Chapter - 1. [Permutation and Combination] 1.1 [Concept of Factorial] Definition: The continued product of first ‘n’ natural numbers is known as “n-factorial”. It is denoted a n! or lz ie. nl = nx(n-1)x(n-2)x__--_- 4x3x2x1 Remarks : (1) As “n° is a natural number hence “n* can never be negative (2) O!=1 Example: 5!=5x4x3x2x 1 Remark : n! = nx(n-1)x(n-2)x___ and (n-l) ! = (n-1) (n-2) (n-3)___---- 4x3x2x1 «. We can say:n!=nx (a-1)! Example: 5!=5x4! _4x3x2x1 Examples 50! 1. Compute 28! Solution: 50! _ 50x49%48! _ 59,49 = 2450 48! 48! 20!-19! 2. Compute gy— Solution: 201-19! 20x19! = 19x19 = 361 19!(20-1) _ 19x18120-1) 18! 18! 18! 18! 3. If (n43)! = 56[(n+1)!] find n Solution: (n+3)! = 56[(n+1)!] => (n43) (n+(3-1)) (n+(3-2))! = 56[(n+1)!] => (143) (n+2) (n+1)! = S6[(a+1)!] => (n+3) (142) =56 > n?+5n+6=56 => n?45n-50=0 = n?+10n-5n-50=0 > n(nt+10)-5(n+10)=0 > (n—5)(n +10) =0 => n=5, n=-10 neglectn=-10 (As ‘n’isa natural number) , n=54. Provethat G@—pir! ie Solution: al ——+ (nn Consider LHS = ra-r+1) 5. -On-1)Qn41)] 6. Find the ged and Le.m of 7!, 8! and 9! Solution: 81=8 x7! 9 =9x8x 7! gcd. of [ gcd. of (7!, 8x71, 9x 8x 7] = 7! Loam of [7! 8! 9!] = Le.m of [7!,8x7!, 9x 8x 7!] = Tx 9x 8=72x 7! 543.21 ‘& Combination niet Po ee a @ 8 @ Important Results to Remember xltyl ¢(e4y)x yor Letx=2,y=3 LHS = 2! 43! = 2x 143x2x1=8 RHS = (243)! =5!= 5x 4x 3x2 x1 = 120. Clearly LHS # RHS 2 Oy)! Kyl Letx=5,y=3 BY [ Sx 4-1] = 3x 2x I[19] = 6x 19 4 1 = 2, Clearly LHS # RHS y=3 LHS = 2! . 3! =(2x 1).8x2)=26= 12 6x 5x4x3x 2x1 = 720. Clearly LHS # RHS 61_ 6x5x4x3!_ x en = 120 Sel} texe6y=3 LHS= 3° — RHS = (}-2 2 Clearly LHS + RHS 1.2 [Fundamental Principles of Counting] Multiplication Rule: Consider two jobs A and B. Ifsuppose job A can be completed B can be completed in‘b* ways. Then, jb C (which is done only when both Aand B are done) can be completed in ax b ways. {ie the total number of ways in which both t “at ways and job the job can be completed is a x b.] Remark : _Above result can be generalised to anu numberof finite number of jobs ay ie “J, sich that job J, can be completed in A, ways. ‘Thea total numberof ways in which all the obs canbe completed is A, x, x Ay Kone, ‘Apperson wants to buy one fountain pen, one sketch pen and one ball pen from 8 shop, If there are “15° varieties of fountain pen, * Y varieties of sketch pen and er varieties of ball pen, in how many ways he can select these articles. Solution: 15° ways, sketch pen n 10" waysandball Clearly a person can buy fountain pen in penn ‘5° ways. 1, Number of way: she can select all these articles: 15 x 105 = 750 Yi—— = i N & Combination compete inarace. In how ™ Remark: ab and ba are two diferent permutations. Definition 2: ! fn and rare two posi tation of n° distinct things, taken “r ‘Twelve students iven y Out of | = Neb of ways first three prizes be given 'S 12x Hx 10= 1320 J jie, P(n,t)= Total number of permutation of n distinct things, taken “r ‘Addition Rule (or Sum Rule): i ol Consider two jobs Aan B, Ifsuppose 0b A et be completed in ‘a’ ways and Also, PO eal completed in ways. THE Apc cabichisdone when eet Ace Remarks A : ! J done) canbe completed in a+b wa)S | “The numberof permutations of ‘n’ distinct things taken ‘r’at a time i same asthe Result: : ! umber of ways in which we can fill up ~‘r” places when we have ‘n’ different {Total number of ways in which either of the two jobs can be completed is a+b) | things. Remark: Remark : “Above result can also be generalised to any umber of ite number of jobs say [Number of permutations of a” different things taken all at atime is =n! Wea, MA, such that job A can be completed in , Was ” : i ‘Then total number of ways in which either of ‘n° jobs can be completed is Proof: Clearly r=n +. P(a.n)= a AtAto——#A, @-m! 0! Examples 0-2) tor factor 9. Inexample 7 find how many ways he can sleet any one of these articles. Examples Solution: M1. Find °P, ‘Out of fountain pen, sketch pen and ball pen, any one has to be selected. Solution:” “number of ways can be select any one of these articles is 15 + 10 + 5= 30 i ! 6x5x4x3! i 10, There are 15 books on Mathematics and 10 books on Chemistry in a shop. In how Cos ee rf | many ways student can buy ether a Mathematic book or a Chemistry book. ‘ ib ia tl Solution: 12, If P(5,1) =P(6,r-1), find r. ! Veep Solution: 1 (Out of Mathematics and, Chemistry book, baa Pasicarsapie i ae ; any one has to be selected. Consider P(S, 1) = P(6, 1) uy either one of the book is 15 + 10 = 25 i 6! 6 Oe eee 1.3 [Permutation] (6-G-DI! G-p! 7-0! Definition: se OIeE aeeeen OOLay Each of the (5-9)! (7-1)(7-1-1)x(7-1-2)! ferent arangements whic number of thir which can be - os of things called a permutation ‘made by taking some or all of a Een SH ag ainnLOXS! i 6 L = 2s ; G-p! @-n6-nG=-0! 1 (7-6-1) [Cancelling (5-+)! and 5!) fren te tes, loving = (7-4) 641) =6 > 42-1r-6r +P =6 atime. IX arran - ws a ba be, b,c, igements can be made by taking two SPA 131436=0 = F-91—r436=0 6b, a, ca Sr(rg)- - A 1(-9)-4 (6-9) =0 = (F-4)(t-9) =0 > r=4, 129 neglect r=9as(I nf + 90+ 20= 220-22 => m= 13n+42=0 = m-6n- 7m +42=0 = nfn-6)-7(n-6)=0 = (0-7) (n-6)=0 = n= 7,0=6 15, If "py =360, find Solution: "py =360 7 Ga) n(a-1)(a-2)(n-3)(0-4)! _ 365 = @-4)! = n(n-1)(n-2)(a-3) = 360 n => n(n 2(n-3) =6x5x4x3 => = 6 16. Inhow many ways can five children stand in a queue? Solution: ‘The number of ways in which 5 children can stand in a queue is same as the nu of arrangements of 5 different things taken all a atime TEI Matsa) reece Solution: We have to constuct a8 di already been used. AS we have to now fillup°6 places from 88 ng 7x65 4x3 = 20160 (6-6! 2! 2 and “3° have (0, 1,4,3,6,7,8,9) umber of ways = °P, = 1s be arranged for a group of phot 20. Inhow many ways can 6 boys and 5 the girls ar® 10S oii chairs ina row and the boys are to stand in a row behind them. Solution: The number of ways in which 6 boys can stand behind the girls, is same as the number of arrangem number of ways = Also the number of ways arrangements of § girls taker me , number of ways = ‘P=! Total number of ways = 6! x 5! ——. 