REINFORCED CONCRETE DETAILER’S MANUAL ae adPART 1 The reasons for detail drawings Basic presentation procedure Elementary knowiodge of the structural, behaviour of weinfarced concrete PART 2 SECTION 1 - FOUNDATIONS Combined tongs Cantiave foundation Simple ile cans (oo. the and four pla) Pl cape with wind moments (Ground bears Fotaning was (Cotiewe tye CCountrtot (e an buvess) Propped caniever(baremens) Two storey (double baremens) Wateg vat SECTION 2— SLABS Groupe Hor on ft Suspended ground toor Bem and ab constuction ‘One way spenaing “wo way Spanning ‘One wey spanning “wo way Spanning seat 3 Sheet 2 sheet 4 Sheet § Sheet 6 Sheet 7 Sheet @ Sheet 9 Sheet 12 ‘sheet 13 Sheet 14 Sheet 18 Sheet 16 Sheet 17 sheet 18 0 18 20 Fs a 2 a a CONTENTS: etic aso Roof sata Foided ote Flat (eatrent around openings) Shais ‘are vault Dome yperbote poabolod SECTION 3— }EAMS AND STAIRS ‘Single span and cantiove CContnsour (ight foacing) Continous (heavy shea Deep Beams (with sevice oles) ing booms stare Single fight (long and cross spars) Hai ights wih onaings Cantlevers rom min wal Open spol Spine beam wih open riser Precast hats to net anainat SECTION 4 COLUMNS AND WALLS Columns Lughty enforces Heavy rerorced (sagged ls) Faking sats So1eed columns (tapered section) Jurcvon deta (lume to beam otsets and ‘shea 99 ‘set 20 het 22 Sheet 23 Sheet 28 set 25 Sheet 28 sheet 28 Sheet 20 Sheet 30 Sheet 3 Shet 32 sheet 39 Sheet 34 Sheet 36 Sheet 38 sheet 37 Sheet 28 Sheet 38 ‘sree 40 Sheet 1 Sheet 42 ‘Sheet 43 “ “6 8 6 56 58 0 86 88Norma load bearing (Westment at opening) ‘Shear wal (mu sory constuction won) {Geular wal roxmal and water Bor caver, ‘SECTION 5 - FRAMEWORKS Pose 2 pines pine rot 8 binned wath cane garty and haurehed ox res for eevated corndors PART 3 Scheduling of sae! rinforemant sample 2 Append: Tables of ta einforeoment areas sost «5 Sheet £0 shoot $1 ‘Sheet 52 ‘ost Sheet $8 Sheet 86 Sheet 87 96 104 106 108 110 ue 120 126 INTRODUCTION ‘The purpose ofthis book sto prowde a means of both guidance and relerence forthe young draughtsman ina consuting engineers or coma’ office who ‘wishes to speciale in enforced concrete work I shoud to provde 3 ust ‘ook for students in universities and wchnca collages folowing courses in strc tural or ei engineering. quantity surveying and retort. “The subject mater covered io the deal shets deals with all tpt of in forced concrete sUUcurs tat would Be kt o cur n'a normal drawing fice It does not elude specs precast or pesbesced concrete work since tN lnsted fo ely smal umber of fics and nua consists of ft produce tre ata than ate work. Because ofthe proposed change othe metic ‘Sytem of mrosuement in 1969 was dois at the outset make al he deta ‘heat conform to thi sytem The book hasbeen presented mainly in graphical frm with each deta host supplanted by asketch shea onthe opponte page expiring pons of particular Importance with rogod 0 the stuctual boheiou of the paren membe, there an wy the reinforcements needed ‘Shading of to rnfocement geal with ia. a sparta section at heen of the book. rather then by producing @ sample sheet foreach tawng. since the procedure boil sia forall ype of reinforced concrete structure I 80 ‘ute aly that scheduling could become computersed on a wie sean the nea focre bt this wil not acess lfc the smal rowing oes unt Much later. Fr thi reason, both methods are covered “re staan of raders fe dawn t0 the wecent publeaton by the Concrete Society of The dataving of enforced concrete th report ofthe jit commitee ‘This enwsagd a st step towards sandordting the dealing of enforced concrete and tended tbe red in conjunction wih BS 4866-1968 "ia det hore conform nal respects thie epot with regard 0 srangement scaling up of reinforcement and basic presentation ‘though the pacice of dtaling with te ai of computes is bepinnig its at present not widespread iis onlyeconamcfor vr argo contacts where no changes ‘evisu dung te pevod to conseton (en ulitly event on mest contracts) ‘Atew aanciants oe txt have been made since the fst eition and these ae ue prmoniy tothe introduction of 8S 44651969. H must Be mantoned tat sithougho new code of practice covering CP 114,115 and 116isindat fon isnot {wn when it wil be approved an then publahed. tis omphaisd that. inthe Imeantie the ext flows the reconmendione of CP 1141969 The stuctura use of enforced concrete in buldngs. (etober 1970NOTE TO THE REVISED REPRINT, 1976 In the past ve yaar the daft code mentioned in the Intduction as been tinatued on CP 110, but athough i suse in some of the large deign offices it has. ot yet taken over fully fom CP 114, which runs concurnty Unt et last 1878, Pat 1 of this book therefore remsing va Soma ofices have tdoptedw computer aested method of detaiing wherby the deta rawing can be standardised for any component (beam stat ight column ete), using mete ratrence forthe reintorcerant so tat only the schedule sheets ar ued fo aling Up the acta! bars In pancipe, owever. thre has oes litle change in detailing ‘echriques, so that te examples in Part 2 also remain vali 2 form of constuction not previously dota inthe manual Nas gained in populaty in cent yes: the watled plate floor This snow included as Sketch Shoet 27, together wih explanatory text Algo include, following Some requerts raced, oe bie of ste veiforcement ees, wich appear as bn append. T would be happy te receive funner suggestions fr supplementing oF revising ‘tn content ofthe manual so tht ean continue ecient ¥0 sare the purpose forwnich t was produced NOTE TO THE THIRD EDITION, 1979, P1104 now being adopted by vitally al ofcs and is inclu inthe paw technician couses of study (TEC. Higher Certfictes and Diplomas) and most ‘grea cour, The text ofthe manual where vlevart, has therlore been revised ‘rascal to accord wth CP 1101977. The dea shoes have also boon vviné 35 cesar to accept the cave requiemants and modem techniques of onstruction Iti ai not consdered worthwnie fo incl 2 sacton on compute assisted de taiing since the offces tht employ auch techniques usually have their ow” frucion books I, however the wechnique becomes widespread 2 section wil be broduced to be included nthe manus! or pos a¢ 8 supplement to the hrs "have had few auggestionsrecamy for provements adsitons tthe ‘manus! but | always welcome such suggestions 5 that it ean remain ful up-to ‘at, ncorporting curen techniques of dealing, constuction and design October 1978 Bian W. Boughton PARTI ‘The reasons for detail drawings Basic presentation procedure Elementary knowledge of the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete‘The reasons for detail drawings Because of the composition ofthe consrton indus In this county, he cence of one contactor complete wih seelwork reinforcement fne's working omunusy is contnevon wth ne reinforced concrete design enginmer over 2 fend of say, fen 1a Weer yrs se wry non-existent A for more ly Caton tat one design engivesr ry des with ae many a5 eave lent conte tors over © pent oh two years wh ti aby ofthe seo enforce nes ‘Pig tom ecellnt 1 ery Inaxparenced, Theres danger. therfore in tan ing'o shor and’ method of conveying the wishes ofthe sin enna 0 the shot ie eomactor should krow he prot requvemerts wth agar 0 se 27d postoning of rifocenert, cover Garces, sonctete svengha ete. The deta rowing ves all th information snd wl nmally also prove dimensions one tuttns ofthe suuctral un shugh ths formation conpiencutbres, ca bw ‘Sovard by 3 genet arangoment drswing ‘Since thee 2 known artoni ho experanse ol te reinforcement aes is ese tht» et dawg sy Tend anid understne Its oie use to ‘roduc »sraing tat oaks impress to an engineer but canon be fall urd Sloot iy ise sven aetualy pacing ona xing the rerorcement. This ca end co humerous ‘shone conversions and ste vias whch slow down ste progrse Ghat incu unnecenscy expense, te ofthe vmest mponance, therfore hat the ett ding tan ey r0nd sce i938 Spo 2 fem a& posi, eh a eceaar sectors provide tal even the younges apprentice canst ar under Shand what eres Tt ahouid sways be borne In mind hat oie cordtions can be completly deren to Use an ste are the tel antorceme ee ot nthe een SMieuttes vying to tansite the dawing tothe aclal ohyial anicie. The ‘huts corporate weal srangement ofa Any tr te span’on posing Ptaming nthe etce tat cam eflectnvly do Hs more han mace up by tne ‘svat onthe ste. Mon stems of enginsrng Forget the bse fact hat Ye dete dawing tne any poste Ink between the dea sogimenr and the contactor and tat She masts and wens ate of sardary portance ro goo let dea crawngs They fer! for some misguided saan, tat orce «knead of suc! then, an ésign hasbeen aequred itis roonget important eramber anything about he dota work. They fai eal that sawing cannot be propery checaed oF 1 seat prope nstcted unless thy Pave 2 through woring nowiedgo of Temfored concrete decalng themselves Indees the dtaling knowledge ant frearoneniscan ote alect te bave design mete. ea eval importance tat “ini as well as esouiovons, shoud be thorough checked {possibly more important) since with cautions salty tatoo behaviour fhe stuctr a7 Compras or a error whooas 2 wonly placed ys of rnfotcement othe ‘omsion of sore brs du 0 4 tay roduced dawg can ld to lol te cevere racking or detection str he ulding i ons From pure noni view a man who ean produce good, lea. accutte “rowing a wort mar tosh ofc ran a designer ot aerge aby, wnode wore state checked teroughy Ti = llc nthe respeciveslaes pd where tow est clas ety no-one can often cammard 2 salary equa ott Gra lly quate enginoe Tie enouid were 1 lust tht thre absohely to opel asm for ot atemodng foreach 8 hgh standard of deta drawing 8 horn suctrl erginoeing i auaied srca the knowledge tn Qurad wl ‘nue be wanted This oven mae the care an eventual pate practices theBasic presentation procedure ‘Adiawing shouldalwaysbe easy ofolow,andcarain basic fundamentals should "1: Asansble scale shouldbe adopted 9 CGaneralsrongementdrainge 110001180 ‘Semple wal ond sob deals 1:50, More complex slab deta and flab ond wal saevone 120 Beam and column elevations 1:20 ‘Beam and column sections 120 or 110 Gi lines. where used, should un n sequence on plans, sumbers 1, 2.3. from top to bottom and Iter BC se. Hom et to right ofthe drawing 0 that beams and columas, and aso Nor bays, can be easily elrenced Wien shown in lation on detail drawings or ealled upon schedule sets, 13. Plans, elevations and soctons shouldbe cna defined 4 Sections hvough plans should eweysbetaten ooking) tthe) upwards. 