Ss CUTS LONE amazon) ~) soe ee oe aera a ENGLIS COMMUNICATION THEORY AND PRACTICE For Students of Ability Enhancement Compulsory Course (AECC) under CBCS and LOCF, University of Delhi Dr. Manoj Kumar Gargincluding its luced, stored All Rights Reserved : No part of this book, style and presentation, may by reproduced, retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by SE ain otherwise without the prior written consent of the at i ‘Warning : The doing of an unauthorised act in relation cay wok mayen bth cc or dames criminal prosecution, Special Note : Photocopy or Xeroxing of educational bo without the written permission of publisher is illegal and against Copyright Act. ad monn Teter MKM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. New Delhi Sales Office : MKM Publishers Pvt. Ltd. 4782, 23 Darya Ganj, New Delhi-110002 Phones : 011- 40224951, Mob: 9810153571 © Manoj Kumar Garg First Edition January, 2016 Fifth Revised Edition November, 2020 Printed in India at: Nisha Enterprises Sahibabad, Ghaziabad, UP. . ISBN 978-93-82209-89-81. Communication 2, ‘Types of Communication Language of Communication Levels of Communication Effective Communication Listening and Speaking 7. Monologue and Dialogue . Interview 9 : Group Discussion - Public Speech Reading Comprehension 11-18 21-29 3.1-3.10 41-410 51-57 61-68 7A-7.16 8.1-8.12 91-99 10.1- 10.18 11-1112 120 SEDs. 13.1- 13.12 14.1-14.9 15.1- 15.18 16.1- 16.21 17.1 -17.13 18.1 - 18.16 Q1-Qu3 Q1-Q9CHAPTER 1 COMMUNICATION ) Learning Objectives | After reading this chapter, you'll be able to: know the meaning of communication, learn its importance in social as well as professional life, and % understand the process of communication Introduction ‘All of us are social beings and cannot live in isolation. We are a part of larger society. We are dependent on each other to meet our personal, social, professional, academic, financial and other needs, We talk to each other for this purpose and convey messages. This process is called communication. Whol Db Cnomumication? Communication is a natural activity of all the human nvey feelings, ers through words. signs, signals, symbols or body mo: It is an essential activity throughout. It occurs wherever life exists, All of us communicate whether intentionally or unintentionally. An infant cries to demand water or milk, An adult communicates to meet his/her personal, social, financial and other requirements. However communication is an integral part of all human interactions, but it is first and foremost a social activity. It is one of the essential conditions for social interaction. th is carried out to2 | English Com eae De Manning of Convquyariealion The word communication has its roots in the Latin word Communis. ‘common Itis the process through which one conveys information nd ehdllons RES aT ee ee ee : establish commonniess with otherg (Keith Davis, inhi or defines: “Communication is the transfer of information and understanding from on petson to another person) AY Aid lth VOD dun Canymuiicaion? londabon. Communication takes place when someone transfers information, knowledge o «| understanding to other(s).(At least two parties are involved in the processj One party fusndial transmits a message and the other receives the message as well as understands its intended bev meaning. Either one or both of them can be human beings, non-human beings or non. (oro living things. For instance, a person conveys a message to an animal, and the anim. conveys its feeling to the person. In the similar way, a poster conveys the message. From the above description, you may take communication as a one-sided transmission of information, knowledge, ideas, feelings or thoughts from a person to another person or a group of persons, but it cannot be confined to such one-way transmission. (It is two-sided affair that involves not only the sending of messages, but also includes thei receiving) Hence, communication can be called the process of sharing or exchange of feelings, emotions, ideas or informat th the sender as we ceiver of the message equally participate in the process The sender conveys the message to the receiver, and the receiver, in turn, conveys feedback to the sender. It is an informational intercours through words, signals, signs or symbols that is carried out to bring about mutu: understanding. | ./1.2 Classification of Communication | Communication can be classified into following categories: > — One-way communication > Two-way communication @ One-way Communication Message Communication can include the transmission of information, opinions, feelings, tho words ein,|0.¢ Berson or a group of persons. The sender transmits a message thro words, signs, signals, symbols or/and body movements; and the recelver receives 6 ‘message as well as interprets its intended meanin; ( i f 8 (When the sender communicates Bi = Without expecting or getting feedback, the Sommunication is termed as Ommunication | 13 yay Communication, Feedback is totally absent in this kind of communication) Listening of a recorded song is an example of one-way communication. It can he verbal (oral or— written), non-verbal (without use of words), formal or informal. ‘Two-way Communication Message Sender (¢=——— "> Receiver Feedback ‘Communication involves the sending of a message and receiving of its feedback. Both the sender as well as receiver of the message equally contribute in the process.|The sender transmits a message, and the receiver conveys feedback of the message to the sender. Both of them play reversible and reciprocal roles in the process In case of feedback, the receiver acts as a sender, and the sender becomes r er(hen both the sender and the receiver actively participate in the process, the communication i = Communication, ‘or example, the teacher delivers lecture to the students, and the students ask questions from the teacher. Two-way communication is also referred to as Transactional Communication because the exchange of message and feedback takes place between the sender and the receiver. Like one-way communication, it can also be verbal, non-verbal, formal or informal. Activity :1 Identify which of the following actions is one-way communication and which one is two-way: «A singer is performing on stage and you are listening the song. Ow © Youare playing with ae we ay z © You are watching a movie. yy «The teacher is teaching the students. aK + Your grand-mother is telling youa story. \yyq) 0} - : as, 6 1.3 Importance of Communication Communication has a significant role in everyday GR se steel et ae relations) We converse with our friends, family members, relatives, teachers and others. Most times we share information through speech, writing or other sets of signs and symbols, but sometimes we communicate through body movements. (We meet out personal, emotional, social, educational, financial, professional through communications It is an important well as professional life.el English Comin Communication plays a major AD only in pecan but also professional life, Information is shared, distributed and disseminated within and outs the organization(s). No organization can survive without effective communicati © network; Communicatiog helps in shaping the organizational goals by putting or the objectives to be achieved, and helps the employees to share the common goal(3} not only facilitates organizational goals, but also connects the organization to extern, people, like customers, suppliers, government, civic agencies, banks and other finanei institutions. ‘The world has turned into a global village. Businesses have crossed the boundarie, Companies carry out their business in multiple countries. They need to receive ord and make contact with customers. It is not possible without effective communicatio Moreover, they have turned into multinational companies. They have their units offices in different countries. They need to coordinate with the employees as well as oth people, which is not possible without communication, From the above discussion(it is evident thatcommiunication plays le all spheres of life whether it is society, education, profession, business, or soy Tht importance cannot be realized within a particular field, rather it is the key to success if all walks of life. 1.4 Communication Process Communication is the process of transmitting and receiving message(s). It is a socia interaction where at least two interacting parties areinvolved, A human being can be om of the parties, and the other can be a human being, a non-human being, or a non-livin| thing. One of the patties communicates the message, and the other receives ant understands its intended meaning. It involves the selection, production and transmission of signs and symbols in such a way that the receiver can perceive the meaning 4 communicated message. The process consists of the following elements: UM Sender Sender or transmitter is the source of message and transmits it for a specific purpose ‘ie Process starts when an idea occurs tm senders mind which sftie wants to convey t the other party in order to achieve some objective. At first, s/he formulates a clear dle about the message. Her/his logical faculty and mental attitude shape the message, S/h encodes the idea, and translates it into transmittable symbols, S/he decides the eyrabol medium, time and channel to send the message. The process starts with the sender am ends with her/him by the comprehension of feedback. S/he can be a speaker, actor. For example, the teacher, teaching in the class, is the sender. ‘The «. the process and communicates the message, hence