1.4 [Restricted Permutations] This section deals w ns under certain conditions. Hence they are conditions are given below The number of all permutThe number of perm lar object is never taken ns of n distinct objects take T atatime, each arrangement is". When a part, 3. The number of permut ms of‘ different objects taken ‘rat atime in wh specified objects always occur together is 24(F=1) ™P, ht ' Examples | 21, How many words ean be formed (with or without meaning) from the letters oft word TUESDAY, how many of these begin with Y. the | Solution: ‘The number of ways in which words canbe formed (wth oF without meaning; & the number of arrangements of 7 letters taken all at atime (Please see examp) number of ways = 7! For those words which begins with ¥ [Y. 6 remaining different letters tak fe J] we have to UP - 6places fon I ata time. This can be don “P, ways 6 22. How many different words canbe formed the word GANESH PURI? In how my of these words : | i) The letters G and A occupy first and last place respectively Letter A always occupy last place The vowels are always together iv) The vowels always occupy odd places | Solution: (i) For the words have to time. This can be done in 8! ways, number of ways = 8! (ii) For the words in which letter A always occupy last place [ ‘we have to fill-up "9" places from remaining different ‘9 letters taken all at a time. This can be done in 9! ways umber of ways = 9! Considering 4 vowels (A, E, 1, U) as one letter, we now have * can be arranged in 7! ways. But corresponding to each way of these arrange- ments the vowels (A, E, 1, U) can be arranged in +P, ways ie. in 4! ways required number of words = 7! x 4! There are 4 vowels and 6 consonants in the word GANESHPURI. For the words in which vowels occupy the odd places namely 1, 3, 5,7, 9, We have 0 up 5 places taking "4° vowels ata time. This can be done in ‘P, ways and 3 120 ing 6-places (left for consonants) by taking 6 consonants at fim This can be done in "P, ways, : and *P,=6!= 720°, Total number of ways = 120 720 = 86400. 10 children be arranged in a row such that now many Ways ways together? al » ita, Neha and Reema are them, Sita, : , ; a Sita, Nehaand Reemaare never together 2) 3ofthem, ae a and Reema as one $rOUP sp, =8! ways Now, ita, Nehi i (1) Consider Sita, ‘children “8° children can be arranged in enn sd together in 3! ways sma can be arrange¢ total number of ways = 813! in sen 10 ways of arranging 10 children = T™- es a as aa Neha and Reema are never together von ined by subtracting number of arrangements in which Sita ll Reema ae always together from the total number of arrangements. — Bix 31 = 10x 9x 8! - 81x 3! 8! (90-3!) =8![90-3x2x 1] =84 x 8! can the letters of the word “CASTLE” be arranged such that So total th a, Neha and Ree sin which Sita, 24, Imhow many way’ (1) “Lois always next to T. (2) Sand Tare always together (3) Word always starts with S. Solution: (1) Consider ‘TL’ as one letter, then we have to now arrange 5 letters. This can be done in °P, = 5! ways = 120 ways (2) Keeping $ and T together and consider it as one letter. ‘Now again, 5 letters can be arranged in 5! ways. Also S and T together can be arranged in 2! ways total number of ways = 5!x 2! = 120x2= 240. (3) As word always starts with S, together we have to arrange 5 letters which can be done in 5! ways, How many four digit numbers le by 4 can be made withthe digits 1,2, 3,4, lowed. : its are divisible by 4, then the number is sible by 4, ith 12 or 24 or 32 or $2, J Also as repetetion Of digits is not allowed, i |meach case we have to fi 1 Ine 2 Jape eee laces (ef Thousand and hundreds) from remaining "Pd WayS= 4 ; | Total number of arrangements such that three vowels are never together 8X7X6!_ 6%IX2 2 2 _ 6n3 f¥ -]- 6[28-3] = 25 x 6! = 25 x 720 = 18000 Find the number of re-arrangements of the letters of the word *BENEVO! LENT 34, which ends with L. Solution: In the word BENEVOLENT’. there are total 10 letters in which letter "E* occurs thrice and letter N occurs twice. ers. we have to arrange 9 (remaining) let Now for the word which ends with L. twice Out of which “E’ occurs thrice, and N occurs total number of ways = : * when 2420-60360 ined numbers = 4 no aor yeiteret words ca formed with How many diffe ef 3 owels occupy even PIACES is and 2 ion: : consonant ae are al 6 letters, ourof which 4 are Inthe word “PE? NCIL", there aces (namely 2nd, 4th and oth 3 posit is can be a we have to arrange "2° vowels in 3 positions: This Hence, in case of vowels. ‘done in *P, Ways. i 4p = 4! ways ing four consonants in 4 positions can be arranged in Re 302! oop, x 41= a= total number of ways =P, x 41= “py 144 6 [Circular Permutations] Definition: \ ‘When we arrange the things ina circle, iti iinear permutations] is called circular permutation. [Otherwise Result: 1). The number of ways in which n different things can be arranged along a circle 2) When observations can be made from both sides (i.e. clockwise and clockwise arrangements are not different) then, numbers of ways in wh different things can be arranged along a circle = It = “57 leg. Pearls in necklace, flowers in garland ete.] id = 30240 iyExamples ing a round are dancing. In how many ways can they “antag Solution: Since ment will be different. numbers of ways (71 rls stand in a circle, clockwise and anti-clockwise my =6! =720 In how many ways can 50 different pearls be arranged to form a necklace? 38. Solution: ce in forming a necklace. clockwise and anti-clockwise arrangement js.) different _ (50-1 *, number of ways = > 5 A round table conference is to be held between 20 delegates of 20 countries. Inhy many ways they be seated in if two particular deigates are always to-sit togethe 39. Solution: Keeping 2 particular delegates together and considering them as one, we have arrange 19 delegates around a table. Since clockwise and anti clockwise arrangements of the delegates will be differ) number of ways = (19 = 1)! = 18! Also two particular persons can arranged among themselves in 2! ways. +, Required number of ways = 18! x 2! In a class of students there are 6 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways can they bi seated around a table so that all the 4 girls sit together? Solution: Keeping 4 girls together and considering them as one, we have to arrange 7 studs [(6 boys + (4 girls as one}] around a table. Since clockwise and anticlockwis} arrangements of the students will be different number of ways = (7-1)! = 6! Also “4” girls can be arranged among themselves in #P, = 4! ways Required number of ways = 6! x 4! 7 In how many ways 5 Indians and 4 Englishmen can be seated at a round table if 40. 