Aerodynamic

MSc in Mechanical Engineering Modelling / Fluid Mech spec.
BMEGEÁTMW09 / MW19
Gépészmérnök MSc / Áramlástechnika spec.
BMEGEÁTMG10 / MG30
lecturer:
Dr. Jenő Miklós Suda assistant professor
suda@ara.bme.hu
Dept. Fluid Mechanics / Faculty of Mechanical Engineering / BME
Part V. - Competition cars 1

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles
AERODYNAMICS
OF
COMPETITION CARS
„high-performance” / „sports” / „race” / „competition” cars

Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles Suggested books
Joseph Katz (1995/2006): Simon McBeath (2015, NEW 3rd edition) Saurabh Kumar (2014)
Race Car Aerodynamics Competition Car Aerodynamics, AERODYNAMICS IN
A Practical Handbook Hardcover FORMULA 1 CAR (F1 CA)
Joseph Katz (2016): Emmanuel Oyeniyi (2016) Vivek Yakkundi, Shankar Mantha (2011):
Automotive Aerodynamics Investigation of the Aerodynamics of Cars: An Experimental
Aerodynamics of a Car Using CFD Investigation - A Synergy of Wind Tunnel &
Part V. 3
Competition cars
Aerodynamics and its application for vehicles Suggested books
Forbes Aird (2008): The Race Car Chassis HP1540: Design,
Derek Seward (2015)
Structures and Materials for Road, Drag and Circle Track
Race Car Design
Open- and Closed-Wheel Chassis
Simon McBeath (2000) Luke Marshall (2010)

Competition Car Downforce: Aerodynamic Analysis of the McLaren F1
A Practical Guide Road Car using Wind Tunnel testing
Part V.
Competition cars
4

Introduction
Characteristics of the
high-performance / competition / race cars:
high acceleration, high deceleration, excellent maneuverability, high top speed,
extremely high downforce
 SPORTS CARs: enclosed wheels, designed for „public
transport”, high power/weight ratio, center of gravity
close to the ground, design
 RACING CARs: enclosed or free standing wheels,

very special regulation extremely high downward
acting force, good steering abilities, safety
 RECORD BRAKING CARs: designed for extreme

velocities, low drag and high directional stability
is extremely important

Historical milestones – record breaking cars
 1899.04.29: Camille Jenatzy (Belgian race car driver)

first to exceed the 100km/h limit with his electric car,
named: La Jamais Contente („The never satisfied”)
cigar-shape inspired by airship
 1929: Henry Segrave (English fighter pilot)

beats the 200 mph (322km/h) record
with the Golden Arrow
record on land and water
 1928: Fritz von Opel (alias Rocket Fritz)

OPEL-RAK 2 rocket-car; the first car with
horizontal wings
 1930: T80 designed by Ferdinand Porsche,

streamlined body, horizontal and vertical wings
never put on track because of WW2

 1928: Rocket Fritz (OPEL-RAK 2) with horizontal wings
First with horizontal side wings the audience… the driver…

 1899.04.29: Camille Jenatzy (Belgian race car driver)
first to exceed the 100km/h limit with his electric car,
named: La Jamais Contente („The never satisfied”)
cigar-shape inspired by airship
 VIDEO: " La Jamais Contente" , 1899, first world record at 100 km/h. Belgian and
Electric made by engineer Camile Jenatzy called „The Red Devil”. The Replica
runs at circuit Zolder and Mettet for the 115th anniversary of this performance.
Jamais Contente because Jenatzy was never happy of the performances and
wants to do more. Later on He droves 200 km/h with a Mercedes on the beach of
Ostend, Belgium. He died during an hunting party.

