What Is The Full Form Of ODBC?

ODBC stands for Open Database Connectivity.

Open Database Connectivity is an Application Programming Interface that provides access to the
database management systems. The client-side and the server-side both can access the application
written using ODBC. The ODBC driver is used as a translation layer between the DBMS and the
application and accomplishes the DBMS independence.
History
Microsoft introduced the ODBC standard in 1992. ODBC was a standard designed to provide access
to SQL databases.
The ODBC standard was introduced in 1992 to accomplish a motive to provide access to SQL
databases. Further, OLEDB was introduced as the broader data access standard. It was an
extended data access standard beyond many different types of tabular data representation like SQL.
Another data access standard was introduced by Microsoft called ADO. ADO was more object-
oriented and meant to work further than OLEDB. In every attempt, ODBC has proved that it is the
most common and best data standard for SQL data sources.

ODBC Architecture
 Application: The application level is responsible for calling ODBC functions to submit the
SQL statements and retrieve the results.
 Driver Manager: It requests the ODBC function call or passes them to the driver. Also loads
and unloads the drivers on behalf of an application.
 Driver: The driver is responsible for the ODBC function call. It submits the SQL request and
returns its results to the application.
 Data Sources: The data that the user wants to access comes under data sources. The
operating systems, DBMS, and network platform associated with data sources are used to
access the Database management systems.

Advantages of ODBC
 Without any concern to the database server used, the ODBC provides a consistent interface.
 The ODBC allows interoperability which means a single application can access different
database management systems.
 The ODBC allows editing multiple objects at the same time.
 The ODBC uses relevant functions mentioned in the database to apply a filter to sort the
information.
 It provides simplicity and speed to application development.

Disadvantages of ODBC
 ODBC keeps evolving just like the other Microsoft products. The companies using ODBC
have to cope with it and need to pay for the latest versions.
 It is a bit complicated to build and maintain the ODBC drivers.
  It is tough in ODBC to maintain speed when it comes to large databases

Both of these are programming languages that we mostly utilize in competitive coding and various
other industries due to the range of features they offer. C++ is pretty popular among various coders
because it is very efficient, utilizes memory dynamically, and works at a great speed. Java, on the
other hand, is most popular in the IT sector because it offers an incomparable software development
service to all of its users.

What is C++?
It is a computer programming language, and it contains the features of both- the C programming
language and Simula67 (it is the first object-oriented language). The concept of Objects and Class
came into existence with C++. It means that it encapsulates both- low-level and high-level features.
Thus, it acts as a language of the intermediate level. This language was previously known as C with
Classes since it came with all the properties contained in the C language.

What is Java?
Sun Microsystems developed this programming language. A team of software developers worked on
developing it. These people were called the Green Team, and they initiated this language in 1991.

Similarities Between Java and C++

They are both very popular and successful programming languages. There are various ways in
which both of these differ, but there are also various similarities between them. Here are some of
them:

 Both the languages support object-oriented programming.

 They have the very same type of syntax.
 The comments syntax is identical between Java and C++.
 The conditional statements (such as switch, if-else, etc.) and loops (such as for, while etc.)
are similar among them both.
 The relational and arithmetic operators are the same for both of these.
 The execution of both of these programs begins from the main function.
 The primitive data types are the same in both.
 They both have various similar types of keywords.
 They have multi-threading support.
 They have pretty similar areas of applications.

Difference Between Java and C++

Here is a list of the differences between Java and C++.

Parameters Java C++

First Release The Java language came into existence on The C++ language first came into
23rd May 1995. existence in October 1985.

A stable form of The JDK 14 or Java SE was finally released The C++ 17 was released back in
Release on 17th March 2020. December 2017.

Founder James Gosling developed Java at Sun Bjarne Stroustrup developed C++ at Bell
Microsystems. Labs back in 1979 in the form of an
extension to the C language.

Platform The Java bytecode can easily work on any The C++ language is platform-
Dependency given OS (operating system). It is very much dependent. It means that we need to
platform-independent. compile it for a different platform.