is also known as comm sender caf also be a non-human being or a non-living thing, ~ a writer or a) nder initiate junicator. Thmunication J» 2 Message Message is the idea, emotion, opinion or information that is transmitted by the sender. It “can be verbal (oral or written) or non-verbal (without use of words), Tt exists in sender's jnind: The most important characteristic of message is that it is well organized, structured, shaped and selective; For example, the subject matter, taught by the teacher, is message. Communication is impossible without the existence of message. The message needs to be well-crafted, complete, clear and unambiguous. A. Encoding Encoding is the activity of converting the data or information into codes.jt is the process of translating the message into symbols which can be in the form of w ror actors Stee “Signals, pr fO=viswals, Jt takes place in sender's mind, The sender puts his ideas oF facts into words, symbols, pictures or gestures to make them understand. The symbols are selected by the sender according to the type of message and receivers ability to understand and interpret them correctly. It is a method of providing a structured Bie he ee anatde ge non-verbal) For example, the teacher prepares the topic to teach in the class, and decides the way of teaching whether through lecture or visuals. S/he reads the lesson and translates the symbols into her/his mind. A, Channel receiver; Air and sight are some of important channels of communication The sender selects the channel by keeping the receiver in mind, The choice also depends on the type of message as well as relationship between the sender and the receiver. If both have informal relations, the sender chooses informal channel but in case of organizational communication, s/he chooses formal channel. Similarly, if the message is informal in nature, s/he may choose informal channel; but in case of formal message, s/he maj ay channel. 4 (There is a difference between channel and eb is the aa uvang ‘wh hagrul the message passes whereas medium ij carrier of message For example, in oral communication, air is the channel while voice is the medium. Similarly, letter is the medium while postal or courier service is the channel. Medium plays an important role in the delivery ofa message. Inappropriate medium can mar the very purpose of communication) 5. Receiver Receiver is the party to whom the message is directed, Receiver can be a human being, a non-human being, or a non-living thing. The main function of receiver is to rece message, decode and understand its intended meaning, and conve Receiver is the destination of the message. $/he/it remains at receiving end of the receives and decodes the symbols, signals or words; and draws meaning ¢ out of the communicated message. That's why s/he is also known as ‘decoder’. The receiver1 | can bea reader, a listener, or a viewer, For example, student(s) is the receiver in the ¢ ‘The process of communication is incomplete if there is no receiver. (Se Decoding Decoding means ‘ g Tti performed by the receiver and takes place in her/his mind; It helps the receiver ty interpret meaning from the ae fe mi fis a mental process meaning from the communicated words, signs, signals, symbols or pictures. ‘trans fal information to the best of his/her/its al For example, students listen to the lecture and draw meaning of the communi: words, signs, signals and symbols. 7. Feedback The reaction, response or reply of the receiver is known as feedback, It i response to the message. It confirms the receipt of message,_It is directed toward th sender and completes the communication cycle. Response of the students to the teache will be called feedback. ‘eedback is an important component of communication process. Both the sender’ the receiver play reversible and reciproc: les-inmthe-process.In case of feedbac receiver acts as a sender, and the sender becomes the receiver. Feedback can be used as a tool to measure the effectiveness of communication. The send can determine the success or failure of her/his communtcation-on the basis of recFeedback confirms the receipt of message. It enables the receiver to clear his/her doubts. Ithelps the sender to know receiver's interest. ‘The sender can make necessary change(s) in the message on the basis of received feedback. It encourages interactive communication. It completes the cycle of communication.18 | English Comps Pankaj was puzzled to find Madhu sitting opposite to him. He was deeply infatuated to mesmerizing beauty, In the meantime, the waiter put coffee on the table and move away called the waiter and said to him, “Would you please bring me some salt to put into oY to my ¢ The girls were shocked on hearing this. Their eyes were fixed on Pankaj. His face turned put the salt into the coffee and drank it. Madhu curiously said to Pankaj, “Why do you have this habit?” He replied with tear-filled have spent my childhood in poverty. My parents didnt have enough money to buy sugary they are no more, I always miss them. Whenever I drink salty coffee, they immediately ea my mind.” Madhu was an emotional girl, She was deeply touched on this revelation. This was the beg of their love-story. Madhu considered herself fortunate on having found Pankaj. He met all her demands. He y kind-hearted, loving and caring. Soon they got married. Both were happy on finding cach others life partners, Thanks to salty coffee! Whenever prepared coffe for Pankaj she put some slt inp it because she knew his taste. Twenty years passed and they were leading a happy married lif But one day, Pankaj passed away, Madhu was very sad. After two days, she found a recent written letter from his almirah. The letter said, “My Dearest Madhu, please forgive me for th only lie that told you in my life time, Remember the first day when we met? It was the salt that brought us together, But I want to tell you the fact that [never liked salty coffee. lalways h a bad taste in the mouth whenever I drank the coffee. In fact, that day, I wanted sugar, but I 0 nervous that I asked for salt. It was hard for me to change, so I went ahead. I tried several tim tell you about it, but I could not gather courage. Now I am dying, Iam not afraid of anythit hope you will forgive me for this lie. Having you has been the greatest achievement of my life, I love to have you in my next birth, even if have to drink salty coffee again for the whole of my if Thanks for your love and care.” The letter was wet with her tears. That day onwards, Madhu started to put salt into her coffee ant relished it. Questions: 1. Find the example(s) when Pankaj acts as a sender. 2, Find the example(s) when Madhu acts as a sender. 3. Find the message(s) in both the cases. 4, , Which channel(s) has been used by Pankaj and Madhu to convey the message(s)? Also fin the medium that has been used. Find the receiver(s) of the message(s) in the story. 6, Find the example(s) of feedback in the story. Also describe how they are so 7. Find the example(s) of one-way communication in the story. Also find the example(s) of ‘two-way communication,CHAPTER 2 TYPES OF COMMUNICATION Learning Objectives ‘After reading this chapter, you'll be able to: * * * * know about the types of communication, learn the features of oral and written communication, find the difference between formal and informal communication, as well as understand verbal and non-verbal communication. ~ Introduction Communication is an essential part of human life. We constantly keep on sending messages to different persons in different ways. Sometimes we convey a message by speaking, and sometimes by writing; but sometimes we do not use words to convey the message, rather communicate it through body movement(s) or using a picture, drawing, colour, etc. We cannot convey the messages in the same way all the time. We use different ways in different situations. Keeping in view, the communication can be: > v vv Verbal communication Non-verbal communication Visual communication Formal communication Informal communicationX 2d Identify which of the following. ation is organized, structured h words. i al. ation are univers 4 smal communication. The message has leg Iris carried out throug verbal communic: ation facilitates for n facilitates for future reference. symbols of Verbal communic H validity and can be preserve actions is/are the example(s) of verbal communication: “Ateacher is delivering leture tothe students You are looking ata picture on the wall: ‘A manis groaning. ‘The ringing of bell You are reading newspaper Oral Communication ral communication means ‘transmission of message through spoken words’ In this type jf communication, the sender and the receiver exchange their ideas, feelings, emotions, houghis or information through speaking and listening channel. There can be two or more sersons involve’ in the process who transmit the message through spoken words. The ‘peaker makes use of some precise and distinct sounds, and the receiver hears and decodes hem to understand the meaning of communicated words, phrases and sentences. They a do so either through face-to-face interaction or with the help of some mechanical or ectronic device. e-t01 to-face oral communication is the most recognized form of human communication. t requires the presence of both, the speaker and the listener, at the same time and at theTypes of Communication | 23 same place. Non-verbal means, like body movements, facial expressions, eye-contact, etc, are an essential part of this form of communication. Use of these means enhance the effectiveness of communication. Both