chm hoc ri trng

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Khng cung cp h thng thit b chng ri ng hoc s dng cc h thng khng ng quy cch in git B nh hng ca khi, ho cht, dc phm 4. Phng nga nguy him Phi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA) trc khi lm vic trn cao loi b hoc kim sot cc mi nguy him c th c. Cn phi o to v phng nga ri ng. Mt s ni dung cn xem xt khi tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA): La chn, s dng, lp t, mang, bo dng v lu gi cc trang thit b an ton chng ri ng mt cch thch hp. Cc quy trnh trong trng hp khn cp nh cu nn, s c hoc b thng. An ton in H thng bo co mi nguy him/ s c. Phi xem xt cc vn khc bao gm chun b sn cc cu kin trn nn t trc khi nng ln a vo v tr. Lp cc dy c nh trc khi nng chng ln a vo v tr. Khi c th s dng thc t mt b sn, gin gio tm thi hoc mt trm nng h s s dng t c cao v lm vic ti cao . Khi thc t khng th s dng theo phng php trn th phi s dng h thng v thit b chng ri ng chuyn dng v s dng neo chng ph hp. YU CU CHUNG V GIN GIO Tt c cc gin gio ti cng trng lm vic phi c xy dng ph hp vi yu cu ca lut nh. Yu cu ti thiu: Vic lp gin gio phi c thc hin bi nhng ngi c chng ch/ bng cp v nng lc ph hp. Tt c cc gin gio phi c lp t ph hp vi quy nh trong Quy trnh an ton thang v gin gio

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Khi pht hin gin gio c bt k chi tit no b hng u khng c s dng. Chi tit b hng phi c treo th Khng s dng v phi c loi b hoc chuyn ra khi cng trng ngay lp tc. TRANG B QUN O BO H V DY BUC Phi s dng trang b qun o bo h trn mi a im thi cng v loi c ai eo hng trnh cc trng hp ri ng. Qun o bo h phi c nh km dy buc hoc dy bo him lng. im neo l tng khng nn nm di im gn ca o bo h, tuy nhin, khng phi lc no cng thc hin c iu ny, nn c th s dng linh hot trong tng trng hp c th. Mi thit b gn, kp s dng cng vi thit b chng ri ng phi thuc loi kp (tc ng kp). Dy buc phi phi hp vi thit b gim xc t ngt v c gn vi thit b tc ng kp v c lp rp ph hp. Dy buc phi c di ph hp vi nhim v cng vic c lin quan n nguy c ri ng t cao. Dy buc t co khng c thit k chu ko lin tc nhng tr nn hiu qu trong trng hp ri ng. Loi ny khng c s dng trong hot ng hm h thng. Dy buc t co ch nn s dng trong cc khu vc c nguy c ri ng t trn cao khong gia phng thng ng v 45 .

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II. AN TON HO CHT Trong nhng nm gn y, vn c quan tm ngy cng nhiu l nh hng ca ha cht n sc khe con ngi, c bit l ngi lao ng. Nhiu ha cht tng c coi l an ton nhng nay c xc nh l c lin quan n bnh tt, t mn nga nh n suy yu sc khe lu di v ung th. Do vy cn thit phi quan tm ti tt c cc ha cht. 1. S c hi ca ha cht Cc yu t quyt nh mc c hi ca ha cht, bao gm c tnh, c tnh vt l ca ha cht, trng thi tip xc, ng xm nhp vo c th v tnh mn cm ca c nhn v tc hi tng hp ca cc yu t ny. 1.1. ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c th con ngi Qua ng h hp H thng h hp bao gm ng h hp trn (mi, mm, hng); ng th (kh qun, ph qun, cung phi) v vng trao i kh (ph nang), ni xy t khng kh vo mu v ioxit cacbon t mu khuych tn vo khng kh. Hp th ha cht qua da Mt trong nhng ng xm nhp ca ha cht vo c th l qua da. dy ca da cng vi s m hi v t chc m lp di da c tc dng nh mt hng ro bo v chng li vic ha cht xm nhp vo c th v gy cc tn thng cho da. Ha cht dy dnh trn da c th c cc phn ng sau: - Phn ng vi b mt ca da gy vim da x pht; - Xm nhp qua da, kt hp vi t chc protein gy cm ng da. - Xm nhp qua da vo mu. Qua ng tiu ha Do bt cn cht c dnh trn mi, mm ri v tnh nut phi hoc n, ung, ht thuc trong khi bn tay dnh ha cht hoc dng thc n v ung b nhim ha cht l nhng nguyn nhn ch yu ha cht xm nhp vo c th qua ng tiu ha 1.2. Loi ha cht tip xc c tnh l, ha ca ha cht quyt nh kh nng xm nhp ca n vo c th con ngi, chng hn: cc ha cht d bay hi s c kh nng to ra trong khng kh ti ni

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lm vic mt nng cao; cc cht cng d ha tan trong dch th, m v nc th cng c... Do cc phn ng l ha ca cht c vi cc h thng c quan tng ng m c s phn b c bit cho tng cht: + Ha cht c tnh in ly nh ch, bary, tp trung trong xng, bc vng trong da hoc lng ng trong gan, thn di dng phc cht. + Cc cht khng in ly loi dung mi hu c tan trong m tp trung trong cc t chc giu m nh h thn kinh. + Cc cht khng in ly v khng ha tan trong cc cht bo kh nng thm vo cc t chc ca c th km hn v ph thuc vo kch thc phn t v nng cht c. Thng thng khi ha cht vo c th tham gia cc phn ng sinh ha hay l qu trnh bin i sinh hc: oxy ha, kh oxy, thy phn, lin hp. Qu trnh ny c th xy ra nhiu b phn v m trong gan c vai tr c bit quan trng. Qu trnh ny thng c hiu l qu trnh ph v cu trc ha hc v gii c, song c th s to ra sn phm ph hay cc cht mi c hi hn cc cht ban u. Mt s hi, kh c c mi lm cho ta pht hin thy c chng ngay c khi nng nm di mc cho php ca tiu chun v sinh. Nhng sau mt thi gian ngn, mt s s mt mi khin ta khng cm nhn c na v d dng b nhim c (v d H 2S). Mt s hi, kh c khng c mi v li khng gy tc ng kch thch vi ng h hp. y l loi rt nguy him, bi l ta khng th pht hin c bng trc gic ngay c khi chng vt qu tiu chun v sinh cho php. 1.3. Nng v thi gian tip xc V nguyn tc, tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th ph thuc vo lng ha cht hp thu. Trong trng hp hp thu qua ng h hp, lng hp thu ph thuc chnh vo nng ca ha cht trong khng kh v thi gian tip xc. Thng thng, khi tip xc trong thi gian ngn nhng vi nng ha cht cao c th gy ra nhng nh hng cp tnh (nhim c cp), trong khi tip xc trong thi gian di nhng vi nng thp s xy ra hai xu hng: hoc l c th chu ng c, hoc l ha cht c tch lu vi khi lng ln hn, li nh hng mn tnh. 1.4. Tnh mn cm ca ngi tip xc

