A Study of LA in HK 20220806 - Combined

An Assessment of the
Landscape Architecture Profession

in Hong Kong SAR
By
Keith Hak-Kong HUANG
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Science in Construction Management
(Construction Project Management)
Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

City University of Hong Kong
August 2022
CA6531 Dissertation
Supervisor: Dr Paulina Neisch
Cover Page
DISSERTATION: An Assessment of the Landscape Architecture Profession in Hong Kong SAR
Abstract
The Hong Kong Government is steering towards enhancing liveability, biological diversity, and
carbon neutrality. The Development Bureau published in 2021 the “Hong Kong 2030+:
Towards a Planning Vision and Strategy Transcending 2030”. The Environmental Bureau
published in 2016 the “Hong Kong Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan” and also in 2021 the
“Hong Kong’s Climate Action Plan 2050”.
Hong Kong is a compact high-density city, and the way we plan and build the urban
environment around and within the green and blue assets are critical for the overall quality of
life within the city. There is a growing need to acknowledge the landscape architecture
profession is capable to lead on the plans, designs, and maintenance of a biophilic and
sustainable city, and should advise Governments and politicians on sectors such as urban places,
housing, transport, energy, water, and environmental health.
The aim of this study is to offer a quantitative synopsis of the landscape architecture profession
as it exists today in Hong Kong. There is information on the professions background and
development, the influences and concerns, and the potential contributions to the city. A review
on the local regulatory framework, the accepted knowledges, and the practical competencies of
the landscape architecture profession. Also, a questionnaire survey offers insight into the
demographics of the profession, and the opinions of landscape practitioners regarding the
competencies required for their work.
The current legislation and technical framework undermine the professional capacity of
landscape architects in Hong Kong and needs to be modernised to provide the landscape
architecture profession the opportunity of a continual role throughout a project’s inception,
development, and lifespan, to ensure the future city may be more green, healthy, inclusive, and
sustainable.
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Acknowledgements
I would like to express my gratitude to my supervisor, Dr. Paulina Maria Neisch, for her kind
assistance and wise counsel with this dissertation. And Dr. Xiaowei Luo, for teaching the course
about Professional Research Methods and writing a research paper.
To the many landscape professionals in Hong Kong, who must remain anonymous, for the
generously volunteered time to comprehend and respond to the survey, an essential part to
making this study feasible.
To my wife and parents for their patience and support throughout this research.
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Table of Contents
1. Introduction and Background ..................................................................... 1
1.1. An overview of landscape architecture as a discipline ............................................... 1
1.2. The development of the Profession in Hong Kong ...................................................... 1
1.3. The landscape architecture transformation in Hong Kong ......................................... 2
1.4. The complications and problems of the Profession in Hong Kong ............................. 3
1.5. The objectives and questions of this study ................................................................... 4
1.6. The significance and expected outcomes of this study ................................................ 5
2. Literature Review ......................................................................................... 7
2.1. The focus of the research areas ................................................................................... 7
2.2. The early development, values, and contributions of landscape architecture ............ 7
2.3. The context of the Profession in Hong Kong ............................................................. 11
2.4. The body of academic knowledge and research on landscape architecture ............. 14
2.5. Topics from relevant journals, documents, and publications .................................... 16
3. Methodology ................................................................................................ 18
3.1. Study procedure and research design ....................................................................... 18
3.2. The Landscape Architecture knowledge and competencies ...................................... 18
3.3. An assessment of the landscape architecture technical framework in Hong Kong... 19
3.4. Data collection through a questionnaire study ......................................................... 20
3.5. The contents of the questionnaire survey .................................................................. 21
3.6. The method to assess the Demographic and the Knowledge data ............................ 22
4. Results and Observations ........................................................................... 24
4.1. The research for landscape competencies and legislation ........................................ 24
4.2. Questionnaire survey background information ......................................................... 25
4.3. Section 1 of survey on General information and Demographics .............................. 26
4.4. Section 2 of survey on Landscape Architecture Knowledges .................................... 40
5. Discussion and Analysis .............................................................................. 47
5.1. Reviewing the study objectives and questions ........................................................... 47
5.2. The potential influences of the study ......................................................................... 49
6. Conclusion.................................................................................................... 52
List of Tables.................................................................................................... 53
References ........................................................................................................ 56
Appendices
Appendix A: The Knowledges and Competency Areas of Landscape Architecture .............. 59
Appendix B: The Reserved Areas and Technical Framework of Landscape Architecture ..... 76
Appendix C: The Additional Tables from the Questionnaire Survey Assessment .................. 90
Appendix D: Survey for the status of the landscape architecture profession in Hong Kong . 107
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1. Introduction and Background
1.1. An overview of landscape architecture as a discipline
The term “landscape architect” was first used as a professional title by Frederick Law
Olmsted and Calvert Vaux in the design competition for Central Park in New York City
in 1858 (Martin, 2011). “They professed themselves ‘landscape architects,’ inventing the
name to convey their intent to bear toward the total landscape the same relation that an
architect bears toward a building, with essential emphasis on design.”(Newton, 1971)
The Landscape Architecture Profession (“Profession”) has a unique dilemma that is best
understood from the Profession's genesis. Landscape Architecture stemmed from the
gardens in wealthy residences to neighbourhood parks, shaping the modern Profession,
including the urban and regional scale projects (Selanon, 2020). In early settlements, men
worked on land for agriculture or gardening, which are seen as a precursor to landscape
architecture and later evolved from a practical function to incorporate aesthetics,
management, quality, and place (Turner, 2014). The dilemma is that there are no defined
work areas reserved only for the Profession and any landscape project scope is defined
by each project's context to the outdoors (Jørgensen, 2015).
Landscape Architecture is often confused with Architecture because both share the word
architecture, and society is more familiar with the specialists who design buildings (Spirn,
2014). From my experience in Hong Kong (HK), the confusion between Landscape
Architecture and Architecture is common, and many bundle Landscape Architecture as a
branch of Architecture. The Profession is gradually gaining more attention and
recognition (Davis and Oles, 2014) as news headlines and public interest focus on eco-
therapy, green infrastructure, park restoration, climate change, biophilic design, etc. The
Profession is parting from Architecture, designing outdoor spaces to achieve the
environmental, social, or aesthetic benefits and outcomes (Walter Rogers, 2010)
(International Labour Office, 2008).
1.2. The development of the Profession in Hong Kong
The Profession started in the United States under the American Society of Landscape
Architects (ASLA) in 1899 with 11 founding members, including Frederick Law Olmsted
Jr and others (Martin, 2011). This quickly grew to overseas countries, including the
Landscape Institute of the United Kingdom (UKLI) and the International Federation of
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Landscape Architects (IFLA) (Martin, 2011). The Hong Kong Institute of Landscape
Architects (HKILA) was initially formed in 1978 as a Chapter of the UKLI, entitled the
Hong Kong Landscape Group (HKLG). Ten years later, in 1988, the HKILA was
inaugurated as the professional body in Hong Kong for Landscape Architects (HKILA
and Chan, 2015).
The Profession of building Architecture has existed for almost double the time of
Landscape Architecture, being 65 years and 33 years respectively. The Hong Kong
Institute of Architects (HKIA) was founded in 1956 (“The Hong Kong Institute of
Architects - Our Institute,” n.d.), whereas the Landscape Architecture professional
institute was founded in 1988 (HKILA, 2021). The norm in the built environment industry
is for Architects or Engineers to lead the design and administration of development of
any construction projects, including predominantly landscape architecture projects like
open spaces or gardens (HKILA and Chan, 2015). The Profession remains shadowed by
the dominant Architecture field in the built environment industry.
The size of the professional membership in the HKILA is relatively tiny compared to
Architects and Engineers in the build environment industry, with over 400 members in
HKILA (HKILA, 2022), relative to the over 4800 members in HKIA (HKIA, 2022) and
over 33,700 members in Hong Kong Institution of Engineers (HKIE) (HKIE, 2021). Also
the Profession has yet to be organized into a Government Department(“Organisation
Chart of the Government of the HKSAR,” n.d.). Landscape architects are spread over
multiple departments as advisory teams (refer Table 1). A prospective Landscape
Department can consolidate the practitioners and be similar to the Architectural
representation in the Buildings Department (BD) or the Architectural Services
Department (ArchSD).
1.3. The landscape architecture transformation in Hong Kong
From the early 1900’s, Hong Kong is considered as a coastal, hilly, and rocky terrain
(Decaudin, 2019). The landscaped areas in Hong Kong includes the nature reserves,
reservoirs, country parks, coastlines, fung shui woodlands, and many other features, but
most significant is the land ratio that is reserved public land without any urban
development (Planning Department, 2005). The landscape and geology of Hong Kong
has shaped the development of the city into the most dense living spaces worldwide;
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whilst maintaining connection and access to the natural landscape (LSE Cities et al.,
2011).
The expansion of the Hong Kong urban areas was lead by the New Territories
Development Department (NTDD) established in 1970’s (Chan, 2018). The new towns
included Tsuen Wan, Shatin and Tuen Mun, and the NTDD appointed a group a landscape
architects to oversee the landscaping works. This was the first recorded introduction of
the Profession in Government, with some other private practices in Hong Kong. By the
1980’s the HKILA was established, and landscape architecture was recognized as an
official Profession.
As the New Towns were completed in 1990’s landscape architects were assigned to join
the Architectural Services Department. Being in the predominantly Architectural based
department landscape architects had lesser roles in the projects, and is evident in the new
towns of Tin Shui Wai and Tseung Kwan O. These later new towns lack the adhesion
between spaces, and have less public open spaces, planted areas and general parks.
In the late 2000’s the Profession attained the first directorate-grade position in
Government and was able to create landscape policy. With the Greening, Landscape and
Tree Management Section in the Development Bureau established in 2010, various
committees were setup to provide support on landscape matters (GLTMS DevB, n.d.).
With rising popularity of sustainable development, ecological urbanism, resilient city,
nature conservation, urban design, and the like (UN-Habitat and World Health
Organization, 2020) where landscape is seen as the most relevant profession to overcome
the challenges, there is a renewed interest in the Profession’s contribution to the
development process (Chen et al., 2019).
1.4. The complications and problems of the Profession in Hong Kong
The Profession suffers from a lack of clear scope globally, and there is ambiguity in the
realm in which a Landscape Architect may be employed in the construction market (Chen
et al., 2013). Several studies have tried to define the capabilities of a Landscape Architect
in the past, for example, the Landscape Architecture Body of Knowledge Report
(LABOK) by landscape institutes of North America (American Society of Landscape
Architects et al., 2004) and the Entry Standards and Competency Framework Professional
Competencies (ESCFPC) by UKLI (Landscape Institute, 2020). In Hong Kong, the
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proficiencies of a Landscape Architect seem to be ambiguous and constricted by a lack

of recognition in Government and local regulations. The Profession is relatively
underdeveloped, and the lack of a defined work areas reserved for only the Profession
constrains professional development (HKILA and Chan, 2015).
With the lack of definition of Landscape Architecture and the absence of a professional
institution before 1988, the norm in the built environment industry of Hong Kong is to
have an Architect or Engineer design and run a landscape dominant construction works
project with the landscape architect playing a supporting role (Chan, 2018). This norm of
architecture or engineer lead work is problematic as landscape architects are involved in
only some of the project work phases. What is in a lead consultant's overall scheme often
differs from what is best in a landscape architecture design, resulting in a diminished
prioritization in landscape project design. To produce optimal Landscape Architecture
works, a Landscape Architect must lead the design, construction, and management of
landscape architect projects, throughout all the work phases.
There are internal and external factors that limit the capacity of the Profession (Mildawani,
2015). The internal factors include academic support, employment opportunities, and the
professional institute. External factors include the Government organization, the
legislative regulations, and the Hong Kong community's awareness. The prospects for the
Profession in Hong Kong are optimistic, with a growing public demand for landscape
architecture projects in the design and construction market demanding a landscape
architecture trained workforce. However the current norm of Architects or Engineer is
likely to continue relieving Landscape Architects of their work roles (HKILA and Chan,
2015). In this regard, the job roles of the Profession will continually diminish and has no
reason for built environment industry practitioners to want to join the industry as a
Landscape Architect.
1.5. The objectives and questions of this study
This study aims to understand and analyse the development and status of the Profession
in the Hong Kong context. There is a limited quantity of studies found on the subject of
Landscape Architecture in Hong Kong, and typically would study explicit subjects within
landscape architecture, like vegetation, soiling, ecology, history, etc. (Chen and Weija,
2009; Jim, 1998; Kong and H Hau, 2000; Pryor, 2015; Tian et al., 2011) No prior studies
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are found which define what the overall knowledges or skills of the Landscape Architect
professionals in Hong Kong. The objectives of this study are as follows:
a) To understand the commonly accepted knowledge areas and competencies of the

Profession of Landscape Architecture.
b) To identify the reserve areas and technical framework of the Profession of Landscape
Architecture in Hong Kong.
c) To develop a quantitative understanding of the workforce of Landscape Architecture

in Hong Kong.
The questions to help expand on the objectives are listed here. The sequence of the sub-
items corresponds to the respective order of the objectives above.
i) What knowledge or skills define a Landscape Architect? What is the definition of

Landscape Architecture practice? What may be achieved by a Landscape Architect?
ii) What regulations need or recommend a Landscape Architect to be engaged in Hong