5. Sections tough elvations should always be taken locking a) t0 the let 2) downward. 6. Dimension ines of sructural units where no general arangament drawing i provided, should always be 1aken outside the member considered ad should be car but in thinner line fom than the utne ofthe member fo aod conluson however «general aangerent drawings prteabien which ese ‘he raorcement drawing wl ot show unit dnensons Inthe ies of clarity, Secon outines shold be in hehe lin frm than ‘tam onthe drown 9, An indication of he reinforcement with one (or two if aterata) ypc bo ‘onty nul should be shown on plans and elevations. The bar shoul elo be {uty located ether on pan or secon. 10. Bors shouldbe fully eal up once ony. ths boing on the plan or lovaton ‘nc only inceated on section, Simp bars used in another unt onthe same caving, 12. as should be referenced in ther Healy oder of pacing to mak ‘enforcement ners jd move sightorward 13, Each drawing should star om bar mark 1 114. Cova shouldbe shown onthe eacton where it vases from one uni to another ‘ona drawing, Whare i= consent can ba called up nthe notes, 15, Where only one type of reiforarant i used throughout » sewing iis Lunsacessory 1 ndieat is ype on evry St of bas since tan be called Up Inthe notes column, a bart te mis tel ound trouahout 16 a ————— rls Canin sandstone ue wtoeament, eo ‘or typeof eintocamemt twee cae 2 mi sta round bag f gh toni round bean igh ene quae itd ba ter types x {oc replacement of iinforemant ‘tom face "i ea ee Ne. ach face er for arangement of infrcoment sirnate on saggored stad ‘erate bars roverad abe {onase shouts be mentioned in notes calumn) ‘he bar mak and size should be grouped into 2 single numeral where the ameter precedes the bar mate tu bor dion rites bormonks 6 601-699 9d 8100-6999 8 801-809 10d 8100-8999 ‘Spacing of enforcement shouk! be in 25 am incrmantsfrom 60 to 200 mm {and 50 mm increment above tN upto 3 maximum of 360 rm as follows 50,7 100, 125, 180,176,200, 250, 90,360. Norma bar darters sad shouldbe: 68,1, 12. 18,20, 25,32 and 40 mm ‘Bar shouldbe called up nthe folowing manner: Ne. roquretype a tee ‘ameter or se/bar mac/spacing Hoque (12. wall slab or sere) locaven/any specelcoredraton Example for a ab: "20 R 1208 160 (abs) Te scans that 20 mi stool bars of 12 mem diameter, bar mam 5, oe ‘uted at 150 mr centres inthe top ofthe sa, each aerate Bor eng Where on one dimanson is sed in 2 nate, a cain up binding. Keka. packing et, mm shoud be used or example 75 mm kicker.Elementary knowledge of the structural behaviour of reinforced concrete A struture can be subject to any f the following conditions regardless of ts -awetural mater ‘1 bending, 2 buexlng 3 sretenng shearing “The forces setup inthe member by these conditions ar tension. compression, tosion and shear Since enforced concete is composite materia there othe ‘Question of the Wanseroferaes ftom the renforcamant to the concrete and fe ‘hus tobe affective the concrete must grip the reinforeament securely Thais known 35 bond and is eloted fo tesion, compression and shew forces. ‘The majorty of eared concrete members are subject o several ofthe con ‘tions noted above rather than one condton only Foundations are mosty subject to bending snd sheng, he later being ‘usualy the iteal condition for depth But aso, where ved together by bears, steching in the beam may occu Flotaining walls se mosty subject 10 bending and shearing. the former being usualy the tical condition for thekness. Bu abo, where subject loading ‘rom above hey maybe subject to bucking. ‘Columns ae monty subject to bending and bucking, he inter being usualy te ential conation for az, But algo, where subject 10 side pressure fam wind loading. they ean be subject shearing Beams a rosy subject to bencing and sheen, the former ting usuly te ciel condition or depth. But ot ender n reat tote span, they can ba rbjot to buckling and subject o heavy eccentic loadings they cn ba subject monty subact to bending this being etiam determining depth In ‘ne eae of fiat slabs the shesring at cour heads canbe cial and in tWO-Way spanning sibs twisting can occ at cores of slab panels ‘Sholls ave mosty subject to buckling and/or stretching and these dictate the tneanees Whore concentrated loads occur they may be subject 1 shearing an where openings deur thay may be subject 0 twisting. ‘Consiering sch of thew conitons in tum # sizeof member and ts enforce iment can te determined hae Bending Sos ension “The dagram above shows that, unde bending.» amber wil deflect a cetsin ‘mount below the suppor lve and stresses willbe set up in te member so that ‘one fac tin compression an th oer isin tansion- On simaly supported booms (ribs the botom face in tension and the top face in compression, whereas on omtinuoussounning sabe and beams a revel of sess occurs so that at md-¢pan tension is nomally inthe bottom face but at itera supports the tension 9 the top face, Tho positon ofthe tension reinfrcement aque can be seen at 2 (laced eating tothe bending moment agra te member being considere, 1 0.0020 here bt = breadth of beam et level of tension reinforcement “eas can be ely tanepoed to find spacing 09: mid steels, = 5 Bond (a) bond equements at beam suppers are = local bond sess (which should not exceed the value obtained ra tobe 21) 5 = the sum of te fective perimeters ofthe tension reinforcement for bars grouped ia contact use a veduton factor Fem table 23) elective depth aa force due to utimat loss, “his equation is sormalywanepored fo check the parimeter quite! knowing the(©) onchorage bond. assumed se constant over the anchovage length, i totem tore in ba : SRR ea cag tM MU not exceed the valve obtsine tom twbie 22 Note for deformed bars te alowable sats canbe increased by 20% Since the length requted isthe unknown the equation can be snp and working sens bar dia anchorage loath requir = ving sues = ba i {anchorage bond sess Reinforcement for Distribution and Secondary Stresses Foundations. The minimum ate of informant provided considered at onion reinforcement (athe than dtrbton ates). Ahold ot be lee than 015d fr high il ste 028 or mld tel where, beset ofthe acton, Tha en Toxcement i lo Bent up int the side of he ea to sop layer cocking Int, chairs may be equied 0 support op reforement nd hate shuld be of 12 mm or 18 mm sarseter st nt move tan 1000 mm cents in each ection. (Gee skten on page 38) Reinforcement fom piles should be bent ito the reinforcement system of he ‘le cap andthe cto lvl ofthe ple should be 75 rm above the botom ofthe il ap. Columns (a) Main reinforcement mus not oxced 6% of the goss coe action ‘he column is cast vrically (em su) or 8% cast honzontaly eg es), ‘excep that at laps in ethar case thi ats can be inereased 0 10% This to ane that concrete can be paced and compacted efacvely The ip allowance manne that using mechanical spices he flares canbe maintained and by sre stopge" ing of laps # nomal methods we used the fll & can be retained. The minimum are of steel roves must ot be les than 1% ond shoud compris at least four basin aectanglo secon or six bars ina cxcular section ofa hate cf no se than 12 mm (©) Unk rainfreement the haetr should be a last» of argos main bar and the maximum spacing shout be 12» da of sales mai at. In practice spacing wou nt exceud 300 mn. Links should beso aranged tht every carne ‘ar and altemate bar oF group. an outer aye is supported by ink passing ‘ound the bar ad naving 2n included angle fot more tan 136" Al other man ‘bars within a compression zane should be not more han 150 mm om etna bar. This canbe son more clay on sketch sheets 80 ana 41 Walls. Voncal enforcement should be not less than 0.4% ofthe gross cos ee tion f consisered af compression sel (or fe vesetance condone this must be Increase 1 10%). Beiow tase Hues the wali clueitiad a “on” concrete orzontal reinforcement should te not ex than 026% using high yd ee! or (0.3% using rad sta ofa diameter of not ee than |x co vical brs oF 8 ren ‘Wherein zone ofthe wal the vertical informant exceds 2% ofthe Gone ‘oss ston links must be provise ofa chametr not les than 1 > oi. of man bas oF 6 mm aa seacing of not mare than twice the wall thickness o” 16 = main br ometer Any veal bar not enciosad by @ link shoud be within 200 mm of ‘esaned bar Thi would most rarmaly occur i shear wal (so short 46), ‘Beams. Top ste wine no acting a comesson otro, equ to frm & 3go for handing and to support nominal ture bing nora 1 mn fo 16 rm ‘dare, In deep bea lateral lforcerent