41. (i) there is no restriction? +hmen sit together? together? (iv)_no two Englishmen sit together? Solution: ) We have total of 9 persons (5 Indi When there is no restri (9-1)! = 81 ways ishmen) ‘on. 9 persons can be seated the round table in ing them as one, we now have ther and considering Englishmen toget! Keeping 4 Ens! total of 6 [5 Indians an‘ numbers 01 7 nen can ‘Also 4 Englishmen can be ara Required number of Ways on n total number of arrangements = yersons Pana (4 English a ways these 6 persons # ways Tn be arranged among themselVes 4t x 5! one?) oe ae be seated = (6-1)! = 5 in 4! ways ) When When total number of arrs all 4 Englishmen sit angements do not sit together, Il the 4 Englishmen do not " saber of ways = ts! x 4! = 40320 - 2880 = 37440 n n on Indians fee We have no restriction (ee indians can be seated at a round tabl ‘le ite given that no two Englishmen sit together Englishmen will sit at the places marked with. = 5! ways ishmgn can sit = 120 In 5 Places marked with 4 En} Total number of ways = 120 x 4! Exercise J Evaluate "P,. {Ans. 5040] 2.°~ 1f5 P(4,n) = 6P (5, n-1), find n. [Ans. 3] 3. IEP (2n-I.n):P (Qn + 1,n-1)= 22:7, find n. [Ans. 10] <4” In how many ways 7 pictures can be hung from 5 picture nails on a wall. JAns. 2520] 5. How many words, with or without meaning can be formed using all letters of the words EQUATION, using each letter exaclty once. JAns. 5040] it odd? How many three - digit numbers are there, with distinct digits, with each [Ans. 60] How many 6-digit telephone numbers can be constructed with digits 0, 12, 3,4, 5. 6,7, 8, 9, if each digit starts with 35 and no digit appears more than once? [Ans. 1680]P-16 10. 12. 13. 14. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. bo BCA. matn, B.C-A. Mathem, wathemay| ~ ur digits greater than 2300 can be formed with the gi its How many numbers of fo} q xd in any number. Ans, 5 - SG 1,2. 3,4, 5 and 6, no digit being repeate: fan7 LA and 5 1Se students be seated in a row s0 that no ty, | Oy [Ans *p oi oe JAns. St 4 In how many ways ¢ the I.Se. students may sit together. nd in how many ways th, 3 women and 5 men are to sit in arow fora dinner in set next to each other ? be arranged so that no two wome! rrangements (Permutation) of the letters of y,, Find the number of different a1 1Ans. “BANANA”. Find the number of permutation of leter of the word “DEPENDENCE”, TAns. 1663299 a Is can be formed with the letters of the word 10 How many different word: chancellog” So that the vowels are together? Tans. 5 ements of the letters of the word “DELI!” if E aly Ans. 66) Find the number of arran comes before |. 1 how many permutation ofthe letters ofthe word ‘Parallel‘can be arranged sa [Ans 3000) the I do not come together. 1rs can be formed with digits 1. 2,2, 2, 3,3, 52H How many seven digits number [Ans, 420, 240) many’of them are odd? letters of the word “Saloon’ be arranged if [Ans, 36), In how many different ways can the | consonants and vowels must occupy alternate places? 1g 2 blue, 2 red and 5 yellow flogs on % Ans. sonal How many signals can be made by hoi pole at same time. In how many ways 5 boys and 5 girls can sit around a table? there is no res No two girls sit side by side. [Ans. 9!) [Ans, 4! Combination permutation & ° ene Definition 1: different selections made by taken some or all of a number of objects, Bach of the Farespective of therir arrangements is called a Combination. Example: we have following combination: ab, be, and ca. From three Remark: ‘ab and ba is considered as one combi distinct letters a, b,c, Definition 2: ifn and r arc combinations of ‘n’ dist ie. C(n.r)= Total number of Ce ¢ non-negative integers such that 0 x=yorx+y=n Proof: "CSIC, 3 °C =9C,, S Key orx=my = x=yorxty=mie ol =r (a= (r=DI =D! ad ; 12-10)! cout ae n! (@@=ne! arene! ra Solution: ~ na6+4 = n= 10 *C,2°C. ample) n= 66 (see above &x: : ED al a iain 1 } 1) rar) z is (n+1ynty 4 _jrert or 1S=3rbr+3 . (n-F+Ia-nee-1)! FF) a > rre3 or 194043 = FF or 12=4r RC = (net 1) °C, 4 =3 "4 al 3 2=4r => r= Erba srgn P| = r= 3; (not possible) 12 Sar St Boas, if 'C,-'C,=°C, finde 1 ac ey 2 ED a | Solution: oT rhe ie : olution: [o-0=¢=n}e=1 > G=ae= eee. [16 #4C,,2 "IC, applying on RSI] | . - Maer) a r=3or8or+3 | (n-r+In= Hr)! [Multiply and divide by (n-r+1)] aaa = —(-r+1)nt 46.0 WCC, = 44 23. find n | @-renae=pe 7 erty} ——— : : | @-r+I@=1y Solution: : = (n-r+p]— mt | "Cs 44 i eer Tf > @ertty%e,, "Cr 4 number : ber of selection of eo or more thin 2m, ot Ae =, +1C, s1¢, 16S Out of ‘n’ different things is @n-31G) (n-2)!2) 3 : C= 2" op 9, (20002 HAN 2120-3)! . 7 (2n-3)13%2.n(n = 1)(n - 2) 1 | (2ny2n-12n-2) . 44 : 3n(n-1) 3 | (4n? -2ny(2n-2)= 44(n? =n) ;8n!- 8n°- An’ + 4n-= An’ = 44 8n'- 12? + 4n = 44n' = 44n : 8n' - S6n* + 480 = 0 8n(n°-7n+6)=0 =} 8n=0'or n?-7n+6=0 = n°-7n+6=0 (n= 0, not possible) ee-6) (n-6)- 108 3m n-6e 1 47. TFIE'C Solution: i Consider first two ratios 1 3 ot Up 6on-tir = 5 (el 6 Consider second Bee Pecsn)-, 1 + 1G, 4 (n-1)! (-Dla-n! Ly (a-D! = -2>5n=2r- nee r Solving (1) and (2), we get r= 5 and n= 10. ‘many ways can this be done. Solution: - From 15 cricket players, team of 11 players is to be chosen. This can be done in "C,, ways = ——">__ (15-11 151 _15x14x13x12* 11! 4xX3x2x1% ~ 4x them can be‘only goalkeepers? Solution: Ina football team of Players, only two oF them can be goal keepers. From 2 choices of goal Now.remaining 10 players have to by + 4, only 2 of ‘hem an be goal keepers). This can be done in ! Required numbers of ways =3¢ aC. i Se Re ape 01 (1) 3 ladies and 2 ‘A delegation of 6 members is to be sent abroad out of 12 mi ways can the selection be made so that 5 48. From a group of 15 cricket players, a team of 11 players is to be chosen. In = 1365 49. In he hen many Ways can a team of 11 be chosen from 14 football players if {We Ks=per; | goal keeper can be selected in °C, ways: selected from 12 football players (aS Permutation & Combination P-2t Out of 7 men and 4 ladies a committee of 5 is to be formed. In how many ways can a. committe of 5 to be formed: we have to include at least 3 ladies We have the following cases en (total of 5) sand men (total of 5) (a) a particularmember is incluged? o (b) a particular member.is excluded? cK B Solution: i ON (a) Since a particular member is always included. we have to choose 5 members of delegation from 11 members This can be done in "C, ways a\ jig, = tem 109 cere wr? OMS! OKSX4X3X2X1 always excluded, Therefore we have to choose 6 (b) Since a Particular member members from 11 members This can be done in "C, ways a X10X9X8X7X6! SKL Sx4x3X2XIXO! There are 10 professors and 20 students out of whom a committee of 2 professors and 3 students is to be formed. Find number of ways in which this can be done. "C= = 462 (b) a particular student is included™ (c) aparticular student is excluded Solution: From 10 professors and 20 students, we have to choose 2 professors and 3 students. This can be done in "C, x *C, ways tl 20! _ 10x9x8!