Kong? What reserved areas are there for Landscape Architects? What regulations
may define the framework of the works of the Profession?
iii) What are the demographics of Landscape Architects in Hong Kong? Where are the
work areas for Landscape Architects in Hong Kong? How is the Profession
represented in the workplaces of Hong Kong?
1.6. The significance and expected outcomes of this study
Looking at the landscape architecture globally, the Profession in Hong Kong is relatively
young. The Profession was established in 1988 (33 years) in Hong Kong (HKILA and
Chan, 2015), respective to the institution in the UK in 1929 (92 years) (Jellicoe and
Jellicoe, 1995) and the USA in 1899 (122 years) (“Timeline: ASLA and the Profession |
asla.org,” n.d.). Hong Kong lacks clearer delineation of the Profession, without a
continual role throughout a project, causing work standards to be very varied. This study
intends to feature what and how Landscape Architects practice in Hong Kong, so the
Profession in Hong Kong may be defined and perhaps perceive how it may advance. The
data collected may be valued for:
a) To evaluate the Profession's status in Hong Kong for the professional institute of
Landscape Architects.
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b) To suggest the expertise and competencies of Landscape Architects, for parties like
Government, social groups, project managers, landowners, or the public.
c) To indicate the association and relationships between other professionals or

contractors that have work with Landscape Architects.
d) To contribute to the development of a congruent vision and help standardize the work
standards of the Profession in Hong Kong.
e) The potential students of Landscape Architecture whom are interested to know what
the Profession career path may be.
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2. Literature Review
2.1. The focus of the research areas
The research areas aim to take an overview of the Profession and understanding of
existing academic research and to maintain a common focus in the considered literature
papers. Various categories of literature are used to aid my understanding of the current
knowledge. The research aims to provide some context of how the Profession was
pioneered and what the practices of the landscape architecture discipline are.
Understanding and knowing what previous studies are, particularly if like this study,
establish the groundwork to learn from what theories were considered or know of lacking
areas of knowledge. This literature will instinctively develop to aid the voids of
knowledge in this research study. The categories of the research are summarized as the
following:
a) The early development, values, and contributions of landscape architecture.
b) The history, influences, and industry of the Profession in Hong Kong.
c) The body of academic knowledge and research on landscape architecture.
d) Topics from journals, documents, and publications relevant to the subject.
The findings and references of each of the above categories are detailed in Sections 2.2
to 2.5.
2.2. The early development, values, and contributions of landscape architecture
The background and context of the Profession are studied in a publication called “Michel
Foucault and the Perception of Landscape Architecture Practices” (Selanon, 2020). The
publication references a method by Michel Foucault to investigate perceptions of the
landscape architecture practice. A systematic organization provides a means to
understand the relationships between elements, ideas, and time periods. A figure
summarizes the timeline of the landscape architecture profession, outlining the landscape
architecture practice and the perception of the Profession. There is a distinction between
the scales of work, varying from residential, neighbourhood, urban, and regional. And
also an indication of the perception of a gardener or landscape architect, and the
contemporary perception of a landscape architect. The timeline is grouped into three
categories: The great gardens, The new profession, and Modernity and new science. The
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figure gives a summary of the early developments of the Profession. It illustrates when
the perception changes, from the landscape practice being perceived as a gardener, to the
current era being perceived as a landscape architect. This study provides good insight into
the development of ideas of the landscape practice and some context of what the modern
Profession denotes.
A scientific journal investigates the definition of landscape architecture titled “What is

landscape architecture about?” (Jørgensen, 2015). The journal explains the Profession is
a contextual discipline, referencing an example of an old monastery ruin with
extraordinary rock formations and rich biological fauna, which was of great significance.
Various interest groups, including archaeologists, ecologists, and landscape garden lovers,
had conflicting views on the focus and degree of restoration and preservation. The project
design by landscape architects balanced these views when deciding on restoration plans.
The journal leads to a discussion on the landscape architecture theory depending on the
practice and neighbouring disciplines. It suggests the theory of the Profession is the
development and role of fundamental concepts and ideas that inspire the discipline and
the transformation into workable techniques. Concluding practitioners should understand
the space, appreciate what can change or remain unchanged, and how to change the nature
of the place. Landscape architecture is: the art of space making good places and
environments, considering the elements of landform, water, structures, vegetation, and
climate (Turner, 2022).
There are multiple means landscape architecture influences the building environment
development projects. Another paper offers a perspective and opportunities of landscape
architecture in the context of Hong Kong called “Exploring a new mode of sustainable
development: Taking the Hyperdense City of Hong Kong as an example” (Chen and Weija,
2009). The paper provides an overview of the spatial organization of Hong Kong and
land-use planning, as well as the strategies for conserving the mountains and harbour
while accomplishing city growth. It also introduces specific local research and uses of
greening approaches at various scales, like the policies on country parks and special areas
at a regional scale, the green belts on a regional scale, the local open space parks at district
scales, the greening master pans of pedestrian and vehicle spaces on the scale of a street,
and the green roofs and vertical greening on a building scale. This development mode to
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preserve large green and blue assets as a basis of sustainable development in Hong Kong
may serve as a model and reference for other dense cities.
A journal shares the main characteristics of the landscape architecture profession

regarding the recent developments in society titled “The context of modern landscape
architecture discipline and its forming process” (Chen et al., 2019). The Professions’
characteristics are summarized as follows: the popularization of service objects, the
ecologicalization of value interest, the networking of spatial layout, and the scientization
of research methods. The journal explores the cause of the weakened value and status of
the Profession due to the lack of theoretical science, academic guidance, and professional
standards. Additionally, exploring how the Profession is evolving in China, with studies
assessing the harmonious coexistence between man and nature, developing an artistic
interpretation of the philosophy of “the harmony between man and nature.” A section in
the journal shares how the modern Profession is the leading role between other disciplines,
standing as the central coordinator and facilitator of the groups: social disciplines,
humanities disciplines, formal disciplines, natural disciplines, human disciplines, and
applies disciplines.
Beyond the conservation of natural landscape and amenity of gardens, there are functional
elements to the practice of landscape architecture, such as creating ecosystem designs and
therapeutic or sensory gardens. A study offers an overview and description of the
practices of sensory gardens titled “Sensory garden for an inclusive society” (Hussein et
al., 2016). The study analyses sensory gardens in Singapore and Hong Kong, intending
to introduce sensory gardens in Malaysia. Various factors of sensory gardens are explored
in the study, like easy wayfinding and accessibility, a journey through multiple zones and
themes in a garden, the garden's hard or soft features and wildlife, the microclimate and
weather considerations, balancing the safety and rich experiences, and the maintenance
and management of the garden. In summary, this type of garden creates a sensory
stimulating, therapeutic, and restorative atmosphere to benefit the visually impaired, low
mobility groups, elderly, or weak-minded.
A built environment work should prevent and protect persons from any injury or harm. A
report reviews the potential hazards in landscape architecture, titled “Regulation of
landscape architecture and the protection of public health, safety, and welfare” (Schatz
and Lafayette, 2003). The report studies numerous actual cases and incidents of injury
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and recommends changes to the existing regulations in the United States to avoid any
harm. The evidence examined in the report has examples of physical injury, property
damage, and financial liability. There are examples of incompetent or negligent design of
lighting, playgrounds, plant materials, site planning, parking lots, streetscape, stairways,
guardrails, walls, decks, ramps, grading, surface drainage, land erosion, recreational
facilities, roadways, irrigation, gates, fencing, signage, permitting errors, and bidding
errors. The research argues that landscape architecture produces designs that potentially
significantly impact public safety, akin to the engineering and architecture professions.
And so, landscape architects should convey that design plans adhere to professional
standards and safety guidelines. Also, a justification on why built environments need
landscape architects who can promote a safe outdoor environment for both rural and urban
areas.
A noteworthy trait of creating an urban forest culture is the ecological culture established
within the planting. An urban forest nurtures the urban biodiversity, providing a healthy
and unencumbered living environment for local residents, and creating a sustainable
living area. A research article, "Study on the in Residential District Based on Urban
Greening Remote Sensing” (Zhai and Li, 2022), studies the impacts of creating an urban
forest. The urban green space is an area where built structures coexist with urban
naturalization, being an ecologically-based approach to developments. This would mean
the city parks and streetside planters are designed to be more than botanical landscapes
but also reflects more native planting to attract biodiversity. The discussion of the
research is around residential areas. It provides advice on how urban gardens may be
designed to offer more comfort to the residents whilst being sustainable and improving
the natural environment.
The contemporary approach to city planning and design work has many contexts to
consider in weaving the city fabric, balancing the various interests and relations,
organizing the urban infrastructure, and creating a positive setting for the human
experience. A research paper titled “Do landscape architects make the best Urban
Designers? Landscape typologies as an engine for urban transformations” (Urbanski,
2009), explains the significance of understanding landscape typologies in urban planning.
The paper demonstrates how and why landscape architects in a leadership role for urban
development projects are the most appropriate discipline for considering all the social,
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economic, aesthetic, and environmental development factors. Also, discussing the

benefits of using the scientific approach to understand the multiple interrelated topologies
of a landscape, the form and program of a landscape are designed to support the human
occupation and the health of the natural environment. This study echoes how the
Profession may be the central role between other disciplines, being the primary
coordinator and facilitator of the various disciplines and groups (Chen et al., 2019).
2.3. The context of the Profession in Hong Kong
The development of the Profession in Hong Kong is documented in a journal of multiple

interviews with a group of select Hong Kong practitioners called “The History of the
Landscape Profession of Hong Kong” (HKILA and Chan, 2015). The journal presents
various perspectives on the development of the local Profession and Hong Kong’s
landscape. The journal's main sections are: the professional institute, education,
government, and private practice. The journal traces the history. There are details of the
perceptions and context of how the professional institute became, how the profession was
accepted, and the other developments and progression of the professional exam, the
registration board, the academic programme, and private practices. In the appendixes is a
timeline of the significant milestones of the profession and a table showing the
membership statistics throughout the years.
A detailed overview of the development and considerations of land administration in

Hong Kong is provided in the publication titled “Land Administration and practice in
Hong Kong” (Nissim, 2021). The publication encompasses several sections, including the
historical background of land administration, the land administration policies, the
complications associated with land work in the New Territories, and the recent
development in land administration. The existing land policies and planning procedures
are summarized and shares views on how Hong Kong may become “Asia’s World City”,
such as how planning and land policies could be used to enhance the conservation of
natural environments, built heritage, and country parks.
To understand the context of the government framework and organization structure in

connection to landscape architecture is an essay titled “Landscape architects in City and
Planning: Changing organisational structure and the location of landscape” (Chan,
2018). The essay accounts for changes in how the local market and government perceived
the Profession and the restructuring stages in various government departments up to
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recent years. A timeline is presented in a figure to illustrate the configuration evolution

in government organizations. A further section discussed the progress of the academic
aspects in the Profession, with the increasing landscape architecture programmes in Hong
Kong. The essay helps provide a perspective on how the government organization
structure is evolving and gaining some recognition for the Profession. A landscape policy
unit named the Greening, Landscape and Tree Management Office under the
Development Burea was established in 2010, still young, relatively to the Architectural
Office founded in 1924.
Beyond the market or public demand, the Profession's services offered or required are
controlled mainly by the local rules, regulations, and ordinances. These shape the
statutory authority a Landscape Architect carries in a project and the areas of knowledge
that other professionals or workers cannot offer. These are unique to each local institute,
as each municipal's local statutory framework is shaped differently. The document
“Professional Practice Examination Syllabus” (PPES) by the HKILA (HKILA, 2014)
captions the required competencies for landscape architects in Hong Kong to take the
instate examination before acquiring the Professional Member membership. The PPES is
an appendix document to the explanatory examination document named the “Professional
practice examination, rules and regulations.” The syllabus has five sections, with an
extended list under each. The syllabus covers the expected skills, knowledges, regulations,
and duties that a Professional Member of the HKILA would be required to know. The
PPES document is referenced in the making of the knowledges table.
To be recognized as a Registered Landscape Architect (RLA) in Hong Kong, there are

several routes offered by the Landscape Architects Registration Board (LARB) (LARB,
2017). The typical route for most RLA in Hong Kong would be to graduate in Landscape
Architecture from an institution accredited by HKILA. And have at least two years of
working experience, past the Professional Practice Examination, another year of
professional practice experience, and subsequently, apply application to LARB. The non-
standard routes include applicants with no HKILA professional membership, overseas
qualification, or over ten years post-qualification experience. There are currently less than
300 RLA in Hong Kong (LARB, 2022) after being established in 1997.
An overview of the existing natural environment within the urban context is described in
the study named “Landscape ecological assessment of green space fragmentation in
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Hong Kong” (Tian et al., 2011). The paper studies the urban green spaces in contrast with
other land uses, studying the locations of built-up areas, urban fringe, and countryside.
The report shows a shortage of green spaces in urban areas, and that biodiversity
conservation at country parks is generally successful. There is a discussion that connected
green spaces facilitate ecological functions and improve residents' living quality. The
results show that the largest green spaces are in Tai Po and Tseung Kwan O. These towns
have higher ecological functioning green spaces and better living environments for their
residents.
The conservation of the countryside and trees is a significant arena of the landscape
architecture profession, which has developed over the years. The journal titled “Tree
preservation in Hong Kong” (Yeung, 2020) studies the progress of the legislation related
to the protection of trees in Hong Kong. Tree planting activities first started in 1847 and
continued throughout the 1860s to 1870s. Early in the 1880s, the focus shifted from
planting city trees to reforesting the bare highlands. The public would cut down trees for
firewood or sell the timber for money, and early legislation was made to preserve trees.
Tree destruction was prohibited by clauses in the various ordinances, like damages or
theft. The severity of the punishment varied depending on the worth of the trees that were
cut down and the type of offenses. But still, due to the continuing theft and destruction of
trees, the government responded by enacting the Trees Preservation Ordinance in 1888
and the Forestry Ordinance in 1937. The technological advancements have reduced the
public's demand for firewood as fuel, yet tree devastation has continued for commercial
reasons, explicitly targeting the Buddhist Pine and Incense Tree. There is currently not
much regulation protecting urban trees; the current legislation mainly focuses on
safeguarding trees in countryside areas. Such as preserving significant trees, including
the old and valuable trees and stone wall trees.
In landscape architecture practice in Hong Kong, the services by practitioners frequently

bundle the design and administration work together with the essential deliverable required
by the law. The same practitioner provides these as a service continuation instead of a
statutory necessity. To better understand the legal and technical framework of the
Profession, I explored the local ordinances (HKeL, 2022) and the technical documents,
guidelines, and practice notes of all Government Departments with landscape architects
posted and some additional associated departments from the built environment industry.
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Numerous subjects also influence the Profession, governed by other legislation and
technical documents, as shown in the research on the technical framework of landscape
architecture in Appendix B.
2.4. The body of academic knowledge and research on landscape architecture
For the objective to study the knowledges of the Profession, several studies from outside
the Hong Kong context are referred to. There is the “Landscape Architecture Body of
Knowledge report” (LABOK) by the joint landscape architectural organizations in North
America (American Society of Landscape Architects et al., 2004), the “Entry Standards
and Competency Framework Professional Competencies” study (ESCFPC) by the UKLI
(Landscape Institute, 2020), and the “Definition: About the Profession of Landscape
Architect” (APLA) by the IFLA (International Federation of Landscape Architects, 2020).
These outline the skills and specific pieces of knowledge of the Profession in a study
approach in the North American, United Kingdom, and the global context respectively.
These documents help define the Profession and offer the knowledge areas as the topics
to compare the development and status of the Profession across countries.
The LABOK is a collective of the Profession's core competencies and a fundamental body
of knowledge that the practitioners know. The study was a joint task force from the
landscape architecture organizations in North America to facilitate and steer a study and
survey to obtain data from the working practitioners in their associated region. The results
generated various feedbacks on an assembly of tasks and knowledge statements. The
ESCFPC is a result of research by the UKLI to standardize the entry requirements for
their multiple memberships, i.e. Chartered Member, and Technician membership. The
framework has several categories to group skills or knowledges, and defines different
levels for each item, creating a systematic approach to define and describe each of the
skills. The APLA document is a definition provided by IFLA about the profession of
landscape architect, which is an adaptation from the classification by the International
Standard Classification of Occupations. This offered a brief overview with some
characteristic tasks that would be done by the Profession and is the agreed at the
intercontinental stage by the IFLA World Council.
The research “The Emergence of Landscape Architecture in Different Contexts: Factors