the speaker and the listener observe the movements and derive meaning from the non-verbal cues. The listener also has the opportunity to speak-back which enables two-way communication. It can be informal (with friends, family members, or so), or formal (at a formal occasion, like a meeting, seminar or professional presentation). Oral communication can also take place from some distance, but it requires some mechanical, electronic or electrical device, like phone, mike, radio, internet, etc., to transmit the message. In most cases, non-verbal means are not a part of this form of communication, rather tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority over other expressions. It is acommon form of delivery and has made the world a smaller and more accessible place. Advantages of Oral Communication Oral communication has following advantages: > Ibis a fast medium of communication. Oral messages reach to the receiver within no time. > It enables immediate feedback and provides the receiver an opportunity to clear her/his doubts then and there. ‘The speaker can make out reaction(s) of the listener(s) and make required change(s) on the spot. If the message is not clear to the listener(s), s/he can immediately change her/his voice, words or tone to make it clear. v > The speaker can use non-verbal means along with oral communication which enhance the effectiveness of communication. > It-saves time and money as no stationery or material is required to convey an oral message. > Ithelps in developing healthy interpersonal relations as well as adds personal touch to the process of communication, Limitations Oral communication has following limitations: > It is unfit for lengthy messages. Tables, diagrams, pictures, etc., cannot be communicated through oral communication. > Anoral message can or cannot be complete because sometimes the speaker uses short or half sentences. > Oral messages have less legal validity as the person can deny at any point of time ‘whatever s/he said. Most of the times, itis difficult to keep the proof of oral messagesTypes of Communication | ~ same place. Non-verbal means, like body movements, facial expressions, eye-contact, etc., are an essential part of this form of communication. Use of these means enhance the effectiveness of communication. Both the speaker and the listener observe the movements and derive meaning from the non-verbal cues. The listener also has the opportunity to speak-back which enables two-way communication. It can be informal (with friends, family members, or so), or formal (at a formal occasion, like a meeting, seminar or professional presentation). Oral communication can also take place from some distance, but it requires some ‘mechanical, electronic or electrical device, like phone, mike, radio, internet, etc., to transmit the message. In most cases, non-verbal means are not a part of this form of communication, rather tone of voice and pace of delivery take priority over other expressions. Its acommon form of delivery and has made the world a smaller and more accessible place. ‘Advantages of Oral Communication Oral communication has following advantage > It isa fast medium of communication. Oral messages reach to the receiver within no time. > Itenables immediate feedback and provides the receiver an opportunity to clear her/his doubts then and there. > Thespeakercan make out reaction(s) of the listener(s) and make required change(s) on the spot. If the message is not clear to the listener(s), s/he can immediately change her/his voice, words or tone to make it clear. > — The speaker can use non-verbal means along with oral communication which enhance the effectiveness of communication. > It-saves time and money as no stationery or material is required to convey an oral message. > Ithelpsin developing healthy interpersonal relations as well as adds personal touch to the process of communication, Limitations Oral communication has following limitations: > It is unfit for lengthy messages. Tables, diagrams, pictures, etc., cannot be communicated through oral communication. > An oral message can or cannot be complete because sometimes the speaker uses short or half sentences. > Oral messages have less legal validity as the person can deny at any point of time whatever s/he said. Most of the times, itis difficult to keep the proof of oral messagesfor future reference. Furthermore, oral messages cannot be retained for a long time. > Presence of both, the speaker and the listener, at the same time, is an essential. requirement of oral communication. > — Fraction of inattentiveness can result in loss of receiving important informatio which can cause misunderstanding. Moreover, the listener(s) needs to comprehend quickly because the message is uttered once. 2.1.2 Written Communication Written communication refers to ‘the transmission of message through written or printed symbols. Itis the act of writing, typing or printing symbols, like letters and numbers to convey a message. Information is exchanged in writing with documentary proof. It is essentially a creative activity and requires conscious effort. It is carefully thought out, The writer makes use of some stationery or material to write the message, and the receiver understands the meaning of communicated symbols through reading and decoding process. It can be used in. informal as well as formal situations. Written communication is transmitted through words in the form of books, magazines, letters, pamphlets, memos, manuals, e-mails, etc. it can be used as an evidence because the person cannot deny whatever s/he has written. Advantages of Written Communication Written communication has following advantages: > Its suitable for lengthy messages. All kinds of information can be conveyed through written communication. It has the advantage of being accurate and unambiguous. Presence of both, the sender and the receiver, at the same time, is not necessary. It is useful to send a message at different places in one go. vvvyv It develops better understanding of the message because the receiver can take time to comprehend the meaning of the message. The message can be read repeatedly as many as times the reader wants. S/he can also read the message at a convenient time. > Ithas legal validity and can be used as evidence, Even the responsibility of mistake can be fixed easily. > ‘The writer can think, analyse and take time to put the message in, > Reading has a long lasting impact on the reader. Limitations ‘Written communication has following limitations: > Itrequires huge amount of paper work.65 of Communication [25 > It isa costly means of communication as a lot of time and money is spent on the drafting and circulation of a message. > It is a time-consuming activity that requires long practice and patience in learning. } It lacks flexibility, as once written and sent cannot be changed easily. > — Most times, immediate feedback is not possible. > It lacks personal touch between the reader and the writer. > Non-verbal cues cannot be used in this type of communication. > It is unfit for uneducated person(s) 2.2 Non-verbal Communication “Action speaks louder than words’. Sometimes words fail to convey the essence of the message, but actions, facial expressions, gestures and body movements make the meaning clear. Many-a-times, expressions appear unintentionally and enhance the effectiveness of communication. The communication, without use of words, is termed as Non-verbal Communication. It includes the sending and receiving of wordless messages. Spoken or written words are not used in this type of communication. It is the process of conveying a message without use of verbal language. It helps in making a message clear, effective and forceful. 'Dumb Charades’ is an example of non-verbal communication. It is an ancient form of communication and existed much before the development of language. Gestures, signals, postures, facial expressions, body language and sign language are some of the components of non-verbal communication. Other than these, tone, pace and pitch of voice also contribute to the meaning of a message. It is generally unplanned, ut has more impact than verbal communication, It often goes along with oral communication, If used appropriately, both of them supplement and complement to cach other. This form of communication also helps to communicate with a deaf and dumb, an uneducated or intellectually retarded person, or the person not knowing the sender's language. Non-verbal means can be auditory as well as visual. Bells, whistles, horns are auditory means whereas signs, signals and pictures are visual means. Features of Non-verbal Communication > Non-verbal communication is free from written or oral words. The message is conveyed through signs, signals, postures, gestures, body movements, etc. > Itdoes not require any language. An illiterate person can also communicate with the help of non-verbal means. > Ithelps to know the mood, attitude, feelings, likes or dislikes of a person.on | English Communi Identify which of the following actions is/are the example(s) ofnon-verbal communication: ‘+ Thepeon rings the bell after every passing hour. ‘© A student is reading some information from a poster. © Ababyis crying. ‘© Youstop your car when the traffic signal is red. + Agirlis talking over the phone. Advantages of Non-verbal Communication > Non-verbal communication supplements oral messages. Sometimes words to convey exact meaning of the message, but non-verbal means make the meaning clear. > — Itmakes communication possible with illiterate, deaf and dumb, or intellectu, retarded persons. » — Non-verbal behaviour facilitates to know the mood, attitude, feelings, likes of dislikes of a person. > It creates interest of the receiver. Limitations » — Non-verbal communication is unstructured, Sometimes it is difficult to stu: meanings in different cultures. They are liable to be misinterpreted of misunderstood > Iti unfit for formal communication and has no legal validity. > — Mostly itis not effective at the time of communication to a large gathering, It effective only in face-to-face interaction or small group communication. > — Itis not taken seriously all the time. > Certain messages about the ideas or concepts cannot be expressed through no verbal communication. Moreover it is difficult to preserve a non-verbal messag » It requires serious attention of the receiver. In case, the listener/viewer inattentive, it becomes ineffective. > It is worthless in case of communication to a blind person because s/he cann see the visual signs and signals.