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C s khc nhau ln trong phn ng ca mi ngi khi tip xc vi ha cht. Tip xc vi cng mt lng trong cng mt thi gian mt vi ngi b nh hng trm trng, mt vi ngi b nh hng nh, c th c mt s ngi nhn bn ngoi khng thy c biu hin g. Phn ng ca tng c th ph thuc vo la tui, gii tnh v tnh trng sc khe... Th d: tr em nhy cm hn ngi ln; bo thai thng rt nhy cm vi ha cht... Do vi mi nguy c tim n, cn xc nh cc bin php cn trng khc nhau vi cc i tng c th. 2. Tc hi ca ha cht i vi c th con ngui Nh gii thch trn, nhng nh hng ca ha cht c th l cp tnh hoc mn tnh ty thuc vo nng v thi gian tip xc. Ha cht cng gy ra nhng phn ng khc nhau do kiu v dng tip xc khc nhau. Theo tnh cht tc ng ca ha cht trn c th con ngi c th phn loi theo cc nhm sau y: - Kch thch gy kh chu. - Gy d ng. - Gy ngt. - Gy m v gy t. - Tc ng n h thng cc c quan chc nng. - Gy ung th. - H bo thai. - nh hng n cc th h tng lai (t bin gien). - Bnh bi phi. 2.1. Kch thch Tc ng kch thch ca ha cht y c ngha l lm cho tnh trng phn c th tip xc vi ha cht b xu i. Cc phn ca c th thng b tc ng ny l da, mt v ng h hp. Kch thch i vi da Khi mt ha cht tip xc vi da, c th chng s lm bin i cc lp bo v khin cho da b kh, x x v xt. Tnh trng ny c gi l vim da (hnh 5). C rt nhiu ha cht gy vim da.
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Kch thch i vi mt Ha cht nhim vo mt c th gy tc ng t kh chu nh, tm thi ti thng tt lu di. Mc thng tt ph thuc vo lng, c tnh ca ha cht v c cc bin php cp cu. Cc cht gy kch thch i vi mt thng l: axt, kim v cc dung mi. Kch thch i vi ng h hp Cc cht ha tan nh: amoniac, fomandehit, sunfur, axt v kim dng m sng, kh hoc hi khi tip xc vi ng h hp trn (mi v hng) s gy ra cm gic bng rt; chng c hp thu v s m t ca ng mi hng. C gng trnh ht phi hi ha cht khi lm vic, c bit khi dng cc dng c nh bnh phun, xt .. Mt vi cht kch thch nh sunfua ioxt, Clo v bi than... tc ng dc theo ng th gy ra vim ph qun, i khi gy tn thng trm trng ng th v m phi. Cc ha cht t tan trong nc s xm nhp vo vng trao i kh. Cc cht ny t xut hin ni lm vic song nhng tn thng m chng gy ra i vi ngi lao ng th rt nghim trng. Phn ng ca ha cht vi m phi gy ra ph phi (dch trong phi) v c th xut hin ngay lp tc hoc sau vi gi. Triu chng bt u vi vic rt kh chu trong phi, tip theo l ho, kh th, xanh tm v khc nhiu m. Cc ha cht ny thng l: ioxt nit, ozon, photgen... 2.2. D ng D ng c th xy ra khi c th tip xc trc tip vi ha cht. Ngi lao ng khi mi tip xc c th khng b d ng, nhng nu tip xc thng xuyn, ngay c vi lng nh th c th thng s phn ng v da hoc ng h hp s b d ng. D ng da Da b d ng c tnh trng ging nh vim da (mn nh hoc l phng nc). Hin tng ny c th khng xut hin ni tip xc m mt ni no trn c th. Nhng cht gy d ng thng gp l nha epoxy, thuc nhum azo, dn xut nha than , axt cromic... D ng ng h hp ng h hp nhy cm l cn nguyn ca bnh hen ngh nghip. Nhng triu chng ca cn bnh ny l ho nhiu v m, kh th, th kh kh v ngn. Cc ha cht gy tc hi ny l: Toluen isoxianat, fomaldehit...
Ghi nh: Tip xc nhiu vi ha cht c th dn n d ng.
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2.3. Gy ngt S ngt th l biu hin ca vic a khng xy vo cc t chc ca c th. C hai dng: ngt th n thun v ngt th ha hc. Ngt th n thun Cht gy ngt n thun thng dng kh nh: CO2, CH4 (m tan), N2, C2H6 ( tan), H2 ...; khi lng cc kh ny tng s lm gim t l xy trong khng kh v gy ngt th; nu khng c cp cu kp thi c th s dn n t vong. Bnh thng khng kh cha khong 21% xy, nu nng xy h xung di 17% th khng p ng nhu cu ca cc t chc c th v xut hin cc triu chng hoa mt, chng mt, bun nn v ri lon hnh vi. Tnh trng ny c th xy ra ni lm vic cht hp, di cc ging v trong cc hm l . Ngt th ha hc Cht gy ngt ha hc ngn cn mu vn chuyn xy ti cc t chc ca c th. Mt trong nhng cht ny l oxt ccbon (gy cacboxyhemoglobin). Ch cn 0,05% oxt ccbon trong khng kh l c th gim ng k kh nng mang xy ca mu ti cc m ca c th. Cc cht khc nh hyro xianua, hoc hyro sunfua...cn tr kh nng tip nhn xy ca t bo, ngay c khi mu giu xy. 2.4. Gy m v gy t Tip xc vi nng cao mt trong cc ha cht nh: etanol, propanol (ancol bo), axeton v metyl-etyxeton (xeton bo), axetylen, hyrocacbon, etyl v isopropyl ete... c th lm suy yu h thn kinh trung ng, gy ngt thm ch dn n t vong. Nhng cht ny gy nh hng tng t nh say ru. Khi tip xc thng xuyn vi cc ha cht ny nng thp mt s ngi b nghin chng. 2.5. Gy tc hi ti h thng cc c quan ca c th C th con ngi c to nn bi nhiu h c quan. Nhim c h thng lin quan ti tc ng ca ha cht ti mt hoc nhiu c quan trong c th, lm nh hng ti ton b c th. nh hng ny khng tp trung mt im no hoc vng no ca c th. Gan mt trong nhng chc nng ca gan l lm sch cht c c trong mu bng cch bin i chng thnh cht khng c v nhng cht c th ha tan trong nc trc khi bi tit ra ngoi. Tuy nhin, mt s ha cht li gy tn thng cho gan. Ty thuc