Influencing the Shaping of the Profession in Australia and Indonesia” (Mildawani, 2015)
discusses topics like the development of the Profession and status of landscape architects
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relative to other professions in the built environment industry. The research objective is
to study how landscape architects perceive their roles and responsibilities, based on
interviews and discussions with landscape architects from Australia and Indonesia. The
research studies the contributions of landscape architecture to the built environment
industry and compares the profession in the context of the countries of Australia and
Indonesia in terms of Professions emergence, the founding of the academic institutions,
the status of the professional institutes, the institute websites, the historical projects, the
institute's relation between government and community, the employment opportunity,
and position in government practice. The study was of particular interest to see the
development of the profession in neighboring Asian countries and provides a detailed
description of the Profession’s background and context.
The landscape architecture discipline was founded on a general and broad spectrum of
knowledge. Any professional practice should be grounded in a body of reliable
knowledge, which is currently a shortfall in the Profession. A study reviews the function
of academic research and how it may aid the Profession called “The role of research in
landscape architecture practice” (Chen et al., 2013). The paper explains the general
practice of practitioners does not share much beyond their workplace. And educators
primarily share within academia, which limits the Profession from improving its work.
The discussion reveals the knowledge scope of the current practice in landscape
architecture, categorizing them into four domains. The first two are action-based
knowledge, knowing how to do (judgemental design and construction design), and the
other two are cognition-based knowledge, which is knowing that something is the case
(environmental systems and human systems). The scope of knowledge in the Profession
developed from design knowledges (aesthetics and ecological needs) and expanded to
systems knowledges (public welfare and comfort for the individual). The findings show
that although practitioners concur that research is vital for practice, there is no general
agreement on what research is, making it challenging to identify and locate the necessary
knowledge. The profession should shift its focus from discussing what and why
something is the way it is to developing knowledge on how to make the changes. Because
of the existing dissemination model's restrictions on collecting input from practitioners,
educators are less aware of the knowledge that practitioners need, and thus academic
material is less relevant and not of interest to the practitioners.
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2.5. Topics from relevant journals, documents, and publications
Some studies define the Profession's knowledge areas and discuss topics significant to
landscape architecture. These topics include issues like environment value mapping,
climate change, physical health, and public safety welfare. Learning about other theories
on how or why additional topics relevant to Landscape Architecture could develop the
list of knowledge and help review the Profession's prestige. A systematic review of
analyzing related landscape architecture texts is a valuable reference and pieces of data
that could supplement the study materials. Several themes and topics are identified from
the literature review that helps provide context or supports the study.
Topic 1: The setting and background of the development of the landscape in Hong Kong.
The major landscape features of Hong Kong in the colonial narratives are summarized to
have a strategic harbour, with many hilly regions and an absence of forest or mature
vegetation (Decaudin, 2019). This journal also describes the developments of reservoirs,
land reclamation, and afforestation. The background of Hong Kong had many treeless
hillsides preventing forest succession, with regular practice until the mid-1970s of
harvesting biomass for domestic fuel (Kong and H Hau, 2000). Reforestation has been
through several stages in Hong Kong, beginning with simply health-related grounds
concerning health, moving on to aesthetic considerations, safeguarding water supplies,
preventing and controlling soil erosion, and the current interest in ecological restoration.
Early street tree planting created popular locations for the public's leisure and recreational
activities (Pryor, 2015), trees aided in generating the conception of public space and
stimulated the social values of greening in the city.
Topic 2: Built environments outdoors promote the well-being of people. The location of
the greenspace – areas with relatively high concentrations of grass, flowering plants, and
trees – in urban areas significantly impacts mental health and physical well-being
(Browning et al., 2022). Natural environments with good leisure facilities, such as hilly
areas with walking trails, open spaces with sports fields, and seasides with beaches, are
favorable places for the elderly (Chi Jackie, 2013). With also different aspects of how a
design should consider how users engage with the greenspace, such as the amount of time
spent in nature, how often they visit nature, and their experiences with nature (Holland et
al., 2021). The urban density of a city can be concentrated while still maintaining the
health and wellbeing of the population. Research also showed Hong Kong is one of the
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most successful healthy cities globally in terms of the measurements of health, education,
and wealth (LSE Cities et al., 2011), while also being one of the densest cities.
Topic 3: Landscape architecture is a distinct profession beyond architecture or

gardening. There is a strong scientific approach to how landscape and city planning
should use ecological and environmental factors to develop, as explained in the
publication called Design with Nature (McHarg, 1995). The publication presents the
ecological determinism design approach to take advantage of ecosystem services and
promote environmental and public health. The departure from the perception of gardener,
to becoming a practice and establishment of the landscape architecture profession
(Selanon, 2020). The scope and works of the Profession are continually evolving, together
with the social values and technological advances (Jørgensen, 2015). There are many
definitions of what the Profession is and variations on how the practice is valued or
applied (Spirn, 2014), however, generally in the current era, there is consensus that
landscape architecture is defined as a Profession (Turner, 2022).
From the literature review and summarized topics, a reasonable understanding of the
study in relation to the objectives is manifested. The topics above come to form a common
direction that since the early years of Hong Kong, planting trees and creating outdoor
public spaces have led to healthier places in terms of public health and the environment.
However, the literature review is limited to the time available for this study and could
have further explored details that may be beneficial. The study could have explored
further relevant studies, especially in the local Hong Kong context. Also, the studies on
the landscape architecture profession seem very limited, particularly in Hong Kong, and
is an academic gap that this study will fortunately contribute to.
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3. Methodology
3.1. Study procedure and research design
The study aim is to build a quantitative analysis of the Profession in Hong Kong as it is
at present. To accumulate and consolidate the existing information from credible sources
regarding the development, knowledges of landscape architects, the statutory and
professional frameworks of the Profession, and the demographic information of the
current practitioners. This would be summarized as three phases of the research as follows:
a) To layout a table with the Landscape Architecture knowledge and skills.
b) To produce a table with the Reserve Areas and Technical Framework of the Profession
in Hong Kong.
c) To generate and circulate a questionnaire to gain insights into the Profession in Hong
Kong.
3.2. The Landscape Architecture knowledge and competencies
The table here responds to the first objective, set out in Section 1.5, item a: To understand
the commonly accepted knowledge areas and competencies of the Profession of
Landscape Architecture.
The changing times in social and professional practices make it harder to describe the
Profession briefly. The type of projects, work methods, and roles undertaken by
Landscape Architects are shifting as the specialties and technologies evolve. Collecting
the modern Profession expertise, then consolidating them in a list generates a quantifiable
evaluation of what is the expertise items offered by Landscape Architects. The materials
in the various documents of PPES, APLA, LABOK, and ESCFPC from the literature
review are referenced.
A table of two columns will be generated, with the knowledge or competency item listed
on the first column, and in the next column a brief description to support the said item.
The knowledges and competency items on the Profession are simplified, combined, and
categorized in a table format.
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3.3. An assessment of the landscape architecture technical framework in Hong Kong
The assessment here responds to the second objective, set out in Section 1.5, item b: To
study the reserve areas and technical framework of the Profession of Landscape
To briefly grasp how the scope the Profession is shaped, a list to illustrate the technical
documents, guidelines and practice notes of the Government organizations having staff
with the term “Landscape” in a job title. The job titles considered were from the Hong
Kong Works Bureau, Works Department, and Works Brach, and listed on the
Government Telephone Directory (HKSAR Government, 2022). The list would include
any document that would be a constraint, assist or guideline on how a landscape architect
may practice, and not the periodic reports or project assessments.
The Government organizations with the term “Landscape” or “Tree” in the job titles
comprised of the Development Bureau, Water Supplies Department, Lands Department,
Architectural Services Department, Planning Department, Civil Engineering Department,
Greening Landscape and Tree Management Section, Housing Department, Highways
Department, and Leisure and cultural Services Department (see Table 1). Two
departments are further considered as their agendas have a considerable impact on the
Profession in Hong Kong, the Building Department and the Environmental Protection
Department.
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Table 1, Government organizations relating to landscape architecture
The study will list out the technical documents under the respective organization, to best
include any that are associated with the landscape architecture practice.
3.4. Data collection through a questionnaire study
These questionnaires respond to the objectives set out in Section 1.5, item a: To
understand the universally accepted knowledge areas of the Profession of Landscape
Architecture and Section 1.5, item c: To realize a data representation of the Profession
of Landscape Architecture in Hong Kong.
The Profession in Hong Kong is spreading, and there are various areas Landscape
Architecture practitioners may be found. For the study to gain a more comprehensive
representation of the current market, the data sample is to survey the following groups:
Registered practices, Multidisciplinary offices, Unregistered private practices, Public
practices (Government offices), Design-build offices, Land developers with Landscape
Architecture units, and Academic Institutions with Landscape Architecture studies.
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The survey length design is to have participants complete the survey in 20 or fewer
minutes, knowing this would be about the maximum time respondents would hold
attention before the data quality would suffer. The question lengths would not be lengthy
reads and have good content to be comprehensive. The survey length is best kept to or
below 60 questions to achieve the ideal survey inputs. The Knowledge would be the
majority portion of the survey to cover the Professions curriculum, but concise to avoid
being a cumbersome list.
The survey duration is over two weeks to give sufficient time for the voluntary responses.
This is appropriate as a shorter schedule like a week is rushed for a practitioner, and a
more extended duration like a month would encourage procrastination and possibly
forgetting. All the participants had the same survey period to remain neutral.
A pilot study is to check the survey arrangements, where a handful of known Practitioners
are selected to take the survey before circulating the primary survey. The pilot study
aimed to review the survey aspects, including the guidance clarity, questions format, run
durations, and general study suggestions. The pilot study selects the practitioners from
the various office types to mimic the actual representation survey conditions. The final
questionnaire would be refined for the primary survey to consider the feedback of the
pilot survey.
3.5. The contents of the questionnaire survey
The survey is sent to Landscape Architecture practitioners only, focusing on the active
professionals in the job market. The retired practitioners or students are not included in
the study to best capture the current market status. The target survey group job titles
would be the following: Landscape Architect, Landscape project manager, Landscape
planner, Landscape designer, Landscape technician, Landscape field officer, Landscape
professor, Landscape researcher, and any senior, assistant, or junior role to the afore listed.
The survey contents are divided into the Demographics section and the Knowledge
section.
The Demographics survey requests of the participants the following data: Age, Gender,
Office location, Education, Field of study, Professional memberships, Workplace type,
Office size, Office projects, Work title, Regions licensed, and Office representation of
landscape profession. The Demographics survey collects the data required to represent
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the quantitative data of the Profession in Hong Kong from the voluntary sample of the
overall workforce.
The Knowledge survey requests the participants to grade the data on two scales,
representing two points of time: Degree graduate, Licensed professional. The data is
divided into several Sections, listed as follows: Natural systems, Design and planning,
History and culture, Communication and illustration, Policy and regulations, Tender
procedures, Construction administration, Professional values, and Business management.
The specific Tasks will further expand from the listed Sections to focus on achieving
particular info or quantifiable data. For example, the Tasks for the Section of History and
culture could be: History of Profession, Heritage places, Conservation management,
Cultural identity. Additionally, at the bottom of each section will provide the opportunity
to add "Other aspects (if any, are not covered)" for participants to suggest subjects in an
open-questioned response. The collected data from the Knowledge survey would collect
the various perspectives of the current workforce, on how the practitioners distinguish
their skills, to what degree the practitioners own this knowledge, and the timing of when
the knowledge subject should be acquired in their professional development.
The participants' names are not requested to maintain privacy on the submitted data. The
survey data records are to be identified by the order they are submitted.
3.6. The method to assess the Demographic and the Knowledge data
A detailed examination of each demographic information is taken by studying several

dimensions of the responses. The study dimensions would include items like the
variations, the distributions, the averages, and crossing two fields. The variations would
assess the range of the responses and if there are any gaps. The distribution will analyse
the data fluctuation if the data is spread out or clustered. The average would calculate the
norm of the data, i.e. the most common response. And crossing two fields is to study the
data against another set, such as crossing the age by the workplace data. The report text
will highlight the exciting findings to avoid having a cumbersome list of each dimension
listed, particularly for the crossed data assessments. The detailed results are provided in
Appendix A.
A separate assessment method for the Knowledge question is required to understand the
various knowledge sections and a review of the two detailed data scales of time and
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command. An average mean would be calculated to evaluate the collective data of each
subject, and specific responses will not be assessed to avoid isolating individual opinions.
The assessment will study each section separately by describing the section norm and
feature the subjects that seem exceptional. To aid measure the reliability of the collected
data, the Standard Deviation (SD) would be calculated to measure how the responses are
spread, where a SD over one is considered a higher variance and a SD lower than one is
considered a lower variance. The questionnaire feedback on the aspects not covered of
each knowledges section in the survey will be reviewed also.
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4. Results and Observations
4.1. The research for landscape competencies and legislation
The result of understanding the various documents created a widespread representation

of the ideas to illustrate the knowledges and competencies of the Profession. The items
listed are described with the associated skills and competencies. The table of the
knowledge areas and competencies of the Profession is in Appendix A.
The results of understanding the Hong Kong Government organization and various
technical documents outlines the associated framework for the Profession, with
identifying the reserve areas of the Profession in Hong Kong. The list of the reserve areas
and technical framework of the Profession is in Appendix B.
In the process of studying how to define the knowledges and competencies of the
Profession, the major documents studied were the PPES, APLA, LABOK, and ESCFPC.
The method the data is represented and explained varies in each, and the observations are
listed as followed.
The PPES divides the various subjects into five sections (e.g. professional practice,
development frameworks, construction administration, etc.) and provides sub-sections
summarizing particular topics. The list is brief and has an indefinite approach towards a
subject, such as Development policy, Multi-disciplinary teams, or Types of contract.
There are no descriptions of each subject.
The APLA is a definition about the Profession by IFLA, with examples of tasks a
landscape architect may include. There are eight task items with a brief description of
each. These are the conventional standard agreed by landscape architects globally, and
shared by IFLA. The text definition of a landscape architect has some description of the
competencies, and the list of tasks is brief and presents a basic outline of tasks.
The LABOK divides the subjects into nine sections (e.g. history, natural systems, design
methodologies, etc.) and presents an itemized list of landscape architecture knowledges
and competencies under each section. The list details on particular knowledges and
competencies, in a way like a project specifying a work item deliverable. Also there is no
description of each subject.
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The ESCFPC divides the items by the UKLI requirements instead of subject, in three
sections of Core, Professional, and Additional competencies. The items are more detailed
than the PPES but also unspecific with a broader approach to the list, with subjects like
Research and analysis, Professional judgement, and Landscapes as systems. Each
knowledge is described in detail, with a list of competency skills from each.
4.2. Questionnaire survey background information
A round of pilot studies was conducted in January 2022. A total of ten Practitioners were
invited to do the test run, of which seven completed the survey. The average time to
complete the survey was 16-20 minutes, and each provided feedback regarding the survey.
The pilot study feedback included suggestions of the survey question contents, the
guidance format, and some clerical amendments.
The final questionnaire survey was over two weeks, from 15 to 28 February 2022. A total
of 52 replies to the survey were received. The survey time ranged from under 5 to over
40 minutes, with the majority (79%) finishing under 25 minutes. The most common time
range of respondents to complete the survey was 11 to 15 minutes. The cross-study of
survey time and education level shows that respondents with a bachelor's degree generally
took longer than those with a master's degree. The average survey time was 6 minutes
longer for the bachelor's graduates. It is hard to grasp if the respondents using 5 minutes
or less to complete the survey had understood the questions and answers before answering,
but consider this trivial since this accounted for less than 4% of the total survey
participants. In review, the survey could have been shortened further to decrease the
overall survey length to have more participants finish within the objective window of 20
minutes or less. The respondents' survey time data details are in Table 2 below.
Table 2, The survey durations summary
Survey time (minutes) Count %