 1947: John Cobb passes 634 km/h (394mph), record not tied till the 60’s
 1970: Gary Gabelich reaches 1001.6 km/h

with the rocket driven Blue Flame
 1979: Stan Barret passes the speed of sound

with Budweiser Rocket
velocity record of 1190 km/h never became
official
 1983: Richard Noble designes the Thrust SSC-t, record-holder till today
with 1228 km/h (1997). Consumption: 5500 l/100 km

Historical milestones – racing cars
 1887: the first car race, distance of 2km, the winner: Georges Bouton
(the only racer…)
 1914: open passenger compartment,

uncovered wheels
Lautenschlager Mercedes Cd = 0.65
 1923: Benz Tropfenwagen, teardrop shaped car

Streamlined cars gain importance before WW2
 1955: Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR, retractable flap increases the drag

coefficient from 0.44 to 1.09, Le Mans 24h-race
 1967: Chaparral 2F; the first racing car with

wings to reduce the lifting force

 1969: Chaparral 2J,

two auxiliary fans at the rear of the car,
increased downforce by suction under the car
and blowing into the separation bubble behind
the car (reducing drag)
Banned.
 1975: Ken Tyrrell (first served in the Royal

Air Force, than timber merchant)
Six-wheeled car. Banned.
Strange record:
 his team was punished
the most.
 1977: Lotus 79 first race car using the „ground

effect”. Diffuser and sliding side skirts at the
bottom of the car and inverted wing-shaped
side pods reduce the lifting force.
Banned.

 1978: Brabham BT46B, „vacuum-cleaner”

Response of Bernie Ecclestone to the diffuser.
Niki Lauda won everything with it, but it was:
Banned.
 1987: active suspension in Lotus – to sustain optimal ground clearance,

intelligent system.
Banned….. however, in 1991 allowed again, today even in passenger cars
 2009: double decker diffuser. Not straightforward.

Banned.
 2010: the F-duct introduced by McLaren .

 Flow rate towards the rear wing can be controlled.
Banned.
Part V.
Competition cars 13
10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

By Ryan Ashenhurst (https://motorsport.clickon.co/2017/02/20/10-tech-banned-f1/)
1978


1997


2010


4-1/10
Six-wheeled car.
1975:
Ken Tyrrell:
Banned.
Strange record:
his team was
punished
the most.
1975













Requirements – aiming to win!
Zhang et al (2006) Ground Effect Aerodynamics.pdf
Part V. - Competition cars

Requirements
 Same motor power, the highest possible final speed:
- reduction of the Aref cross-section: almost impossible; huge exposed wheels are the
major problem
- reduction of drag (cD)
 High negative L/D (lift to drag ratio): either large negative lift coefficient (cL) or small drag
coefficient (cD) is a need
 Good maneuverability: zero or positive lift on front axle,

large negative lift on rear axle – experience of driving tests
 Stability: low side-wind sensitivity with vertical axis
 Cooling and ventilation for motor area and driver’s comfort
How?
Proper design of the separate parts of the car:
front section („nose”), rear section, underbody, add-on (spoilers, wings), special air inlets, etc.

Requirements –  downforce  is needed
1937 BMW 328 (137hp, 160km/h, 750kg)
1983 McLaren MP4/2 (811hp, 300+km/h, 540kg)
2015 McLaren MP4-30 (600hp, 300+km/h, 702kg)

1956
Figure 2 (left): The Porsche 550 Spyder with an

‘inverted wing’ as conceived by 22 year old Swiss
engineer and amateur racing driver Michel May in
1956.
(http://type550.com/racing/drivers/michel-may/)

1977
RENAULT RS01
2027
RENAULT R.S.
VISION
Requirements – airfoil with negative L/D
1984

Requirements – downforce generated by car body
EFFECT OF GROUND PROXIMITY
When gap size h  (= h/L )
Drag  increases
downforce  increases
lift  decreases
Drag  increases
Downforce  decreases
Lift  increases

Requirements – downforce in F1

Requirements – downforce from pressure diff
„The images shows the
static pressure
distribution
on the upper/lower surface of
the car. Orange to red
indicates positive static
pressure exerted on the
surface (i.e pushes into the
surface of the car). Green to
blue indicates negative static
pressure exerted on the
surface (i.e pulls at the surface
of the car). The majority of
downforce generation occurs
on the lower ground facing
surfaces.”
Source:
http://www.totalsimulation.co.uk/wp/secrets-
formula-1-part-2-importance-aerodynamics/