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vo loi, liu lng v thi gian tip xc m c th dn ti hy hoi m gan, li hu qu x gan v gim chc nng gan. Cc dung mi: alcol, cacbon tetraclorua, tricloetylen, clorofom c th gy tn thng gan, dn n vim gan vi cc triu chng vng da, vng mt. Thn l mt phn ca h tit niu, chc nng ca h tit niu l bi tit (o thi) cc cht cn do c th sinh ra, duy tr s cn bng ca nc v mui, kim sot v duy tr nng axt trong mu. Cc ha cht cn tr thn o thi cht c gm etylen glycol, cacbon isunphua, cacbon tetraclorua, cabon isulphua. Cc hp cht khc nh cami, ch, nha thng, etanol, toluen, xylen... s lm hng dn chc nng ca thn. H thn kinh c th b tn thng do tc ng ca cc ha cht nguy him nh: - Tip xc lu di vi cc dung mi s dn ti cc triu chng mt mi, kh ng, au u v bun nn; nng hn s l ri lon vn ng, lit v suy tri gic. - Tip xc vi hecxan, mangan v ch s lm tn thng h thn kinh ngoi vi, li hu qu lit r c tay. - Tip xc vi cc hp cht c photphat hu c nh parathion c th gy suy gim h thn kinh; cn vi cacbon isunfua c th dn n ri lon tm thn... 3. Cc bin php phng nga Mc ch chung ca vic kim sot ha cht l loi tr hoc lm gim ti mc thp nht mi ri ro bi cc ha cht nguy him, cc sn phm t ha cht gy ra cho con ngi v mi trng. t c iu ny chin lc 4 im trong vic kim sot c p dng loi tr hoc lm gim kh nng tip xc vi ha cht c t ra. Bn nguyn tc c bn ca hot ng kim sot 1/ Thay th: Loi b cc cht hoc cc qu trnh c hi, nguy him hoc thay th chng bng th khc t nguy him hn hoc khng cn nguy him na. 2/ Quy nh khong cch hoc che chn gia ngi lao ng v ha cht nhm ngn cch mi nguy c lin quan ti ha cht i vi ngi lao ng. 3/ Thng gi: s dng h thng thng gi thch hp di chuyn hoc lm gim nng c hi trong khng kh chng hn nh khi, kh, bi, m. 4/ Trang b phng tin bo v c nhn cho ngi lao ng nhm ngn nga vic tip xc trc tip vi ha cht
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2.1. Kim sot h thng Kim sot h thng l mt b phn ca chng trnh kim sot s tip xc vi ha cht xem xt, nh gi nhng hiu qu ca nhng bin php kim sot khc trn c s tp trung vo nhng bin php v nhng quy trnh qun l. Ni dung kim sot tp trung vo nhng ni dung sau: - Nhn din tt c cc ha cht nguy him ang s dng; - Dn nhn; - Cung cp v s dng cc ti liu an ton ha cht; - An ton ca kho; - Th tc vn chuyn an ton; - An ton trong qun l v s dng; - Bin php qun l cng vic; - Th tc loi b; - iu khin s tip xc; - Kim tra sc khe; - Lu gi h s; - Hun luyn v gio dc; 2.1.1. Nhn din ha cht Nguyn tc c bn ca vic nhn din ha cht nguy him l bit nhng ha cht g ang c s dng hoc sn xut; chng xm nhp vo c th bng cch no, gy tn thng v bnh tt g cho con ngi; chng gy hi nh th no i vi mi trng. Thng tin ny c th thu thp qua nhn, cc ti liu v sn phm. Nhng thng tin ch yu gm: Hng dn cch s dng ha cht nh liu lng, s tng tc vi cc ha cht khc; - Ngy ht hn s dng ca ha cht; Nhng ch dn an ton cn thit nh mc qun o bo v, nhng iu cn phi lm khi xy ra s c. - Nhng ch dn c bn v iu kin lu gi thch hp, vic x l cc cht d tha v cc vt cha dng ht ha cht.
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- Nhng ch dn v s cu v li khuyn i vi bc s nhm x l nhng trng hp ng c, nhng bin php gii c c bit cho nhng sn phm c th. - Nhng cnh bo nhm trnh tc hi i vi cc vt nui, sinh vt hoang d v mi trng. 2.1.2. Nhn dn Mc ch ca nhn l truyn t thng tin v cc nguy c ca ha cht, nhng ch dn an ton v cc bin php khn cp (Hnh). *Nhn thng gm nhng thng tin sau: c im nhn dng ca ha cht Biu tng cc nguy c Tn chung v tn thng mi ha cht Tn v lng ca cc hot cht Cng dng ca sn phm S ng k ca sn phm nu nh n l sn phm cn phi c ng k theo quy Tn v a ch ca ngi sn xut, ngi phn phi hoc cc i l Cc bin php lm vic an ton Bt c vn g do php lut quc gia yu cu chng hn nh phi c s chng Nhng vt cha qu nh m nhn dn ln khng th bao gm y thng tin theo yu cu phi c t ch dn c nh chc vo vt cha. Mun s dng ha cht mt cch an ton th trc ht ngi s dng phi c, hiu v tun th nhng ch dn ghi trn nhn. Nu khng hiu nhng ch dn th phi hi ngi c kinh nghim. Nu nhn qu nh v khng th c c th phi dng knh phng to hoc nh ngi no tinh mt c gip. Nu nh nhn b rch hoc b nhu nt phi yu cu ngi cung cp i vt cha khc c nhn hp php. Ha cht c th c rt t vt cha c dn nhn sang vt cha hoc thit b khc. Khi , nhng ngi c trch nhim trong vic chuyn rt ha cht phi dn nhn chnh xc tt c cc vt cha. Bt k mt ha cht no m khng c nhn th s khng c chuyn rt. Nhn mi t nht phi c cc ni dung sau: Cng dng, thnh phn v cc nguy c;
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nh ca php lut -