00-05 2 4%
06-10 8 15%
11-15 14 27%
16-20 9 17%
21-25 8 15%
26-30 3 6%
31-35 4 8%
36-40 2 4%
45 or more 2 4%
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The surveyed data is further studied, and the collected data is represented in the tables of
this section. There are many additional tables and would be excessive to insert them in
the main report, and therefore added in Appendix C.
The “Survey for the status of the landscape architecture profession in Hong Kong” issued
version is shared in Appendix D.
4.3. Section 1 of survey on General information and Demographics
❖ The responses varied from the answers on age, from the range of “18 to 25” years old up
to those “over 65” years old, and one respondent preferred not to say (PNTS). The
distribution was predominantly covered (79%) in the three most popular ranges of 25 to
34, 35 to 44, and 45 to 55 year-olds. The largest group (33%) were 35 to 44-year-olds.
There were two respondents over 65 years old, and 1 respondent was under 25 years old.
The data on age is presented in Table 3 below.
Table 3, Response summary for question: What is your age
Answers (single only) Count %

18-24 1 2%
25-34 11 21%
35-44 17 33%
45-55 13 25%
55-65 7 13%
65+ 2 4%
Prefer not to say 1 2%
Some noteworthy findings are as follows when crossing fields with alternate data sets.
Crossing gender, the ranges with older years were men dominant. The women had a
higher count in the younger ranges of 25-34 despite having fewer overall women than
men in survey respondents, see Table 42. For the office locale, those under 45 years old
mainly worked in Hong Kong Island District and Kwun Tong District, whereas most over
44 years old worked in Island Districts, see Table 43. On project types, the average age
was 35 to 44 years old for most project categories, consistent with the overall survey age
trend. However, only the "Single-family residential and garden design projects" category
had an average age range of 45 to 54 years old, see Table 44. From crossing salary ranges,
Page 26
the age generally correlated with the salary, with older age ranges making more salary
and vice-versa, see Table 45.
My observation is a balanced workforce distributed throughout all the age ranges,

typically from 25 to 65-year-old, considering the Profession in Hong Kong starts after
graduating with a master's degree. The accepted local norm is to retire at approximately
when over the age of 60 (Chi Jackie, 2013), and some slightly later at 65. The data in
crossing the age and office location hints the juniors like being in office types located in
the city centre. In contrast, seniors prefer smaller offices and select less busy addresses in
more distant districts. The project type correlation of having the over 44-year-olds doing
more private scale projects, could be that more experienced Landscape Architects are
working as private practitioners employed on some specialized smaller-scale projects.
❖ The collected information on gender from survey participants is 54% men and 44%
women, with one preferring not to say. The collected data on gender is in Table 4 below.
Table 4, Response summary for question: What is your gender

Man 28 54%
Woman 23 44%
With gender information crossed into other fields, some observations are as follows.
Crossing levels of education, there are more men with master's degrees or above master's
and an equal quantity of bachelor's degrees, see Table 46. Crossing the participation of
memberships in Hong Kong professional organizations, there are more men in the Hong
Kong Institute of Landscape Architects (HKILA) and Hong Kong Landscape Architects
Registration Board (LARB), see Table 47. In crossing workplaces, the data showed more
men working in the corporate practices, academic institutions, contractor offices, and
landscape architecture firms, and more women working in multidisciplinary firms, see
Table 48. Regarding the types of projects usually working on when crossed with gender,
there are slightly more women in the fields of International projects and Historic
preservation and landscape restoration projects, and generally more men in the single-
family residential and garden design projects, see Table 49.
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The observations on the returned data for gender is that the trend of budding practitioners
has marginally more women, whereas the senior ages have the opposite numbers with
more men. The more men in the local landscape memberships, i.e. HKILA and LARB,
are also associated with the more men at the older ages.
❖ Of the total responses, two participants preferred not to specify their work location. The
answers favour some districts more than others, with the top three being the Islands
district with 23%, Kwun Tong district with 17%, and both the Central and Western district
and Wan Chai district with 15%. There are also several districts without any offices. The
collected data on gender is in Table 5 below.
Table 5, Response summary for question: Where is your office or workplace located

Central and Western district 8 15%
Eastern district 0 0%
Islands district 12 23%
Kowloon City district 4 8%
Kwai Tsing district 0 0%
Kwun Tong district 9 17%
North district 1 2%
Sai Kung district 1 2%
Sha Tin district 1 2%
Sham Shui Po district 0 0%
Southern district 0 0%
Tai Po district 0 0%
Tuen Mun district 0 0%
Tsuen Wan district 2 4%
Wan Chai district 8 15%
Wong Tai Sin district 0 0%
Yau Tsim Mong district 3 6%
Yuen Long district 1 2%
In the cross-examination of office whereabouts with education level, the Wanchai district
had the most respondents with bachelor's degrees. Kwun Tong district and Island district
had the most master's degrees; see Table 50. In crossing the office type, the Wanchai
district and Island district have a higher number in private practice, with Kwun Tong
district having a high number in public practice, see Table 51. With crossing the number
of Registered Landscape Architects (RLA) in a participants office, the Kwun Tong
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district also had the greatest return for 11 or more Landscape Architects, see Table 52.
And crossing the office location with the participant being an RLA, the Island district had
the most RLA participating in the survey, see Table 53.
The observation of the general office whereabouts shows there are common locations for
landscape architecture, from a few districts having medium to larger offices with some
landscape practitioners and a few districts without any landscape architecture offices.
❖ One respondent chose not to disclose their educational background out of the total replies
received. Participants had education levels ranging from certificate or diploma programs
up to above master’s degrees; none had only a high school diploma (or below). Most
participants (56%) held a master's degree, with 96% of the participants having a bachelor's
degree or above. The survey data on Education level is in Table 6 below.
Table 6, Response summary for question: What is the highest level of education you
have completed

High school (or below) 0 0%
Certificate or diploma 1 2%
program
Bachelor degree 18 35%
Master degree 29 56%
Above master 3 6%
This data crossed with office-type showed that more master's degree graduates would be
in Public Practices, and bachelor's degree holders are more in Private Practices, see Table
54. Crossing with the Project types data indicated master's degree graduates most
common projects are Streetscape, transit projects, and Road Beautification. The most
common projects for bachelor's degree graduates were Parks and outdoor recreation
facilities, see Table 55. Crossing job titles, the most common title for master's degree
holders are Landscape Architects, and also see that more Directors hold a Bachelor degree
than a master degree, see Table 56. From crossing education with RLA, there are
generally more with a master's degree, see Table 57.
The titles "Landscape Architect," "Registered Landscape Architect," or the initials "RLA"
are limited to the persons who are registered on the LARB of Hong Kong, which has a
Page 29
prerequisite of being a Professional Member in the HKILA. One of the minimum

requirements of being Professional Membership is to have completed an education in
Landscape Architecture accredited by the HKILA; which locally is only the Master of
Landscape Architecture from the University of Hong Kong (HKU) – causing the
Profession in Hong Kong to have a more significant number of master's graduates, from
the RLA practitioners and the Professional Members of the HKILA.
❖ From all the responses, six academic disciplines were selected. Most (87%) had studied
Landscape Architecture, with Architecture coming in second with a far smaller
percentage (6%). Many other academic fields are not represented in this study because of
its concentration on the discipline of landscape architecture. The survey data on the field
of study is in Table 7 below.
Table 7, Response summary for question: What major field of study was your highest
degree received

Architecture 3 6%
Business Administration* 1 2%
Environmental Science 0 0%
Engineering 0 0%
Forestry / Natural Resources 1 2%
Geography 0 0%
Landscape Architecture 45 87%
Public Administration* 1 2%
Planning 0 0%
Plant / Soil Sciences 0 0%
Urban Design* 1 2%
* answers input by others
The target group is predominantly the Landscape Architecture profession. Many

Landscape Architecture academic discipline individuals had expectedly completed the
results. Therefore, crossing the highest education data with other survey fields generated
similar statistics to the original data from the other fields. Since there is inconsequential
data collected from the different academic disciplines, these had little sway in varying the
predominant data on the Landscape Architecture discipline. A more extensive survey
covering further work disciplines is required for a more meaningful data set for the
Page 30
education field crossing other demographic areas. Therefore, this section does not assess
the trends generated from crossing with different fields.
The variation of the academic disciplines illustrates the variety of backgrounds the
Profession is fabricated, with the education mainly coming from Landscape Architecture
and alternate qualifications. There were no participants trained in Geography, Ecology,
Arboriculture, Horticulture, Plant Science, or Soil Science, with the singular participant
(2%) educated in Forestry and Natural Resources, highlighting the lack of formal
education in the Profession who are primarily associated with the nature and planting
skills. Instead, the Profession has more association with the design and administration
disciplines, with a few also studying Architecture, Urban Design, Business
Administration, and Public Administration. To have a balanced academic curriculum with
some nature-focused education, the Landscape Architecture program by HKU has some
courses covering plants and ecology.
❖ The collected survey data shows participants contribute to seven professional

organization memberships within Hong Kong. The selection of multiple answers could
reflect the chance of a single person being in numerous organizations. Three participants
have no memberships with any organizations. Most of the respondents (85%) were
HKILA members, with the second most prevalent membership being a LARB member.
The involvement in other memberships beyond these two Landscape Architecture-related
ones is minimal, and a small portion (6%) is in overseas memberships also. The survey
data on the field of study is in Table 8 below.
Table 8, Response summary for question: Please indicate your participation of the
membership in the following Hong Kong organizations
Answers (multiple optional) Count %

Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects (HKILA) 44 85%
Landscape Architects Registration Board of Hong Kong (LARB) 24 46%
Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA) 0 0%
Hong Kong Institute of Architectural Conservationists 1 2%
(HKICON)*
Hong Kong Institute of Civil and Building Information 1 2%
Management (HKICBIM)*
Hong Kong Institute of Environmentalists (HKIOE) 0 0%
Hong Kong Institute of Planners (HKIP) 1 2%
Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design (HKIUD) 4 8%
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Oversea memberships* 4 8%
None 3 6%
Similar to the academic discipline survey data, the associated membership data is biased
on the Landscape Architecture organizations, namely HKILA and LARB. Therefore
when crossed with other data, the results are generally similar to the original data from
the different fields, with minimal data collected for those in the other organizations. No
notable finding is found from crossing this data with other areas, and crossing is not
assessed.
The data from the Landscape Architecture associated memberships shows that only a
portion of the Profession is Registered Landscape Architects. There is a sizable difference
between HKILA and LARB memberships. The legislative conditions that define and
regulate the Profession are limited. Most of the landscape architecture associated work
and services provided throughout a project is by non-RLA. For a Landscape Practice to
be HKILA recognized, it needs a minimum of one Professional Member of the HKILA
per the Professional Institutes Bye-Laws, and no RLA is required. Thus, a fraction of the
Profession would not join LARB to work in areas beyond the legislative coverage but
still be affiliated with the local Landscape Architecture body through HKILA.
❖ The data on workplaces indicates the Profession is generally in six types of workplaces,
with one participant being unemployed. The bulk of the market (a combined 73%) is
found in two workplaces, being in either the public or private practices of Landscape
Architecture. The remainder of the Profession is scattered in the academic, corporate,
contractor, or engineering practices. The data regarding workplaces are shown in Table
9 below.
Table 9, Response summary for question: What best describes the type of organization
you work for

Private practice: multidisciplinary firm, landscape architecture 19 37%
firm, design-build firm
Public practice: not-for-profit enterprise, government organization 19 37%
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Corporate practice: property developer, landscape contractor, 8 15%
material supplier
Academic institution: university, college, school 4 8%
Other: Speciality practice – Engineering 1 2%
Other: Unemployed 1 2%
The workplace data crossed with the age data showed that the worker age trend of public
practices mainly was 25 to 34 years, private practices mainly being 35-44 years, and
cooperate practices mostly 45-55 years, see Table 58. By crossing the data with the
membership types, the private practices are the most diverse in memberships variety, with
corporate practice practitioners having the landscape architecture organization
memberships only; see Table 59. Crossing with the number of RLA at the office, the
public practices generally have 11 or more RLA at the office, whereas the private,
corporate, and academic practices have less number of RLA at the office, see Table 60.
In crossing the workplace data with the survey participants who are RLA, the data shows
that private practice has more non-RLA than RLA, and the opposite numbers for
corporate and public practices with more RLA than non-RLA, see Table 61.
The Profession is diversifying with the traditional career track of being in public and
private practices being the most dominant with also the variation being involved in the
non-traditional careers such as working as the in-house support of the cooperate or
engineering offices. The collected data on academic practices is relatively small and hard
to assess as a continual trend within this workplace. This demonstrates the weak
representation of the teaching and research of the Profession in Hong Kong, needing more
human resources to help advance the Profession in a balanced market. More RLA being
in public and corporate practices is the current trend is likely because of the salaries, with
the academic and private practices averaging a lower salary than others, detailed in the
salary section, see Section 5.12.
❖ The survey data regarding the number of RLA at the office ranged from none to 11 or
more. The most common (29%) number of RLA at the office was 11 or more. The
remaining data responses ranged from having one to ten RLA at the office and had a
reasonably consistent balance with 13 to 15% for each tier. Also, 13% of the survey
Page 33
responses had participants who worked in offices with no RLA at their office. The data
spread for the number of RLA at the office is summarized in Table 10 below.
Table 10, Response summary for question: How many employees in your department or
form are licensed LA's