Requirements – lift/downforce distrubution
„A visual representation highlighting the magnitude and distribution of vertical forces

generated by a Formula 1 car. Blue to pink represents increasing downforce generation whilst
green to red represents increasing lift generation. Critical downforce generating components can
be clearly be seen, these are the front wing, underfloor, diffuser and rear wing. Notice how the
downforce is distributed at the front, middle and rear of the car. This results in a relatively even
distribution of load between the front and rear tyres. For this visualisation, the forces are
integrated in the direction of the view (i.e forces are summed between upper and lower surfaces –
this is essentially ‘adding’ the two images in figure 6 together but also includes internal surface)..”
Source:
http://www.totalsimulation.co.uk/wp/secrets-formula-1-part-2-importance-aerodynamics/

Parts of the car – front spoiler
 Increasing of front downforce, high negative lift
34
Parts of the car – front spoiler a)
 BMW 3-Series: from street to race car - options for front
 Increasing of front downforce (negative front lift)
b)
c)
c)
FACTORY ORIGINAL OPTIONS

a) a) Small front spoiler
b) Large front spoiler („iS Lippe”)
b) c) M3 M-TECHNIK version EVO I./ II. 35
Parts of the car - nose
 Pressure builds up inevitably – streamlined body

 Reducing the lifting force (from + lift towards - lift) with proper design:
 Tyrrell 019: high-nosed „jet fighter”
- more air under the car

- undisturbed flow over the wing
36
Parts of the car – nose

F1 in 2015 „Sauber C34 - Singapore update package”
„Sauber introduced the largest update of arguably
any team in Singapore. This is the fruit of many
old nose new nose months in the wind tunnel and CFD. The package -
the Swiss squad’s first major upgrade of the season -
almost amounts to a B-spec machine. Sadly,
however, it could not prevent both cars going out in
Q1 in qualifying.”
„The update includes a new, shorter nose, following

the trend set by Williams from the start of the season.
Sauber’s treatment is similar to McLaren’s. The
© Giorgio Piola drawing above shows the old nose on the left and the
new one on the right.
It has the following features:
old nosecone new nosecone 1. Shorter and thinner ‘finger’ in the centre;
2. Lower nose section with improved airflow under
the nose to the floor;
3. New main profile with a larger footstep and a
curved profile beneath the endplate (a trend set
by Mercedes);
4. New slotted flap;
5. Second vertical turning vane to better direct the
airflow outside the front tyre;
© Giorgio Piola 6. Wider, Mercedes-style section;
7. Different fins on the outside of the endplate.”
„The drawing above shows the old nosecone on the

left and the new one on the right. The difference in
http://www.formula1.com length and shape is clear. Note that the new nose
Part V. - Competition cars does not have the lower keel (red arrow).” 37
Parts of the car – mirror fins

F1 in 2015 „McLaren MP4-30 - mirror fin”
„Hungary saw the final update to what effectively
amounts to a B-spec version of the MP4-30
introduced at the British round by McLaren - a small
twisted fin under the mirror, to better channel airflow
to the rear of the car..”
„From Austria onwards McLaren have heavily evolved

their car, with the short nose being introduced there.
At Silverstone the new package comprising a front
wing, bargeboard and diffuser moved the car on, and
now this.”
„This latest piece appears to complete the

programme, which has been inspired by incoming
aerodynamicist Peter Prodromou”.
© Giorgio Piola
http://www.formula1.com

Parts of the car - wings
 Use of wings to produce downward acting force: front, rear and the sides
(side pod)
 Important when installing:

- placement: at front – distance from road; rear – distance from car body
and wheels
- angle: optimal angle to produce large negative lift; no separation
- wing profile: shape, width, camber are important; slats & flaps
- end-plates: reduction of wing tip vortices