_, 20x19%18%17! = MCL CS = Boon Tapa = BRD «LTRSXDXT 10x9 20x19%18 | TE axaxy) 745 x60 17 = 51300 \eC, WANS. ee Result (1) f dibgonals ofa polygon of 'n sides 2 to choose now Number 0! ad, we have only _ m=) n(n =3) he er ='C-n ) Ps : roof: \ 9x18 1059 _ 7695 ‘Any polygon of 'n’ sides has ‘n’ vertices. By joining two vertices of a polygon we Sa aauie either get a side or a diagonal. . 0 choose 2 professors from, ul. : n(n-1) XC, Ways _ Total numberof lines by joining two vertices ata time = *C, = © | ut of these lines, ‘n° are the sides of a polygon. number of diagonals = 'S. Find the number of diagonals of hexagon. a olution: 4 : ' vo if 0 of them shake hands with al Hexagon is a polynomial having 6 sides. , 6-3) are ve 15 person in a pars an fT "| tices O22 53 Ther how many hand sakes happen in the party numberof diagonals = “5 =9 : 6. Find the numberof diagonals of ‘ mi ds. itis counted as one hand shake, Find ie number of goa of pohgon of 1 sides, When 0 pens Saar issme as selecting 2 Persons among olution: “otal numberof han Polygon has sides= 16. ,, n= 16 persons. 1616 - \ W1S*I4I3 Ls. 7 = 105 umber of diagonals = LOE 3) a 3): (13) = 104. \ - Required number = ! ! 2 i of whom 8 are relatives. Inhow many ways can he iv s. @: 4, A personas 12 friends ‘Number of atleast 5 of them may bere | friends such s that can be drawn using *n’ points such that no three of them are” Solution: ae Among 12 fens, 8 of them are relatives Following are the cases of inviting] ind the number of line that can be drawn using 10 poits, no three of which are collinear. . i : rds such that atleast Sof them are relatives. 5 relatives and ? friends ives and | friend eee ee ) relatives and 0 frend quired number of ines = "C,= Gog" Required number of ways ="C,x *C, +*C,x 4C,+*C,x 'C, Result): “3 4 4 E ee ee ‘Number of lines that can be drawn using n points, out of which mare c oat Da IK IRN WT AO = CC +1 “56 HBX 7x64 dt 8x Number of tines formed using “1 Number of lines formed using ‘m’ points =8xTx6+11D+8=336+ 112+ 8=456= P25 Exercise ctl ot remark above) A nC. as 1BxIT_5x4 1. Evaluate:(1) “Cy [Ans. (1) 364, (2) n +1] aot os ae pe etl al ="C, findn. [Ans.34] 12 |= 153-97 144 x 2153-10 3 WMC=MC yor find x Ans. 7] eqn sing pois suc that no hy, 4M Cget Py = 57:16 find, JAns. 19] an be 5 tmagroupof IS boys there are 6 hockey players. In how many ways éan 12 boys are 4): af tings at seein“ | selected so as to include at least 4 hockey players. out of which mare, 6 A candidate i required to answer six ou of ten questions which are a formed using” points Result (5)* jes that can | cw ‘groups, each containing 5 questions and he is not permitted to attempt more than 4 umber ofan scan 1 pets, $ of whic from any group. In how many ways can he make up his choice? Ans. 200], £16 "Cs ccanbechined by 08 eeay 7, Inhow many was cn student choose S courses out of 9 courses if2 courses are 9 How many ian compulsory for every student JAns. 6375600] Solution: gs 2s 8. sports team of 11 students ted, choosing at least 5 from class XI Required number of trian 12X11X10_5x4x3 and at least 5 from class XII. If there are 20 students | e =" 9x2 xg” many ways can the teams be constituted. fans. °C xO, +9C,xC, 9, There are 5 questions in a question pape. In how many ways can a bay solve one or =220-10=210 : : more questions. Ans. 31] an excursion lasso ude to be chosen a rater nee They) 10, _, There are 10 points in a plane of which 4 are colliiear. How many different straight Frets wo eid that ie of them ™ Wi Te 1s can be drawn by joining them. [Ans. 40] student hosen? p . , ways can they be cl oe how many waYS : 8 [Problems on Distribution of hecase when three students 4 join the excursion pat, i, *\ Fhings Among Sets or Groups] ning) students. This can be done in) Result (1) ie excursion party. In that case, we 3 students do not ai : ways. If suppose, 3st Number of ways of distributing n different things among three groups cont Bs choose 10 students from 22 (rema et in, " : required number of ways= “Cy +” Cio le } ings (kare distinc) andm +k-+r= n= A, Inhow many ways can ve one or more qu ea ™ If m=k,then number of ways = Solutic Following cases may occur in solving the question paper : (a) oy chooses to solve only one question out of 4, m=k=r, then number of ways = {b) boy chooses to solve two question out of 4. Rest boy chooses to solve thee question out of 4 boy solvesall the 4 questions nt Required number of ways = 'C, + 'C, + 'C,+ 'C, | among three persons = Talkie ot (ms K. are distr Number of ways of distributing m, k, things respectiv out of 'n’ different things If m=k, number of ways = mi If m=k=r, number of ways =2. Inhow’ solution: Clea ly each person 12 things can be di ided 63. Solution: From result | we ha 1.9 [Mix Permutations \ Examples ng? vowels and 8 consonants can bef, | \ 64. How many different word, each contai 7 with 6 vowels and 10 consonants. Solution: 5 vowels out of 6, can be choser znoven in "Cy ways. Also "10" letter wor ways Requird number of ways = "C: C, x1 65. How many four that 1) Uis include (2) Uisnever Solution: The word “JUNGLE? consists of 6 letters n each word? Juded in any word? (1) When letter U remaining 5 letters (J. N. GL. E This can be done in °C, = 10 w I these °C, selections. 4 (ay ed problems on And Combinations} sc, ways. and 8 consonants out of 19, dd can be arranged among themseiya. s _ etter words can be formed using the letters of word “JUNG iuded in every word. we have to choose only 3 letters to make it a4 letter word). ters can be umber of words = °C, = 4! = neluded in every word, then we have to choose 4lq p-27 arranged in 4! ways Also. in all these ‘C, selections. 