None 7 13%
One 8 15%
Two 7 13%
Three to five 8 15%
Six to ten 7 13%
Eleven or more 15 29%
The section data crossed with the office district data suggested that the most common
districts with one RLA at the office in either the Central district or Islands district. In
contrast, the most common district with 11 or more RLA at the office is the Kwun Tong
district, see Table 62. Crossing workplace type, the data had the 11 or more RLA at the
office, mostly in public practice. Several workplaces had no RLA at the office completely,
including academic institutions, corporate practice, private practice, and public practice,
see Table 63. The crossing number of RLA at office crossed with project types was
generally evenly distributed, with smaller offices doing Landscape art and earth sculpture
with responses being only either one RLA in office or no RLA in office, see Table 64.
Crossing salary data, the higher average salary ranges were from offices with one RLA
in office, and the lowest was having no RLA in office, see Table 65.
For a landscape architecture office to work on public sector projects in the Hong Kong
market, the minimum entry criteria is to have two qualified Landscape Architects
accepted by LARB as per the Architectural and Associated Consultants Selection Board
(AACSB) Handbook. This would encourage some offices to have two or more RLA but
mainly for those interested in public works or generally a larger scale practice. However,
a remaining portion of the market would opt to have less than two RLA in office as the
work scope in private projects or forming a Registered Practice may be done per se, see
Section 5.7. The salary is likely a determining factor in how many RLA are at an office,
as the typical salary range for RLA would be higher than that of hiring a non-RLA, see
Section 5.12.
Page 34
❖ The survey had an array of 15 types of projects. The selection of multiple answers is
optional to reflect the practitioner's experiences of project types, being in numerous
project types at any one time. The three most popular project types were Parks and
outdoor recreation facilities, Community development and multifamily housing, and
Streetscape, transit projects, and road beautification. All the suggested 11 types of
projects were covered, with a further four types of projects added. The data spread for the
number of RLA at the office is in Table 11 below.
Table 11, Response summary for question: What type of projects are you usually
working on

Civil engineering projects* 1 2%
Commercial, industrial, & cooperate development 19 37%
Community & multifamily housing 27 52%
Conservation, reclamation, sustainable 12 23%
Education: Primarily landscape representation, planting, 1 2%
& landscape technology*
Institutional 17 33%
International 8 15%
Landscape art 6 12%
Parks & outdoor recreation 30 58%
Planning 15 29%
Preservation & restoration 11 21%
Private building developments in private lots* 1 2%
Road beautification 26 50%
Small residential 7 13%
Vegetation maintenance* 1 2%
Crossing project types with age data, the data spread is quite even, with the dominant age
range of 35-44 years having the widest spread for the project types. The exceptional age
range was for Small residential projects, with the oldest average of 45-55 years, see Table
66. The project types crossed with workplace data show the typical project types Private
Practices handle. The top three are Community and multifamily housing, Institutional, and
Parks and outdoor recreation. For Public practice, the top three are Road beautification,
Parks and outdoor recreation, and equally Planning and Community and multifamily
housing, see Table 67 for details. Crossing salary data suggests the three highest average
salaries for the project types are Small residential, Planning, Parks, and outdoor
Page 35
recreation, see Table 68. As this section's data has an open-ended option to input personal
answers, some crossing data may have had single responses and could not suggest trends
for data crossing. Thus, only the project types with multiple counts are to be assessed for
crossing purposes.
The variety of projects involved is wide, with projects of all sorts and scales included,
which offers an overview of the Profession's current project types. The survey reveals the
services beyond the traditional think of Professions work are private gardens and parks,
see Section 1.1, and instead supports various project types that generally improve the
outdoor setting, social spaces, and city fabric. The Profession is established on a broad
spectrum of knowledge, originating from garden to park design work scope. It continues
to grow in design and management roles in urban parks and public space, corridor
planning, roadway enhancement, land management, park system planning, site
development, scenic preservation, and other technically sophisticated construction
projects.
❖ The survey results had a variety of eight job tiles options for selection, with the possibility
to select multiple answers to allow those who may have more than one role, e.g. both
Landscape Architect and Landscape Professor. From the collected data, seven job titles
are represented, and one job title is unrepresented. The most common job title of 36%
was Landscape Architect, and the least common of 1% was a Landscape Contractor. No
replies from practitioners of the job title Landscape Officer. There are 23% of respondents
with multiple titles, with the most being an individual with four job titles. The data
outcome is summarized in Table 12 below.
Table 12, Response summary for question: Which of the following most closely match
your job title

Landscape director: company owner, managing director, 9 17%
company director
Landscape architect: registered landscape architect, reciprocal 25 48%
professionals
Landscape project manager: chief coordinator, project managers, 16 31%
team leader
Landscape planner: town planner, urban planner, city planner 2 4%
Landscape designer: landscape designer, landscape graduate, 12 23%
landscape assistant
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Landscape officer: field officer, resident staff, site coordinator 0 0%
Landscape contractor: building contractor, landscaping 1 2%
contractor, garden landscaper
Landscape professor: landscape researcher, landscape teacher, 5 10%
teaching assistant
The job titles crossed with the age data suggest particular job titles' average age. Naming
the three most common job titles average ages are as follows, Landscape Designer being
25 to 34 years, Landscape Project Manager being 35--44 years, and Landscape Architect
being 45-54 years, see Table 69. Crossing the office whereabouts indicated the most
common location for Landscape Architects was the Islands District and for Landscape
Project Managers was at the Wanchai District, see Table 70. With crossing the workplace
data, the most common workplace for Landscape Architect was in the Public Practice,
and for Landscape Project Managers was in the Private Practice, see Table 71. Crossing
with the Respondents being RLA data, this shows the Landscape Architect title are all
RLA, and the Landscape Designer and Landscape Project Manager are non-RLA, see
Table 72.
Like the project types, the data illustrates the range of the Profession's job capabilities.
Inversely also tells the missing fields where Landscape Architects could be bolstered,
such as working as planners, officers, professors, and contractors. More Landscape
Architecture professors are needed to advance the resources and research to promote the
Profession. And the Profession's working market is generally limited to design
developments, statutory proceedings, and project management. In contrast, an ideal
market should see a balanced representation of Landscape Architects at each project work
stage, relative to other consultants, from the earlier planning design, feasibility stage,
project construction, and subsequent maintenance work. The questionnaire's core focus
was on the Profession, targeting the current Landscape Architecture industry practitioners
only. Therefore the survey depiction of Landscape Contractor is not to be confused with
the actual representation of contractors providing Landscape Architecture project works
in the current market, but is a reminder that Landscape Contractor may be an RLA also.
❖ The variation of the job salary data had a large range from less than $25,000 to over
$150,000. All seven of the survey ranges had responses, with a somewhat evenly
Page 37
distributed throughout the results with no salary range assuming more than 17% of the
collective; and 13% of the respondents preferred not to say. The equal most common
salary ranges are $50,000 to $74,999 and $100,000 to $149,999. And the equal least
common was less than $25,000 to over $150,000. The survey data on the job salary is
presented in Table 13 below.
Table 13, Response summary for question: What is your total monthly salary in Hong
Kong dollars

Less than $25,000 3 6%
$25,000 to $34,999 8 15%
$35,000 to $49,999 5 10%
$50,000 to $74,999 9 17%
$75,000 to $99,999 8 15%
$100,000 to $149,999 9 17%
$150,000 or more 3 6%
The job salary data crossed with age showed a positive correlation for ages and salary
ranges, for example, 25 to 34 years median salary being $25,000 to $34,999, the 35 to 44
years median being $50,000 to $74,999, and continues to grow together up to the over 65
years, see Table 73. Crossing the education level data found the salary of Bachelor's
degree holders had a greater median salary than the average salary of master's degree, and
the above master's degree holders had the lowest average salary generally, see Table 74.
Crossing the membership types, the median salary of a LARB member was $75,000 to
$99,999, whereas for an HKILA member was $50,000 to $74,999, see Table 75. With
crossing the workplace types, the highest salary was in Cooperate practice being the
$100,000 to $149,999 median, and an equal median salary range of $50,000 to $74,999
for both Public and Private practices with Public Practice having slightly more in a
detailed calculation, see Table 76. When crossing the respondents being RLA, it showed
the most common salary of RLA was $100,000 to $149,999, noticeably greater than the
most common salary of non-RLA of $25,000 to $34,999, see Table 77.
The difference in the most common salary between an RLA and a non-RLA suggests the
professional status is valued greater than the non-registered, a generally healthy sign and
the expected outcome of the Profession. A small group of the older practitioners have a
high salary range with a Bachelor's degree holders only, particularly in the age ranges of
Page 38
over 45 years and having a job salary of $100,000 or more. All of this group are RLAs
having earned their Professional status without a master's degree. This is possible as RLA
of HK requirements have two routes of gaining the RLA qualification, which is the typical
route of studying in an accredited course locally, or alternatively through a non-local
course accredited by the corresponding country. The accredited course in Hong Kong is
the Master of Landscape Architecture by HKU only, however, some professional
institutes overseas have accredited Bachelor status courses in Landscape Architecture and
HKILA will admit the graduates to become professional members, who then can apply to
be RLA.
❖ The collected survey data requested if participants were RLA and if so what country they
were registered. It is possible to have more than one registration so multiple responses
were optional. The most common response was RLA of Hong Kong (56%), with a small
percentage of RLA from overseas (10%). A large part of the responses (40%) were also
non-RLA. A marginal portion (6%) of the participants had dual membership, being RLA
of Hong Kong and an overseas institute also. The survey data of the RLA is summarized
in Table 14 below.
Table 14, Response summary for question: Are you a Registered Landscape Architect in
any of the below regions/countries

Australia 1 2%
Canada 2 4%
Hong Kong SAR 29 56%
New Zealand 0 0%
United Kingdom 2 4%
Non-RLA 21 40%
Crossing the age data with RLA suggested the average age of RLA in Hong Kong is 45
to 55 years, whereas the non-RLA are 35 to 44 years, see Table 78. Crossing the genders,
for RLA in Hong Kong are mostly men, and the non-RLA participants were mostly
women, see Table 79. Crossing the RLA with education level data shows oversea RLA
are graduates of a Bachelor's degree, and the majority of the RLA in HK are master's
degree holders, see Table 80. Crossing the workplace type, the RLA are most common
in public practice, and non-RLA are most common in private practice, see Table 81.
Page 39
The HKILA has reciprocal professional qualifications with institutes overseas, being
from the national institutes of Australia and New Zealand. This allows the professional
members of Hong Kong to be the equivalent in the corresponding country avoiding
assessments or examinations and is equivalent for overseas Professional members coming
to Hong Kong also. This feature is not utilized much as we can see from the data, few
overseas members from the reciprocal countries join the Profession in Hong Kong. A
large portion of the Profession (40%) is non-RLA and is likely explained by the
significant amount of Landscape Architecture work that may be done without the RLA
qualification.
4.4. Section 2 of survey on Landscape Architecture Knowledges
❖ The Natural systems section is broadly covered with five subjects. The average time of
acquisition being in a post-degree university program with the SD ranging from 0.9 to
1.1. The average of the knowledge command was at a Comprehension level, with the SD
ranging from 0.8 to 1.1. The subject with particular unique knowledge command than
other subjects in the section is Determining site opportunities and constraints, being the
only subject with the command at the Application level. The survey data of Natural
Systems is summarized in Table 15 below.
Table 15, Response summary for the subjects of Natural systems