ofa eae iso requ nthe bg sides toni shviage cracking and shou not coed a spacing ot 250 sim t those used fr column inks. Nominal ks shouldbe provided a outned ‘on page San should beat cents no greater than 300 mm. no instance hua tho ara of ether he tansion or compresnonreintorcement exceed 4% othe gross ‘oss secon ofthe bear ‘Stabe, Tho minimum mai ste! area should be 015% ba for high yd stent, 07 025% for mia sto! at spacing of not more than 3 “The minenum scandy, oF tuto, sel aes should be (0128 of goss cous section for high vld see (010 18% of gross cross serton for mld sae 2 spacing of not more than 63, Note. The etectve dep ithe stance fom the compression fac tothe cane of {he tension eintrcement In hollow ribbed labs ight mesh enforcement shawls be proven the oping othe sla, and in ground oo slabs on tat reno. connected to th main stucture. © mesh reinforcement should be provide in th top a the le to prevent raring and hinkage caching ofthe surface,ue on 608 € wei 1 po wets S80. pro sessed TweUDIO}a! YEU es BER WLI ue do jot eurprBuoj ee a1 WoweDIA;UR! dot ew By 0} Uoddne unbars vawesyojuas iy os sao nay 9 0} woe Hes Lee Barone suumos om ox an uu} Bote se20) oq w UOBLEL Sey SL Sun005 pourquiog Lt do w poyands sea snus pe sBur0d8 rung sees oy 1 ooyang oie unepunoy oy 1 anode o> O10} 3 ‘iss et 01 8809 0a] OY enogE de OHSAS LORS OMB ‘te ium one jo 9901 po pur wuno> mt} papuoid seg eS rodina Buningoust 2 04 ua ovn0 Oo Puno! O YIBU YOIOALOD Janoa e918 100 unos huss ext Aa Au aS a 0 apsepuN aU psne> 8: VOLE, oseg o0uis, puosesid purcib \\ t Ae L L33HS HOLANSDETAIL SHEET 1 AR foot | p48 tooo [psn seu "Smet prot a : jae FT ft alae ee comei|.| joRess-te 7 osm (pn cte= tan AREI2-B00sou O44 49 0409 pins suoRunuyp sano ty SeuNeD JUN ou 169 ALE 190 ‘ut ed om puog ee uoye eg ue vray J os dO uy ‘minbes acai #1 noueajues FuORPY uUNe> Bf WO} RS Hae {hn cre pus aon adn ayo woes 0 ets 5M aD {teu sore Bums vonaes weeg © vo Uonpunoy ut ary wu 0 on auaWOD 0125 SU LOLALOD 21 ‘moja vai ojgesdue3 em anqsues sey UoRepune| aus SUONE uno} 10 smin-qne Bae hue uo ated xe 01 0u p10 u anna ‘uname ve sue dr tay Ura # iyi hiercou ose 0 Oh SL ‘volzepuno} s0nainUeD pursed puoi wicag sonmYu0> cel [ee @ 133HS HOLANSDETAIL SHEET 2 bana Lp ansne | -aseee meee man thee A gee al ~a sos sy Buuunuat 0 9 poses 04s edu pus Suppers isuebe apron ot vonepuno) out Us pptond at pInOUF WAL ‘sbojia wonog yo yeu anssod puns fa pasta Ou YBPOUY 1 de umavs se 6g 601 5a es em 148M oN aN 3 5g ‘1 8970 sueou 4g petepounno2oe aq ouue9 fra 200) 8g 0) U0N ‘soja it fusnu st MOwonNE ysuRijyD se} moje ot Ge 004 BUND cu pus sje a4 vote popinor og pynous uo! eed @ (6 py peepHos "0d uo Msp 8 6) po) puno»B 1 N4 Joy aueis opioid ot seq padeys-7 Aq Jo 2H uOy 8! SAL VOREPLN, 4,0 mowed oi punave woulg eu ur uoEaL ose terse Ba 10 Ae, ‘201 anp tnamoy voepuno} myo do anv oun sano mods mI ‘ud uno wueunas ay eos S06 pueunon ene> sm SILI Hy seq yeys 47 spe em € 133HS HOLaNSDETAIL SHEET 3SKETCH SHEET 4 Simple pile caps The rary function of he ple cap isto wana the fad tom above ont the ples {daly the, the nas of trust at 45° as shown should date the Gopi ef he se 4p 1 the t0p ofthe pile cut-off eve. This eto fre only to te concrete of te ie Seteminad ti thickness is used thre is no need, theoretally, for any winforcement inthe ‘cap but in practice lye of brtom ste i provided to count én andecy towards bending, The reasoning behind this that, because pled foundations have bea ee tne {ound not capable of withstanding any presse, Therefore the pl capac eh» Seom at the column (or wal) above acting as point load and the ple heeds acing so The 38cings of th piles shown, with relation o each athe an to the edges ofthe ple # minimum cimersion end are often increased to 3D and 1 5D specie shee {allows fora degree of ero in eivng the pile plu. Groups of four and we me simost es common when using small bor plas and the tame rules spp to thece for ‘etemng the thickness of cap and te placing of reinforcement: howevet the nora ‘Wickes ofthis type ole would sy be ls than 700 som ‘Another point which should be noted is tht, in dar fo avoid ay seriou stlement esses boing sat up i the suture, any pile cap shouldbe ted sequotaly In tee tectons aright angles to ach other by means of round beams In extremely oor so erst pemisiie basing pressure i 9 low that cannot ake the pron sab oF ‘where an involved system of ducts is usod, he ground bees may aso suppor te nasDETAIL SHEET 4 myegu-mes, ska Pile car Hee 3 tone nes,SKETCH SHEET 5 Pile caps with wind moments nmr contctn, shar was han pote nth st set cee pasa ase oy wa sony ono et Dating Tha tower sentence ct lg see by tin om was pana anon tonto re th etar org meet ones eto The met amo curred by ohn te ple goup oni = slant ard ing tn meu on ted ‘manent pl ng spinor ect oe ey nd wer cling stom wind amen neon tig crest yb nese 25 ang oF on at meee he nego oral ro be yale nhs way th ps shou bo sonped tt tale of fate we acs aoe ite Bp ance pia ped cancty wet oom ro we ao Thi cen mans tht edi pt dni sng, ome af he pir my bh onan ef veto moo Slt mpi nla Gp ef b ep ttl he fnvol nts hat oncptnd bea say pod tsar ‘Sremonot Ww ore tneot praoneeapr te bower qu socio tbo momeon cap oor The anh nthe nce eine by shew eaten oh drow pol tundoora sxe ta hurt mene obo bed ne pls ab nt clan inthe ter tte! we pov 3 condngou a of tvtoconnt bth ep end boon te tesa oat ae Siecenveuuaieaispraasentcescuts Tene romal o pond anu be eutontngtvoaehna tnnttted cob lpped hove gun oorDETAIL SHEET 5 ah sol 2200 CA opto Pile cap type 4 4ue Tw,SKETCH SHEET 6 {ute on proved betwen ped toundtions to ake ant wale hichease hey ct pimenin bonding. f= shown of ey may be used a the bean fr pol Legs of porielfeme 2 | framed stetres when hey ect urn tron ‘Whichever way hy ay bowed ore thing incon monte thermal th onde he bso munbesecsrly {tad in © tho foundations betwee which they span athe eset way to do th by basting U-bors ‘round th column or wal sare nd oping ther wth the bem se! fo a tension lp. Renters a Inet is nema he some forthe to and boom of thetaum an simupe a provided tee am patchDETAIL SHEET 6 Oe © Baer lh ome a | | “MW + ~ i Gh ls Ta enous ii = anes 7-8 ¢ 8-4 suseSKETCH SHEET 7 Ne ~S Case | as Cantilever retaining walls ‘As willbe eon fom the sketches, these may be loded in ether rection ena infact are often loded in both drecdonsin te cane haud- retaining stirs tis mportat thertore to escort whichis the tension face 20 thatthe ma teinfrcomert ay be placed corecth 6. eae 1 the man ete thou be 0 ‘the botom ofthe sab ae th wal face conte with the retained mtr In ese 2 the main steal should bei ha tp ofthe ls andthe wal face contact wit he retained maar. ‘Wren constructing avetaning wllitisnomalthave wotking space between ‘the wal rd he earth to be retin and this often led Yo provide» toe ‘Feet the wall. Also a downstand nib i often provide 10 inreoe the resistance ofa wal against shang. its most sensible postion is immed, ‘elon the wall these two ste at akon the arangement of riorarent ‘splitd considerably since unequal U-bars ean be proved. wil be seen on ‘he deta shee. Since the pressure lessens considerably towards the top ofthe wall and tho mt of the Bas te sometimes useful to provide two diferent lengths of bar which ae spaced altenataly. This then proves more ste a ‘ha angie of the wal and ase where tha moma are rete. ‘When the compresion fae exposed tis usual to use mash einorcement educate chance of arikag cracking. This s shown i the deta sheet 20DETAIL SHEET 7 fe ce : Br, : | — I I somone] i [| ievied oat BY 1608-60 otemole FA NOTE Somm blinding to ondarade so aadoer 0 oto oh erat ReTANMG Wall ON Gop Loe A @ Bays THOSSKETCH SHEET 8 Counterfort retaining walle ‘As with he cantilever typeof wal the easing may occur one side of he ‘wall outing ison the ame sda the counter (kaich 1 the tendancy ie forthe wal to pull away fom the counterfort causing tension to occur ons thre planes ofthe counter. loading ion the oppo ie ofthe wal however, the ander forthe wall 1 close up on sl causing compression on al then planes of the count "he wal set sane berweon these counterons and cn haere be ested in a simlor wey toa slab. continuous ver sever! supports. Consaquenty. ‘sppors the tension occurs inthe fac in eortact wih te loading materi nc ‘Dewees suppers the arson cut in th ace away Wom the loading mato ‘The only diference between the wall and continuous slabs that whereas with slabs the loading Is normaly constant. with the walls of 2 courteron ‘exasing wal the loading varies cross the height ofthe wal end the with ot emu be elise terofore that the min ste in» courteront type walt ‘te horizontal ste 2 that thi wl i outade the vertical tel wiv sts 36 Satibuton reinforcement nDETAIL SHEET 8 aso % a el CoonerFoay WALL ADIACENT Te Grip Line | 2SKETCH SHEET 9 Propped cantilever ‘The fect of # prop, cated by 3 lot lab o some sila means isto sop ‘he top ofthe wal rom tecting ao tht wl ow tke the bet form shown, ‘Thatension thus ransers rom the outa tthe inner fae ofthe well nd because the bonding moment is reduced. reves the amount of rinforcement equted compared with 2cantiever ype of smiardimorsons end losding. ts important. however. to provide ony nominal op rsinfoesmant in the ‘Sab so that «fuer overeat of ees dont ot occ nthe wll which coud cause cracking. Thies provided most simply by using U-bars ou ofthe wal on to which the sib botiom sta canbe appa. Thre 90 need in thi type of ‘alto provide arate bars offre lngths sace the outer tel cutoff ‘ap length above the point of contenu. Once mor, varia self the rain enforcement and Gebuton eel ie nee th.