nhn ca c quan thm quyn theo quy nh ca cc iu lut c bit ...

hp l

Cch s dng sn phm an ton; v Cc bin php khn cp.

Ghi nh: Mi mt vt cha ha cht ti ni lm vic d ln hay nh u phi c nhn 3.1.3. Bn d liu an ton ha cht Vi mi ha cht nguy him c s dng trong doanh nghip phi lun c sn nhng bn d liu v an ton ha cht. Trong , ti thiu phi c nhng thng tin c bn hng dn cch s dng ha cht an ton, t hiu qu; thng tin v cc bin php phng nga thch hp (gm c hng mc trang thit b bo v c nhn) v cc bin php khn cp. *Bn d liu an ton ha cht thng bao gm cc thng tin sau: - Tn ca ha cht (km theo tn thng mi v tn thng gi nu c) - Thnh phn ca ha cht - Tn v a ch ca ngi cung cp hoc ni sn xut - Cc nguy c c xc nh - Nhng bin php s cu, nhng bin php phng chng chy, bin php x l kh c - Cch s dng v lu gi ha cht - Kim sot s tip xc v bo v c nhn - Tnh cht vt l v tnh cht ha hc - Thng tin v c hc - Thng tin v sinh thi hc - Thng tin v mua bn, vn chuyn - Thng tin v cc quy nh ca php lut (cc quy inh v nhn, du...) - Nhng thng tin khc (gm c ti liu tham kho). Ghi nh: Nu thiu bn d liu an ton ha cht, th phi yu cu ngi cung cp p ng ngay lp tc.

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III. AN TON THIT B P LC

1. Gii thiu chung Cc s c xy ra trong qu trnh vn hnh thit b p lc lun i km theo cc tai nn gy chn thng v cht ngi nghim trng. Mi nm c hng trm s c nghim trng xy ra i vi thit b p lc gy chn thng nng v cht hng chc ngi. Trong phm vi bi vit ny chng ti xin a ra mt s bin php lm gim thiu cc ri ro trong qu trnh lm vic vi cc thit b p lc khng phi l chai hoc bn cha kh di ng. Cc bin php an ton i vi chai v bn cha kh di ng s c trnh by trong mt bi vit khc. Thit b p lc c hiu l bt k h thng hay thit b no lm vic vi cht lng hoc cht kh c p sut cao hn p sut kh quyn. Cc mi nguy him chnh i km vi thit b p lc: Thit b c th b n v gy va p v km sng n gy sc p ln con ngi v thit b ln cn. Mi cht bn trong h thng thot ra ngoi do n v, r r gy bng, ng c cho con ngi Cc cht d chy khi thot ra ngoi gy ha hon. Cc nguyn nhn c bn gy ra s c i vi bnh chu p lc bao gm: Thit b c thit k khng ng theo iu kin lm vic. Lp t sai quy cch Sa cha hoc ci to khng ng quy trnh k thut. iu kin bo dng km. Vn hnh khng ng do ngi vn hnh khng c hun luyn hoc khng c gim st, nhc nh y Ri ro i km vi thit b p lc ph thuc vo cc yu t sau: p sut bn trong h thng Loi mi cht cha bn trong h thng v tnh cht ca n. Cht lng thit k, ch to, lp t thit b. Thi gian vn hnh v iu kin lm vic ca thit b. Tnh phc tp ca quy trnh vn hnh. Tnh khc nghit ca iu kin vn hnh (v d iu kin nhit cao hoc thp, mi cht gy mi mn, n mn, nt v.v.) V nht l trnh tay ngh v s hiu bit ca nhng ngi thit k, ch to, lp t, bo tr, nghim th v vn hnh h thng thit b p lc.

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2. Cc bin php gim thiu ri ro 2.1. Vn an ton phi c quan tm ngay t khi t hng, mua sm thit b: Khi lp mi thit b, phi m bo rng thit b c thit k ph hp vi iu kin s dng v tun th y cc quy nh trong cc tiu chun an ton hin hnh (TCVN 6153: 1996 n TCVN 6156: 1996 cho bnh p lc, TCVN 6004:1995 n TCVN 6007: 1995 i vi ni hi, TCVN 6008:1995 v cht lng mi hn thit b p lc, TCVN 6413:1998 i vi ni hi ng l ng la, TCVN 6104:1996 i vi h thng lnh, TCVN 6486:1999 i vi bn LPG, TCVN 6158:1996 v TCVN 6159:1996 i vi ng ng dn hi nc v nc nng v.v.). Tuy nhin c mt iu cn lu l cc tiu chun ni trn thng ch a ra cc yu cu ht sc c bn, c th thit k chi tit thng phi da vo cc tiu chun thit k ca nc ngoi nh ASME, TEMA, BS, DIN, JIS v.v. trn c s m bo cc yu cu quy nh ca tiu chun Vit Nam. Thit b phi c ch to t cc vt liu ph hp vi mi cht v iu kin lm vic. Quy trnh cng ngh phi c la chn sao cho qu trnh thao tc t gy nh hng nht n thit b (v d khng cn phi leo ln trn thit b, khng phi g, p ln thit b v.v.) Ht sc cn thn khi sa cha hay ci to cc thit b p lc. Vic sa cha, ci to phi theo cc phng n k thut c lp ra mt cch cht ch, chi tit v c thc hin bi nhng ngi, n v c y nng lc, php nhn. Qu trnh sa cha, ci to phi c gim st cht ch. Thit b phi c kim tra v nghim th y sau khi ci to, sa cha. 2.2. Ngi qun l, vn hnh v bo dng phi nm y iu kin vn hnh ca thit b: Nm c loi mi cht ang c tn tr, x l v vn chuyn bn trong thit b v cc c tnh ca n (v d: c tnh, kh nng chy n ,v.v.) Nm c iu kin vn hnh ca thit b, v d nh: p sut, nhit , iu kin mi mn, n mn v.v. Nm c thng s gii hn phm vi vn hnh an ton ca thit b cng nh tt c cc thit b khc c lin quan trc tip hoc b nh hng trc tip bi thit b p lc. Phi son lp c cc hng dn vn hnh v x l s c chi tit cho tng b phn cng nh i vi ton b h thng thit b. Phi m bo rng cng nhn vn hnh, sa cha v tt c nhng ngi c lin quan c hng dn, hun luyn, kim tra chi tit v quy trnh vn hnh v x l s c (xem thm on vit v hun luyn di y) 2.3. Phi lp t y cc thit b bo v v m bo cho chng lun trng thi sn sng lm vic: Cc thit b bo v nh van an ton, r le p sut cng nh cc thit b bo v khc c mc ch ngt thit b khi p sut, nhit , mc mi cht bn trong thit b vt qu mc cho php phi lp t y trn bnh p lc, h thng ng.
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Cc thit b bo v phi c cn chnh, ci t cc thng s tc ng ph hp. Nu c cc thit b bo ng, cc thit b ny phi c lp t sao cho cc tn hiu m thanh, nh sng ca chng l d nhn thy nht. Phi m bo rng cc thit b bo v lun lun tnh trng hon ho, sn sng hot ng. Cc thit b x t ng nh van an ton, mng phng n phi c ng x dn ra v tr an ton. Phi m bo rng ch nhng ngi c trch nhim v thm quyn c php thay i cc thng s ci t ca cc thit b bo v. 2.4. Thc hin y qu trnh bo dng thit b: Mi n v sn xut phi lp c k hoch bo dng cho ton b h thng cc thit b p lc trong n v. K hoch bo dng phi tnh n cc c im ring bit ca tng thit b nh tui th, c im vn hnh, mi trng lm vic ca thit b v.v. Lun quan tm n nhng biu hin bt thng trong h thng , v d: nu van an ton thng xuyn tc ng c ngha l h thng b qu p mt cch bt thng hoc van an ton khng tt. Lun kim tra, pht hin cc biu hin mi mn v n mn Trc khi thc hin vic bo dng, sa cha phi m bo x ht p sut bn trong h thng, lm v sinh y . Phi thc hin y cc bin php v quy trnh an ton trong qu trnh sa cha, bo dng. 2.5. Thc hin y qu trnh o to, hun luyn: Tt c nhng ngi vn hnh, bo dng, sa cha v lm cc cng vic c lin quan n thit b p lc c bit l nhng cng nhn mi phi c hun luyn, o to mt cch y . Vic hun luyn phi c thc hin li trong cc trng hp sau: Khi thay i cng vic Khi thit b hoc quy trnh vn hnh thay i Sau mt thi gian ngng lm vic hoc chuyn lm vic khc. Sau mi nh k hng nm. 2.6. Thit b phi c ng k v kim nh y : - Theo quy nh hin hnh, tt c cc thit b sau y: Bnh p lc c p sut lm vic ln hn 0,7 kG/cm2, dung tch ln hn 25 lt, Ni hi c p sut lm vic ln hn 25 lt, ni un nc nng c nhit nc ln hn 115 oC ng ng dn hi nc bo ho c ng knh t 76 mm tr ln, ng ng dn hi qu nhit c ng knh t 51 mm tr ln. ng ng dn kh t.