‘Types of Communication p= 2.3. Visual Communication There is a Chinese proverb: "A picture is worth a thousand words", A picture makes a concrete impression on the mind of an individual and makes the meaning clear. Sometimes only pictures are used to convey a message and sometimes they are used along with written content, Pictures enhance the effectiveness of written content. ‘Visual communication is the act of sending a message through visuals, like photographs, drawings, sketches, charts, graphs, maps, colours, visual signs, or so. These visuals reinforce verbal communication and help to make a point. They help the viewer to consume the idea(s) and information in a better way. They are often used as an aid during formal presentations to provide the context alongside the written content. They are called yisual aids which help the speaker to remember important points, give the audience something to look at, and convey the message in an effective manner. 2.4 Formal Communication ‘The communication for official purpose is known as Formal Communication. It conforms to the prescribed professional rules, policies, procedures, standards and regulations, It follows a proper predefined channel which is determined and controlled by some official(s). The style and functioning of communication is quite formal. It flows along the different hierarchical levels of an organization. It generally takes place between two or among more than two designations. Features of Formal Communication > Formal communication is official It is carefully thought out, planned, organized and structured. It carries formal messages which have accuracy and authenticity. > It consists of work related matters. Itis systematic and flows in fixed directions. 2.5 Informal Communication “The communication that is not official is known as Informal Communication. It consists of the ideas and information resulting from social interaction. Any person can communicate with another person regardless of rank, position or status. It is free from Sil kinds of formalities. It is completely based on informal relations of the sender and the feceiver, It exists on a larger scale side by side with formal communication. It is spontaneous and unplanned. No rules and regulations are followed in this type of cpermunication, Information does not flow in a designated direction, rather can flow in every possible direction. In addition, the information can or cannot be true,28 | Features of Informal Communication » Informal communication is based on personal interaction. It carries informal messages. > _ Ittis a fast moving process. The message reaches to the receiver within no time, > It carries informal messages which have no legal validity. The message can or cannot be accurate. Itis even difficult to find the origin of an informal message sometimes, > It can flow in every possible direction. To conclude, communication is the sum total of all the types. Alll of them supplement and compliment to each other. However they contain different forms, but support each other, The sender uses them as per the requirement and demand of situation. Test Your Knowledge ‘What are the components of verbal communication? Why is verbal communication unfit for an illiterate person? Why is visual communication useless to a blind person? What is the difference between formal and informal communication? veer ‘What is the difference between verbal and non-verbal communication? Read the given story and answer the questions that follow: In a town near a metropolitan city, there once lived a police constable by the name of Francis. He ‘was quite efficient and known for his honesty. One day, he was returning home after performing hhis duty. Twilight had already begun to fall. He was tired. On the way, he sat down on the bank of the river that flowed through the town, took offhis shoes, and started to smoke a cigarette, Suddenly he saw a uniformed personnel crouching beside him, He inquired who he was. The man replied, T'm so weary. You don't know me, I have come for some work here. But I know you. You are You are a police constable of good reputation.” s looked at the man with perplexed face. He asked him his motive. The man said, “I'm the Constable of the God of Justice and enjoy a good reputation in my world, As both of are common characteristics, Id like to enter into a bond of brotherhood with you.” He asked. | what actully had brought him there. The man said, "In your town there lives a priest. Actually isa terrorist. He has killed hundreds of innocent people. Ihave been asked to drag his soul to the. God." Francis was curious to know the other particulars of the priest, but the man said, "You'd see _‘of Communication | 29 all for yourself tomorrow. Now I'd love to take leave.” By saying this, the man disappeared from e scene. ily in the morning, Francis received the news that the famous preacher of the town has left this ld for ever. He was shocked at the news. Many ministers and famous celebrities attended his ineral. Francis too was his follower. But he was suspicious of the preacher's character now. He inted to probe into the matter. He met the senior police officer next day for the purpose, and Id him the entire incident. The officer handed him over the letter having permission to investigate to the matter. fe was clueless by now. Suddenly he saw the preacher's driver moving out of his home in a car. rrancis chased the driver, but he could not overtake the speeding cat. Thanks to the traffic signal. we car stopped at the red light. He asked the driver to come along with him to the police station. + replied. He further added, "I was very much there at that time when ster died. I saw that some devils had chained his soul and were dragging the same. I asked aster the reason, but he said to ask the mistress.” Francis had some cue now. He met the sreacher's wife the next day. She revealed the secret to Francis. She said that her husband was a jood man in the beginning, but later got into the clutches of evil persons. He got involved in riminal activities. Francis arrested the woman for hiding the truth from the police and put her chind bars. In this way, the real character of the preacher became public. Questions: 1. Find the example(s) of oral communication in the story. 2, Isthere some example(s) of written communication in the story? How can you say so? Find the example(s) of non-verbal communication in the story. What does it/they communicate? q 4, Do you find some example(s) of visual communication in the story? What message does it/ | they convey? 5. What is formal communication? Is there some example(s) of formal communication in the | story? 6. Find the example(s) of informal communication, Also differentiate between formal and informal communication in light of the examples from the story.CHAPTER 3 LANGUAGE OF COMMUNICATION _ Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you'll be able to: know about the languages that can be used for communication, comprehend the meaning of body movements in an effective manner, and % learn the importance of Para-linguistic elements. Introduction Language is one of the unique possessions of man. It distinguishes man from animals. It isthe system of words, signs, symbols and sound that is used by a person to communicate her/his emotions, feelings, ideas, desires and wants. It is the method of human communication in a conventional and structured way. Language plays an important role in the process of communication. It facilitates better coordination and understanding. Both language and communication are inter-related and dependent on each other. It is essentially required in verbal communication, but one can also communicate without spoken or written words. Signs, symbols and body movements dso contain certain meanings and form a language which is called non-verbal language. Hence, we can say that communication is possible through: > verbal language > — non-verbal language32 | English Commis 3.1 Verbal Language Verbal language is the medium of expression that is used to convey’ oral and writ messages. It consists of words, phrases and sentences which contain the symbols of lett numbers and punctuation marks. There are different symbols for written letters and expressions. For example, the written symbols of English language are called ‘Eng alphabets’, while the pronunciation of the letters and words is represented by the phone symbols. These symbols have universal meaning and are governed by set rules of grammy Verbal language can be divided into two categories: 3.1.1 Speech Speech is the first and foremost activity of @ language. A child learns to speak first develops the ability to read and write much later, It is vocalized form of hunt communication. The speaker conveys a message through spoken words, and the listene understands the message through speaking and listening channel. It requires knowledge of correct pronunciation of words. The origin of speech is unknown and subj to debate and speculation. 