Parts of the car – front wing

Parts of the car – front wing

Parts of the car – front (multiple) wing

Front spoilers & wings of F1 in 2015
http://www.formula1.com Part V. - Competition cars 42


Front wings of F1 in 2015
„McLaren endured another tough race in Japan last weekend, hampered by a lack of straight-line performance.
They did at least, though, have the benefit of recent aero updates to the MP4-30, which narrowly missed out
on the points in the hands of Fernando Alonso.”
„The team confirmed the effectiveness of the

new front wing design they introduced in
Singapore (previous version inset). The wing
pillars have a more twisted outer edge (left
arrow), while the endplate now features small
winglets on its inner (top right arrow) and
outer (lowermost arrow) edges, and a revised
rear opening (lower right arrow). All this is to
better manage the airflow around the outside
of the front tyres.”
© Giorgio Piola


„Toro Rosso STR10 - new shape front wing”
„The season may be entering its latter stages, but Toro Rosso are still pushing
hard with the aero development of their 2015 car. ”
„In Singapore they introduced this totally new

shape of front wing turning vane (red arrow),
highly twisted to channel air outwards. Other
teams have a straighter, more vertical fin.”
© Giorgio Piola


„Ferrari SF15-T - low-downforce front wing”
„Ferrari introduced this front wing at the last round in Belgium and are expected to use a very
similar solution for their home race in Italy this weekend. ”
„The upper flap has been removed, leaving

one flap - rather than two - with a quite
different shape, designed for very low
downforce. Two vertical fins have been added
to help channel airflow cleanly around the
front tyres. This should be effective on the
long straights at Monza where speeds can
regularly exceed 320 km/h.”
© Giorgio Piola

Parts of the car – wings (rear wing system: DRS)

Parts of the car – wings with Gurney flap

Parts of the car – rear wing


Parts of the car – rear wing a)
 BMW 3-Series: from street to race car - options for rear
 Increasing of rear downforce (negative rear lift)
b)
FACTORY ORIGINAL OPTIONS

a) Small rear spoiler (deck strip) Street version
c)
b) Large rear spoiler („Alpina” sport modification)
c) With even larger extension, sport mod.
d) Separate rear wing M3 version, race version
e) M3 EVO rear wing, „racer” version
f) With Gurnew flap, „the racest” version d)
e)
f)
50
Parts of the car – rear wing – cold air (high density)
F-duct
McLaren F-duct How does it work?

It is called „F-duct” since air inlet is close
to the „F” of VODAFONE decal.
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3OjK1FlcsLQ
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R9QMYTiYHIk
Parts of the car – FRONT wing with side fin (end plate)

Parts of the car – REAR wing with side fin (end plate)
WITHOUT WITH
end plate end plate


INFLUENCE of AENDPLATE (END PLATE AREA)

INFLUENCE of END PLATE’s LOUVRES
WITHOUT WITH
louvres louvres

Parts of the car – rear vertical fins – stability cN

Parts of the car – rear wing – vertical position


Rear wings of F1 in 2015
„The high-speed nature of Italy’s legendary Monza circuit means all the teams run special, low-
downforce wings on the rear of their cars. We review the approaches taken by three of the frontrunners…”
„Williams FW37 - Williams have

opted for the easiest and least
expensive low-downforce solution;
to simply cut 3 to 4 cm off the top
flap (yellow area), reducing drag
and downforce.
A similar but less extreme solution
has been used by Toro Rosso. As is
traditional here, Williams have
been strong on top speed. It follows
an error in this area at the last
round in Belgium, where they
carried too much downforce, which
hurt them on the straights of Spa-
Francorchamps.”
© Giorgio Piola


„Mercedes have introduced a totally new rear wing for 2015’s Belgian round,
the first time the team have used such a spoon-shaped design on both main and flap profiles. „
„Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid - In Belgium