Official Website The official website for Java is The official website for C++ is
oracle.com/java isocpp.org

Influenced By The C#, C++, Pascal, Ada 83, and many Smalltalk, Simula, ML, C, ALGOL 68,
more languages have an influence on the Java Ada, and many more languages have an
language. influence on the C++ language.

Influenced To The Java language gets influenced to develop The C++ language gets influenced to
the BeanShell, Python, PHP, Kotlin, J#, develop the Seed7, Rust, Python, PHP,
Hack, Groovy, Scala, C#, Clojure, and many Perl, Lua, JS++, Java, C99, and many
more languages. more languages.

Portability It is a portable language. We can easily run It is not a portable language. It is because
Java on any given platform. the C++ language is platform-dependent.

Memory It has system-controlled memory It has a manual form of memory

Management management. management.

Compilation The Java language is both- interpreted as well The C++ language is only a compiled
as combined. language.

Virtual Keyword Java does not contain a virtual keyword. C++ contains a virtual keyword.

Overloading Java only provides support for method C++ provides support for both- operator
overloading, and it does not come with overloading as well as method
operator overloading. overloading.

Pointers Java provides very limited support for C++ provides strong support for
pointers. pointers.

Multiple Java provides support only for single C++ can partially achieve multiple
Inheritance inheritance. inheritance using interfaces. It provides
support for both multiple as well as
 single inheritance.

Type It is only an object-oriented type of It is both- an object-oriented and a

programming language. procedural programming language.

Global Scope Java does not have support for global scope. C++ provides support for both
namespace scope and global scope.

Management of Java has automatic object management and C++ uses delete and supports manual
Objects also a garbage collection. object management using new and
delete.

Libraries There is no support for direct native library C++ comes with support for direct
calls. It uses the Java Native Interfaces. system library calls. Thus, it is very
suitable for system-level programming.

Unions and There is no support for Unions and Structures There is support for Unions and
Structures in Java. Structures in C++.

Passing Parameter Java provides support for only the technique C++ provides support for both Pass by
of Pass by Value. Reference and Pass by Value.

Thread Support It provides support for documentation It does not come with built-in support for
comment for source code (e.g, /**.. */). threads. It depends a lot on the third-
party threading libraries.

Documentation Java provides support for documentation C++ does not provide any support for
Comment comment for source code (e.g, /**.. */). documentation comments for the source
code.

Difference Between FAT32 and NTFS

Both of these are types of file systems. Before we understand the difference between FAT32 and
NTFS, let us know more about file systems first.
A file system generates the ways in which one can organize their drive. The primary operation of
a file system is to specify how the drive needs to store its data along with the information like
permissions, filenames, and other attributes attached to these files. Windows provides support to
three file systems, a.k.a. NTFS, exFAT, and FAT32. These files transitioned in the following
sequence:

 Original 8-bit FAT (8-bit File Allocation Table)

 FAT12 (8-bit FAT)
 FAT16 (the initial 16-bit FAT with sector entries of 16-bits)
  FAT16B (the final 16-bit FAT with sector entries of 32-bits)
 FAT32 (the 32-bit FAT)
 exFAT (Extensible FAT)
 (New Technology File System) NTFS
In an OS (operating system), we use the NTFS and FAT32 file system types. In this article, we
will discuss the difference between both of these file systems. Read ahead to know more.

What is FAT32?
The term FAT32 is an acronym for File Allocation Table 32. It is basically an extension to the
file systems used previously that stores kits data in 32-bit chunks. The FAT16 comes with some
limitations, and FAT32 merged as an upgraded version to overcome these limitations. It also
supports larger media. The older versions of OS, like Windows XP, Windows 95, etc., utilized
the FAT32.
Pros of FAT32:

 It works efficiently under various partitions of about 200 MB.

 It frequently works as a primary partition in the case of multi-boot systems.
 It is very much compatible with various operating systems.
Cons of FAT32:

 It is not very secure as it lacks encryption.