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phi c kim nh an ton bi cc Trung tm kim nh v ng k s dng ti cc S Lao ng TBXH a phng trc khi a vo s dng cng nh phi c kim nh nh k bi cc Trung tm kim nh trong qu trnh s dng. Th tc thc hin vic kim nh c nu trong thng t s 23/2003/TT-BLTBXH ngy 3/11/2003 ca B Lao ng TBXH. - Thi hn kim nh quy nh trong cc tiu chun k thut an ton thay i theo tng loi thit b, tuy nhin thng c cc k hn sau: 3 nm mt ln khm xt bn trong, bn ngoi, 6 nm mt ln khm xt km theo th thy lc i vi bnh p lc. 2 nm mt ln khm xt bn trong, bn ngoi, 6 nm mt ln khm xt km theo th thy lc i vi ni hi. i vi h thng lnh, chu k khm nghim l 5 nm mt ln khm xt km theo th bn, trong thi gian 5 nm ny s thc hin mt ln khm xt 3 nm sau khi nghim th.

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IV. AN TON KHI VO KHU VC KHNG GIAN HN CH 1. Cc khi nim Khu vc khng gian hn ch l khu vc c xc nh v c nhng c im sau : o Chu p sut kh quyn khi lm vic o Khng c dung nh l ni lm vic thng xuyn o i hi nhng phng tin bt buc phi c khi vo o Mi trng khng kh thiu xi o H thng thng gi khng y hoc khng kh b nhim bi Cht gy nhim : Bi, khi, sng m, hi, kh gas hay cc cht khc c th gy hi ( bao gm : khi Cacbon, kh mtan, CO2 , xng, du) Giy php lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch: Giy php do ngi cp php ban hnh cho php ngi lao ng thc hin cng vic theo nhng hng dn phng nga mt cch an ton trong phm vi c php. Cn b cp giy php : Mt ngi c o to v c hiu bit v chuyn mn c Gim c X nghip / D n y quyn trong vic cp giy php, c quyn cp Giy php lm vic v chu trch nhim ton b i vi vic kim tra khu vc, xc nh cc phng thc kim sot an ton cn c v ghi vo Giy php lm vic. Ngi c php thc hin cng vic : Ngi hoc nhng ngi c cho php thc hin cng vic trong phm vi Giy php lm vic. Ngi ny chu trch nhim trc tip kim tra v phi tun th ng cc yu cu trong Giy php lm vic. Cn b ph trch an ton : Mt ngi c y quyn v c o to thc hin vic th nghim khng kh v hay gas ti khu vc khng gian hn ch. 2. Khng gian hn ch Khu vc khng gian hn ch c th bao gm nhng khng ch trong gii hn ny: Cc thng kt cha, xe ch du, thng ch bin, ni hi, bnh p sut, b nc, b nhin liu, b bn, silo v thng cha khc. Khng gian m nh hm h cng rnh, hm l, ng dn v cc cu trc tng t. Cc khu vc trn tu, thuyn, x lan i vo thng qua mt ca xung hm tu hay v tr c bit i vo, khoang hng ho, cc khoang cha y i, cc kt du v kt dn, cc khoang trng bao gm c cc khoang cha hng kh.
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Khi vo cc khu vc nh vy, cn phi xem xt cn thn cc bin php an ton cho ngi lm vic. Ngoi vic cung cp y khng kh v thng gi tt cn phi xem xt cc yu t nh hng nh chy n, li ra vo, li thot khn cp. C th phn cc khu vc khng gian hn ch thnh cc loi chnh nh sau : Loi 1 Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt c ri ro tim nng cao t nhiu cht gy nhim khc nhau khng c xc nh hay kim sot d dng. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi mt : Cc cht gy nhim mc cao nht Cc cht gy nhim khng c xc nh nhng b kh nghi Khng c kh nng thng gi Khng c kh nng bo m vic cch ly hon ton S i li v / hoc ng i li kh khn hay nguy him Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hin i vi loi ny. Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh. Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phi trang b Bnh dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c. Loi 2 Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi hai c ri ro tim nng cao t cc cht gy nhim c nhn bit. Khng gian hn ch loi hai khng c php ra vo thng xuyn mc d cc iu kin c th kim sot c trc khi vo. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi hai : Kh gas d chy n c bit n Cc ngun cht gy nhim c th kim sot c C th kim sot c hay d on cc dng cht lng vo S thng gi km S ra vo b hn ch. Cc bin php kim tra nng cc cht d chy n phi c thc hin i vi loi ny. Ngi c php thc hin cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi mt phi eo Bnh dng kh. Ngi cnh gii bn ngoi cng phi trang b Bnh
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dng kh bn mnh nhm mc ch cu gip lc xy ra s c. Cc trang b an ton bo h lao ng phi c s dng bt k lc no m bo vic vo khng gian hn ch loi hai mt cch an ton. Loi 3: Khu vc khng gian hn ch loi ba thng c cch ly t cc ngun ri ro tim tng. Cc khu vc khng gian hn ch ny c i li thng xuyn di cc iu kin c kim sot. Nhng iu kin sau c th c trong loi 3 : Cc cht gy nhim c cch ly Vic pht thi cc cht gy nhim c kim sot Cc iu kin i li thch hp nh sng Khi thc hin cng vic phi tin hnh gim st lin tc trong khu vc khng gian hn ch loi 3 v phi s dng trang b an ton bo h lao ng. Loi 4: Khu vc loi 4 c tim nng ri ro kh quyn rt thp. Vic i vo v lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c thc hin ph hp cc quy trnh an ton ca Cng ty. Thng thng cc khu vc khng gian hn ch loi bn c : Li ra vo khng b hn ch Thng gi tt D on v kim sot c cc cht gy nhim vi ri ro thp nh sng tt Ngi gim st c trch nhim m bo rng khng kh khu vc kn loi ny khng th xy ra tnh trng b gy nhim hay thiu kh xy. 3. iu kin i vo Nu cn phi i vo khu vc khng gian hn ch th phi thc hin nhng xem xt sau: Tin hnh phn tch an ton cng vic vi i cng tc Xc nh loi khu vc khng gian hn ch nh gi tt c cc hot ng c xut v cc quy trnh cng vic, c bit nhng hot ng c th gy ra s thay i v iu kin trong khu vc khng gian hn ch.