- : a io © DETAIL cee 9 IBY Hos -Qe0 1 DETAIL OF ENE Wall oN Gawe Line ASKETCH SHEET 10 26 ‘Two storey type ‘The behaviour of he wall is similar 0 that ofthe norms propped contiever ‘cet that, being of two-storey height. thar we two furor revere fees. Tension occas at basement and sam-basemant level nthe outr fae f the ‘all and between floor inte lan face ofthe wal ‘Agnin the reinforcement Between the floor and the walls ony nominal 0 ‘hat no moment is wanstered nto the slab, Because of he lage reduction in pressure towards the top ofthe wall the ‘einforciment in the upper wali mach lower than that nthe botom It of| | | i ! 1 | nr tan | rears | ||] 5 =" : i 1 Jreview—aooen 2, || || j Vil] | 4 | | j Ty 1610 ¢eyieu i init a H eelsSKETCH SHEET 11 iste hoe is tat, because the ground pressure is itd to low rm the columns and ground lors sored over th whole ae® © AFT FOU =H Ceres AS Bay Bc AFT FOUNDITION —Biys Cu aU AS By BeSKETCH SHEET 12 ne ick E =f ‘The rnc aris silat that of the noo alt xcept that in extrely rad both faces ofthe att aver ts compte aesa SENG THD | EN LZ eg jou | 4 ui ie eeameeaa th sae etal | tr 5 oo Hy a tl E gore WwW sare a he coreg da Hd aeFE Section 2 — Slabs SKETCH SHEET 13 | mae sh TRH ' wide Som Nh Players of butting ro edt artSKETCH SHEET 14 eje-2e Bite imag tee Suspended ground floor ase to aririon shook i nig genera necessary to provide sructurl ground floor slabs only when the ‘e's composed of lye of made up ground. Atypical exams o his is where Pld foundation are ued and the gourd slab vale ack ile. The problem ‘with made up ground is thot hae not ha etficient tne fo compact natualy 0 thot there is always 8 rsk of uneven stlment. This could couse Wook Pockets below the lb ands, tallow fer this the slab most be supported by ‘The sketch shows atypical arangement ftp and bottom tea fo 3. one way spanning sab of» coninuous nature This rangement shows now cox can be ent down by staggering atest br in both foes ofthe slab 6 longi of top steal 0.5 of span instead of 08 long of bottom ste! O85 aprox istod of 1.00 approx (ait the boom stel should pass over the suppor fr about 12 to 18 bar Sameer) ‘Also by breaking the curtaiment ine of the op ste the rk of cack fxm ing on such in avoided. The placement ofthe reinforcements dictatd by the shape ofthe bending an be aton fom the kato tht nis dawn paral othe half the depth of the ending moment maximum ths shows whee athe steel may be curtail. Note however that ho soe! must contre for 8 further 12 diammtor pest such a point (CP 110 bond veauemarts). ‘When contnuous spans ate approximately equal (9 Tongest nt more than 1.26 = shorts panne aystem) the vale given nthe sketch wil apo, Agen ack steel provided st fal suppor iter of thie main reinforcement (ve. distance between Bars) must not exceed 3 x elective depth “The pc of the dtibutonreinorcement (which passes inside the main renforcoment) must not exceed § = ffocive depth “Th weno the sol shoul stay he conditions outings on page PyDETAIL SHEET 14SKETCH SHEET 15 | cotibca Bonne pod pot Beam and slab construction, one way spanning The same rules a thse for stucwel ground Noor sobs apply to ‘suspended sabes thy are nt mentioned again onthe shest Into 8 ‘ow ypal deal pons ae elaborated. | ee fedownstand primate bom inate Hush with tel, a-ak 5 can be provided by continuing the Dex stinup arose the sib, implies ting but means tht the strate bare wil ot be Lo parr epee sag sew i re a a ae Ite Brom doesnot nish fash, oan upstand an uneven U:bae | a ‘canbe ved This lo provides fo ying in the toto reinforcement | 2 Onatnceaso however srt want onda Soe! crowd aa be wes Downstand bears which fom T-beams can make use of the slab ean “ ae nS oS eee cenmes ie ponmecnie teekcrmaeer ace postion for comet Shae of Char ‘Sr rr shoul provide ufc bondi eson ap) shove licker height 0 in with the main sa reinforcement. s ‘Support. ars tet rank down should Be accurately located (9g dmensoned tothe crank pont onthe slob layout) ‘Openings inthe sib for sevice, ete ules oul or utconty sll 0 pass win the noma pitch of tha reinforcement. shoul be ‘enfrcd at tha corer by agonal brs op ana botiom except where ‘wed by Boos For deo sie (moe then 150 t0 200 mn thick) ite nacestay to suppor the top steel on ‘chai’ during placing and te shoud be Indtated onthe reinforcement ei ging te postion (sual 750 mm ‘ach way) and scheduled withthe slab enforcementDETAIL SHEET 15 ioe qucne Flooe PLAN aSKETCH SHEET 16 top of slab Yiel> LINE PATTEONS: Beep fe yield fines ‘Beam and slab construction, two way spanning ‘Two way spsning slabs ae not parculaty common since they require ‘upporing beems onal four sides. The cost of providing thas aon ovaries he savings in cost by spanning the lab both ways. However they have sre ‘svantope, ofr particularly age spane they save on slab thickness. “Tho keiches show the ilies (oeackng planes) ot two way spanning seb where he ange vres Between 86" or equal sides and 90” lon spa 0408 twice ha shot span ‘The il ines forth undead ato show how much of the sla i cared ‘aoc oft paimater beams 50 thet, whore he lang span becomes greeter han ‘bic the short span. the lab becomes ane way spanning. ‘Tho vie ines forte top ofthe sab show the effects of trson on the slab ‘ich can be provided for by placing diagonal sheet of nah enforcement the top ofthe sib, Since the shorter span aks the grsterload and heer hs the larger bed ing moment. is easentil tat is sal has the greater etlecive pth, © the inforcmert to the shor span (top and Bltom) shoud outa thet the tong span Because ofthe dificult of analysis or wo sae of tering sans they ae invaiaby used whare continuous span re aval. In thas conditions the cura ‘mont of nforcement in bath etons is smile to tat for the main sie! shown on state sheet 14 vemnges 28SKETCH SHEET 17 clay pots with slip tiles Flat soffit floors: hollow rib one way spanning Whereas the soil lb is considered at series of oun stipe, the holo red lb i onsiered a @ seve of T beams wth he svuctra! topping acting at ’ compression flange for span moms ‘The tbe can be fomad in sever! way. the most common being by using clay pots oF wo0d- woo! fooars When ly pots ate used lays a ould be provided to avoid pattem staining. When wood wool formes re Used they normally pode sot fr the by In thse instances (eg. war tha tected) the cover tothe nb reinforcement can be brought down to 15 me ofthe sae of the aporegate if larger Wir eay pots he carves Between nibs may ‘vary according o design rquement as may the with dea this ase the ib enforcement may comprise 2 rumor of to bare "A hollow ribbed floor may be designed in one of ‘wo mays ether os snplesuppored tween bea team sip supports oF as continuous sytem ove ‘severa supports With het syst main nore ment occur inte ib with only anti-crck steal over ‘the support With th second aytem sin steel occurs Inthe ib forthe spon moment and ove the support forthe support moment It's essontl to in out rom the designer which rato he has employed ince wit the serpy fp Ported method the fommars can run to within 0 mm beam. whereas withthe continous span method compression zones must be formed Inthe Boom of ‘he slab whore the nib alone cennat tke the compres: sion setup bythe support moment its depth to prevntshrkage and empoature cack. ing ad to span between os. I beam stipe (eg. beams within the slab thick ass) 8 used the nb reinforcement wil ea Yo be Ccankad. This shown i move deta on hatch sheetDETAIL SHEET 17 SECTION ‘A-A!SKETCH SHEET 18 cross-section through short span (Vio steel for long span shown clotted) cross ~ seotion Firough long span (rib steal! for short span chown dotted) Flat soffit floors: hollow rib two way spanning Hare eps the foo et as series of T-beams except hat hey ow span each way. The method of forming the pote is open sin tothe Previous example a6 Ie the cover requirement. mutt be remembers. however tht he short spon having te greater being moment requires the gente efectve depth In two way spanning hollow ried for the problem sin aries on the question of design though, excep in etary cia! cae, they are ‘signed a8 simpy supported. is however neces forthe deta 10 ‘Wad woo! units are becoming mor cman nit ot con ‘han clay pots since make-up units can be obtained to pronde» surface below the Beam stips consistant with that ofthe ramancer ofthe Hor set ‘The sal arangement fo the beam sip type of construction is que straightforward ar canbe soe ram ta aketches ted the detal shan The "reinforcement forthe longer span hs the ston afectve depth and 30 ass over thei sta forthe snort spn, Because of hit can ao pst ‘ve the rintorcement te the beam sp with no need for any cranking ItSnouls normaly continu for about 25 dartersint the bao stp ofr 1diamtarspastthecenveline, whiceverstheshoter Aswithsohd abe hat the so! may be oraliag tore winch means tht for he ib ritorerent to the shorter sean only one ‘od ofeach bar eds 1 be cranked since the atate bar canbe revered “he second shetch shows the reason fr ernking the renforcement (ve to void beom ste!) and this lao app tothe reinforcement in the bare ‘ion, Usually t faa olat the el none crection nn tight cose Column heads whist cranking all tal im the ther ection where "Th an-crack wel ove supports lz te in bear inks ths lowing tam te be open (ths make ining easier) and these should continue for 20 dams