3.1.2 Writing Writing is the representation of language with the help of written or printed signs a symbols. The writer uses the script of the language to write the message. S/he uses penel paper, chalk-board, or print media to do so; and the reader understands the messag through reading and decoding process, Knowledge of spellings is an essential requiremer for writing. Written material remains for ever unless it is knowingly destroyed. It can preserved for future reference and used as evidence. 3.2 Non-verbal Language Wegenerally believe that communication is not possible without spoken or written symbol but non-verbal language plays a vital role in the process of communication, The stud reveal that, in our social and professional life, we use non-verbal language more than verb Tanguage. It includes: .2.1 Body Language nan body plays an important role in the process of communication. All the bod ements, such as expressions, gestures, postures etc., are guided by our feelings t processes. The movement of different body parts, such as hands, feet, ¢ oulders, head etc., express the feelings and emotions of a person, All the b Svements act as symbols and contribute to the meaning of a message, For insta ng head up and down conveys agreement; shaking head from side to side me lent; movement of hand is a mark of greeting. This movement forms a lang ‘As known as body language. It is a prominent and an important medium of nLanguage of Communication J» verbal communication. An intelligent observer can understand this language easily. It can be learnt consciously as well as unconsciously. Kinesics A speaker conveys messages not only through spoken words, but also communicates through body movements, S/he uses different parts of her/his body to transmit the message which can include the head, face, eyes, shoulders and hands. This transmission is made sometimes consciously and sometimes unconsciously because the body conveys the message, mood and attitude of a person in the same way as a language uses the sets of signs and symbols to convey a message. Many-a-times, the body begins to speak even before the speaker starts speaking. The way in which the speaker stands, walks, moves hands, holds the manuscript is noticed by the audience and gather impressions. As it is essential for a speaker to pay attention to the body movements, itis equally important for the audience to Jearn and interpret the intricacies of body movements. The study of non-verbal behaviour of body movements, that forms a part of non-verbal communication, is known as Kinesics. It includes the interpretation of the movement(s) of a particular body part or the body as a whole. It can be learnt consciously as well as unconsciously. 3.2.1.1 Elements of Body Language Each body partis an important component of body language and communicates in its own. way. Let us discuss them one by one. (a) _ Head: Head is the part of the body that communicates in different ways. Holding the head high marks honour, confidence and self-respect, while lowering of head indicates the feeling of politeness and modesty. Jerking conveys rejection, while nodding communicates appreciation, understanding, interest, agreement or confirmation (b) Bye: There is a saying: "Eye is extension of brain and window to soul.” Eye movement is an important element of body language and expresses feelings, thoughts, emotions and intention of a person. Eyes express how deeply the person is involved in the conversation. Students’ looking at the teacher, while s/he is teaching, implies that they are paying attention; but if they are watching outside the window, it shows their inattentiveness. Eye contact is of paramount importance in face-to-face interaction. Long eye contact reflects interest, confidence and pride whereas brief eye contact indicates disinterest, nervousness or embarrassment. Eye contact is the means of gaining feedback and enables the speaker to alter, adjust and reframe his message. The language of eye is universal in almost all the cultures. (©) Face: Face is the most expressive part of the body. It expresses what is going on within the mind of an individual. Whatever a person feels deep inside is reflected on her/his face, The lines of forehead, the muscles of cheeks, the eyebrows and lips communicate the feelings, thoughts and intention of a person very well. InEniglsh Communica general, face and facial expressions can be said the true index of one's emotional and thinking behavior. When one is perturbed, her/his face reflects the level of anxiety and stress. Similarly, when one is in a happy or joyful mood, her/his facial expressions convey the same to others. It is why we can easily conclude that one is angry, fearful, jealous, astonished, showing love, sympathy or hatred, Much of the language of facial expressions is almost similar and universal all around the world, (4) Posture: Posture refers to 'the way of standing, sitting, lying and walking’. The way in which a person sits, stands or walks makes the difference. Standing or sitting erect, leaning forward or backward make an immediate impression on the mind of other person(s). Erect posture conveys confidence, bent posture reflects thinking, and relaxed posture indicates balanced state of mind. Drooping shoulders and protruding stomach convey that the person is discouraged, tired and worn out. Posture plays an important role in oral communication. Audience judge the speaker's personality from her/his posture whether s/he is vibrant, alive, dynamic, nervous, confident ot self assured. The speaker can also gauge the success of her/his communication by observing the posture of the listener(s), (€) Gestures: Gestures refer to ‘the motion of hands or other body parts to emphasize a point. The movements of body parts such as hands, arms, legs, head, et., contribute to the meaning of oral messages. For example, the movement of hands, while one is delivering a lecture or making a presentation, reinforces the communication; while! shuffling of feet communicates nervousness, Proper coordination of speech and gestures enhance the effectiveness of communication manifold. (f) Personal Appearance: Physical appearance includes a person's way of dressing, hairstyle, wearing makeup, wearing shoes, etc. Good appearance attracts the attention of everybody and acts as a significant non-verbal cue. A person is judged on the basis of her/his clothes, hair style, personal hygiene, body odour, and even skin tone. That's the reason that some organizations prescribe a kind of dress to wear on certain occasions. Personal appearance also plays an important role during public speaking. Personality of the speaker leaves an immediate impression on the audience and they form an opinion about her/him. even before s/he starts speaking. For example, the speaker dressed in suit, tie and polished shoes communicates that s/he believes in formal and well structured programme; whereas a person in loose or casual dress communicates that s/he is quite informal and careless to many things. 3.2.2 Sign Language Communication is the process in which people exchange the messages and meanings through mutually understandable signs, signals and symbols. These can be audio as well as visual, Audio signals include alarm clocks, sirens, bells, etc., while visuals includenication | 35° ictures, drawings, posters, maps, marks, colours, or so. They are quite efficient in ynveying a message. For example, a buzzer streamlines the start of working hours of an irganization. Similarly, the red colour of traffic light signals the drivers to stop their icles. These signs and signals have their particular meaning and act as a language which is called sign language. It is a very popular and effective means of communication communicate with deaf and dumb, intellectually retarded or uneducated persons. you watched the news telecasted for deaf persons on television? Watch the news and try to \derstand the meaning of the signals made by the presenter. 