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Xem xt tnh hp l v an ton ca ton b khu vc lm vic v iu kin v nh sng Xem xt cc bc c thc hin trong vic to ra p sut khng kh trong khu vc lm vic (v d nh thng gi) Xem xt kim tra nng khng kh v nh gi gii hn trc khi cp giy php lm vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch. Xem xt tt c cc mi nguy hi c th xy ra bao gm c mi nguy hi ni lm vic thng xuyn. Xc nhn kh nng thc hin cng vic v tnh trng sc kho ca nhn vin c php thc hin cng vic v ngi cnh gii bn ngoi m bo hng dn y cho ngi lao ng, gm vic s dng nhng thit b bo h lao ng hay thit b my mc tr th m bo cc trang thit b bo h lao ng thch hp c chun b y , qun o bo h lao ng v thit b cu gip cho tt c ngi lao ng c kh nng vo lm vic hay vo cu gip trong khu vc khng gian hn ch m bo khu vc s thc hin cng vic c vt chn v treo bin cm khng c php vo Xem xt cc phng php bo v b xung khc nh: Xem xt cch b tr cu h Hnh dng v qui m ca khu vc khng gian hn ch Bn cht cng vic c thc hin Cc vt cn trong khu vc kn cng nh kch c v v tr ca cc li ra vo S ngi i vo khu vc khng gian hn ch Cn c mt s ngi bn ngoi khu vc khng gian hn ch bo v thit b cn thit cho cng vic khu vc khng gian hn ch cng nh m bo trao i thng tin thun li v/hoc theo di ngi thc hin cng vic trong khu vc kn v thc hin cc quy trnh cu gip mt cch ng n nu cn thit. 4. Bin php phng. Li vo trong khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c chiu sng tt v ng quy nh.

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Trc khi c php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi xc minh c th mang theo thit b th vo c khng. Trong mi trng hp cc thit b hi sc cp cu phi c t ca i vo khu vc kn v sn sng s dng S lng ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch phi c hn ch, ch cho php nhng ngi tht cn thit vo lm vic v m bo c th cu thot h khi c tnh hung khn cp xy ra. Phi c t nht mt ngi cnh gii ti ca ra vo trong sut thi gian c ngi lm trong khu vc kn. Sn sng cc trang thit b cu ngi b nn trong khu vc kn (Bnh kh th, dy ai eo cho ngi c cu nn, thit b 3 chn th dy cu nn, gung quay chng ri, n pin...) phng trng hp s c. Phi c mt h thng thng tin lin lc ph hp ng tin cy v c chnh nhng ngi tham gia lm vic trong khu vc kim tra m bo mi ngi trong khu vc khng gian hn ch u c th lin lc vi ngi ng cnh gii ca ra vo. Vic thng gi phi lin tc trong thi gian c ngi lm khu vc khng gian hn ch. Trong trng hp h thng thng gi b hng, mi ngi lm vic trong khu vc kn phi ri khi ngay lp tc. Khng kh phi c kim tra mt cch nh k trong khi c ngi lm vic khu vc khng gian hn ch v mi ngi phi c hng dn ri khi khu vc kn nu thy tnh hnh tr nn xu hn. Nu thy kh khn hoc nguy him th phi dng ngay cng vic trong khu vc khng gian hn ch v ngi lm trong khu vc phi ra ngoi c th kim tra li tnh hung. Nu ngi lm vic trong khu vc kn cm thy c nguy him th ngi phi dng tn hiu quy nh bo cho ngi cnh gii li vo bit v lp tc ri khi khu vc 5. Cch ly Phi c s cho php ca ngi c thm quyn trc khi cch ly bt k h thng hay my mc thit b no.

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Vic cch ly ngun nc, cht thi, my mc ang hot ng, in nng hay bt c ngun nng lng no khc l cn thit v c th to ra mi nguy hi trong qu trnh lm vic khu vc khng gian hn ch. Cn b cp giy php phi thc hin cc bc mt cch tch cc m bo: Phng nga vic a thm bt c nguyn vt liu no nh nc, cht thi hay cht gy nhim Ngt my v kho my hay ngt my v treo th ngng s dng i vi van, my mc, thit b c cc b phn chuyn ng, hoc nu c th thc hin c hai bin php Cch ly tt c cc ngun nng lng cho d chng c bn ngoi nhng c kh nng gy nh hng n khng gian kn (v d: cc phng tin lm lnh hay si nng) Bt c my mc no cng ch c vn hnh li sau khi c s xc nhn ca ngi c php rng tt c mi ngi ri khi khu vc kn v cng vic hon tt.