pat he edge of th baam stip of 0 ofthe span fom the entre line of te beam sp, whichever the greater. ‘suppor beom (or bear sp)© DETAIL SHEET 18 |esecnons ‘aaSKETCH SHEET 19 Flat soffit floors: pure flat slab ‘fa slab san ently iterntconcat of design rm any of hoe oat with ofr. thas no beam but act, ists plate ts dived into cokimn sips and mite stips, as shown inthe sketch each ‘dicton. Each theses reitorced ae continuous sto! Noor having {op see over supports, Because the suppor for he milage ate elective the column str, dstibuton sels prowded in ha con aro te column sp (69, between columns) to support he top ste! ofthe mies. Consequential but the contrat qurt of heb which has bottom ste! only each way) there ar fur layer of ate one each wey fop and one each way batom. Tht makes the ss very ei over Colum heads and 0 ne aon torsion reinforcement is necessary Thearangement of enorcement inthe saba dea with enensvely in CP 120 but bvety te requirments te tat 4) oti of to rinforemant in the clu sip shouldbe housed within the cena a ofthe stip (constant ameter of entoree: ‘mont suse, spacing fr the outer hal i twice 9 we), ©) suppor set should extend scetance of 250 the sper overage over the column head though 3% oft may be cared at 0. of the span ©) span ste! should contin to withia 0125 othe span aatance from the column conte ine (i practice Ral cutie at this pont and hat continues for 10 cametrs past the conte ine), “To prevent contusion to the stn fxr tis aviabe to oid crank tng bar since this can give unfortunate fsa panels se aos. square itis esiy posse to provide steight bars troushout except for discontinuous edges whore U. dare shouts be provided. ‘etaing can be dane ona pana system but hs vali oy where i is used (in constant spacing of colunns each way) [isp forename sPoegean column 20488 401 4 “manne yo ed eee ‘opty ono: we Burp yo A Busey «pur Joos 4 Jo ue © ‘yaw oF sp90p fou tense Ue 95101 UedS 3B US UO gers oreyd popiogDETAIL SHEET 21SKETCH SHEET 22 Flat roof The rain problems which occur on fat ros are 1) ventilation and ghing 2) drainage 3) expansion and contraction With the fist problem 9 dome light o venlator i ufually fed to an upstand nb of ‘sutciom dept t0 allow for fnshes and raimnaer (approximately 200 mm), Th cannot however be repaid as structural unless the upstands a back into main beame The ston {0 provide beam within the sab thickness (oot hollow rite sytem is employed) oe ‘tm errome case hicken the bear sip thus reducing steed above. Wherever pons an open ing fora dome ight or vert should be postionad ae close se possible toa man bash (or ‘bem intersection) in onde o keep bending onthe beam stip to 8 moni. Drainage fs ar usualy proved by varying the thickness ofthe sciod 9 40 men mas ‘25 mm min In cases where extemal lage spans ate nv this may not be pact Since ‘the maximum thickness would have © be ictease, fo comply with fal reuvemerts tooo large on extent. In such case te rormalt pc the slab very slighty (to the al eguieg) ‘and keep the scread constant Not the 100 phate ts aviabl to Use ghtweight ‘ered in order to avoid excessive thermal movement of the sap Thermal movements «particular problem for trots du oth large surtce are ond posure tothe elements. Expansion joins wre provided to overcome hs robin snes thes problems soaial tothe roof tis not neceasr to contin such een trough he conplte structure Thismakesthe spit rome’ type font athe pointes (whee corms back 0 back eontinve down the bung) ‘well 36 beng expensive. The cect poston for such jit on have to be comimued to ielude parmeter baa Expansion Joints ae normaly provided every 30 m r 501m each direction, dependent onthe shape othe 0DETAIL SHEET 22SKETCH SHEET 23 ete ore ~veley beams” Cross section through barrel vaults Cross section through valley beam 2 raineret of the folded pate but pression langesinhe slabs considered sa seres of parabolic arched slabs (or segmental arched slate} each spon "ina. simply supported. onto beam sections which acura the valleys, Barel vaut roots can span ver lnge distances compare with more convertion typs of root stucture and forthe extreme lg spas Cah be combination of normal ainfrced concite (or the aches) and ve sessed concrete (post tension for valley bee) ‘The arches, parabolic, ae in compression only so that mia! ‘snfrcoment only. of small darrater bare fequeed. Bing gh the ‘eiforement does not reqie Bening te shape Brot placing sce should ake up he shape ofthe ach an placing. The vale beams being subject fo de thst, wll eed ext stinups| to tenia oon so tat the pitch of such stare wl probably not exceed 08 ot tho offoctve doth ofthe beam. These sirup can than be bon and lace strat (90 sketch) to provide saree forthe ach ste!DETAIL SHEET 23 Roor PlanSKETCH SHEET 24 areviar ground beam ab parunaker of shall - Squace Dome = Tuwanlae dome main sheel bent to constant radios and — conshantrdion with bobbed of comers. reducing length and bebbed at comers, ‘Shell roof: dome The principles of domed roots circular. square or tangula on pla, ae simol that the veil plane compression andthe horizontal plane in tesion. The longitudinal enforcement i therefore, te main ‘essing tension whist the tel which aes the shape of he ome e anne. prowding fo tnbuton sd 0 unter shnnkage cracking, The dstibuvon steel therefore, being of smal diameter can essume is shape on lacing bu the main tel mut, where necessary, be bent to shape pris fo placing. Support ae subject an ‘ncn foes and act = butveses so hat they must be elec uny retained, This may beefcted ona tanuia "oot by rowson ofa ring beam. ad on a square 100! by dagorel te beams et pre ive ‘Dome bghis an be accommodsed fay esl by closing the spacing of renfrcament into tension bonds above an bolow them They shoul, however rele be of ecular shape to avon racing due tothe com_ DETAIL SHEET 24 Noha Genforamment de be orrmged conraly in alabe Bars lect and S08 vary i lrg with Sorte hone of outer.SKETCH SHEET 25 lazad infill Five panel’ hypor’ with glazed vibe buirass2s onto ring boom z WH Is 86 Hyperbolic paraboloids Hyperboic paraboloid roots (sometimes known 9 hy ‘ars are becoming increasingly popular with architects nd ‘hens since they use a less concrete to cover are span ‘an do conventona trots. They st alsa dtinctive in ‘hes form, adding character to buings ‘The incites se wth domes, aresimpn: the plone which carves downwards isin ension an the pare wich Upward is in compression An od enforcement, with the exception ofthe perimeter beams. 'S compound of srarght bars Reinforcement placed cena in the sib to alow for cover the bas Being eter in act compression ot tension Edge "Aknough ingle hyper canbe used to act ee complete ‘oot (see sketch) has more commonly been the practice {nha UK toute grove of four, ve a sit in combination (aoa se sketch) ‘Whee used in the normal way he two low points sit on domed root used in combination the low points of ‘cjacen panel are somtimes spaced apt om each oer forming @ tangle between the babe and the apex ofthe tune Thase may be filed eter with concrete ox glazing. bering n min hat he second i sed it must bo water proofed at theftsDETAIL SHEET 25 oor Puan BEAM SECTIONS Stowe ALL panels cereay TTHe-M WITH SLAB Reevroecemen.SKETCH SHEET 26 wp hp he Four panel inverted *hypar! wp housed in column. Zoot plan of Factory using wmertad “hyper ovits wi infill glazing ships Bewetros x 21 mains {An strnatve method of using hype tt invert them ‘and pitch thom s0 tht tee corners we evel ance fourth 's ona lower plane. These ave normaly used m groupe of Your. the only suppor being atthe low comers of eh which ar seated on single column. The column has a ‘ainwatr pie inside it take car of 00! cromage since the shape detates the passage ofthe rnwaer ‘An advantage ofthis second typeof oo that column enres can be el spaced in etch rection making the stam al for age singe storey factory Nott ighing an bo provided by spacing the roots 9 ae distance apart (91200 0 1500 rn) in each direction ond infiing with arent gating (ee sketch) 88F case + fae 7 DETAIL SHEET 26SKETCH SHEET 27 Waffled plate floor In acon yeas the introduction of pelypropylene formers a an aternaive to steel mous has made waited sab construction more vable and. th the fetsation of codes tao shea ‘the wat pla head hold arop panel fect te sf, making {his rogion ofthe slab much stir than the rbd area. The sl ate vres ‘withthe span ad the loading. buts generaly between 30 and 40% ofthe span ‘ich way. ean be of crc shape, but fe more vevaly equa, since the bending moment falls qute shrply fom the sppor "The main steel une most slabs can be so ranged that no “span” se passes ovr the suppot (soe sketch 1). However, some bottom steels equ lhe shear reinforcements employed in ode to pick up the links, Dstbution bats te required inthe tp of the column stp (mid span) at wth normal ft Sab f0 pick up man support bars, these being dispersed ovr the sl tose ‘ast the spon stn! it located in th ibs. The made quar of ach Days ‘efrced wih ratte in he topping. From a dasgn pont of view sannbe to contiver he slab perimeter 20 that athe panes at nara and thue of sna form A separate sece core an than take sari. tom the point of view of dealing 1 sensible to deta colunn sips in each cirecton for top see. with 9 typical pana for boom sto Sher reinfercement can be covered using» seperate column head ea The shear reinforcement shoul! theoretically follow the shear perimeters around the column Read which compiz staight na