4 letters can be Also number of words = °C, x 41 = 120 ed for 16 persons along two sides of a long table w h 8 chairs articular side and two on the er ea party i arra ee erage, Four persons wish to sit on one p side. I a Solution: et the two sides be P and Q ‘on the side P and 2 persons wish to sit on the side Q. So we are = (4 +2)]. Now. on each side there are 8 chairs availaible. how many ways can they be se 4 persons wish to eft with 10 persons. [16 Consider side P - 4 persons already wish to sit on this side. ‘Texal chairs available = 4: total persons available ~ 10 We have to choose “4° persons from 10 (remaining persons) This can be done in "C, ways Now Consider side Q - 2 persons already wish to sit on this side Total chairs avialable = 6; total persons available = 6 (As 4 out of 10 are onside P) Selection can be done in °C, ways. ‘Also, 8 persons on each side can be arranged among thenselves in 8! ways. Toal number of ways = "C, x ays 10 Indians, 5 Americans and 4 Englishman can be seated in a shmen sit between Indian. 67. Inhow many row. so that neither Americans-nor En} io. Since neither Americans nor Englishmen sit between Indiat is 2 it betwe fans, this means that Indians sit together. a Consider, 10 Indians to be one, we now have total ww ha talof5+4+1= Now 10 persons in 10 seats can be arranged in "P,, = 10! ways ea ‘Also *10" Indians among themselves can be arranged in 10! way’ total number of ways = 10! x 10!=(1oly. a 68. Ten different letters of an alphabet are gi ‘it given, words with five lett from these given letters. Find the nu foe Seiad: imber of words which have at least one letter Solutio Total number of letters available = We have to form 5 letter word. Number of 5-letter words when any w y lett peater ede aoe ny letter can be repeated any number of times. Also, ane of 5 letter words when no letter is repeated ad Nam ber of words of 5 letters which has atleast one letter repeated = 10 . How many four-letter words ean be used using the letter of word [NEF ee ‘Solution: Ig ore INEFFECTIVE ? We have total of 11 letters repeated ce’, We can have folatin eters. NOW, there dl LGTY letter ca be Seley | : 4! an be arranged iM 5 Ways jstinct © | he % — ways | nct letters. rs and 2 dis | " one can be chosen in °C, WAYS. then g te ehosen in °C, ways, Also 4 letters ‘nv 27C, x1C,% 5 7 distinct letters are T,N,E,F,¢,7, ot different letters Y sisting of al selected in 7C, ways. Also 4 letters can be arrange (4) Words con: ‘ out of 7,4 letters can be 4! ways + Total number of words Required number of 4 letter =7C,x 4! = 840 snords = 24+ 18 + 540.+ 840 = 1422 can be formed out of 7 capital letter, 3 v ferent letter . 10. ee past word starts with a capital letter and contains atleast and 5 60 vowel. . Solution: We have 7 capital letter, 3 vowels and 5 consonants to make words of 4 diff letters such that word always starts with capital letter and contains atleast one vo We have the following cases. Case: - = = . a ' I I Iv n 1, we have capital leter, which can be chosen in ’C, ways. At position II, wé have vowel which can be chosen in °C, ways. ALIII and IV position, we have consonant, which can be chosen in*C, ways. Also letters at position II, III and IV can be arranged among themselves 3! way «Let be number of ways = C, x 1C, x‘C, x3! = 1260, Case I: - z - 1 " Mm IV 5. 7. 9. 10. 12. 113. ‘at position |, we have capital letter, which can be chosen in ’C, ways. ‘at position II, and III, we have 2 vowels, which can be chosen in °C, ways. ‘Atposition IV we have consonant, which can be chosen in *C, ways. ‘Also letters at position II, II] and IV can be arranged among themselves in 3! ways. Total number of ways = ’C, x °C, x °C, x3! = 630. Case III: ; 7 a. a ‘At position I, we have capital letter, which can be chosen in ’C, ways. At position II, Ill, and IV we have 3 vowels which can be chosen in °C, ways. Vowels at II, Ill and IV can be arranged among theselves in 3! ways. Therefore total number of ways = ’C,x°C, x'3!= 42 Required number is = 1260 + 630 + 42 = 1932 Exercise In how many ways can the letter of the word “ARRANGE” arranged so that the two R’s are never together? the two A’s are together but not two R's. [Ans. 900, 240] In how many different ways can the letters of the word ‘Saloon’ be arranged if the consonants and vowels must occupy alternate places? tAns, 36] In a class of students there are 6 boys and 4 girls. In how many ways can they be seated around a table so that 4 girls sit together. [Ans, 6143] How many different signals can be made by hoisting 6 differently coloured flags ‘one above the other when any number of them may be hoisted at once? a [Ans. 1956] ‘There are two books each of three volumes and two books each of two volumes. In how many ways can the ten books be arranged on a table so that the volumes of the same book are not separated. JAns, 4131312121] Find the number of different arrangements (permutations) of the word ‘circumfer- ence’ taken all together. [Ans. 86488400] Tat In how many ways can 75 different pearls form a necklace. tans. 3 If "P= 56" P, find n, 1Ans. 8] Find the number of ways 12 ladies and 9 gentlemen can be arranged so that no 2 gentlemen sit together. 1Ans. 12! 8p.) From 5 apples, 4 oranges and 3 mangoes, how many selections of fruits can be made. 1Ans, 119] In an election for 3 seats, there are 6 candidates. A voter cannot vote for more than 3 candidates. In how many way can he vote [Ans. 41] If 6C, = SC, ,, find the value of r. JAns. 3] In how many ways can 10 examination papers be arranged so that best and the worst papers never come together. [Ans. 8.91]but nat reter than 4000 canbe being allowed. fom ihe leters ofthe Word “Benevoley (Ans. 3023959 a zoo He takes three of them ata i, fhe same 3 children together more th, oe Ans. 56 10 constants and 4 vowels, such fy a : [Ans. "C, x ice : answer questions out ofS questions nae su ene mabe Sin Wh the choice. a deat eer ect of dliferent things taken °F ata a oceurtogether (ans. omni sof which 13 pass through the point three lines pass through both points Ay er of points of intersecting the stag =~ ey an can without be have (0 £0 "7. 19. Find the the specified things ere are 37 straight lin B. Besides, m ind the numb 20; - Ina plane th pass through the point and.no two are pal ne Chapter -2 [Binomial Theorem] 2.1 [Binomial Expression] jon: ‘An algebraic expression containing 2 terms is For binomial expres 2.2 [Binomial Theorem] ion; Expansion of (x~ a)", .