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V. GIY PHP LM VIC 1. Mt s khi nim. H thng Giy php lm vic l mt trong nhng phng php chnh thc v chi tit nhm m bo an ton cho cng vic. H thng ny c duy tr trong khi thc hin nhng cng vic khng theo thng l v trong khi thc hin nhng cng vic c tn ti nhng mi nguy him tim tng. m bo cho ngi lao ng thc hin cng vic mt cch an ton v hiu qu, h thng ny phi c xy dng thnh bn tho thun bng vn bn gia ngi c thm quyn c trch nhim cp giy php lm vic v ngi c cp giy php lm vic. Giy php lm vic: Giy php do ngi cp php ban hnh cho php ngi lao ng thc hin cng vic mt cch an ton trong phm vi c php. Ngi c php thc hin cng vic: Ngi hoc nhng ngi c cho php thc hin cng vic trong phm vi Giy php lm vic, chu trch nhim trc tip kim tra vic thc hin cc yu cu trong Giy php lm vic. Ngi cp php: Ngi c quyn cp Giy php lm vic v chu trch nhim ton b i vi vic kim tra khu vc, xc nh cc phng thc kim sot an ton cn c v ghi vo Giy php lm vic. Ngi lnh o (gim st an ton ) duy tr hot ng ca H thng Giy php lm vic mt cch c hiu qu; ng thi m bo CBCNV nm r v c o to v hot ng ca Giy php lm vic. Cng vic khng cn giy php lm vic. Nhng hot ng lin quan n cng vic hng ngy v cc hot ng theo qu trnh (bao gm bt u, cch thc hot ng v kt thc), vic bo dng thng thng v cc hot ng ca cc on kim tra, cc gim st v khch thm quan nhn chung u khng cn Giy php lm vic nhng phi c s ng ca ngi qun l trc tip v ngi qun l phi m bo rng cc cng vic ny l an ton v khng nh hng n cng vic chung. Nhng cng vic thc hin nhm kim sot hoc phng nga s leo thang ca tnh hung khn cp cng khng cn Giy php lm vic. 2. Giy php lm vic.

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Giy php lm vic l tho thun c bt tch gia ngi c thm quyn cho php lm vic (ghi trong Giy php lm vic l Ngi cho php) v ngi c php lm vic (ghi trong Giy php lm vic l Ngi c php thc hin cng vic). Ngi c php thc hin cng vic c Ngi cho php cp Giy php lm vic trc khi bt u lm vic. Cc bc phi thc hin trc khi tin hnh cp mt giy php lm vic: Phn tch an ton cng vic chun b c thc hin (JSA) m bo tt c cc quy nh, th nghim an ton (bao gm c cc cng tc cch ly) phi c thc hin. m bo tt c mi ngi lao ng tin hnh cng vic lin quan nhn thc v hiu r cng vic sp tin hnh. m bo cc bin php, cc dng c thit b h tr c lin quan c chun b y . Phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA) : i lin vi vic cp Giy php lm vic cn phi tin hnh cng tc phn tch an ton cng vic (JSA) trc khi thc hin cng vic. Cc Nguy him phi c xc nh v nh gi ri ro cn phi thc hin thng qua phn tch an ton JSA hay HAZID. Mi cng vic chun b cng phi c xem xt trong khi phn tch an ton v c th bao gm c cc cng vic nh gim p, x, lm sch, v sinh thng thong, th kh dc, .... Giy php lm vic c lm thnh 2 bn v phn phi nh sau: Mt bn treo ti ni lm vic hoc do Ngi c php thc hin cng vic ct gi (bn gc). Mt bn c Ngi cp php lu (bn copy). Sau khi hon thnh cng vic, bn gc Giy php lm vic phi c ngi Gim st qun l trc tip thu hi li lu h s. Bn ny phi c y ch k xc nhn cng vic hon thnh. Ngi c cp giy php lm vic phi ch : Nm r thi hn s dng ca Giy php lm vic (khng qu 12 gi). m bo phn phi Giy php hp l v treo ti cc im thch hp. m bo nhng iu nghim cm c tun th nghim ngt v dng thc hin khi c s c.
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Khi c ting chung bo ng chung v xy ra tnh hung khn cp, tt c nhng Giy php lm vic s ht gi tr s dng ngay lp tc. Sau khi tnh hung khn cp xy ra (tr trng hp din tp), Ngi c thm quyn phi cp Giy php lm vic mi trc khi bt u li cng vic. Khi cng vic hon thnh, ngay lp tc kt thc s dng Giy php lm vic, khng i n khi ht ca lm vic. Tt c Giy php lm vic phi c lu h s sau khi hon thnh cng vic. 3. Cng vic cn giy php lm vic. a. Cng vic lin quan ti cht phng x. Giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x s c cn b k thut v phng x yu cu v c xc nhn ca cn b ph trch phng x d n hoc nhn vin an ton phng x. Sau khi giy php tin hnh cng vic phng x (mu giy qui nh ti ph lc 3) c xc nhn, th giy php s c trnh ti ph trch an ton X nghip/D n, hoc ngi i din c ph chun trc khi tin hnh cng vic phng x. Ph trch k thut v cng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s chu trch nhim thng bo trc cho cc b phn lin quan khc bit c th v ngy, gi v v tr bt u tin hnh cng vic phng x. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic phng x. Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khng thc hin c cng vic phng x nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut v cng vic phng x hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton v tt c cc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i . b. Vo khu vc khng gian hn ch. Trc khi cho php ngi vo khu vc khng gian hn ch, phi tin hnh kim tra nng kh d chy, kh oxy v s tn ti ca mt s cht c hi cho sc kho. Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton chi tit khu vc khng gian hn ch, ni cn tin hnh cng vic.
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Cn b gim st ph trch cng vic vit giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch theo mu v trnh b phn qun l an ton ph duyt. Trch nhim ca cn b gim st m bo rng khng ngi no vo trong khu vc khng gian hn ch trc khi kim tra nng kh d chy v nng oxy c xc nhn ph hp tin hnh cng vic. Li vo khng gian hn ch phi c t bin bo thch hp vi dy chng cnh bo t tm nhn ph hp hoc t bin Khng vo. H thng thng gi bt buc phi c b tr ngay lp tc sau khi m ming cng/li vo khu vc khng gian hn ch c m, v b tr thit b sao cho khng cn tr li ra vo. Cn b gim st cng vic s i cng v gip nhn vin an ton c phn cng kim tra nng kh d chy, nng kh oxy. Cn b gim st s ch ra v tr chnh xc khu vc khng gian hn ch cn vo. Nhn vin an ton s tin hnh kim tra nng cc kh theo qui nh xem khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch c m bo an ton cho ngi vo m khng cn s dng mt n phng c hoc my dng kh. Nu khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch cn tn ti nhng nguy him th h thng thng gi bt buc phi tip tc hot ng v b tr tng thm my cho ti khi khng kh bn trong c xem xt an ton vo. Kim tra cc kh qui nh khc cng phi tin hnh nh vy nh vy. Nu khng kh trong khu vc khng gian hn ch vn cn tn ti nhng nguy him khi vo th tt c cc bc thc hin trn s c lp li cho ti khi khng kh c xc nhn l an ton vo. Nhn vin an ton ch ph duyt giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch sau khi chng minh y rng tt c cc qui nh phng nga an ton c thc hin y Thi hn hiu lc ca giy php vo khu vc khng gian hn ch s c ghi r trong giy php. Mi ln khu vc khng gian hn ch c kim tra v ph chun an ton vo thi trc ca li vo treo bng kt qu kim tra khng kh, khng kh s c kim tra nh k v lin tc cp nht kt qu ln bng.