parallel with the column ‘and quote ccls inking thm. However its more practical to provide a square “rangement (oe sketch 2) 20 thatthe shear links canbe edi say to the {shed links ae preted to other shapes, since they can bie ator the inn orca at aun ostinato hing rhDETAIL SHEET 27Section 3 ~ Beams and Stars SKETCH SHEET 28 Beams: single span and cantilever pan beam can be designed st 2 F baa te column bear, using the slab as its compression zone ‘Cantever booms can be Bascal of two types 1) stub cartier 1) eantver end o'3 comnuousDETAIL SHEET 28 ae 2 a on | amt amie HT ann a G — mail| - L_ 21 ood - 225 mil Sraneea) open eves y | BEAMS To Gamact oor Me ‘awe ns vee | see al St _ == 7 Yee Titoe ‘ee!SKETCH SHEET 29 to | fea Continuous beams: lightly loaded tnaconventonal ight loeded system fcontinuousbeams, moment coefiionts at taken deacy rom CP 110 (proving that sane ae "mia in which eae no bonding momont disgrars willbe shown nthe requ. For bgt loaded bears with probably only three bats top {nd bottom this can be taken a 0.2 of the span for suppor see (op) ‘and 0125 of the span for span ste! (bottom) ‘Shoo rinforcement i usualy only necessary atthe fist and Ist internal suppons and should be designed as shown on page 5. Bond ‘queens should smaty be checked thie Beng cic! onthe end suppor on ‘Where ne beam syste frames nto athe, such a with two-way Spanning si deagn or wth permeter beams, the renfrcement to ore ofthe booms must be cranked 10 avoid that of the othr Since the futne of te eam action at gh system isshown on he ‘ea rowing the poston ofthe main enorerant canbe how by an pen crcl (se seth) tis customary to show coss sections (at twice the scale of love tions) wherever ether the enforcement or oitine of he bea changesDETAIL SHEET 29 tle a eal ee - ill ‘Le we Yl ‘ese Ge oe fa Bain 2a (0q sinier but hance) Beam 26(7f dnt) oe © _ anaes = i Tae al ae rt | tt eet eee oe | a ee re ae ae Ah at 4 ‘at ‘ea! hei} *2-77 a z Ga Ba Beam Ze (Ze similar) Beam Za. : Beam on com Line 2 (875 x 725)SKETCH SHEET 30 ‘Sheor shrugs pars 25cd pier Spoon heroes Wain steel con be oblisedt for shear reinforcement whare ne longer required in tension face of baa, * outs syston, giving twice as wich shear resistavar, provides extra bars at half sites, Continuous beams: heavy ‘On some cominuous beam systems heavy shea orca are imposed by ether heavy vevorm loads oF point loads Also a widely varying system of spars ean roduc this In such caes the shear nfreement wil vary considerably slang the sytem, inks ranging trom singles to groupe of tre or four. This wilin tum affect the main ste sce each ink should pase around bara comers 8g Tinks in aie equ vee main bars inks in threes rue four man ba ee Im soma cass link reinforcement i not silt Io take the sear fore imposed ©. column stoping at et floor level, anda sytem of bent up are is then vee in conjuction wih he inks Thi slo det with on poe S ‘The main enforcement i aso usualy heavy in these excurstances and bein wor even thes layers ina beam ofmsicted wih Mea space Dae ut bo provided, nese usualy boing of cuts ofthe mein ste and should be dtaleg sndacheduled Spacing of tvarenforcament heavy besa usually centres a two way spanning system is used in these conditions cranking of bars both bacomes cost and makes things ficult forte sta fae I i abla, ‘terete, to ure splice Bae so that al main bare can be avsight. Tht of course ‘only apps tothe Brtom ste. he top steel being given exte cover ene ‘ection (se setces) ‘When a column stats fom «bear. then starter bars must be provided as ar ofthe booms scconigy In conan ckoumstances, where betm reinforcement i tobe placed in st, rather than preabicated in cage orm, suse! to provide open straps facta placing of the main bos. These situps canbe Hnshed with «closer bar (08 sketch below) forcement system and shouldbe deta and sched XS closer bors [> open stirrups.dae papa Sa al o- DETAIL SHEET 30usta ou J su0KoM pros 9 w!papAoN 99 pneu ea (sequans) soer-nue pu “Bunn ammeseduer pone ok "=aHEOG toy aweusore}1 JevOBEP Yim power £4 OH PINEYS SH wewo2.8) WuMO> 10 8 papAOIE 4 ‘soja enw sr) sbuwado ay eo sine vossedueD yim tieog J ude 2 Un peuo; sma ex euLmo® YRS ~LO}EEE o> 1 vom ap uf Bulog oquow fe Sbuuedo ua moa Put fsroae Bunny segue ivorioy pur Buuedo oy) unuey snquau [roti qin yowatuny w secur ana Souooeg weed eUL vaere sinonoyag seq a 0 ebpE/HOWY w0S Os Poe NES 5 oneiep ryse> in ubep 04 10} AOU BP 884 BUREONS aA ‘sumone Bot sed 0} pe But 40 suns 8019 hve waxes fons ax 0 widep aut uta perepouR0228 1 sey wis Bue 10 Butsnnpua> neue ei Bung © Ut ‘9104 ooinses yim sweeq doog Sa Brmapono wwooq dap roe refaws wom L€ 133HS HOLANS“l_ DETAIL SHEET 31 LL tose eee Lj te0 | ese | tne | amos, | et ARS Syie 2vt004 ae ii yeahs ae t laniey | [levies lavaea” | Larvae [svat fois j ] vtom lane | [graen | vaveon avn aes Pee a ened Lemom-nce, aun, | emiom-neo , aneer, Laem | a) 3] 4 4 4 ss doses dierent E me T 4 er n oe (rare | & i pas i mo ~ = a t a tet, jes. 4 a g (bd ls i i o- ‘ | ee 4 sat =e tree ea meu! poetic = ede wt ne? ‘ea! aos 4a oor Beam 3SKETCH SHEET 32 Ring beams Ring beans are subjct to compression. tension. ‘heat bond andtorsion estes but altesepobles !10 fr the designer. The ofc forthe deta is that simi teinfrcement i provided top and bottom, ‘sirup at at eose cere tvoughout the beam an i leps shoul! beat reqted fortron. ‘Because the beam apo al enforcement other than sirup ot starter bars must bw bet oasis ‘ror to pacing. ths being incested on the banding S = f. gee Rand | duensicns ” on banding Schacbles. Gainforcing bar detoil Yon jh! ack Bau faking colown cractas tonto im each case ae a create hoop -hemsionDETAIL SHEET 32 i i al ? i Hoke om covert main rope Ric SEAM.SKETCH SHEET 33 for variation of finishes Se Fd on 25mm, Finish reas Solotion to problem arising from ce Vorying fikishes to slabs and etaics ochre Inn, let to allow 2 Single flight stairs: long and cross spans ‘The structural behviour of that o simpy supported lb, te effective thickness ing itt lst When conseeing single Sights between floors should be realised that its uneconansc to span the fight between lendings since an extra dstance of sbout tm at either nd of the fight would es n a ong span of upto ® m "however: downstand beams ae prowed a th edges of the landings the efecve span may be duced to four mates {or the same fight which woul es Ina Banding moment reducvon of over SOX. ‘The arrangement ofthe enforcement (top sketch) shows slab reinforcement bent up to provide starter ber for ‘enforcement By lapping bars in thm bending enor 1 he ste mage, forcement was Bent at bath ens nt ler of even 5 mm on the sto or i rious loss of covert the reinforcement ‘An aternatve method of powding singe fight sta 619 190 (or edge) Dears to ake the bending motnent with "toads spanning between thr (ae middle sketch), the saving in concrete val tat by the ears shuttering cost and ao the sas tend to lok heave from ‘he side elevation ‘ further problem forthe det in outing the sais {he variation in frshes. Its quite usual for started to have a ifort shckness of Yinahes to the mein for aro. the finish othe riers i azo dire but this no problem ‘on single hgh Because the ao al the wen finshed, a proba arias onthe is ‘wads. The fst ei ncrensd by the diference in fnhes {nd the simplest way to compensate the lat rei 0 notch down to the floor ab (00 lowe sketch) By doing ths the normal rie canbe easly determined by ‘ving the srvetural oor tof dimensson bythe umber of iss and adaing tothe fst sete cifernce in Faheseee ererererererererererererererere re rereererer err rrr rere rereeere terete rrr erent eee eerie tr tetetetetrteteretetete terete eee eee eee DETAIL SHEET 33 tose Deyaliemds= Yoo | 1980 | feoSKETCH SHEET 34 Half flights with landings Were al anings ae incorporte tis noxmal fo stairs Theft shatch shows the structural haviour ofthe type ‘fight. emphasing the fact thot tension occurs onthe the fight reinforce, wen ie bent into the to ofthe ma vei sucane I edition to the problems of ead snd oor tinshes, wen vaintotes which ave deat with ima smlr wey tthe single ght (sketch sheet 33) thre are added complications wih nishes Trestwavt at top OF half Fight, Of half Plight EASE th tae stare wl hve he nosing of od Sought wen vee tom above as oo boca EASE ve wg betwen he ht and ab te te Coe | + finished Cone 2: fivichad ‘ieeel ton tom te won box sees eee we ft ce te ton esl rac fi stairs beng oft by twice the varia nas 0 that ater vesings line mL y Wirowgh, Lo thar application the weods ine tough (ae akc). Inthe second case the solution snot so simple, being aces to draw out the joint © a lage scale (oetrbly ‘afoul 620) to detrmine the postion ofthe ead to produce ths eectDETAIL SHEET 34 fr Qeo Soeqtteeds=@eco | 170 __ | 200 | | f en Nem 0 PL oe sys, Foo GD.7e ber EL.SKETCH SHEET 35 eps steel to counter shrinkage cracking T tension 1 Foch step cantilevers individually from the wall (Sleping effitophcoal) Holf flights cantilever about czutral wall — Stobbeau requd for half landing. Section showing cantilever steb beam to belf laveting Cntlever weads occu most commonly on ir escape sts where wall fers protection in eden tos sructual use, These maybe adapts o many forms fl ight al ght or semispirland ar shown n sath orm. Because the spn of th cntlovr isthe sre foreach ae the waist thickness iso efferent fr Tull ight than for haf fight the ‘éetemining factor being the pan area occupied. The main reinforcement is paces in he tp ofthe