€.N, is called binomial theorem. If wand aare real numbers, then Lael Cte = Ce (tay'= Cre + CAa rT) Remark : Expansion of (x+a)" contains m+] terms 2.3 [Some Important Results on Binomial Theorem] (xt a= when we have ~a instead of a, then 4A EX (at - when x= 1, a2=-x, then — APIO IG HE GE IGE Fo (na) “Ey Fe (iv) As"C="C.., (r= 0,12.) As (x-a'="Gxa + OX atis called the cog, nomial expansion. (general term of (x~ 4") (general term of (1+ x) (general term of (1-41) Using binomial theorem expand (2%, 3y) eye Ded Sar yt gxgnptdx 2x rT t 1X81 27 = 161+. 96x'y +216 x7 #21639" + 81y" 2. Using Binomial theorem expand [x — oy. Solution: | [x6] = + 0-6 =°C, (x) yl" ="C, is y)! = °C, a (yr =x°-5 x 6x'y + 10 x 36x'y’— 10 * 216x'y' + 5 * 1296xy'- 7776.y° = x'—30x'y + 360 x'y’ = 2160 x'y' + 6480 xy’ — TI6y* 3. Compute (99)', using binomial theorem. Solution: c (99)'=(100- 1)" “1005 (— 1)° = ‘C1009 —1)'= *¢,100¥ (— +4C,100) 1 =‘c{000" (8 ~4 (100) + 6 (100)°—4 (100) + 1 x 1 sinomial Theorem” sino ——— See 4. Find 8 termin the expanison of 21-331, a i. Solution: LetT,, , be the general term of 2+ 3y1" 5. ‘Solution: Binomial Expansion of (ee GO) OP 1G (oF OY 86 OP LF +86 OF OP Hedley +a bP O) Binomial expansion of (x- y Gb LPG bb) ee.) - ‘oh +6 (Yb) 8c. Gf UY (ee =x oF -2to lt alk role i] -abrtytiory+y| Put x=3, y= 2, we get besa) -6- sa) ~2[561 (2) bh + OF] = 2fiosv2 +1802 + 4y2| =117802 Find the $* term from the end inthe expansion of [34 olution: 7 5 term from the end will become (10 ~5 + 1)" term from the begi 's® term from the end = 6" term from the beginning Teh, 7G by[-5}3g +. Findthe term independent of xin the expansion a Solution: Let (r+ 1)" be the term independent of x ome corel) Ge) A “(iy arf ( capt eogetyoe if 18 -37= 0, (odie (o=hirle ere “phi, =! uF Tena 1 (e+e 7 2° @-1)(n=r-iy a2 Consider From (1), we get 2~8r+1=0. From (2), we get n-7r-6=0 Solving the above equations, we get = 55. sa Prove that the coefficient of " twice the coefficient of x" in be independent of Sire T,.1 = 7, is independent of x 4 (3)°_t. 84xBP 1 84 neti «(3] FO) OF 27s In the binomial expansion of (a + 6)", the coefficients of fourth avi thi by bbe the general term in the expansion of (|+ x)". 7, “, coefficient of x" is ™*C, Let 7;., be the general term in expansion of (| + a}*~ 8. terms are equal to each other. Find 1. Solution: ". coefficiont of x" a : = fourthterm = %,, = °C, (a) (6) J. Coefficient of 7; coefficient of ic, 12 (,y2 Consider = thirteenth term = (e}°" (6 Coefficient of 7, = °C, Now'G ="G, /.3+12= 029 0515 [c="C, = XY or xe CG “Be nA) ate ‘The coefficient of three consecutive terms in the expansion of (1 + Consider io 1:7:42. Find a, i? Solution: Let the three consecutive terms be 2", (7+ 1)" and (r+ 2)" terms Now, T= 6. 0)" (sy (roy ='C, str (x}"". Clearly coefficient of 7; - coefficient of 7, Consider, 6” = (1+ 5)" Now, 6" =(1+5)" te (6h *C : “"C, Nes Consider25 [PG IG XS to cb] imeget) 6" -S7=25 (ky 4 = 25 x(k) (where k i 6" - Sn leaves the remainders | when divided by 25. 215 oy xy 2.4 [Middle Term of Binomial Expansion | binomial expansion of (x+ a)" Consider the - raf 14, Show that the middle term inthe expansion of (1+ x} is >" ; be cu 13.5. Ro-I)2" ¥ This expansion contains (2+ 1) terms 7 Solution: Consider (1+ x", Now 2nis even |. middle term (? i term= (+ 1) term “NN ch ae ah “beak pe aN Ba In 2)8.3.2.1 a a ) ais even, middle term E>] term ‘ ati) n+3 (ii) nisodd, middle em [5] termand [~] term 10 I Find the middle term inthe expansion a 4] 12. > ala ala Solution: . . . 2.1][ea-1)(en-3)... Consider, { ty] Clearly 2= 10, which is even ain! _2tatflon-t) 0-3)... a an Solution: Consider, p<<] Clearly 2 = 9, which is odd ie h | middle term (= ana (223 7 | tem 23.522 ye * 5 Middle term -(g+) term (? ] term= 6" term= 7 Tah "G we} ==252 Exercise 1. Expand (2x-3y}* [Ans. 16x! 96x'y + 216x°y~ 21687 +8171 { a Find the middle term in the expansion of [ 3x- 4] : 6 1 2 Expand | ¥_— [Ans. poor ese-me S24 x 4) 3. Expand (3) 150°b* bab “ans, a'x® ~ 6a'xtb + 15a°x°B? = 2000? +a ye 4. Evaluate: ( +2Va} + av) tans. 26+ 4014802)! : ; ae ase GEE 5. Find general term in expansion of (1° ~ oe I rem se O01 6 Evaluate :(10. 1)" xs Sy 4 (23) 2) MLZ] term=5* and 6* term 7; andsm from the beginingand rm from end in expansion of [x 42p x JAns, 672.7 3375 St Ans. ~ 462° 462.5 \ ion of (1+ 2) ate, 1 . ty" 3, Find middle term in cexpaioat - } 9, If i ens 08 Sad TEMS| AEN find the value of 10, Using binomial theorem, prove thal -8n-9 isdivi 2.5 [Binomial Theorem Fo Result : If nisarational number (Pos ive or negativ' number, when—1 ‘Suppose the room Q is selected (41) (42) (43) (44) is (36)| Possible outcomes are (QB). (QG,). QG).Q G) (1) (52) (3) (54) a (46)[ —> =. S={(PB,), (PB, (PG,), (PG,), (QB,). (QG,), (QG). (QG,)} Ac (61) (62) (63) (6a) ba a a8 & Three coins are tossed once. Describe the following events associated Wi Be Hers (13) (15). BD) G3) (35), 51 *) random experiment. B= (22) 24) 26), 42) (44) 40), 6 1) (53). (55) ‘A= Getting three heads AnB=o (11), (12), (13), (14), 20), oan nce - (22), (23), (31), (32), (4 ((22)} » (41) AN€=((11),(13), (31) BoCz¢ ANC#0 B = Getting two heads and one ta i C= Getting a head on the first coin ba ts3.2 [Classical Definition Ifin a then the prol exclusive and equally like orn are favOuraDe 10 the gy ) ble number of cases m__ Favoural sstive number of cases p=P = Be le number of cases le number of cases ing of A’ is defined as urable number of cases 1. ‘tive number of cases are the favourabl n— mare the unfavorabl ry of ‘not happen unavol ‘Three no heads Pa)=+ 1 (i) exactly on .e, Find the probal ins are tossed onc 2 tails it least 2 heads (iv) ex ied with random experiment ‘be the sample space associ Exhaus = m Remark : gate P = a+pel Lets! fe i, HAT, HTH, THE, HTT, THT, TH, TTT les TH, TTT) Examp! gy LetA be the event of geting exaelly oe a. Find the probability of eins «ge when a die is thrown | A=(HBT, HTH, THE) Solution: Hence, favourable number of cases = 3 Sample space associated with random experiment ictexhaustive numberof c2ses = 8 s=( 2,3,4,5,6) : | Paje2 Let A = event of getting six 3 Now favourable numberof 2se8 = 1°77 | Let Abe the event of getting no head ort exhaustive number oF cases = 6= | he (rit 1 Hence, favourable number of cases = 1 Z PA)= 5 : and exhaustive number of cases = 8 9, Find the probal a multiple of 2073 whena dies hrown, ; s