2.3 Paralanguage the term paralanguage consists of two words: ‘Para’, meaning ‘like’ or ‘similar to’; and ‘guage, the mode of communication. Paralanguage literally means like language, but tually it is not verbal. However words are used in paralanguage, but the language ;cuses on ‘how’ rather than 'what'. It lays stress on how the words are spoken, rather an on their literal meaning. It aims at the tone of voice with which something is said. For example, a louder voice suggests anger or assertion, while the whisper indicates secrecy. Paralanguage is non-verbal because it does not consist of words in literal sense, but it is close to verbal communication because it shows how the words are spoken or uttered. ‘Actually it is a middle path between verbal and non-verbal communication. It is an important supplement to verbal communication because it makes oral communication effective and complete. Mainly, paralanguage is a part of non-verbal communication. It emphasizes on voice nuances, It has the ability to modify or nuance the meaning, pitch, volume, emotion, or so. It can be used consciously as well as unconsciously. People normally use paralanguage multiple times a day even without being aware that they are doing so. Paralinguistic properties of speech play an important role in human communication. Speech has non-verbal elements- voice quality, speaking style, speed, accent, volume, pitch, tone, rhythm, pause, modulation, fluency, intonation and stress. Paralanguage studies how a speaker speaks. The study includes non-verbal factors: the tone or pitch of voice (high or low), the pace (fast or slow), the volume (loud or soft), the emphasis or stress on words, break in the sentence, faltering, hesitation, and so on. These factors contain the following elements: © Word stress: The stress placed on a particular word in a phrase or a sentence is called ‘word stress. It helps to make out whether an utterance is a statement, a question, a request, or an order. For example, the sentence- Shut the door- can beused as a request as well as an order. If the word ‘shut’ is stressed, it may be take, as an order; but if the word ‘door’ is stressed, it may be taken as a request, * Intonation: Intonation is related to the rise and fall of the pitch of voice. Bitgy plays an important role in intonation. Pitch is determined by the frequency vibration of the vocal cords. Each word is made up of one or more than on syllables. For example, the word captain is made up of two syllables- cap tain. In the words, having two or more syllables, all the syllables are not eq Prominent. Sometimes one of them is pronounced with greater prominence th the other(s), That syllable is said to be accented, It may be stressed with the het of greater breath force, muscular effort and amplitude of the vibration of vocal cords. For example, the syllable ‘cap" is stressed in the word captain, Other than vocal characteristics, paralanguage also includes facial expressions, eye movements, hand gestures, etc, It is sometimes related to non-phonemic properties, su as laughing, crying, whispering, sighing, groaning, sneezing, or so. -Roko, Mut, Jane, Do First take a pause after the word after the word- ‘mut’ Do you find some difference between Proxemics/ Space Distancing ‘The word 'proxemics’ has been derived from the word ‘proximity’ which means ‘the regio close around a person’. The space or distance that a person chooses to maintain from others is also a part of non-verbal communication. All of us create imaginary inner outer circles which are based on the relations, The space marks the relationship between the two persons. The different types of spaces are as follows: Public Space Social Space Personal Space Intimate Space % Intimate Space: Its the inner most circle, We allow only selected persons, such as family members or close friends to enter into it, The intimacy or closem conveys the relationship between the two,| Hanguage of Communication | > Personal Space: We allow common friends, colleagues and co-workers to enter into this space. > Social Space: It is the outer-most circle, All the official and professional relationships are allowed to enter into it. > Public Space: Everybody can enter into tl space. Space or distance plays an important role in the process of communication. Each communicator maintains a personal territory around her/him. S/he maintains some distance from others. The distance depends upon the relationship between the speaker and the listener, This space reflects the relationship, closeness and status of the person to whom the speaker is communicating. In case of informal relationship, the space will be less; but the space will be more in case of formal relations. ‘The space also depends on the situation, More distance is maintained between the speaker and the listener(s) in a formal situation, while there will be less distance in an informal situation. It also includes a reference to the standing and seated positions. The person, in the superior or commanding position, usually stands, and others remain seated. We can find the example from the organizational meetings. The superior talks to the subordinates in a standing position, and the subordinates remain seated. Proxemics is the study of this territory or distance. 3.2.5 Chronemics/ Time Language Chronemics refers to ‘the study of usage of time’ It involves the meaning given to the time dimension. It deals with the manner in which one structures one’ time and interactions. ‘Time is an important component of non-verbal communication. It reveals the character of a person. Work done in time speaks about the worth ofa person. Completion of task within specified time communicates sincerity, reliability and hard work, whereas habitually late coming or absenteeism communicates unreliability and laziness of the person. For example, a student's punctuality reflects her/his sincerity and interest in the study, whereas lateness conveys insincerity and disinterest. Punctuality is equally important in business world. Speed and punctuality affect the image of an organization. Delay communicates mismanagement and people lose faith in the organization, while completion of work on time communicates smooth management and builds a positive corporate image. ‘The teacher asks the students to submit the assignment on a particular date. Some of the students submit the assignment before the date, some on the date, and some even after the last date, ‘What does this behaviour communicate?38 | 3.2.6 Haptics/ Touch Language ‘Touch is one of the means of physical contact and easier form of human communi Patting on one’s back, embracing, kissing, and shaking hands are some of the common haptic gestures. One can use touch to communicate affection, familiarity, sympath motivation, hatred or other emotions. A gentle touch at the arm of a person is used to dray her/his attention, while a gentle hand on the shoulder communicates motivation. We us handshake to greet people. A gentle shake-hand communicates t whereas limp shake-hand communicates lack of interest, Haptics is relate physical touch and how it is used to communicate the message It helps in building favorable relations ‘trols it, Since touch is closely associate be used appropriately to convey th Touch is also the marker of organizational status. Generally, the senior initiates the process and con with the display of intimacy and affection, it should purpose in a proper way. 3.2.7 _ Silence Silence is another means of non-' some signals, like eye movements, a passive non-verbal means, but acts asan ‘ west, tit ncorn where fied: When who are to atten + Incom, clearly spec! and who are 16 ing and del Pele cin ican ee in cause misunderstanding AY actio; messages real mmunication, Tt saves time of both x, xsemal requirement fore) se concise, Irrelevant information , sender and the receiver: THE Tne around the bush should be avoided. Inc\ not be incorporated Inthe messNEe ober they obscure Ghemmeaning. The of mone oa verthat they are not out of context. Excessive informayi,,, should berg a wrong direction, or cause inaction, The Message shou; fo hnct and concise, bubnot at the cost of completeness. Quantum of information sho be just right, neither too much nor too Jess. 3. Clarity plays an important role in all types of messages. Clarity implies the clarity of means ‘as well as expression. The sender should be clear in mind what s/he wants jo n ‘She should be clear about the receiver, purpose, mode and time oi . She should communicate the idea in clear and simple words. sion requires encoding of the message and choice of appropriate words ante ‘The words must mean the same to the f & Accurate and familiar words, with proper pauses should be to ensure clarity in oral communication. rate facts and figures ‘ ‘should check for the ‘ransmission, The message should b: . mistake(s) spoil the should make sure the message unless €an lose receiver's S are specific ession'[os and avoid vague and abstract expressions, 5 n » Specific messages are interpreted by the receiver a ene ts Se by the sender. Concreté expressions alsu cteate visual images 6. Consideration Consideration means ‘keeping the receiver in mind’, The message should be pared according to the need and interest of the receiver, The sender should look at fees socio-psychological background, previous knowle ‘dge, emotions, sentiments and need. The golden rule” First understand then be understood” should be followed. The sender should place him/herself in the receiver's position, understand his/her need, and prepare the message accordingly. The sender should treat the receiver with empathy: The focus should be on ‘you’ rather than 'l’, It makes receiver's inclusion in the communication. For example, when we write a letter, it would be better to write, "You will be glad to know...’ rather than ‘Tam happy to inform ...', 7. Courtesy murtesy means ‘graceful politeness’ or ‘friendly and helpful behavior’, Politeness makes Pgerigie area ahi Dalila manners facilitate communication. The communicator should behave politely the receiver(s). S/he should avoid the use of offensive words that can hurt the receiver. The communicator should also be a patient listener. S/he should patiently listen to the doubts and questions of the receiver(s) and answer all the questions politely without being rude. S|CHAPTER 6 LISTENING AND SPEAKING Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you'll be able to; | * know about the skills of listening and speaking, * find the difference between listening and hearing, * know the types of listening and speaking. Introduction Communication is essential in all walks of life whether it is home, office, school, college or business, Good communication skills enhance the