toad — thie Being tension rane ~ and ted back into the or face ofthe tersin ap. I the stars ae al lights ether ie f th wal, the ‘the walitalanced out Azo hal nding ie neopoated exe mda ‘tis pacesory to provide a stub caniever Bet out of the wal upon he 5 piralied athe end ofthe wal this beam not required but tofermsince23- or §:py boeing nal acu fhe edge and wal nut, wile up the shape of he sft,DETAIL SHEET 35SKETCH SHEET 36 The jack kite stat snot very common, athough highly favoured by archi- tects. Because the hal landing isnot tuppode in any way ft behaves inthe board causing twisting (orion inthe angle between Fights td al ending “The tai waistcan be le subject to comoesson or tension a wel as band ‘the load apie (se sketches) 80 that reinforcerent the waists ond landings. This can rosin gute rales betwoenfhahtsand endings witha consequent pacing concrete ok knife sas it vary expensive compared wth ‘more conventional yees and ony where «spec feature i required are hay ina, cording tow! in rquied i both fe Coase 2 Lower flight and half landing leadedDETAIL SHEET 36SKETCH SHEET 37 varkeal barred shutter to stair lop tension at he upper landing and compression atthe bottom ofthe fight hslocaton snormalybmtes to entrance hale, hese foyer et cost being At a8 dstibution tel and both contain and loca the main Bt Shutering consists of cenal vertical Brel frm on which treads and ses are marked out with supports screwed in 10 support the sti bows and edge ‘Suter othe ouside which are propped during constuction and algo supoom {he sot boar. Those ae acated bythe Wend board which a across the ightDETAIL SHEET 37 PLAN oF MAN SPAS:SKETCH SHEET 38 ‘Spine beam stairs with open risers Another distinctive, but less cost, form of satis that using spine ‘beam wth pen oe nae, te Beam isa heavy cea beam shaped ikea star fbght which ecees weads ont horizontal faces. tus to recent the treads since the shutting is much simpler than casting thom This neceasiates provision fr faings a shown nthe lower shtch, the snchor bot being placed sdewaye ater thon lengthwaysto evo posible rocking. The fnshes ae applied ater the fang te have been grovted Up so that no fixings show trough. Balusere are Cote dct tthe treads and holes con belt to provid for hase in cating These stars are more common outsde rahe than inside buildings so tat paving slabs ar often used a finshes and projet abghy pas the ‘ead to case an impreanon of sinesein th ead tckneas. The ca be ‘erher enhanced by sloping the sft Reinforcement heads simply @ meshwork of sight bars. sine beam reinorcement being sme to that of noma ea.DETAIL SHEET 38SKETCH SHEET 39 main rentorcawant ‘to shai Flight “U! bar as for opper landing Treatment at lower landing junction \ N \ upper landing junction ago STP | Xe ber a ib pe reinbene Tn, win. bearing “Treatment at Precast flights to in-situ landings (on mut-strey blocs, peed important Stat walls povde iste, dung construction he lst tam to Be con cof constuction as beco avery sel serve shat for Sra the star fights ae, th To avoid the expanse of keeping plot and staf 1 cast those stain st, precast ight are flon used in conjuction with ict landings These flights are simply supported ot thal ds. resting on pre-formed noe the previously cst landings ad hal lendings ‘Weight irc for handing and sometins Highs have to be epi sros the wis to kep the weight within a tomer rane’ capacity In such instances fighes ae appl ar ‘v0 unequal setoment ‘Whereas with n-itsfights the achtect's choles was for tweods oF softs to ln trough the main consceraton in pre as fights is that joints tne though, although the ning ttwough af wesc can be accommodates within ths rau ‘except at support nibs, deta of which ae shown inthe Stches The width of baring for support nitrile a6 ‘he oarancee which ned tobe allowed forthe inst prion ‘ofthe work details of tase ae alo shown, ‘les obvious eaurement in he deta he provision of ‘tng Roles, hich should bea closet the ibs as posible 0 ‘athe sta gh doesnot behave aifeeny uring handing, to the way il afer loeaton These iting holes ean usualy be xing points for Balter posts 19 oid any making good boing nocessanyDETAIL SHEET 39 [822 _Gemwet tends 1600 _ 228 |Section 4 Columns and Walls SKETCH SHEET 40 | Oo oe o A Ansa to alters | for tolerances Geto | ea aia) eran | | win. cover 40 wan. heefeedod to neared Sw. ai | = = ris quite usual in mut-strey wor, 10 main the physical dimension of» col (9. 250 mm square) thoughout the hight of» building eventhough the lod being capac = ‘bviousty geste atthe base level “Tis is achived by tree methods ether separately orn conjunction with each oer 1. Reiforcrent this canbe nominal parsculaly on upper floors tare concrete sength Issutfcentto ae the appli lod A the loacing increases so does he aea of enforcement ‘rovide. Algo in exome cases the atength ofthe reinforcement can be changed. 09 ld Sel thigh tense stn. 72. Concrete mise the cube svangth canbe increased by changing the mix a sy, hallway ‘down the building and agai a thee quae down the building. (Note this change of mx ‘would not appt the foo abs which would rerun conta thoughout) "Age factor a concrete age grows Sango otha on tll buiings whare tis known that he buiding wil not be occupied for several months afer the lowe fees ae cas. an oe [aco alowed on the concrete fo ake nto account ncreaeed eength with ine ‘Af thie means that uppe its of columns oe usualy igh entree normally ith ‘our bars. The minimum alowed s .0% a he gros cross sectional area ofthe column, Since Insuch cases the sta sin compression a compression ln reqs when oppng ba. This 'S cared ut at each too to simply handling and occur 76 re above stra ab vel so that a ticker can be formed to lace the column shutter The length of lp vas with the ‘types of concrete and steal sed ‘Column bas coninve stright though the for sla and pass inside he sel nfrcamant foc the beams. Cover, ths, fen dite by the cover and hetero! bem rnferement (see sete All vertical bars must be tin into 0 achieves by column inks. Tbe stuatons ions at 195° es 10 ach oter andthe is ‘shown of out sir ei Bos, nd wl be fen in each ease that 2 main ink which passes aroun al he bas i used. This manta the fr bor reiforcement hot an L-shaped sirup i used This allows fo eas ste xing and also Sight movement necessary to aver beam steel ding Fixing, ‘lames and pc of eolamn inks are given on page 6DETAIL SHEET 40SKETCH SHEET 41 { {bere win [peteney eae apace must be sufficient 4e allou for stirrups 4obe accomedated and for concroke +4toflow around rainforcomart, “tencion lap since one 1 face of cot may be Fully romed doa te bondi Gotedtain. dapandanton fp it an reer) Boule of heggering alamate layers of bars. Heavily reinforced columns In some instances, sucha lower lors of multi-storey buildings. reinforce iar a be xv ay wing to te he) of Barn cn “This sue nr ont to heavy loads, bt thigh bending moments caused by wind pressure on the aca of the buiding, For this reason columns ae on rectangular (so seth). The maximum alowate vertical reinforcement 10% nd this wil occur wher tho bas ate lapped. To acconmodste 8 maximum foctive steal rea of 6% theeor, usual to sagge ep (see poge 6) “he space between ayers must be sufcient oth to sp bas and provide for circubton of the concrete in plein. The minimum, theaore, shoul! be the ‘outer bar plus 20 mm Siery te spacing in the ater dvection must als ‘low the concrete to create, th minimum spacing being the br dio. ‘bar apis ond shown inthe sketch, By nk othe ne bas allowances made or sight eposion. ing i lacing to suit Bem to! Wineeas th singe lor height of column ste the riforament is famed ina cage pis to placing nthe shut, iss nt easily posible wih ragged laps wher one floor heat mains exposed for a while For thi reason civsble 1 use staggered laps ony wien absolutely necessaryDETAIL SHEET 41 1 @ i & Hl coloun 82 (cals BS te B7 and LPR 67 ataSKETCH SHEET 42 PRNED BASE Pinnad bose B.M. diagram Since tension can onty occur onthe outer col face, assymctric rainfu't may be used. Raking struts ‘Te normaly cecut ina single storey frame where an architect Wishes to cate @ val eect ofthe structure. They may be ether ined o ined atthe base the formar bang the impart ana, ‘Sketches are shown of botn methods anitcan be seen hatin he ned condition e ingle urge ie dowel bar may be used.» como bing provided Inthe fied condition, howove, ‘ment that the column Sbould be provided {o banaing athe base A further refinement is thatthe designer may use an seymmetic ‘sinforementarangement inthe pnnad condition since only the outer Fed base BM. diagram ‘Sree tension ean occur on both col faces symetrical ravfutt should be used, ®44 DETAIL SHEET 42SKETCH SHEET 43 | splice bars provide ‘starters for upper cel I te wain bars bent into bacu 7 [x tartomty \ double: kinks wits main bars TaeeMent AT Top oF splay column / [| starter bars tie in wit main stael by double links cotwmn sides ~] | starters sit inside waain stright whare || |) shea! due 4o extra cover not Showing Facpired below ground level TResTMENT AT Base OF splay Coloma Spread columns mn achtoctural requirement snc from a srctua ngth of column is inte lower porn, The steal ined onthe tower section ol the column whit rowing suficient seta the top of th column to ceed the mn ‘mum percentage equi Being visu rather than srucuralrequement the column section | below ground lve ean be conventional ss shown on teste, Splice bars ar sed to provide starters for upper Naor