P(A)=— Solution: | (A)=5 Let S be the sample space associated with random experiment Fatttibetia ares wane $= (12,3456) [getting atleast 2 heads means gett b getting 2 head : Let A be the event of getting ™¥ iple of 2083 ae (HMR, HT, BH mee ads or more than 2] 2 A=(2348) Hence, favourable number of cases = 4 Hence, favourable number of C2865 = 4em | albedo snd exhaustive number of cases ==" p(aj=t=4 waj=t=$ Se s2 63 4 simultaneous throw of a pair of di i atting (i) exact) of a pair of dice, find th 10. taneous toss of 2 coins, find of probability of geting (De ly (@—aneven number on first find the probal a doublet i ; il) a sum less than 7 ‘ated with random ‘experiment iv) asum greater than 8 ne sample space associ ae Let S be , = (HH)( ) G2) 63) (35) (36) S= 141) (42) (43) (4) (45). (46) (61) 62) (3) (54) 65) 6) (AL (62), (63) ) (64) (65) (66) Let Abe the event of getting even number on first (21) (22) (23) (24) (25) (26) (42) (43) (44) (45) G (si) (62) (63) (64) (63) (69) Hence, favourable number of cases = 18, exhaustive number of cases = 36 Let Abe the event of getting doublet = 2,2), G3). (4.4) 5,5) 6,6) Hence, favourable number of cases = 6 ‘and exhaustive number of cases = 36 | ai), Hence, favourable umber of cases = 15 ‘and exhaustive number of cases = 36 15_ 5 | 3612 Let Abe the event of getting sum greater than 8 A=> (iv) Hence, favourable number of cases = 10 and exhaustive number of cases = 36 thrown, Find the probabil Solution: Let S be the sample space associated with random experiment HT), (TH). ( urable number of cases = number of eases = 8 of 52 cards. Fit not a diamond card. ‘A card is drawn at random from nd car king Solution: From 52 cards, one card can be dravn i @ (vy , ways Let Abe the event of drawing a diamond card ‘There are 13 diamond cards, out of which one card can be drawn Hence favourable number of case and exhaustive number of cases = *¢ ways, (P(a)=1-P(a)) ity of the card drawn is not a diamond card. Let Abe the card of drawing not an ace then J is the event of drawing an ace P(A)=1-P(a) Now there are 4 Ace cards, out of which one card can be drawn in*C, ways “G4 ‘He P\Aj= —t =— ence, P(A) os 1-22 4 2°52 26 Let A be event of drawing black king There are 4 king, out of wl P(A)= 1B h two are of black colour black king can be drawn in*C, waysand exhaustive number of cases = “C, 2 ee ere Pa)= FC, 52 26 15. red, one is white and one is blue, find the probability that on Solution: : Let A be the event of drawing one red, one white and one blue ball. From 6 red balls, one red ball can be drawn in °C, ways one white ball can be drawn in *C, ways From 4 white bali in From 8 blue balls, one blue ball can be drawn in °C, favourable number of cases = °C, x *C, x *C, and exhaustive number of cases = '“C, [as we have to draw three balls from 6 + 4 + 8 = 18 balls] °Qx*C, x8, _ 6x4x8 jo SiG SC 31x15! P(A) Te, 18! = BXAXBX3K2 Vg) 4 | 18x17x16x15! 17 16. From 15 students in a school, there are 10 girls and 5 boys, out of | these stud: team of 10 students are selected for the debate competition. Find the prob; that 6 are girls and 4 are boys. Solution: Let A be the event of selection 6 girls and 4 boys From 10 girls, 6 girls can be selected in "°C, ways From 5 boys, 4 boys can be selected in °C, ways Also, out of 15 students, 10 students can be selected in '°C,, ways favourable number of cases = "°C, x °C, and exhaustive number of cases = '5C,, WE 5 1 5Ix10Ix5! P(aje—GeX", __1O_, Six 50 Gig 6Ix4! 41x15! “143 17. _Aclass consists of 10 boys and 8 girls. Three students are selected at random, | is the probability that the selected groups has (@ alloys (i) all girls (iii) atmost one girl (iv) _at least one Solution: Out of 18 students, there are 10 boys and 8 girls. From 18 students, three students can be selected in "$C, ways. (i) Let A be event that all boys are selected | From 10 boys, 3 boys can be selected in "°C, ways CCC A bag contains 6 red, 4 white and 8 blue balls. If three balls are drawn at andy nl | | ‘5 34 girls are selected From 8 girls, 3 girls can be se! (i) favourable number of cases = * ive number of cases = '*¢, 102 Let A be the event that atmost o1 is selected. We have tI cases:- Case I : 0 girl and 3 boys are selected favourable number of cases a 4 Case I: | girl and 2 boys are selected From 8 gils, 1 giel can be selected in °C ways From 10 boys, 2 boys can be selected in ""C, ways favourable number of case = x "¢, Hence probability is = G.*"C. _ 15 Required P(A) => + 34°34 I L&t A be the event that atleast one girl selected. We have the folowing cases:- Case 1 : One girl and 2 boys are selected Out of 8 girls, | girl ean be selected in °C ways ut of 10 boys, 2 boys can be selected in °C, ways favourable number gfcase = "Cx °C; Gx'G 15 Hence probability is = ig “32 Case I: 2 girls and | boy are selected y Out of 8 Out of 10 boys, I boy can be selected favourable number of cases = "°C x °C, “C, ways Hence probability is = — ix "93 mee“ TIL: 3 girls and 0 bovs are selectedJ to Probability cee 1x pa of the occurrence of even 16x Hence. required Probab) ov 9 of the non-occurrence of event ~ 7 Mm 16x 16 Out of 8 girls. 3 girls °G rence probability = C102 a 7__45*35*7 _ 87 Also. probal 102 102 ion 72] gu. The odds against an event a ts eespsoaleg oreReaeeaCS end Hore : f this event. occurrence PAD 34" andom arrangement of {Me T&ters off inst an event are 7:9 ble number of cases = 7, ity that T* come together: and unfavourable number of cases = 9.x ind the probab! 