Time of Subject
Knowledge subjects SD SD
acquisition command
Post-degree Comprehension
Land information sources 1.0 1.0
(1.9) (2.4)
Nature conservation and Post-degree Comprehension
1.0 1.1
management (1.7) (2.4)
Natural site conditions and Post-degree Comprehension
0.9 1.1
ecosystems (1.7) (2.4)
Regional hazard design Post-degree Comprehension
1.1 1.0
considerations (1.7) (2.2)
Determining site opportunities Post-degree Application
1.0 0.8
and constraints (1.9) (3.1)
The open-ended responses for subjects not covered in questionnaire options are
summarized as the topics of flooding, typhoon, water conservation, soil science,
environmental engineering, drainage, and forestry. These are considered as the detailed
components of the survey suggested subjects and help broaden the depth of the knowledge
section. The average SD is 1.0 for both scales of time and command which is considered
Page 40
neutral. The overall data trend of Natural systems knowledge is the subjects can be
learned in a post-degree university program to the level practitioners know to discuss the
concept involved.
❖ The Design and planning section is broadly covered under seven subjects. The average
time of acquisition being in a post-degree university program with the SD ranging from
1.0 to 1.1. The average of the knowledge command was at an Application level, with the
SD ranging from 0.9 to 1.1. There are no particular subjects that vary from the norms of
the section. The survey data on Design and planning are summarized in Table 16 below.
Table 16, Response summary for the subjects of Design and planning
Time of Subject
acquisition command
Post-degree Application
Aesthetic principles of design 1.0 1.1
(1.8) (3.1)
Context of planning and management 1.0 0.9
(2.1) (3.2)
Human factors in project planning 1.0 1.1
(1.9) (2.9)
Design considerations for special Post-degree Application
1.1 1.0
populations (2.0) (2.8)
Ecological relationships in nature 1.0 1.1
(1.8) (2.6)
Construction technologies and materials 1.1 1.0
(2.3) (3.0)
Knowledge of drainage and irrigation
systems, lighting design, and structural 1.1 0.9
(2.2) (3.0)
considerations
The open-ended responses for subjects not covered in the survey are summarized in the
topics of renewable energies, geographic information system (GIS), levelling, design
theme, yard waste management, planting design, policy and hardworks. The suggested
subjects regarding design in regards to planting and sustainability aspects are significant
knowledge of the Profession and added to the Landscape Knowledges table in Appendix
A. The average SD is 1.0 for both scales of time and command which is considered neutral.
The overall data trend of Design and planning knowledge is a subject that can be learned
in a post-degree university program, and practitioners' subject command is at the
Application level, so can use the knowledge to solve common problems.
Page 41
❖ The History and culture section was broadly covered with four subjects. The time of
acquisition varied from post-degree university program to employed level with the SD
ranging from 1.0 to 1.1. The common knowledge command was at the Application level,
with the SD ranging from 1.0 to 1.2. The subject with particular unique knowledge
command than other subjects in the section is the History of the landscape architecture
profession, being the only subject with the command at the Comprehension level. The
survey data on History and culture is summarized in Table 17 below.
Table 17, Response summary for the subjects of History and culture
Time of Subject
acquisition command
History of the landscape 1.0 Comprehension 1.2
Post-degree (1.6)
architecture profession (1.8)
Heritage areas and sites Employed (2.7) 1.0 Application (3.1) 1.1
Social and cultural influences on 1.1 1.1
Employed (2.7) Application (3.3)
design
History of ecology and society Post-degree (2.5) 1.1 Application (3.1) 1.0
The responses for subjects not covered in the survey are summarized as the cultural
management and evaluation, and history of ecology. These suggested topics are
considered as the detailed components of the survey suggested subjects. The average SD
is 1.1 for both scales of time and command which is considered slightly high. For the
subject History of the landscape architecture profession, the SD is 1.2, indicating the data
is more diverse and less consistent, which has a more varied opinion on this subject. The
overall data trend of History and culture knowledges is the subjects vary in the time of
acquisition from a post-degree university program to employed level, and the level of
knowledge command for practitioners is able to use the knowledge to solve common
problems.
❖ The Communication and illustration section was broadly covered in four subjects. The
time of acquisition varied from post-degree university program to employed with the SD
ranging from 0.8 to 1.2. The slightly more common time of acquisition in this section was
employed, and the two subjects that varied from this are Graphic techniques and
representations of design ideas and Prepare and deliver oral presentations being
acquired earlier in the post-degree university program. The common knowledge
Page 42
command was at the Application level, with the SD ranging from 0.6 to 0.9. The survey
data on Communication and illustration is summarized in Table 18 below.
Table 18, Response summary for the subjects of Communication and illustration
Time of Subject
acquisition command
Project coordination and Application
Employed (2.8) 0.8 0.6
correspondences (3.3)
Graphic techniques and Application
Post-degree (1.9) 1.1 0.9
representations of design ideas (3.1)
Prepare and deliver oral Application
Post-degree (2.2) 1.2 0.9
presentations (3.2)
Knowledge of project and public Application
Employed (2.7) 0.9 0.7
meetings (3.2)
Develop written documentation for Application
Employed (2.6) 0.9 0.8
project work (3.2)
The open-ended responses for the subjects not covered in the survey are summarized in
the topics of communication software, smartphone applications, video, modelling, public
consultations, geographic information system (GIS), and programming. The average SD
is 1.0 for the time of acquisition of knowledges which is considered neutral, and the
average SD is 0.8 for the subject command which is considered slightly low, indicating
the data is more consistent and there is a greater consensus in the opinion on this section.
The overall data trend of Communication and illustration knowledge is most of the
subjects can be acquired when employed, and the practitioner's subject command is at the
Application level, so can use the knowledge to solve common problems.
❖ The Policy and regulations section was broadly covered in four subjects. The time of
acquisition is universally when employed with the SD ranging from 0.7 to 1.0. The
common knowledge command is at the Application level, with the SD ranging from 0.8
to 1.0. There are no particular subjects that vary from the norms of the section. The survey
data on Policy and regulations are summarized in Table 6.5.1 below.
Page 43
Table 19, Response summary for the subjects of Policy and regulations
Time of Subject
acquisition command
The emerging trends and issues on Employed Application
1.0 1.0
public policy (2.7) (2.7)
Governmental policies and laws that Employed Application
0.8 0.9
affect the use and development of land (2.8) (3.0)
Understanding of regulatory compliance Employed Application
0.8 0.8
and statutory submission processes (2.8) (3.2)
To identify and collect regulatory
Employed Application
information and approvals governing a 0.7 0.8
(2.8) (3.1)
project?
the topics of mainland policies, Government departmental guidelines, and access to
information. The suggested topic of guidelines and finding information is implied in the
survey, and the foreign policy is useful for the oversea works for the practitioners doing
this, see Section 5.10. The average SD of the two scales of time and command are 0.8
and 0.9 respectively, which is considered slightly low, indicating the data is more
consistent and there is a stronger consensus in the opinion on this section. The subject To
identify and collect regulatory information and approvals governing a project is
markedly lower SD for both the time and command scales, so seems there is a sound
agreement on the scoring. The general data trend of Policy and regulations knowledge
are all subjects may be acquired when employed, and the practitioner's subject command
is at the Application level.
❖ The Tender procedures and construction administration section were broadly covered in
seven subjects. The time of acquisition is typically when employed with the SD ranging
from 0.6 to 0.9. The time of acquisition for the subject Prepare construction documents
including working drawings and technical specifications was the only at the post-degree
rating, with other subjects closer to the employed rating. The average knowledge
command is at the Application level, with the SD ranging from 0.8 to 1.0. The survey
data on Tender procedures and construction administration are summarized in Table 20
below.
Page 44
Table 20, Response summary for the subjects of Tender procedures and construction
administration
Time of Subject
acquisition command
Prepare construction documents,
including working drawings and 0.9 0.8
(2.4) (3.1)
technical specifications
Manage the invitation, bidding, and Employed Application
0.9 1.0
tendering process (2.7) (2.8)
Contract management and Employed Application
0.7 0.9
administration (2.8) (3.1)
Quality control procedures for Employed Application
0.6 1.0
construction (2.8) (2.8)
Sequencing of design, submission, and Employed Application
0.8 0.9
approval of construction activities (2.7) (2.9)
Conduct project closure and assess final Employed Application
0.7 1.0
records (2.9) (2.8)
Landscape maintenance techniques, Employed Application
0.8 0.8
materials, equipment, and practices (2.8) (3.0)
the topics of New Engineering Contract (NEC), mainland contracts, and tender vetting
committee. The suggested NEC and mainland contract subjects may be expanded to
construction contract types, and the tender committee understood together with the
tendering process subject. The average SD of the two scales of time and command are
0.8 and 0.9 respectively, which is considered slightly low, indicating the data is more
consistent and there is a stronger consensus in the opinion on this section. The subject
Quality control procedures for construction are markedly lower SD for the time of
acquisition with an SD at 0.6, so seems there is a regular idea of when the subject is
learned. The general data trend of Tender procedures and construction administration
knowledge are the subjects that may be acquired when employed, and the practitioner's
subject command is at the Application level.
❖ The Professional values and business management section was broadly covered in six
subjects. The time of acquisition is typically when employed with the SD ranging from
1.0 to 1.2. The time of acquisition for the subjects The social responsibility in design and
The environmental ethics in design are post-degree, with other subjects closer to the
employed rating. The knowledge command is all at the Application level, with the SD
Page 45
ranging from 0.9 to 1.2. The survey data on Professional values and business management
are summarized in Table 21 below.
Table 21, Response summary for the subjects of Professional values and business
management
Time of Subject
acquisition command
The social responsibility in design 1.2 0.9
(2.1) (2.7)
The environmental ethics in design 1.1 1.0
(2) (2.7)
Negotiate and prepare client and Employed Application
1.0 1.1
consultant agreements (2.6) (2.7)
The public relations, community Employed Application
1.0 1.0
outreach, and image development (2.5) (2.7)
To manage business practices and Employed Application
1.1 1.2
organizations (2.6) (2.5)
Train, educate and mentor other budding Employed Application
1.0 1.1
landscape architect professionals (2.9) (2.7)
the topics of the Hong Kong Bill of Rights, public education, voluntary professional work,
and consultancy work bidding. The suggested topics are considered as the detailed
components of the survey suggested subjects and help broaden the depth of the knowledge
section. The average SD is 1.1 for both scales of time and command which is considered
slightly high. For the subjects The social responsibility in design, the time of acquisition
and To manage business practices and organizations the subject command SD is 1.2,
indicating the data is more diverse and has a more varied opinion on these subjects. The
overall data trend of Professional values and business management knowledge is that
most of the subjects can be acquired when employed, and the practitioner's subject
command is at the Application level.
Page 46
5. Discussion and Analysis
5.1. Reviewing the study objectives and questions
The aim of this study was to understand and analyse the development, competencies,
framework, and demographics of the Profession in the Hong Kong context. The data
collected has met the various objectives set out in Section 1, the study objectives were:
a) To understand the commonly accepted knowledge areas and competencies of the

Profession of Landscape Architecture.
b) To identify the reserve areas and technical framework of the Profession of Landscape
c) To develop a quantitative understanding of the workforce of Landscape Architecture

in Hong Kong.
The study provides the commonly accepted knowledge areas and competencies of the
Profession in Appendix A, identifying the reserve areas and technical framework of the
Profession in Hong Kong in Appendix B, and the quantitative data of the Landscape
Architecture workforce in Hong Kong in Appendix C. The various study questions are
answered to an extent, but for various reasons may not confirm a definite answer,
explained as follows.
For the research on the first objective to understand the landscape architecture
knowledges and competencies, there were challenges and collecting a completed list that
represents a common understanding proved difficult. The UKLI promotes various career
direction options, like Landscape Architect, Landscape Manager, Landscape Planner,
Landscape Scientist, and Urban Designer. The other organizations IFLA, ASLA and
HKILA has a focus on the Landscape Architect profession only and does not have
memberships for other positions within the landscape realm of the built environment
industry. Hence the ESCFPC has areas which are additional to the PPES, APLA, and
LABOK. The holistic approach of the landscape industry by UKLI provides an improved
control for the Profession and is adopted in the knowledges table. Also the data from the
various organizations presented the list varies, as the ideas, perceptions, definitions, and
terminology are different from each organization. To handle the various understandings
by the various institutes or other individuals, the list is formed in an impartial manner,
with some adaptation to best consolidate the ideas.
Page 47
In the second objective to understand the technical framework and reserve areas of
landscape architecture in Hong Kong, the general approach was to define the local
legislation, policies or technical documents that may impact the Profession. The study's
focus had to be narrowed since the subject matter was too broad. Only a few Hong Kong
Government organizations were chosen, with organizations having staff with the term
“Landscape” in a job title, refer Section 3. Although there are some Hong Kong
Government organizations that have an indirect influence on the Profession, the study
criteria would not include them, such as the Marine Department, Drainage Services
Department, Fire Services Department, Transport Department, etc.
Beyond the Government organizations there are also the non-governmental organisations,
business-related organizations, green groups, professional institutions, and academic
institutions that impact the Profession, such as the Hong Kong Green Building Council,
Hong Kong Organic Resource Centre, World Wide Fund For Nature Hong Kong,
Kadoorie Farm and Botanic Garden, Civic Exchange, Designing Hong Kong, Business
Environment Council, etc. The potential collective of the organizations that impact the
Profession is extensive and had to be considerably narrowed in the study which provides
a lesser perspective on the technical influences on the Profession. The limitations of the
study selects the Government organizations with landscape practitioners only and had not
included these when planning the research. Also beyond the technical factors, there is
also political or social factors that have an impact on the Profession that could be further
assessed.
For the third objective to understand the current local workforce, the questionnaire survey
received 52 responses, which is a small sample size relative to the Hong Kong landscape
practices and practitioners. As of July 2022, there are 17 registered practices, over 200
Registered Landscape Architects, and over 400 HKILA members. Also, various other
offices with landscape architects and landscape teams, employed within the likes of
Government organizations, academic institutions, property developers, multi-disciplinary
firms, private offices, and contractor. As a rough estimate, the captured response to the
survey is less than ten percent of the active landscape architecture profession in Hong
Kong.
The outreach capacity could have been increased to capture a greater audience for the
survey. The survey was issued through email only, by email contacts found online and
Page 48
forwarding through the professional institution to the landscape members. The survey
replies rate may have been increased if prior consent was coordinated with admin or
management staff of respective contact groups, like a department manager assisting in
promoting the survey. However, the option of coordination for consent was not preferred,
to give a direct opportunity for all respondents to reply in their personal representation
without the bias of representing their organisation, and prevent delayed or forgotten
replies that may obstruct the progress of the study. Also, alike the assessment of the
technical framework the Profession in Hong Kong, there are many potential participant
groups, and it was necessary to take a controlled target audience for the purpose of the
survey.
Various opportunities were provided to the participants to advise feedback on the survey
contents and is summarized here. A participant comment said the survey was “too many
text, difficult to understand”. In the survey only some questions had provided descriptions.
The survey may be improved with succinct questions, each accompanied with a brief
description if participants needed further prompting. A separate feedback read “too long,
some biased questions”. The target survey duration was to complete the survey within 20
minutes, and was achieved by the majority of participants from the pilot test. However
the pace in the actual survey was not replicated, with the majority of participants
completing the survey within 25 minutes, and a few taking over 45 minutes. The survey
could have been shortened by reducing the number of questions, cutting the number of
sections covered, or splitting the survey into two or more parts. Regarding if the survey
was subjective or biased, alike the discussion in the table of landscape knowledges and
competencies, the survey attempts to be impartial using academic and professional
references and be as comprehensive as possible, but inevitably the personal experience,
knowledge and views will have varying understanding and perspectives from other
individuals. The survey preface had given instructions on the survey process only, and
may be improved by explaining the data sources and rational of the survey.
5.2. The potential influences of the study
The availability of previous research that was similar in nature to this study was relatively
low, and the majority of the academic references is from overseas studies (Chen et al.,
2013). There is a lack of local research on the landscape architecture subject, and is
significant since the Profession in Hong Kong is primarily determined by the local context.
Page 49
The demand for the Profession in Hong Kong is increasing as nature conservation,
development trends, and regulations require more Landscape Architects' contributions.
With many professions in the local built environment industry, it is hard to gain support
if there is little representation in the industry workforce, community groups, and
government offices. The research provided in this study provides multiple benefits, such
as the following:
The collective table of the knowledges and competencies that defines the opportunity and
scope of the Profession, for landscape practitioners, potential students, associated experts,
and general public. The table could be used as a explanation and reasoning for the
Profession’s work scope, project contributions, and future research. Also as a overview
and promotional material for the profession to potential students or practitioners. The
overall outlook of the current slight influence of the Profession with the small
representation in the built environment industry, may be enlarged to enhance the city's
fabric to improve the liveability, biological diversity, nature conservation, and land value
of Hong Kong.
The list of reserve areas and technical framework of the Profession in Hong Kong
distinguishes the current structure of the built environmental industry, as landscape
architects play a supporting function for projects, and a lesser role respective to engineers
and architects. The current two reserved areas listed in Appendix B is small relative to
the many ordinances and technical documents shaping the Profession. The reserved areas
may be expanded to increase the professional range and influence of the Profession, to
keep the public safe from hazards (Schatz and Lafayette, 2003), improve landscape spaces
(Urbanski, 2009), and advise on environmental and community benefits (Hussein et al.,
2016)throughout a project, from the inception to the development and continued upkeep.
Through the questionnaire survey, the data provides a sample representation of the current
status of Landscape Architecture in Hong Kong in terms of demographic data and
opinions on the knowledges of the Profession. The demographics data provides a
snapshot of the Profession’s composition and characteristics, and may be used for
understanding and further analysis of the Profession. Although sample size is small, this
is the first survey with such details of the Profession and generates a reference point for
further studies in Hong Kong or other similar regions. The knowledges data represents
the opinions of landscape practitioners on the competencies required for their work, in
Page 50
terms of when they are required to know a particular subject, and level of command they
have over a particular subject. The knowledges data may be used for the purpose of
training students and professionals, and to develop a quantifiable benchmark for the
capabilities of the Profession. The local academic and profession institutes may take
reference of the knowledges data in considering the timing and depth of the education
curriculum and professional development courses for landscape architecture students and
practitioners.
The data in this study could potentially be further developed, study examples being:
comparison of Hong Kong landscape architecture with neighbouring communities in Asia
or other countries, assessing the syllabi of graduate and professional education in relation
to real-world practice, survey to understand opinions of the Profession from other
professions or society in general regarding the development of the built environment, and
research on the common or specialized skills applied in the actual works of Landscape
Architecture projects.
Page 51
6. Conclusion
The developing fragmentation of the natural landscape should be minimized, to connect