effectiveness of communication. They play a vital role in the progress of an individual. They are acquired through conscious efforts. They are: Listening, Speaking, Reading and Writing. All the skills have their own importance. Each one is related to the other, Listening is directly related to speaking, whereas reading is related to writing. Listening and reading are used for input while speaking and writing are used for expression. Listening and speaking go hand in hand. One is incomplete without the other. People generally ignore the skill of listening, but its importance cannot be denied, It is an important communication skill that makes oral communication effective, [tinvolves the understanding of spoken language. It can be cultivated and developed like other communication skills- speaking, reading and writing. It involves the reception and decoding of oral messages. It is an essential part of communication.GBB COMME: a 7 art, It Includes the absorption and understanding , a Limening to others tk an eleBare rn conveyed by the speaker. It is the proc zi spoken wards, sentences and (0! dudes the observati ing the received message It also include: fon 3 tec Trinvolver not only the hearing of message, but also include comprehension, FW svements,Livtentg, begins with physical heating of the me ad taking mental notes, The listener also derives meaning Beara vnilysp0veme the speaker, Then she decodes the coded message into meaningful Interpretatio, involves the following four steps: (a) Hearing: The process of listening sturts with the hearing of sound signals nm dy the speaker. The vibrations of: sound enter into listener's eardrums and vib; them, The signals are transferred to the brain to derive meaning of the signals is the first step of the process. () Interpreting: In this step, the listener not only understands the sound signa but also derives meaning from the gestures and expressions of the speaker. 5 observes body movements of the speaker and relates the movements to the wor: uttered by her/him Evaluating: In this step, the listener evaluates the received information. $j, ae of communicated message and evaluates the message iy ledge, Lay nding: In this step, the listener conveys her/his response to the speakc: ___The response can be positive, negative, verbal or non-verbal. often thought to be synon: f , i ymous with hearing, is di ng is more than hearing, Hearing refe 8, but there is difference betwee: ; ig refers to the physical ving of the ‘of histent Physical act of receiving ical OS sae ile hearing is only a physic = ental process. Listening includes th: Pp 5 1S a passive proces: Ni ey, itis an inyoluntary phy: A the hearer, | ut listening requires consciowListening anid Speaking ers © The lecture delivered by the teacher, © Playing ofa musical instrument. 6.1.2 Advantages of Listening As discussed above, listening is an important communication skill, It has following advantages; » Listening enhances the comprehension ability of listener. & The listener listens ta correct pronunciation, voice modulation and observes boidy movements of the speaker which enhance her/his speaking skill. It helps the listener to acquire fluency of spoken language. it helps the listener to form the habit of using correct sentence patterns. It lays the foundation of good speech It helps the listener to become a good orator, debater, and participate in discussions. VvyvyY¥ > Ithelps the listener to overcome hesitation and shyness which induce confidence and encouragement to her/him. } Ithelps the listener to improve her/his competence and performance. 6.1.3 Types of Listening Listening can be classified into following categories: (a) Attentive listening: Attentive listening means ‘listening attentively’ It demands complete attention of the listener, The listener pays attention to every part of the message as well as body movements of the speaker. It is productive and interactive. Itrequires conscious effort on listener's part, and demands concentration, attention, interaction and active involvement. This kind of listening is generally carried out in formal meetings, group discussions, job interviews, or so. (b) Selective listening: This is most common type of listening that we practice in everyday life. ‘The listener focuses only on specific part of the message. Sthe does not take the message asa whole, rather adds or deducts the information according to her/his wish and requirement. S/he selects the desired part of the message and ignores the undesired one to listen, ‘The selection also depends on the interest and mood of the listener, i is carried out for the purpose of (c) Appreciative listening: This type of listening is car oe aa amusement or entertainment, The listener enjoys the listening somet part in the entertainment process. Examples include listening to songs, jokes, entertaining stories, ete.s ee] Rr Communicas,., of listening involves the evaluation of or, & Pe agalruliaene ane the information and eee the eet a oi We evaluates the message to deriy, it meaning of the message. s/ r . babs Nanitioe: ‘The output can be produced in the form ee mentite she of at later stage of the communication, Examples include the listenin, to Gesieors Jectures, workshops, seminars, and so forth. listening: In this type of listening, the listener tries to put her/hin be ee ae in order to eed hisfher feelings, emotions and state o; mind. It involves the listening not only through ears, but also through eyes ang heart. The listener needs to understand speaker's body movements. Empath for the speaker is an essential requirement for this type of listening. The listene; Jays stress not only on communicated words, but also aims at how they ar spoken. The listener needs to understand the implied meaning, intention and attitude of the signals made by the speaker. It is most often needed at workplace while dealing with customer-complaints, employees’ feedback and problems, o: $0. However the above types of listening differ from each other in some aspects, but they are interrelated as well. The listener uses cither of them according to the requirement, Each One facilitates better understanding of the message. 6.14 Barriers to Listening “There are certain factors that come in the way of process and make listening difficul Some of them are discussed below: (a) y 7 ent: The noise in surrounding can defeat the very purpose of ‘It interrupts the sound signals made by the speaker to reach to the acts as a barrier. voice: Speaker's voice plays an important role in the process of Sometimes, the speaker's voice is not audible to the listener, : e eae d t The accent speaker can also be different than that of the listener ict meaning, ‘notions: corsa the listener forms some opinion about I be positive or negative. The listener takes the tion in mind. The negative impression carpea Sent, (f) Greater expertise: Sometimes, the listener possesses. greater expertise than the speaker ij ject. § 2H iss in the subject, S/he knows better than the speaker, The listener will not ¢ interested in listening to the speaker in that case. (g) Long or complicated Message: Long messages tire the listener. S/he feels discomforted which distracts her/his attention to the message. Sometimes, the speaker conveys some complicated message which needs time to interpret, The listener fails to relate the message with the upcoming information, and does not understand exact meaning of the message, ‘ : 6.1.5 Strategies for Effective Listening | «& The listener can enhance the listening experience by applying certain strategies. Some of them are mentioned below: (a) The listener should listen to the speaker with complete attention. S/he should understand the value of listening, S/he should focus not only on words, but also derive meaning from body movements of the speaker. (b) The listener should have patience. Sometimes s/he fails to understand the message. S/he should not lose patience in that case. The speaker can clear the point in the next. The listener should not reach at hasty conclusion and be slow to pass judgement. (¢) The listener, especially in academic pursuits, should try to read mental state of the speaker. S/he should keep speaker’s background and area of specialization in mind. S/he should listen to the key points and main ideas with focused attention, and note them down for future use. (a) The listener should have positive attitude. S/he should have unbiased approach and respectful behaviour towards the speaker, S/he should ignore outward disturbance and concentrate on listening. {e) The listener should make eye contact with the speaker, S/he should reflect interest in the message through eyes. It motivates the speaker as well as facilitates better questi s/he should ‘The listener should ask ions to clear her/his doubts. But not 2 disturb the speaker in between, rather note down the queries and ask the same at the end of the presentation, Speaking is an in communication skill. It is essential in all walks of life. It provides sree ee ta soon Pat nd dec cram, ah spoken word is cteated out of phoneticne. Fiiglish Commisenic.,, ee] fi sound units. Hence, , vowel and consonant spece! » the combinattin of ¢ TT ee etal requirement for both the speaker ang knowledge of prom! ; ene ctv both the speaker and the listener play Speak ve as in whit : Le i tat apeaker communicates 4 message through oral symbols and |} respective roles, THE symbols, converts them into original message, and interp, ais Cranes Speaking is essential in all the situations whether it is forma) ord We talk to oa friends, relatives and