Mercedes drew much attention with
their sculpted, spoon-shaped rear wing
(main drawing) - which proved very
effective. And although the team are
dominating the season and have an
almost unassailable points lead, they
are still pushing very hard to introduce
updates at every race. After the
surprise of the Spa design, for Monza
they have brought a brand-new, low-
downforce rear wing (inset) with less
curvature and without a monkey seat.
There is also a subtle Gurney flap to
help the car in the slower corners..”
© Giorgio Piola


„Mercedes F1 W06 Hybrid - rear-wing endplate changes„
„Mercedes were back on form in Japan, where they continued to add developments to their car,
among them this new endplate design on the rear wing.”
„The inset drawing shows the endplate
the team had used all season up until
Suzuka. The main difference on the
new version is the much longer vertical
slot on the endplate’s leading edge
(main drawing, lower right arrow -
contrast with inset drawing, lower right
arrow). The rest of the wing is based on
the design used in Bahrain, also shown
inset, with cuts in the flap where it
meets the endplate (upper left arrow)
and a small Gurney flap on its exit
edge.”
© Giorgio Piola


„Ferrari SF15-T - For Monza, Ferrari

have retained the same front wing as
Spa, but brought a new low-downforce
rear. It features new endplates with
two large slots and one small
horizontal slot on top, and a short-cord
main plane. As in Belgium, Ferrari have
reverted to the bodywork package
from before the Spanish round, which
is better on high-speed tracks. Along
with an improved power unit - utilizing
three development tokens - it means
Ferrari appear to have taken a good
step forward in performance for their
home race.”
© Giorgio Piola

Parts of the car – underbody (chassis)
PASSENGER CARs =
ROUGH UNDERBODY

RACING CARs =
SMOOTH UNDERBODY
Part V.
Competition cars
http://auto.indavideo.hu/video/Csak_meg_ne_karcolodjon 64
RACING CAR =
SMOOTH UNDERBODY
Part V.
Competition cars
EFFECT of SMOOTHING (covering panels A,B,C,D, E + F sideskirt)
( DRAG decreases  ) & (LIFT decreases  ) or (DOWNFORCE increases)
Part V.
Competition cars
 Special shape of the underbody: ground effect by diffuser (Venturi duct)

- area ratio
- angle (BL separation)
- flowrate
 Ground effect up to 80% of total downforce
 cL = -2.6 results L=-16kN downforce (290km/h), while weight of the car

is only G=6.5kN – F1 racing could be driven on the ceiling, too.

Parts of the car – underbody
Ferrari F40 LM
http://auto.indavideo.hu/video/Csak_meg_ne_karcolodjon
Parts of the car – underbody gap
Influence of
Front (-cL,F) Font gap size: hF
Rear gap size: hR
on the negative lift
(downforce) coeff.
Rear (-cL,R) Datamap is shown:

Front (-cL,F)
Rear (-cL,R)
Zhang et al (2006) Ground Effect Aerodynamics.pdf

Parts of the car – underbody gap height
Reduction of lift force by controlling of underbody flow
Variation of drag (cDrag =cWiderstand), lift (cLift=cAuftrieb) and pitching moment (cM)
coefficients as function of size of underbody gap
Base forms of PORSCHE
Underbody gap
drag coef cDrag =cWiderstand lift coef cL =cAuftrieb yaw moment coef cM (Nickmoment)

Parts of the car – underbody – ground effect
Change of drag and lift when changing body geometry
Change of lift coefficient (DcLift =DcAuftrieb),
Change of drag coefficient (DcDrag =DcWiderstand),

Influence of the moving ground and boundary layer (BL) suction to the d1
momentum thickness of BL.
BL SUCTION Moving ground

ON ON
ON OFF
OFF ON
OFF OFF
OFF OFF
* BL artificial thickened

Influence of the moving ground and boundary layer (BL) suction to the d1
momentum thickness of BL.
Underbody gap size
momentum thickness

Reduction of lift force by controlling of underbody flow (boundary layer)
cp pressure coefficient distribution on the 2D body surface (upper/ lower)
(Influence of d1 momentum thickness on the upper / lower pressure distribution)
upper surface lower surface
BL momentum thickness (d1)