urban green spaces for multiple benefits like improving urban climates, reducing stress,
improving health, encouraging social interaction and economic benefits (Tian et al., 2011)
(Browning et al., 2022).
Natural climate solutions are conservation, restoration and improved land management
actions that prioritizes designs for biodiversity and increasing carbon storage in
landscapes, wetlands, woodland, and mangroves (UN-Habitat and World Health
Organization, 2020).
From the study we know the landscape architecture profession has the knowledges and
competencies to create a more green, healthy, inclusive, and sustainable city. For the
Hong Kong Government to enhance liveability, biological diversity, and carbon neutrality
the current legislation and technical framework need to be modernised to provide the
landscape architecture profession the opportunity of a continual role throughout a
project’s inception, development, and lifespan. So that landscape architects can offer
more urban green spaces and nature-based climate solutions.
There may be several possible outcomes of this study. The character and competencies
of landscape architecture is better understood by others, including the professionals,
Government, politicians, legislators, organizations, landowners, contractors, researchers,
students, and public. The HKILA and Government would evaluate the status of the
Profession within Hong Kong built environment industry to provide better opportunity
for landscape architecture practitioners to have a continual role in projects. The research
may contribute to the development of a congruent vision and help standardize the work
standards of the Profession in Hong Kong. And lastly encourage further research on the
landscape architecture subject, to generate more interest in the landscape architecture
profession locally, and stimulate the minds of the city decisions-makers to give greater
priority and opportunities for the landscape architecture profession.
Page 52
List of Tables
Table 1, Government organizations relating to landscape architecture ................................... 20

Table 2, The survey durations summary .................................................................................. 25
Table 3, Response summary for question: What is your age ................................................... 26
Table 4, Response summary for question: What is your gender .............................................. 27
Table 5, Response summary for question: Where is your office or workplace located ........... 28
Table 6, Response summary for question: What is the highest level of education you have
completed ................................................................................................................................. 29
Table 7, Response summary for question: What major field of study was your highest degree
received .................................................................................................................................... 30
Table 8, Response summary for question: Please indicate your participation of the
membership in the following Hong Kong organizations ......................................................... 31
Table 9, Response summary for question: What best describes the type of organization you
work for .................................................................................................................................... 32
Table 10, Response summary for question: How many employees in your department or form
are licensed LA's ...................................................................................................................... 34
Table 11, Response summary for question: What type of projects are you usually working on
.................................................................................................................................................. 35
Table 12, Response summary for question: Which of the following most closely match your
job title...................................................................................................................................... 36
Table 13, Response summary for question: What is your total monthly salary in Hong Kong
dollars ....................................................................................................................................... 38
Table 14, Response summary for question: Are you a Registered Landscape Architect in any
of the below regions/countries ................................................................................................. 39
Table 15, Response summary for the subjects of Natural systems .......................................... 40
Table 16, Response summary for the subjects of Design and planning ................................... 41
Table 17, Response summary for the subjects of History and culture ..................................... 42
Table 18, Response summary for the subjects of Communication and illustration ................. 43
Table 19, Response summary for the subjects of Policy and regulations ................................ 44
Table 20, Response summary for the subjects of Tender procedures and construction
administration ........................................................................................................................... 45
Table 21, Response summary for the subjects of Professional values and business
management ............................................................................................................................. 46
Tables in Appendix A:
Table 21, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Landscape,
environment, and natural systems ............................................................................................ 61
Table 22, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Planning, design, and
management ............................................................................................................................. 63
Table 23, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: History and culture .. 66
Table 24, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Communication and
illustration ................................................................................................................................ 67
Table 25, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Assessments, policy,
and regulation .......................................................................................................................... 69
Page 53
Table 26, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Contract preparation
and construction administration .............................................................................................. 71
Table 27, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: Professional values
and business management ........................................................................................................ 73
Tables in Appendix B:
Table 28, Ordinances of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region ..................................... 78
Table 29, Works Technical Circulars and Publications by Development Bureau (DevB) ...... 79
Table 30, Practice Notes by Lands Department (LandsD)....................................................... 82
Table 31, Technical Documents and Guidelines by Architectural Services Department
(ArchSD) .................................................................................................................................. 82
Table 32, Practice Notes for Professional Persons Guidelines by Planning Department
(PlanD) ..................................................................................................................................... 83
Table 33, Guidelines and Guidance Notes by Town Planning Board (TPB) ........................... 84
Table 34, Technical circulars and Resources by Civil Engineering and Development
Department (CEDD) ................................................................................................................ 85
Table 35, Practice Notes and Guidelines of Greening, Landscape & Tree Management Section
(GLTMS) .................................................................................................................................. 86
Table 36, Technical Documents and Standards by Highways Department (HyD) .................. 86
Table 37, Practice Notes, Advisory Notes, and Codes by Buildings Department (BD) .......... 87
Table 38, Guidelines and Technical documents of Environmental Protection Department
(EPD) ........................................................................................................................................ 88
Table 39, Programmes and Facilities of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD). 88
Table 40, Standards and Guides of Water Supplies Department (WSD) ................................. 88
Table 41, Resources and Standards by Housing Department (HD) ......................................... 88
Tables in Appendix C:
Table 42, The crossed responses of Age and Gender .............................................................. 91
Table 43, The crossed responses of Age and Office whereabouts (with nil removed) ............ 91
Table 44, The crossed responses of Age and Project types (Multi answers) ........................... 91
Table 45, The crossed responses of Age and Salary ................................................................ 92
Table 46, The crossed responses of Gender and Education ..................................................... 92
Table 47, The crossed responses of Gender and Membership (Multi answers) ...................... 92
Table 48, The crossed responses of Gender and Workplace.................................................... 92
Table 49, The crossed responses of Gender and Project types (Multi answers) ...................... 93
Table 50, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Education ................................. 93
Table 51, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Workplace ................................ 94
Table 52, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA at office ........................... 94
Table 53, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA (Multi answers) ............... 95
Table 54, The crossed responses of Education and Workplace ............................................... 95
Table 55, The crossed responses of Education and Project types (Multi answers) ................. 96
Table 56, The crossed responses of Education and Job titles (Multi answers) ........................ 96
Table 57, The crossed responses of Education and RLA (Multi answers) .............................. 97
Table 58, The crossed responses of Workplace and Age ......................................................... 97
Table 59, The crossed responses of Workplace and Membership (Multi answers) ................. 97
Table 60, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA at office ......................................... 98
Page 54
Table 61, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA (Multi answers) ............................. 98
Table 62, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Work location .................................... 98
Table 63, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Workplace ......................................... 99
Table 64, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Project types (Multi answers) ........... 99
Table 65, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Salary .............................................. 100
Table 66, The crossed responses of Project types and Age (Multi answers) ......................... 100
Table 67, The crossed responses of Project types and Workplace (Multi answers) .............. 101
Table 68, The crossed responses of Project types and Salary (Multi answers) ..................... 102
Table 69, The crossed responses of Job title and Age (Multi answers) ................................. 102
Table 70, The crossed responses of Job title and Work location (Multi answers) ................. 103
Table 71, The crossed responses of Job title and Workplace (Multi answers) ...................... 103
Table 72, The crossed responses of Job title and RLA (Multi answers) ................................ 104
Table 73, The crossed responses of Salary and Age .............................................................. 104
Table 74, The crossed responses of Salary and Education .................................................... 104
Table 75, The crossed responses of Salary and Membership (Multi answers) ...................... 105
Table 76, The crossed responses of Salary and Workplace ................................................... 105
Table 77, The crossed responses of Salary and RLA (Multi answers) .................................. 105
Table 78, The crossed responses of RLA and Age (Multi answers) ...................................... 106
Table 79, The crossed responses of RLA and Gender (Multi answers) ................................. 106
Table 80, The crossed responses of RLA and Education (Multi answers) ............................ 106
Table 81, The crossed responses of RLA and Workplace (Multi answers) ........................... 106
Page 55
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Page 58
Appendix A:
The Knowledges and Competency Areas
of Landscape Architecture
Gist ........................................................................................................................................... 60
environment, and natural systems............................................................................................ 61
management ............................................................................................................................. 63
Table 23, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: History and culture . 66
illustration ................................................................................................................................ 67
and regulation .......................................................................................................................... 69
and construction administration .............................................................................................. 71
and business management........................................................................................................ 73
Cover Page of Appendix A

Appendix A –The Knowledges and Competency Areas of Landscape Architecture
Table 21 to Table 27 responds to the first objective: To understand the universally accepted
knowledge and competency areas of the Landscape Architecture profession.
The changing times of society and professional practices make it harder to describe the
Profession briefly. The type of projects, work methods, and roles undertaken by Landscape
Architects are shifting as the specialties and technologies evolve. Assessing the modern
Profession's knowledge and competencies and then consolidating them in a list generates a
quantifiable evaluation of what is the expertise items offered by Landscape Architects.
A landscape architect's knowledge and competency (Proficiency) are itemized in the right
column. A left column with brief descriptions in correlation to each knowledge or
competency item is accompanied. The tables of Landscape Architecture knowledge and
competency areas are below in Tables 21 to 27.
Source:
(1)
Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects, Professional practice examination syllabus
(2)
UK Landscape Institute, Entry standards and competency framework
(3)
American Society of Landscape Architects, Canadian Society of Landscape Architects,
Council of Educators in Landscape Architecture, & Council of Landscape Architecture
Registration Boards, Landscape architecture body of knowledge study
(4)
Internation Federation of Landscape Architects: Definition about the profession of
Landscape Architect
Page 60

environment, and natural systems
A. Landscape, environment, and natural systems
ID Proficiency (Source) Item description
i. Advise land and To plan and design for the protection and management of land
water resource and water resources, including the topics of landforms,
control (1, 3, 4) vegetation, habitat, erosion, stormwater, and groundwater. To
consider the natural processes of soil, air, water, carbon, and
ecological systems in a design and find a solution to preserve or
elevate the landscape resources in all regions, including urban,
rural, inland, and coastal areas.
ii. Conservation and To identify and promote the preservation and enhancements of
protection of sensitive landscape places, considering the local stakeholders
sensitive landscape and communities. To advise on the strategic approach or
places (1, 2, 3, 4) legislation that manages the opportunities of site access,
recreation capacity, biodiversity, and character of the places.
iii. Climate resilience To apply the principles of environmental sustainability to

design (2, 3, 4) landscape projects. To have the capacity to survive, adapt, and
grow under the changing climate conditions, such as sea-level
rise, increased frequency of heat waves, and regional drought. To
seek to avoid climate change and enhance the micro-climates
utilizing natural resources.
iv. Land information To identify and comprehend the existing documentation of

and geographic zoning data, land surveys, demographic info, economic data,
data (3, 4) aerial plans, and aerial photos. To assess and associate the multi-
disciplinary information in assisting a project plan and
development. To be familiar with the geographic coordinate
systems and layout techniques and norms.
v. Landscape creation To apply engineering principles and other sciences to designing

and engineering (1, man-made landscapes and built environments, such as
2, 3, 4)
successfully managing resource conservation, habitat
restoration, and ecological systems. To holistically consider the
Page 61
landforms, geology, ecology, vegetation, and sustainability

through all the phases of design, construction, and maintenance.
To provide advice for contamination and pollution controls and
mitigation means, for projects like waste landfills, industrial
facilities, and land and sea reclamation.
vi. Regional climate To know the local climate threats, such as typhoons, landslides,
hazards (3) flooding, wildfires, and high humidity. To advise on design
strategies that can endure and minimise the impacts of the natural
climate hazards on the anthropogenic landscapes.
vii. Parks and To recognise and value the significance of multi-benefits of

landscape environmental, social, and economic values achieved from parks
management (2, 3, 4) and landscapes in urban or rural areas, including parks, public
plazas, playfields, playgrounds, gardens, wetlands, waterfronts,
greenways, and woodlands. To recommend and administer the
detailed management plans, strategies, or manuals of parks and
landscapes.
viii. Tree planting, To recognise the significance of trees to be integrated with urban
arboriculture, and and rural places. To comprehend the proper selection of tree
woodlands (2) species and advise on the relationships between tree species, site,
and climatic conditions for both the current and anticipated
future. To plan and manage woodlands for their ecological,
economic, social, and aesthetic roles.
ix. Water systems and To outline a strategy for the site grading and drainage systems to
management (3, 4) manage the stormwater runoff and approaches to flooding and
erosion prevention. To understand the needs and plan the
development of the irrigation system for planting. Advice on
sustainable water management elements, like natural drainage,
biofiltration, porous surfaces, swales, rain gardens, drainage
detention systems, and rainwater harvesting.
Page 62
management
B. Planning, design, and management
i. Circulation and To design the wayfinding, mobility within a landscape space, and
traffic systems (3) the elements or interactions with the surroundings. To evaluate
the needs within a place of the pedestrian or non-motorized
circulation and coordinate the traffic of vehicular systems.
Consider and organise the circulation aspects in an effective,
enjoyable, and safe manner.
ii. Construction Identify and select appropriate materials considering site, context,
technology and intended use, structural performance, sustainability
materials (2, 3) characteristics, maintenance, and financial implications. To
advise on the components to accomplish the project brief,
understanding the advantages or disadvantages of various
systems. To know the latest construction equipment and
technology to maximize design possibilities.
iii. Creativity and Capable of identifying issues, challenges, and opportunities and
problem-solving (2, evaluating design alternatives. To offer creativity and innovation
3)
in solving problems relating to landscapes or outdoor spaces. Able
to critique prior work and understand the relevance in addressing
current issues and concerns.
iv. Design theory and Understands the design process and can present or discuss a
process (2, 3) design to a range of professional and lay audiences. Develop a
design proposal based on user needs, client goals, and project
resources; while balancing the design aesthetic principles and
character. Work through a collaborative process to achieve a
quality and viable design solution.
v. Ecosystem design To identify solutions to improve the understanding of landscape

services (1, 2, 3, 4) processes at various scales by preserving and bettering the
relationships between the organisms and the environment.
Understands the relationship between plants, animals, materials,
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habitat development, and biodiversity in the urban or rural setting.