 The partitions present in FAT32 (which have a size of about 200 MB) can lead to degradation in
the overall performance.
 It stays susceptible to fragmentation.

What is NTFS?
The term NTFS is an acronym for New Technology File System. It first came into existence in
1993. Now, we use it in the newer operating system versions, like Windows 2000, Windows NT,
and the later versions. NTFS is a very high-performance logging and robust file system that has
access control for multiple users. It also comes with ACLs and various other things that make
NTFS appropriate for working with an OS with protection. It includes various characteristics like
security, fault tolerance, multi-streaming, data recovery, UNICODE names, extended file size,
and many more.
We use the exFAT wherever the NTFS doesn’t deem suitable, mainly because of the overhead in
the data structure. But it also needs a greater limit of file size as compared to the standard
FAT32.
Pros of NTFS:

 It is very less susceptible to fragmentation.

 It can easily perform really well even when the partition size goes up to 400 MB.
  The file system is highly secure. It can easily avoid unauthorized access to a third party to the
files because it enforces the EFS (Encryption File System).
Cons of NTFS:

 The overall performance of an NTFS file system ultimately degrades with its partitions of 400 MB
each.
 It comes with no extensive support.

Difference Between FAT32 and NTFS

Parameters FAT32 NTFS

Full-Form The term FAT32 is an acronym for The term NTFS is an acronym for New
File Allocation Table 32. Technology File System.

Structure FAT32 has a very simple NTFS comes with a very complex structure.
structure.

Maximum Size of Files FAT32 has a maximum file size of NTFS has a maximum file size of 16 TB.
4 GB.

Maximum Character FAT32 supports a maximum of 83 NTFS supports a maximum of 255 characters.
Support provided in a characters.
File Name

Security It comes with only network-type It comes with both- network type and local
security. securities.

Encryption It does not come encrypted. It comes encrypted with the EFS (Encrypting
File System).

Fault Tolerance The FAT32 does not provide fault NTFS comes with the system of automatic
tolerance. troubleshooting.

Compression It does not allow compression. It allows the compression of files.

User-level Disk Space It is not present in FAT32. It is present in NTFS.

 Accessing Speed FAT32 has a lower accessing NTFS has a comparatively higher accessing
speed. speed than the other file systems.

Conversions FAT32 allows conversions. NTFS does not allow any conversions.

Compatibility with the It is compatible with Windows 95, It is compatible with Windows NT, Windows
OS Windows 98, Windows 2000, Vista, Windows XP, Windows 7, Windows
Windows 2003, Windows XP, etc. 2000, Windows 8, Windows 10, Linux, macOS,
etc

Difference Between Hackers and Crackers

Hackers Vs. Crackers: Understand the Difference Between Hackers and
Crackers
Both of these terms have a common connection- hacking. There is a fundamental difference
between hackers and crackers, as both of them work for different purposes. In this article, we
will discuss the ways in which both of these differ. But before we do that, let us first understand
a bit more about hacking.

What is Hacking?
It is a form of planning or a technique that people use to get access to various unauthorized
systems, software, and devices. In simpler words, hacking is the process of gaining access to a
computer or a network that might not be legal or permitted for any random user. The people who
master hacking are very skilled with computer systems and have a great deal of knowledge about
various software and hardware devices.
The people who have hacking skills are basically of two types:

 Hackers
 Crackers

What are Hackers?

These are people who hack devices and systems with good intentions. They might hack a system
for a specified purpose or for obtaining more knowledge out of it. Hackers work by finding
loopholes in a given system and by covering these loopholes. They are basically programmers
who gather extensive knowledge regarding programming languages and operating systems (OS).
They never intend to harm, compromise, or damage any system data.
What are Crackers?
These are people who hack a system by breaking into it and violating it with some bad
intentions. They may hack a system remotely for stealing the contained data or for harming it
permanently. In simpler words, crackers destroy the data and information contained in a system
by getting unauthorized access to its concerned network. They always keep their works hidden
because what they do is illegal and mostly prohibited or forbidden. A cracker can easily bypass
your device’s passwords, company websites, social media, personal bank details and can use
those details for directly transferring money from your bank.