Parts of the car – underbody



Base forms
of PORSCHE



Parts of the car – underbody; double diffuser
 Not straightforward what it is:
- divided diffuser MOVIE:
Basic view into aerodynamics of the Formula 1 car
- diffuser with increased flowrate Formula 1 Aerodynamics with Martin Brundle.mp4
- both
MOVIE:
Formula 1 car cut in half!
Sauber have cut Robert Kubica's 2008 F1 car in half!
Formula 1 car cut in half!(1).mp4
 http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xd4remhW0J8

Small tricks – flaps, winglets, vortex generators

Small tricks – vortex generators

Small tricks – flaps, winglets, vortex generators

Rear floor modification of F1 in 2015
„Ferrari SF15-T - rear floor modifications” „Ferrari were on their A game in
Singapore, taking pole position and
victory with a car featuring a
very effective and obvious update. The
area in front of the rear tyres is a
crucial focal point for all
teams this year as they look to improve
rear-end aerodynamics, and in the last
few races we have seen many different
solutions.”
„For the Marina Bay race Ferrari
multiplied the slots in the floor
(highlighted in yellow), from three to
nine. In addition they added two fins
(red arrow) on the sides of the
deformable rear crash structure, as
Mercedes did in Spain. The car, with its
strong rear end, is much more to
Sebastian Vettel’s liking now, hence
© Giorgio Piola
the improved performance.”

Passenger car vs. its race car version (BMW M3)
 Baseline M3 M3 1994 FIA Supertouring

 DRAG cD 0,31 0,30
 LIFT (front) cLF 0,214 0,099
 LIFT (rear) cLR 0,126 0,006

Porsche 911 Turbo S – active aerodnyamics
FRONT
< 120 km/h 120 km/h <

When fully retracted, the
front lip will be able to clear
ramps with gradients of up
to 10°.
Source:
https://porschehangout.com/active-aerodynamics-new-porsche-911/
http://press.porsche.com/news/release.php?id=906
REAR + 0 mm + 25 mm + 75 mm, -7°
< 120 km/h 120 km/h <
„At 300 km/h, the 991 Turbo can produce 132kg of

downforce, allowing it to lap the Nordschleife two
seconds faster than in the normal mode.”
Source: https://www.total911.com/christopher-ward-c700-grande-rapide-chronograph/

L= -90 N to -258 N L= -182 N to -1500 N
… the total downforce generated by the 911

Turbo adaptive aerodynamics at 186 mph
(300 km/h) on the track was increased:
SPEED setting: by 37 lbs, to 57 lbs
PERFORANCE setting: by 40 lbs, to 331 lbs.
1 lbs = 0,454 kg
1 mph = 1,61 kph

Parts of the car – tricks & tips – front diffuser

Pressure coefficient with airdam, and with airdam + splitter (without front diffuser)

Pressure coefficient with airdam + splitter, without and with front diffuser
front diffuser section

Parts of the car – tricks & tips


Parts of the car – tricks & tips – Venturi effect




Parts of the car – tricks & tips – rear diffuser

Parts of the car – tricks & tips – divided diffuser


2015 McLaren
rear
divided
diffuser
flow vis

Parts of the car – tricks & tips – exhaust outlet











Small tricks – in-season developments 2015

2015 modification of F1
„In-season development of the McLaren MP4-30”
http://www.formula1.com/content/fom-website/en/latest/technical/2015/8/in-season-development-of-the-mclaren-mp4-30.html
„McLaren have developed their car relentlessly since the

start of the season - and points have now started to
follow. In this video we explore the key developments
that have helped drive them up the order… .”
• shorter nose (improve the airflow under the car)
• new side fin of the front wing, with smaller hole to
© Giorgio Piola channel air more on the front tyres
• Modified front section of the floor („T tray”) with
vertical fins on either edge
• Top of the side pods additional vertical elements