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Khi c bt k s thay i no ca hon cnh so vi thi im kim tra th ngay lp tc giy php hin ti s mt hiu lcv mt giy php mi phi c s dng. Ngi ng trng bn ngoi s yu cu mi ngi ri khi khu vc khng gian hn ch trong trng hp c s c khn cp. c. Ty ra ho cht. Giy php tin hnh cng vic ty ra phi c ph duyt trc khi tin hnh cng vic. Cng nhn tin hnh cng vic ty ra s c ch dn an ton trong s dng, vn chuyn, bo qun v hnh ng trong trng hp c s c khn cp. Phi trang b cho cng nhn trang thit b bo v c nhn ph hp theo qui nh ca X nghip. Phi lp hng ro cch ly ngn chn nhng ngi khng c nhim v o c vo v t nhng bin thng bo thch hp xung quanh khu vc ty ra ho cht. Ngi gim st cng vic ty ra ho cht s trnh giy php tin hnh cng vic ty ra ho cht cho nhn vin an ton sau khi lp xong. Nhn vin an ton s kim tra khu vc tin hnh ty ra m bo rng tt c nhng yu cu trong giy php c tin hnh thch hp. Nu cc yu cu trong giy php c thc hin y th nhn vin an ton gi giy php ti cc b phn lin quan, nu c yu cu no cha c thc hin th nhn vin an ton ch cho ngi gim st hon thnh cc yu cu . d. Cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in. Giy php tin hnh cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in s c ngi tin hnh cng vic lp v c xc nhn ca nhn vin k thut ph trch v in. Sau khi vic lp giy php c hon thnh th s c trnh ti cn b qun l an ton hoc ngi i din c ph duyt trc khi cng vic v in c tin hnh. Cn b k thut ph trch cng vic vn hnh v s dng thit b in hoc ngi i din s chu trch nhim thng bo cho cc b phn khc c th ngy, gi v v tr trc khi tin hnh cng vic v in. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic v in. Nu c bt k s thay i no trong k hoch hoc nu s ph chun khng thc hin c cng vic v in nh d kin cng vy, ph trch k thut cng vic v in
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hoc ngi i din s thng bo cho b phn qun l an ton v tt c cc b phn lin quan v nhng thay i . h. Giy php vt nng. Giy php cu vt nng nhm m bo rng cc cn cu v tt c cc thit b nng lin quan s dng nng vt c tm vi vt qu 50m hoc cc cu tng c kim tra v c iu kin thch hp vi mc tng xng ca ngi c bng cp v cung cp cc thit b ph hp tin hnh cng vic. Trc khi tin hnh cng vic, ngi s dng phi trnh giy php yu cu ti cc b phn lin quan nh l k s ph trch vic cu, b phn qun l vt t, b phn qun l an ton m bo rng tt c c kim tra trc khi nng. Cc b phn lin quan, khi nhn yu cu cn tin hnh kim tra v m bo rng tt c cc iu kin sn sng cho hot ng nng. Giy php s ch c gi i sau khi ph trch an ton d n hoc ngi i din kim tra li v xc nhn rng tt c cc kin ngh v bin php phng nga an ton c tun th y bi ngi thc hin cng vic nng. Giy php c gi li b phn qun l an ton ngay sau khi kt thc cng vic. e. Giy php th p sut cao. Giy php th p sut cao nhm m bo rng tt c cc thit b th p sut v hot ng th trong khong gii hn an ton gim ti a nhng nguy c tai nn cho ngi hoc nguy him cho thit b. K s, gim st ph trch tin hnh cng vic th p sut cao phi lp yu cu giy php vi nhng thng tin chi tit t m v trnh b phn qun l an ton. Khi giy php lm vic c trnh ln, nhn vin ph trch an ton phi tin hnh kim tra khu vc th p sut theo nhng yu cu trong giy php m bo rng cch ly khu vc th bng vic chng dy khu vc v t nhng bin bo cn thit. Sau khi giy php c kim tra v c ph chun, giy php s c gi ti cc b phn lin quan v dn gn bng thng bo. Khu vc th p sut cao lun lun c gim st, ngn chn ngi khng c nhim v khng c vo. 4. Hiu lc ca Giy php lm vic.

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Giy php lm vic c hiu lc trong vng 12 ting k t lc thc hin cng vic cho php trong Giy php lm vic. Trng hp c bo ng tnh hung khn cp xy ra, tt c cc Giy php lm vic t ng ht hiu lc. Gim st HSE c trch nhim xc nh tnh hung khn cp qua v thi gian bt u lm vic tr li. Cng vic c m t trong Giy php lm vic ch tip tc c thc hin khi Ngi cp php cp li Giy php lm vic khc. Giy php lm vic phi ht hiu lc ngay khi cc iu kin quy nh trong Giy php khng c duy tr. Cng vic m t trong Giy php ch tip tc c thc hin khi Ngi cp php cp li Giy php lm vic khc. Giy php lm vic c th b thu hi hay hu b khi cc iu kin lm vic thay i. Giy php lm vic ch c cp mi khi cc iu kin ti ni lm vic p ng yu cu ca Giy php. Ngi cp php v ngi s dng Giy php lm vic phi c o to, hng dn y v H thng cho php lm vic. H s o to c lu tr ti B phn ph trch HSE ca X nghip. 5. Cng vic cch ly. Trc khi cp Giy php lm vic cch ly, Ngi cp php phi xem xt cc ngun nng lng tim tng c kh nng nh hng n cng vic. Cn xc nh nhng im khng an ton v cch ly nhm m bo cho ngi lao ng c th thc hin cng vic mt cch an ton. Quy trnh lm vic cch ly c lin quan n vic t bin bo NGUY HIM, KHNG C VN HNH ti cc a im c cch ly. Khu vc cch ly khng cn hiu lc v cc bin bo phi c tho d trc khi ngng cho php lm vic.

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