Difference Between Hackers and Crackers

Here is a list of the differences between Hackers and Crackers.

Parameters Hackers Crackers

Definition Hackers are good people who hack
devices and systems with good
intentions. They might hack a system for
a specified purpose or for obtaining more
knowledge out of it.
Crackers are people who hack a system by
breaking into it and violating it with some bad
intentions. They may hack a system remotely
for stealing the contained data or for harming
it permanently.

Skills and They have advanced knowledge of These people may be skilled. But most of the
Knowledge programming languages and computer time, they don’t even need extensive skills.
OS. Hackers are very skilled and Some crackers only have a knowledge of a few
intelligent people. illegal tricks that help them in stealing data.

Role in an Hackers work with specific organizations
Organization to help them in protecting their
information and important data. They
mainly provide organizations with
expertise in security and internet safety.
Crackers harm an organization. These are the
people from whom hackers defend sensitive
data and protect the organizations as a whole.

Ethics These are ethical types of professionals. These are illegal and unethical types of people
who only focus on benefiting themselves with
their hacking.

Data Security They protect the data and never steal or They usually steal, delete, corrupt, or
damage it. Their only intention is to gain compromise the data they find from a
knowledge from the concerned data and system’s loopholes. Your data stays vulnerable
information. in the hands of a cracker.
 Use of Tools Hackers use their own legal tools for Crackers don’t have any tools of their own.
checking network strength, establishing They make use of someone else’s tools for
security, and protecting an organization performing illegal activities and harming/
from internet threats. compromising a system.

Network They help improve a network’s strength. They harm and deplete a network’s strength.
Strength

Certification They always have legal certificates for
hacking, for example, XCEH certificates.
Hackers have nothing to hide and
perform legal activities. Thus, they need
certification for the work they do.
They usually don’t have any certificates as
they are unskilled. But some of them may
even have certificates. Crackers usually refrain
away from certification because they prefer
staying anonymous about their wor

Difference Between 3NF and BCNF

3NF Vs. BCNF in DBMS: Know the
Difference Between 3NF and BCNF
Both of these are parts of the Database Management System (DBMS), but there is a primary
difference between 3NF and BCNF in DBMS. In this article, we will discuss the same. But let us
first know a bit more about each of these individually.

What is 3NF?
The term 3NF is an acronym for Third Normal Form. We can say that a relation is in Third
Normal Form when it’s in 2NF, and none of the non-key attributes transitively depend on the
given primary key. It means that no transitive dependency is present there. Along with that, the
relation should satisfy one of the conditions given below.
For a function dependency of C->D:

 The D should be the prime attribute. It means that the D must be the candidate key’s part.
 The C should be a super key.
We use 3NF for reducing duplication of data and for attaining data integrity.

What is BCNF?
The term BCNF is an acronym for Boyce-Codd NF (normal form). E.F Codd and R.F Boyce
made BCNF in 1974. We can say that a functional dependency is in BCNF only if it holds these
properties:

 In the case of a functional dependency P>Q, P must be a super key.

 It must already exist in 3NF.
The BCNF acts as an extension to 3NF. It consists of more strict rules as compared to the 3NF.
And also, it is comparatively much stronger as compared to 3NF.

Difference Between 3NF and BCNF in DBMS

Here are the differences between 3NF and BCNF in DBMS:

Parameters 3NF BCNF

Strength 3NF is comparatively less strong than BCNF is comparatively much stronger than
that of the BCNF. that of the 3NF.

Functional The functional dependencies in 3NF The functional dependencies in BCNF

Dependencies already exist in 2NF and INF. already exist in 3NF, 2NF, and INF.

Redundancy 3NF has a comparatively much higher BCNF has a comparatively much lower
redundancy. redundancy.