„McLaren have developed their car relentlessly since the start of the season - and points have now
started to follow. In this video we explore the key developments that have helped drive them up the
order… .”
• shorter nose (improve the airflow under the car)


order… .”
• new side fin of the front wing, with smaller side hole to channel air more on the front tyres


order… .”
• Modified front section of the floor („T tray”) with vertical fins on either edge


order… .”
• Top of the side pods additional vertical elements and twisted fin (horizontal) at the wing mirror


order… .”
• engine cooling opening, and rear wheel front spoiler horizontal L-shape openings


Rear diffuser
Flow visualisation

MORE ILLUSTRATION VIDEOS

Wind Tunnel Test_ _43_ 1971 Petty Superbird
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zl7jk85D2sE


Formula 1 car cut in half!
Sauber have cut Robert Kubica's 2008 F1 car in half!
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=F9WVtZHYjds


Sauber wind tunnel at Hinwil (full HD)
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=k7hTnkbmodI


Formula 1 Aerodynamics with Martin Brundle F.1: ecco come potrebbero essere le monoposto del 2017
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jYaIXWNOa_A https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OYcUYX_Z2c4
Lamborghini Huracan crash M7 motorway – SMRFK Novitec Rosso Ferrari 458 Italia in Wind Tunnel_youtube_original
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=lp7wkHYhxkw https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Fb_AIBagFso


LOOSING DOWNFORCE
1998
(Porsche GT1 flip at Road Atlanta )
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jQ09vOXWWoE
1999
(Mercedes CLR GT1 at Le Mans ):
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nwx5vDtNEpg

2016 F1
generation of downforce
~30% by front wings, ~40% by underbody, ~30% rear wings
https://youtu.be/s4ujo4WUf88

Thank you for your attention!

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MSc in Mechanical Engineering Modelling / Fluid Mech spec.

Part V. - Competition cars 1

Part V. - Competition cars 2

Simon McBeath (2000) Luke Marshall (2010)

Part V. - Competition cars 5

 RACING CARs: enclosed or free standing wheels,

 RECORD BRAKING CARs: designed for extreme

Part V. - Competition cars 6

 1899.04.29: Camille Jenatzy (Belgian race car driver)

 1929: Henry Segrave (English fighter pilot)

 1928: Fritz von Opel (alias Rocket Fritz)

 1930: T80 designed by Ferdinand Porsche,

Part V. - Competition cars 7

First with horizontal side wings the audience… the driver…

Part V. - Competition cars 9

 1970: Gary Gabelich reaches 1001.6 km/h

 1979: Stan Barret passes the speed of sound

Part V. - Competition cars 10

 1914: open passenger compartment,

 1923: Benz Tropfenwagen, teardrop shaped car

 1955: Mercedes-Benz 300 SLR, retractable flap increases the drag

 1967: Chaparral 2F; the first racing car with

Part V. - Competition cars 11

 1969: Chaparral 2J,

 1975: Ken Tyrrell (first served in the Royal

 1977: Lotus 79 first race car using the „ground

Part V. - Competition cars 12

 1978: Brabham BT46B, „vacuum-cleaner”

 1987: active suspension in Lotus – to sustain optimal ground clearance,

 2009: double decker diffuser. Not straightforward.

 2010: the F-duct introduced by McLaren .

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 14

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 15

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 16

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 17

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 18

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 19

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 20

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 21

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 22

10 Tech Innovations that were BANNED from Formula 1

Part V. - Competition cars 23

Requirements – aiming to win!

Zhang et al (2006) Ground Effect Aerodynamics.pdf

Part V. - Competition cars

 Good maneuverability: zero or positive lift on front axle,

 Stability: low side-wind sensitivity with vertical axis

 Cooling and ventilation for motor area and driver’s comfort

Part V. - Competition cars 25

1983 McLaren MP4/2 (811hp, 300+km/h, 540kg)

2015 McLaren MP4-30 (600hp, 300+km/h, 702kg)

Part V. - Competition cars 26

Figure 2 (left): The Porsche 550 Spyder with an

Part V. - Competition cars 27

Part V. - Competition cars 29