family members informally. But we 4\,, speak in formal situations. academic, ‘or business situation requires effective speaking whethe;, ae a workshop, seminar, conference or sympo meetis discussion, interview, Bfictive colnenas greater visibility to the speaker and enhances the rate of succes, ‘This skill is cultivated and developed by putting in conscious efforts and practice 6.2.1 Types of Speaking Speaking is a skill. It is used to converse; express feelings, thoughts, emotions, or so. |; can be divided into following categories: (@) _ Interactive speaking: In this type of speaking, both the speaker and the listene: equally contribute in the process of speaking. The speaker conveys the mess: through oral symbols, and the listener receives the symbols, decodes them os derives meaning, and gives feedback, In case of feedback, the listener acts as 2 Speaker, and the speaker acts as a listener. Both of them play reciprocal roles Sometimes, the listener docs not give feedback and remains mere passive listener conveys feedback to the s; this process, the speaker speks more and the ‘10 ask questions, clear doubts, 0: s) neither interacts ch by a leader Satiepofiistening Ant interactive communication? ig. and speaking related to cach other? dhe essential requirements to be a good Isstener? diiltivate good speaking skill? d answer the questions that follow: Age, everybody was willing to learn the skill of archery from Drona. He was the son of Hiranyadhanus, the king of Nishadas (the lowest of -d, but Drona refused to accept him as his pupil because he was d Drona's feet with bent head and returned Into the forest. He made to worship the image respectfully as it was his real preceptor. He before It with most rigid regularity.CHAPTER 7 MONOLOGUE AND DIALOGUE Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you'll be able to: * know about monologue and dialogue, * find their types, * know their importance, and * learn conversational skills. Introduction Talking is a part of our daily routine. We talk to our friends, relatives and others on general or specific matters. We present our views and listen to theirs. But sometimes we Speak and the other(s) listens to us without giving some response, or vice versa. Sometimes We simply conyerse with each other and sometimes discuss specific matter(s). They are termed as monologue, conversation and dialogue respectively. They can take place for formal as well as informal purpose. We shall discuss all the situations one by one. 7.1 Monologue The word monologue has its roots in the Greek word monologos meaning “speaking alone. Iisa speech delivered by one person, or a long one-sided conversation. The speaker does the speaking and no other person gets involved in the conversation. S/he performs all| ae English Commun n the chair suggests lack ching i i. SlouchiPe “syhe should not fiddle wig an | “ ness. reclining positi alertness wher pen ot shake le he chai e edge of t at the edge °° vo veys nervous g on the edge ° jon, nor sittin, Kom and write the content of an interview with her 01 both, the inter e interviewee angneijang Mary Kom or M: C: Mary Kom is the Indian ihrem a Man oa eof Rajya Sabha. She has been nicknamed as Magnificent Mary. She was incumbent Member of BA" om on I March 1983in asmal village, Kangathel, Manipur, Se te msl 5 f poverty. She was Very much interested in playing different sports erode mie beginning, ‘she participated in different are aaa mostly Discus Throw and Short Put, But later, she started to follow the famous Manipuri boxer, Dingko Singh, and had a keen desire to become ® boxer. Her family, especially her father, despised boxing: He took boxing as a male sport. He felt if she goes with boxing, it may reduce the chances of finding an able groom for her. The strange thing is that he himself was an ex-sportsperson who used to play wrestling before resorting to farming because of economic conditions. ‘All the resistances made Mary Kom stronger and more resilient. Though she did not receive ‘proper gears to sustain her training, but did not give up. She often indulged in professional ‘street fighting to support her training. Her first coach was K. Kosana Meitei, who taught her the basics of boxing. The fifteen years old girl made a major decision to move to the Sports ‘Academy in the state capital, Imphal, in the year of 1998. There, she met M. Narjit Singh, the state coach, who helped to build her career. Soon, she participated at State Boxing Championships and won the gold medal. The next day, her father saw the image of his daughter in a local newspaper and decided to support her, With the help of them, she set out to conquer the world. jow information about Mary potent wiewer and th by imagining you Shs Mary Kom is the only woman to become World Amateur Boxing Chi ; 1g Champion for a ‘times. She is the only one among male and female boxers who won eight World Champion medals. She won the Bronze Medal in the 2012 Summer Olympics. She has been ranked as No. 1 AIBA World Women's Ranking in Light Fly 0 lyweight category. SI in the 2014 Asian Games and 2018 Commonwealth ets. 4 ~~ oe es Orkholer who himself has been a footballer. She met him for the fer das Bae ae YY alg to Bangalore. Her luggage was stolen during the = pene “Ae etaog MA ae had been studying law at Delhi University and exe, it phar est nts Body, Both kept on meeting and decided 10 Together iree sons, the twins born in 2007, and another in 2019:CHAPTER 9 GROUP DISCUSSION Learning Objectives After reading this chapter, you'll be able to: * know the importance of group discussion, * learn the required communication skills, and * practice to perform better during group discussions. Introduction You might have found people discussing social, religious, political or economic issues at @ restaurant, bus stop, canteen, tea stall, club, etc. We too discuss various matters in our daily life with our friends, relatives, family members and others. Even family members also discuss family matters at home. These discussions can be informal as well as formal. Informal discussions take place in an informal setting whereas formal ones take place in formal setting, like at the office, a conference hall or a recruitment centre. When a of people deliberately come together to have discussion on a specific matter in a form: Setting, it may be called Group Discussion. Group discussion, or popularly known as GD, is a group activity ye Cees °f Persons form a group to exchange their views, opinions, na i, 2c plac tah °N @ particular issue, topic, problem or situation. The ee ge ae a SPoken words. Each member is given a fair chance to spea an Eee Se eatntr # pute listens to the other member as well as shares Her One discussion, The Participants is small, it is not difficult to involve every memEnglish Communica 92 - | e so as to discuss the topic or case threadbare 1 mbers interpret, analyze and argu Fo ane ica team activity just like a football match where the player passes the ball her/his team member and aims at a common objective. GD is formal and systematic. There is no room for emotional Ces os excitement the discussion. The discussion contains self-imposed discipline oi greater enon lies on the participants’ shoulders to make it effective. Generally, t ces leadey of the group. As the discussion proceeds, one of the participants om En 4 lea a But sometimes a person is assigned the responsibility to moderate the discussion. he of some other person can evaluate the contribution made by each participant as well. 9.1 Numberof Participants It is difficult to specify the number of participants to make a fruitful group discussion, However, there can be ten or more participants, but, in that case, some of them tend to avoid the participation and remain mere passive listener(s). The discussion may lose its significance because each participant would not present her/his views. Researches reveal ifthe number is kept between 5-9, a fruitful discussion can take place. If there are less than five participants, the discussion can lack the diversity of views and opinions. 9.2 Objectives GD is a goal-oriented activity. Each participant is usually aware of the objective beforehand. The goals are generally decided before the conduct of GD. But main objective of a GD is to provide a wide range of solutions to a particular problem and reach at2 viable amicable solution. But sometimes the participants fail to reach at a consensus; the decision is left with the audience in that case. Besides decision making, it helps in eliciting personality traits of the participants. That’ why several companies conduct GDs in order to find out the qualities they are expecting from the prospective employee(s). A group of short-listed candidates is given a topi¢ which is usually debatable and of current importance. The candidates have to speak o? the topic within a limited period of time which ranges between twenty to forty five minutes. An observer, appointed by the prospective employer, sits through the discussio® and Judges each participant's communication skills, tolerance, leadership qualities intellectual ability, group behaviour and approach to solve problems. The candidate are screened on the basis of their performance, Group discussion is also an instrument of educati : iscussi 5 ion to develop and judge the studen® personality traits. It trains the students to function in the professional world efficient Many educational institutions also use GDs for the screening of candidates for admissi? to a particular course, It is used apart from the written test and/or interview.