Functional In the case of 3NF, preservation occurs In the case of BCNF, there is no
Dependencies for all the functional dependencies. preservation for all the functional
dependencies.

Lossless Lossless decomposition is comparatively Lossless decomposition is comparatively

Decomposition much easier to achieve in the case of much harder to achieve in the case of
3NF. BCNF.

What is a Compiler?
A compiler is a translator that produces an output of low-level language (like an assembly or
machine language) by taking an input of high-level language. It is basically a computer program
used to transform codes written in a programming language into machine code (human-readable
code to a binary 0 and 1 bits language for a computer processor to understand). The computer then
processes the machine code for performing the corresponding tasks.
  Compilers check all types of errors, limits, and ranges. Thus, it’s more intelligent.
 The run time of its program is longer, and it occupies more memory.

What Is an Interpreter?
It is a program that functions for the translation of a programming language into a comprehensible
one. It is a computer program used for converting high-level program statements into machine
codes. It includes pre-compiled code, source code, and scripts.

 An interpreter translates only one statement at a time of the program.

 They create an exe of the programming language before the program runs.

Difference Between Compiler and Interpreter

Parameter Compiler Interpreter

Steps of  Creation of the program.  Creation of the program.

Programming  The Compiler analyses all the  It doesn’t require the linking of files or
language statements and generation of machine code.
throws an error when it finds  It executes the source statements line by
something incorrect. line during the execution.
 If there’s zero error, the
compiler converts the source
code to machine one.
 It links various code files into a
runnable program (exe).
 It runs the program.

Advantage The code execution time is They are fairly easy to use and execute, even for
comparatively less because the a beginner.
program code already gets translated
into machine code.

Disadvantage One can’t change a program without Only computers with the corresponding
getting back to the source code. Interpreter can run the interpreted programs.

Machine Code It stores the machine language on the It doesn’t save the machine language at all.
disk in the form of machine code.

Running Time The compiled codes run comparatively The interpreted codes run comparatively slower.
faster.

Model It works on the basis of the language- It works on the basis of the Interpretation
translation linking-loading model. method.

Generation of It generates an output program in the It doesn’t generate an output program. Meaning,
Program exe format. A user can run it
independently from the originally
intended program.
Execution One can separate the program
execution from the compilation. Thus,
you can perform it only after
completing the compilation of the
entire output.
Memory Target programs execute
Requirement independently. They don’t require the
Compiler in the memory.
Best Fitted For You cannot port the Compiler because
it stays bound to the specific target
machine. The compilation model is
very common in programming
languages like C and C++.
Optimization of A compiler is capable of seeing the
Code entire code upfront. Thus, it makes the
codes run faster by performing plenty
of optimizations.
Dynamic Compilers are very difficult to
Typing implement because they can’t predict
anything that happens during the turn
time.
Use It works best for the Production
Environment.
Execution of A Compiler displays every error and
Error warning while compiling. So, you
can’t run this program unless you fix
the errors.
Input A Compiler takes a program as a
whole.
Output The Compilers generate intermediate
machine codes.
Errors This translator displays all the errors
after compiling- together at the same
time.
it evaluates the source program every time during
individual execution.
Execution of the program is one of the steps of
the Interpretation process. So, you can perform it
line by line.
Interpreter originally exists in the memory at the
time of interpretation.
They work the best in web environments- where
the load time is very crucial. Compiling takes a
relatively long time, even with small codes that
may not run multiple times due to the exhaustive
analysis. Interpretations are better in such cases.
An interpreter sees a code line by line. The
optimization is, thus, not very robust when
compared to Compilers.
The Interpreted language supports Dynamic
Typing.
It works the best for the programming and
development environment.
An Interpreter reads every statement, then
displays the errors, if any. A user must resolve
these errors in order to interpret the next line.
An Interpreter takes single lines of a code.
The Interpreters never generate any intermediate
machine codes.
It displays the errors of every single line one by
one.
Programming Java, Scala, C#, C, C++ use Compilers. Perl, Ruby, PHP use Interpreters.
Languages