having» fl coms on lp within he splayed eal, The main dtu sn the scheting of corm inks which very throughout the height of the column Rather than ges tepmte bor ‘2nd ages inks with equal increments forthe intemecate ones oDETAIL SHEET 43 ‘22!SKETCH SHEET 44 Case 2. langae reduohion in one plone. Case 4 small redvotion im one plana. Junction details Tho sketches here are mostly sa-explanatry, the main points 10 note beng 2s fllows TP BEAM AND COLUMN JUNCTION Covers to bars must in $0 that 8 beam of column bar does not become displaced onsite. Ths is porculrly mpertat on heavily ‘eiferced section since 3 ara placement can sanious tet he strength of a member by changing its lever am 2 COLUMN TO COLUMN, Case 1. Wher a column reduces sah in sie In ono plane I permissible to crank bars ove Yo provide sats It shouldbe emer: bore, however, thatthe length ofthe cranked portion should not be es han ton tings tho crank stance. This usualy nacsstates spec ‘Cane 2. Fora larger reduction customary to provide eice bars since cranked bars would be too grey esplaced. These must ave @ ‘ull compression lp inthe lower eolumn and ae posonee by means Case 3. In certain cases. to meet architectural requiements, columns have to turn trough 9° trom ane Hoo fo the next. Spe Bae ste gan ued with supplementary postonig inks ‘that inks stop at tho underside ofthe boom since they ae not required thin the beam and would be confusing tothe set ier Aways ty "0 make the se ner job soir ana keap the cone ofthe column 36 ‘ie trom renorcement as posse to fecitate concrete placingDETAIL SHEET 44SKETCH SHEET 45 sat | a compression lap K . rairgoch (arti crock) laheral reinfun't YU bars trim lies oubide: wall ands neatly verkeal bars i 7 sirrup hype | bars rin adage ‘and tie in vit slab. Elevation of wall SHOWING OPENING. Load-bearing walls Reinforcement in walls comprises mainly staght bars. 90 cranks bing necessary ato jos since brs be longide nach oar. tends ‘orretune of wale U-bars ae used to lore the reforcement ad Lap lets Yor vertical bars soul be a compression lap, but for traverse bar i usual te provide a lap of 160 to 200 mm. Trane ‘esiy manageable length 0 that they donot a9 ana stort in handing nd Should preferably not exceed 3-4 m i enath.DETAIL SHEET 45 tlevanow oF eeTueN wall Ne 1 ee eee wry rel hg vers treme |SKETCH SHEET 46 ‘Downward forces aaah oot east a ' TS bands of ign In mul-strey constuction, rather han rein on colar alone to ‘ake wind moment, common practic to provide a core of sheet tell which take the majority of thie wind free apaina the balding of te wal. “The cose sections arn ofthe concrete ons must eit he aheat force imposed at joints with the i wht he remains a ke ‘boom on edge spanning Between Hoos Reinforcement inthe compression bands must be ti in two dw: tach othe, a with column bar and compression Baan ‘too. This i achieved by using 2 main Uber which contains al com ‘reson stel ands in with ata winfrcement. and bare which ‘te acres the walt sacur inser reinforcing bare. Ths¢ shown in he ache ae diaphragm — second sketch “The tat kath shows the stucturt effects onthe wal and ince he et ]® DETAIL SHEET 46SKETCH SHEET 47 Usval-trechwent at Jeretion of wall ard sla opening in Ife wall peviding vib, TTreahwont of emer of wale. Stair and lift walls ‘The setting of sat and it wals fe bascalysimiar to that ot ‘onmalload:-besring walls, the main etfeence twig that slab and halt |: simply supported to avoid banding abo ‘weak ane ofthe wall te ie actheved by proving an uneaual U-bar ‘eiforcement inthe slab (se tp seth) ‘Wah sa welt i sometimes requred to cast al landings ae welt 25 stair fghts alter stage of construction fo the main bung and ras should be nibad or notched, with reinforcement exposed, 10 {chev hs. Two method of theme shown The fst has the advantage Of proving easy location for the shutter boards of the Fai lansing andthe socond has the advantage of concating the st joint In it hats it norma to rove an oversang mi tor tv inc the shat and this is done by using # Ucbr which tes wth tbe man slab ste The downtand often acs ase bab susparing part ot the slab in adsion to ying the coms walls and often dated 96 3 beam with suru. Ths shown onthe lower sketch In order to sempty lateral entrcemnt the corners of Mt was ae ‘einforad with U-bae whch own th sight wal br, The avoid ‘the nee fr preaon Bonding 1o ensure corect cover dances750 ta nite 2 0 yieoe. ab DETAIL SHEET 47 Al ELEVATION OF FlaNe WALL To Spalecase: 3 a] ooSKETCH SHEET 48 Elevated Tree 2 Lesling m/on around Circular walls Cela walle ae mostly ved retain water of matrs and are therfore subject hoop tosion, This mea that the honzonta tel provides the man veinorement with erica sae! acting a dtibuton ony ‘Unite conventional reinforced concrete walls he concrete doesnot contibue tothe svength of he wall when materals ae contained inside the cle. It main purpose is 0 Boston ond protect the hanson! enforcement which if thaefre placed inte mile “ypc ont tals ore ehown for saved anks ad for tutus ino onthe ground In hater a havneh «provided at he it to svengten it against ocal bending. rnnforcementis shown with br sbght oft rom ech othe fo indicte the inva {hopes ond functions. In practice he U-bar ater bo and haunch woul al have the thine bition cover dtanen In sal eulr wal (4. upto 6 m) the reinforcement shoul be scheduled 2s cunad ar giving the chord angth ang height im adetion ote radu and overall nat to ciate eany hacking fr eorect banding In lager walls the steals normaly of futianty low dato asses curve on placing n very large aa wal, of course, he hoop terion effect lon andthe wall behaves in conventional mann. shoul! be emamtarad tht sins the bre arin hoop tension the approprioeersion laps shouldbe provided Also, because forces oe pester ate bese of he walls, spacing ‘ot renforcemant il be closer or bar awl be nceased towards the bottom of he wal 102DETAIL SHEET 48SKETCH SHEET 49 Cosa 1, vainguct in one face only cose 2 rampart in bots faces. ‘Square water tank “ream ae bas fhe walle isn otha of normal etiing walle varation being tthe dos when span honzontaly between ‘oat walle The sttcher show the eaten! a the comer as flows In these conditions enforcement can be accommodated i ony one face and bors should ross athe comes, ech continuing fr fal tension bond lenath {CASE 2" Lage tanks with thick was In thes conétonsrenfrcemnt provided in bot aces, the inner face being etal a the corners Unequal U-bars provide fora tansion lap on te inner fce and» nominal lap onthe ove ace of he wall.nee 3 2000 DETAIL SHEET 49 qe T “fs i | ne | = oH erat mena = j] Note do me cover ongSKETCH SHEET 50 doled ines show where Box culverts Whar acces i requed under a! oF road ‘strrce ducts o pedestrian walkways, form clo culver ioe ‘employed. Ths can tk the frm of single box a two bay box ‘12 multiple boy box the at two forms being the most usu The structural behaviour. showing where tension occur, ‘shown inthe fst sketch. Although th utates the two. boy ular it can be adapted to show the behavout of # singe bor by blocking ou tha mae ‘he jin dtas show the ste! arangamant a the comm ond it wil be noticed that all comer are haunched to sengt The top comer behaves as 9 prop-cantilver with no fy, bing taken so that te outer corner i He of enforcement ‘The top centre wall ais 36 ett only and dows nat take bending 50 that vertical bars any bob ita the main tp sol ‘The bottom comer act a a uly Had ont 30 tet the mon reinforcement passe rund the outer connate wal The bottom cent behaves sma tothe top conte with & Uber proving sare stl forthe coal wl With these culver the cross section provides the srt strength and on long rune fi only necessary to deta smal tof he culver the remeinder being vpeition work,DETAIL SHEET 50SKETCH SHEET 51 BAM. Diagram for roof leasing BAM. Diagram for wind loading at one side. Two pinned portal ~ with flat roof beam The basis of the ponal fame is tht fully rigid Joint is proved at the Junction of column and team member. Wit i stcturly cute fas Te produce a rame with fly Fxod Toundetions i more usual to provid 9p Joint othe base of columns: to ensue fl fit 9 at foundation would reed tobe prove! Having made the decison opin thelgs of he pon ti et othe detailer to prone th pin, the requirement being thatthe column mus rotate nthe tame plane a8 the me. This can be achieved in 9 vanety of ways. inching sting in Special shows to prove a steel hinge, But one ofthe most active ethos is shown onthe sketch sheet. This employs cranked brs which ac aso {tarts to the main column. Sutient concrete should be placed around the ont of coe over 0 prove cover to the bars and the remainder Hed with 8 Mexbe ruber or bitumen jointing compound, Ths joint should occur ot D.P. level so that itis rot subject fo Piden attack and canbe vial nepacod regula wth he minum omount of turbance tothe ished building, “The Bonding momen rams show thatthe rane is subject oa rveral ot stress dua 10 wind pressure, athough these moments are usualy somewhat Smale than te moments duvet 00 loading anda symmetical rangement of ‘column reinforcement fs recommended ‘Als, Bacau ofthe possible reversal of ses a tha int the internal column bars and the boom beam tel should be continued sficiantfar 0 owed 2 fl compression bond tngth. The outside column bars should be continued ‘ound the joint ina ge rads bend to provide top beam steal, so a8 10 aod tension ape ata ciel tection ofthe frame. Thase ae shown in the sketch of 108