18. *FORTUNATES®, WO Solution: sai Si he word *FORTU! ‘avoul Jords which can be formed front Ne nee a ‘also in exhaustive number of cases = (7+ 9x)= 16x ired probabil ov 9 | ence, required probability of the occurrence of event “16, ~ 16x 16 qx 7 ~ 10! (9 7's are repeating] 3 ty of the non-occurrence of event 16x 16 etter, numbel + of arrangements of th i Also, probal Régeilling two. Tas one 190 of ORTUNATES" such that 1™o “T's are together = 9! i 10! of exhaustive number of cases =| 32, Find the probability of arranging the letters of the word ‘GARDEN’ such that the ; letters A and R are always together. jie. favourable number of cases ~ Hence, required probability = Bi - Z : ! tam ay 6° distinct letter of the word GARDEN can jane bee 19, A four digit number is formed by the digits 1, 2.3, 4 without repetit exhaustive number of cases = 6! a eee 61 ways probability that the number is even- Consider A and R as single letter. Now we have to arrange 5 Geiss which ean be Solution: done in *2, ways and 2 letters A and R can be arranged among themselves in 2! can be formed in * Pp, ways ways ! favourable number of cases = °2 x2! = 5!X 2! = 120 x 2= 240 z ye 14 digits, 4 digit numbe 240 1 From exhaustive number of case = 4! = 24 Now number is even, when the last digit 's divisible by 2. emg eee Case 1: Let the units digit be 2 See oa : ‘ . is Remaining 3 places can be filled in > ways that eae A cal ea ifs! oi letters of the word ‘GARDEN’ in such a way [from remaining 3 Solution: gether. Case tl: Let the units digit be 4 Panna brats the an be filled in i ve ¢ letters of the word GARDEN such that A and R are always together = — (see previous question) se I, remaining 3 places ¢ [from remai Hence, favourable number of cases *% + "R 121 3 * Brobabi i robability of arranging the letters of the word GARDEN such that A andR are never together =| - 1 =? 24. Find the probabili ae ability of arranging the letters of th q » letters O and L are never foal. of the word ‘NATIONAL’ such that Solution: In the word ‘N 7 IATIONAL’, we hi 4 letter *A* occurs twice. /e have fotal *8 ning 3 digi = 2x3! Similarly to ca Hence, required probal The odds in favour of an event are 7:9. Find the probal 20. non-occurrence of this event. letters, out of which, letter ‘N* and Solution: Pea favour of an event are 7:9 rarange of the words ‘NATIONAL' (and L can be arran; = 1 (Probability that O and L are aay _2520 _ 7560 3 f nd any one biscuit can be given in N ways, ways. Hence total number cases = N ~ Now toa particular beggar *p" biscuits can be given in °C, ways and rem ited to (N=1) beggars in (N-1)"? ways umber cases = C (N red probability =~" 6. ickets consecutively numbered. three are drawn at randon, numbers on them are in A.P. Solution: IC, ways 2a\(2n~1)(2n-2)! (20-216 From (20+ I) tickets. er Ic, = (nel ie 120) ma ~ | 3 A. following cases arses 6 2w-1 Qn Wwe! et, | ral of 3 2865 Gee vehave only 1 easeof 1.741.201 | id= i veaetehmumber FSS! (on N#(20-3)* 3 2n-3)-2n— ms. er ofcases= 5 [ Favourable numt Hence required probability = 74-1} 53 Tuesdays? | 7% What is the chance that a leap year selected at . Solution: “Te leap year total there ae 366 days, Out of which we have , 52 weeks and 2 days ic leap year has 52 Tuesdays, remaining two days can be Monday and Tuesday () Sunday and Monday nd Thursday Wednesday Wednesday Friday and Saturday Tuesday an (v) Thursday and Friday (vii). Saturday and Sunday i.e. exhaustive number of cases = 7 and favourable number of cases = 2 2 7 required probability = ExerciseIna lottery 10,000 tickets are sold and then ten equal 3. probability of getting prize is you buy (i | ticket ( two tickets HAns, | 1660 The probability that a person visting a dentist wll have his teth cleaned ing probability that he will have a cavity filled is 0.24, The probability that ey, is teeth cleaned ora cavity filled is 0.6. What isthe probability that a person have his teeth cleaned and cavity filled. (Aas. 4, a doctor 5. 20 cards are numbered from Ito 20. One card is drawn at random. What th ability that the number on the card is not a multiple of 6. Py A JAns 3 Find the probability that is a random srangenexjof the letters of the word VERSITY”, that two I's do not come teat 01 at fans 5 7. Anum contains 7 white 5 black and 3 red balls, Two balls are drawn at random. fy that the proba (i) both balls are red red and other is black I (iii) one ball is white ae it Ans. 53555) 8. Three newspapers A, B and C are published in a city. Itis estimated from a survey of the adult population : 20% read A, 16% read B, 14% read C, 8 % read both As, B, S%read both A and C, 4% read both B and C, 2% read al three. Find what pec age read atleast one of the papers. [Ans, a | 9 The probability that a student passes B.Com exam is and the probability tt ty that he passes alee passes both B.Com and CA exam is Z The probal 4 4 ‘examination is . What isthe probability that he passes C.A. exam? AMS. | 10. A letter of the English alphabet is chosen at random. Calculate the probability thal! sunday dies a ree dies ae oe en oe pet Se espesivel. Find the proba sand in aclass both NCC and NS that student bas oP ter chosen : . ‘0f60 students. 30 student 5, IFone of these stu Jans. 43 = 441 ICC, 32 opted for NSS and 24 opted for is opted NCC, 32 opt ier ts is selected randor ted for NSS and not NCC. Ans. 5. |Definition: Let 5 be the set of Axiom | Axiom Axiom where each 3.4 [Basic Theorem: Theorem 1 :Probal Proof ‘Theorem 2: Proof: Theorem 3: Proof: Theorem 3.3 [Axiomatic ce, Ais event asst Definition of Probability) sens associated with random experiments, seiated with $) Then PCA) satisfies the following ee . . i p(a)2o vAcd (Axiom of non-nevat (Axiom of certain pis)= 1 a pa, UA: UAn a, )=Plai)+ PIAL) +). Ae, (i= | to-nand are disjoint ever As pis an impossible eve disjoint sets supS p(su dP) ols l=) p(q=0 y uu given by P(A)=1- pla) Event Aand A are dis Also AU A= S = p(a)+ (a) PG) = p(a)+P(a)=1 = p(i)=1-P(a) Asclear from the diagram, A.B and A 7B are two disjoint Abo (XB)U(AnB)=B P(irB)+(AnB)= a u : IFA and Bare two events, s of Probability] bitty of Impossible event (#) is zero at, therefore sample space ¢ {As # contains no sample point] [From Axiom 111) events ItAis any event, then P(A) (called complimentary p(ava)= PG) [From Axior [From Axior sets (a) (B) - P(An A) then P(A mB) mm It} m ItAand Bare two events, then P(A. B)= P(B)- P(4, )= Pa)-F a , my j Theorem 5: Proof: pfu)» P(8}= Pa) (From Axion ability As and AMDB aretwo di also (Vn By (Wo B)=A = plan bes P(Aa B)+ P(A B)= P(A) [From Axiom = plans} r(a)-(ro B) int AnB sets, a olfe (a) IAand Bare two events, if BC A, then ( P(an)=P(a)- P(e) Gi P(B)s Pa) (i) When BCA, then An B represent shaded area i the diagram (common region between A and B ). An B and Bare two disjoint event (so B)uB=a pl(an Blu Ble Pla) (am B)=P(a)-P(a) Clearly P(A. B)20 > = p(a)- P(B)2 0 p(a)2 p(B) p(a)< Pla) [From Axiom 1] ‘Theorem 6: If A and Bare two events, then @ P(AnB)< P(A) Gi) P(A B)< P(B) Proof: Proof: ANBCA = ran a)s 4) Also AMBCB = P(AmB)< Pip) Theorem 7: Addition on theorem of probabilities [From Theorem 5] 'y) If A and B are two events then, P(AUB)= P(a)+ P{B}- P(A) As clear from the diagram A and A B are two disjoint sets Also AUB ) "AUB