To advocate and give guidance on a natural resources approach
within landscape plans, policies, and projects.
vi. Electrical, To plan and coordinate with experts on the lighting, irrigation,
mechanical, and drainage, utility, and structural systems within the landscape
structural services place, and realise an integrated approach that balances the design
(1, 3)
aesthetic with functional needs. To ensure the processes, design,
maintenance, and operation are successful, safe, and follow the
necessary guidelines, regulations, ordinances, and policies.
vii. Further activities To advise on the needs of different venues that may accommodate
and specialised specialised activities, such as a pet garden, therapeutic garden,
areas (1, 2) skate park, golf course, swimming pool, children's playground,
exercise area, campsites, artwork, sports court, etc. To understand
the roles and work with different experts of different landscape
specialisms to facilitate the design of the activity places.
viii. Gardens and To interpret project briefs and develop a design solution
landscape projects combining creative and artistic skills, scientific understanding of
(2, 3, 4)
environment and planting, and construction materials and
methods. Landscape projects involve housing, gardens, play,
sport, recreation, and public spaces. To reduce the visitor impact
and preserve the fabric of the location and space for nature.
ix. Human factor and To promote accessible and positive experiences for people by
well-being (2, 3) making spaces with the potential to improve health and well-
being. Design for human scale, behaviour, perception,
psychological and sensory responses. To figure out how a place
design can be comfortable, stimulating, and attractive.
x. Landscape To provide recommendations for maintenance strategies,

maintenance (3, 4) materials, equipment, and procedures. To continually check the
operation standards and to address any potential risks of existing
landscape places, as well as to prescribe the controls or activities
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that may be necessary. Keep track of the maintenance work,

varying developments, and lessons for future reference.
xi. Master planning (2, To propose an overall vision, structure, and design for the future
3)
development of an area in the context of a neighborhood or
community. To provide guidance on planning principles and
foresee the effects of planning, design, and management ideas on
natural and cultural systems on the site and the larger context. To
assist in developing an integrated solution that achieves
operational and economic goals while also considering
environmental, political, and community concerns.
xii. Place and locality To have a place-based approach and enrich a place that provides
contexts (2, 3, 4) economic opportunity, social cohesion, cultural identity, better
health, and well-being, with integrated climate resilience and a
nature-balanced setting. To partner with local communities and
stakeholders to develop the design, plans, and policy.
xiii. Special needs Consider and cater to special populations' needs, like the elderly,
design (2, 3) children, or disabled. To understand and offer a design solution
that follows the accessibility and safety regulations. To design
places that enable greater inclusion for the mixture of conditions
in the general population.
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Table 23, The Landscape Architecture knowledges and competencies: History and culture
C. History and culture
i. Cultural aspects To understand how the physical environment, built and natural,
and traditions (3, 4) in which people live, shapes and represents the way of life, ideas,
and customs. Respect and promote the existing cultural systems,
including the values, traditions, rituals, and history. To
appreciate what or how a landscape, built structure, symbol,
landmarks, or feature is associated with a person or event, and
best preserve, inherit, or adapt them. Such as landscapes with
fung shui woodland, cemeteries, native settlements, religious
places, markets, and gardens.
ii. Heritage landscape To identify and advise the overall preservation of historic
sites and landscape sites and inherent features. To consider the social and
preservation (1, 3, 4) cultural factors within and adjoining the heritage sites. To ensure
the proper retention, restoration, and care of the places,
including the necessary treatments and maintenance.
iii. History of To comprehend the origins and developments that formed the
landscape establishment of landscape architecture. How the Profession was
architecture (3) influenced by various societies, systems, projects, and cultures.
To discover and learn from accomplished theory, philosophy, or
historically reputable projects to inspire or aid the design of
current practices.
iv. Social context site To learn how past design would influence the social fabric, such
planning (3, 4) as how a place or service impacts collective activities, public
networking, community identity, social amenities, share spaces,
educational incentives, and personal belonging. To recognise the
principles of place design that are the stimulus and constraints
of particular social behaviours, like a public plaza develops
networking, or a fenceless border encourages exploration.
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illustration
D. Communication and illustration
i. Collaboration with To have continual interchanges with other construction industry

allied professions (1, professionals, like arborists, architects, contractors, engineers,
2, 3, 4)
horticulturalists, land surveyors, and planners. To be engaged in
an active dialogue with established professional connections and
a clear presence within the construction market. To work in
multi-disciplinary team with expertise gathered from various
professions for a project.
ii. Communication To communicate, define, organise, and outline an idea via verbal
and presentation (2, means. Use appropriate, clear, succinct verbal communication
3, 4)
for specific contexts and audiences. Capable of handling talks in
various circumstances, like negotiations, reporting, meetings,
coordination, or presentations.
iii. Digital To use computer software, equipment, sensors, and other tools
technologies (1, 2, 3, to support and enhance work processes. Such as the means of
4)
generating or handling construction drawings, graphic
visualisations, communications, photography, contract
administration, video documentation, record keeping, solving
complex problems, and storage of project archives or work
libraries.
iv. Graphic To express a design, study, or idea effectively in a graphical

presentations (2, 3) format, such as a sketch, diagram, plan, section, perspective,
axonometric, or model. To know the appropriate visual means to
communicate in different situations for both professional and lay
audiences. To effectively explain technical or complicated ideas
by producing visually appealing, accurate, and clear graphics.
v. Meeting Conduct project and public meetings, including the preparation

management (3) of meeting agendas and notes, as well as meeting facilitation. To
manage the stages and components of a meeting, to see a clear
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purpose and process of contribution by the various parties

attending. To effectively engage and influence stakeholders and
other professionals to exchange ideas, reach agreements, or
resolve conflicts.
vi. Reporting and Understands and develops the written documentation for
written documents different contexts, like project reports, submission documents,
(3, 4)
promotional materials, and monitoring reports. To utilise the
proper vocabulary or specific terminology in formal reports or
documentation.
vii. Review and Coordinate with colleagues, experts, and clients throughout the
critique (3) design creation and development process. Ability to critically
evaluate a piece of work or theory in detail and give constructive
praise or criticism on a particular design or idea. Familiar with
the necessary features for a well-built design and assessment
systematically, such as using the Vitruvian elements of firmitas,
utilitas, and venustas.
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and regulation
E. Assessments, policy, and regulation
i. Contribute to policy To influence and assist the development of guidelines,

and regulations (2, 3) standards, strategies, regulations, ordinances, and policies in
creating effective landscape environments of various scales for
the benefit of current and future generations. Assess, advise, or
determine any proposals for change affecting landscape works.
ii. Health and safety (3, Assuring and regulating a place’s design, construction, and use
4)
follow the health and safety regulations and laws while
considering the various concerns and effects that various distinct
circumstances have on different people. To assess, identify and
avoid potential risks or hazardous conditions.
iii. Landscape Prepare a formal study of an area relative to the landscape or

assessments and environmental features, characters, and systems. To conduct
evaluations (1, 2, 3, 4) quantitative and qualitative analysis to assess the natural and
cultural features of a place, supported by the field investigations
and detailed in written reports. To advise on the different types
of landscape studies, assessment guidelines, and potential
mitigation measures.
iv. Planning and To advise on landscape-related planning and development

development system legislation, regulations, guidelines, restrictions, processes, or
(1, 4)
procedures. To prepare and coordinate a design proposal for a
development application or plan amendment with the
landowner, project stakeholders, government authorities, and
related organizations.
v. Political and legal Understand and work within the legal systems, political parties,
framework (1, 2, 3) government bodies, and local organisations to produce research,
reports, plans, and projects. To obtain the approvals to deliver
projects that comply with regulations, legislation, and planning
procedures associated with landscape services, like land zoning,
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environment, accessibility, etc. Being informed and savvy of

emerging trends and the latest public policy.
vi. Research and To support and advance the landscape architecture academia
analysis (2, 3, 4) and research. To conduct research and analysis on landscapes,
such as how places work and look, their history and context, the
connections between people and places, movement and design,
ecological processes and the built fabric, natural capital, health
impact assessments, and the techniques for ensuring successful
places.
vii. Sustainability Understanding and advocating for long-term sustainability and

elements and resilience in the important areas of social, economic, and
construction environmental factors. To advise on landscape and built
practices (3, 4) environment projects to minimise the carbon footprint, reduce
energy requirements and attain sustainability certifications, like
BEAM Plus, BREEAM, LEED, SITES, and WELL.
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and construction administration
F. Contract preparation and construction administration
i. Closure process (1, 3) To collect, review, and advise on the close-out documents. To
conduct the post-construction evaluations to ensure the
construction work and deliverables are satisfactory and comply
with regulations. Present and transfer the close-out documents
and works to the client and address any feedback. To gather and
document the project takeaways for future reference.
ii. Contract To understand the needs of a construction contract and advise

administration (1, 2, 3) the appropriate form of contract and the associated documents.
To produce and administer a contract to be impartial and
effective. Ensure the contract is accurately completed and
controls the fee payments, work insurances, contract
instructions, design variations, practical completion, defects,
and certifications.
iii. Contract To assist in preparing the contract documentation, including the

documentation (1, 3, 4) articles of agreement, contract conditions, bills of quantities,
special provisions, work schedule, particular specifications,
working drawings, etc. To advise the project’s specification and
component types, including the details of materials, products,
and execution needs.
iv. Procurement and To advise on and implement the appropriate procurement

tender procedures (1, strategies and tender processes to select and appoint a
2, 3, 4)
contractor. To prepare or assist in forming the contract
documents, including the contract agreements, general
conditions, bid documents, performance bonds, project
insurances, construction drawings, and technical specifications.
v. Project management To monitor and manage throughout the project duration. Assess
(1, 2, 3)
the performance against the contract terms and maximise the
operation and financial performance. Identify and deal with
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conflicts, disputes, non-compliance, and risk developments.

Establish and encourage a healthy team with leadership and
effective delegation of responsibility.
vi. Quality control To have a comprehensive management and assessment process

procedures (1, 3) regarding the construction process, including the items such as
schedule, delivery, storage, testing, and assembly. To lead a site
management team to advise, supervise, record, and coordinate
with the site experts and workers. To control work procedures
and sequencing in a project to ensure a quality deliverable.
vii. Tendering process Organise and oversee the tender process, including the
management (1, 3) invitation, letting, submission, assessment, and selection. To
ensure the tender is a fair process with impartial evaluation of
all the tenderers. To evaluate the tenders, prepare assessment
reports, and provide expert advice to the client for selecting
contractors.
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and business management
G. Professional values and business management
i. Business practice To recognise the various forms of practice practitioners may

and organisation work in and what roles are associated when at the different
management (1, 2, 3) organisations. To apply management values and ideologies,
like leadership principles, management processes, company
objectives, and quality assurances. To know and arrange the
appropriate insurance for employers and the public.
ii. Continued To retain professional competence, knowledge, and relevance

professional through participating in lifelong learning in the landscape
development (1,2,3) architecture profession. To join in educational activities,
courses, seminars, training, workshops, tours, and visit
exhibitions. To contribute to a landscape-related public service
or organisation.
iii. Data security and To know and follows the legislation and regulation relating to
management (1, 2) obtaining, storing, using, or sharing data. Such as intellectual
property rights, copyright, personal data, and privacy
requirements. To practice the data management procedure and
ethical standards of the work organisation and local
professional institute.
iv. Interdisciplinary To effectively be in a group of various professionals to

collaboration (1, 2, 4) undertake a task or project. To develop and upkeep a positive
work relationship with the practitioners of different fields.
Come to a consensus or compromise where necessary, relative
to others’ professional judgement, to achieve the agreed
objectives.
v. Promotion and Plan, invest and publicise office marketing materials, such as a
consultancy company website, project sheet, job portfolio, social media, or
agreements (1, 3) newsletter. To meet and secure prospective clients and prepare
bids for consultancy work. To negotiate and arrange the
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agreements between clients and consultants; to settle the

contract parties, terms, duration, obligations, deliverables,
insurances, warranties, and fees. To assess and prepare contract
novation, changes, or additions.
vi. Leadership and Manage people and team development to optimise professional
management skills (2, growth and workplace productivity by devising clear functions,
3)
objectives, expectations, and processes. To provide the
necessary support, motivation, training, and limits to maximise
an organisation’s efficiency, contributions, and satisfaction. To
regularly review the organisation to improve service delivery
and performance.
vii. Professional conduct To comply with the local professional institute's professional
(1, 2, 3)
code of conduct, constitution, and the laws relating to
professional character and responsibility. To practice and
promote the professional and ethical values in the services
delivered and working relationships with clients, officials,
colleagues, and other workers.
viii. Public relations, Participating in knowledge exchange events to share landscape

outreach, and architectural experience and expertise with all the parties
knowledge exchange involved. To inform the public and other professionals about
(2, 3, 4)
the landscape architecture profession and to advocate for it.
Develop and maintain a professional network and relationships.
ix. Quality of landscape To assess and promote quality design and places that integrate
(2, 4)
function and identity whilst maximising land, water, drainage,
energy, community, economic, infrastructural, and other
resources. To use methods such as inter-disciplinary studies,
BIM process, or stakeholder workshops to improve the quality
of design and workflows.
x. Social responsibility, To recognise the social responsibility, consider all individuals

equality, and and the well-being of people, and design for the benefit of
diversity (2, 3, 4) society at large. To develop a culture that promotes equality of
opportunity for all in the landscape services and workplace. To
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support the principles of fairness and create a culture and

practice that recognises, respects, and values people's
differences for the greater good.
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Appendix B:
The Reserved Areas and Technical Framework
Gist ................................................................................................................................................ 77
Table 28, Ordinances of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region .......................................... 79
Table 29, Works Technical Circulars and Publications by Development Bureau (DevB) ........... 80
Table 30, Practice Notes by Lands Department (LandsD) ........................................................... 83
(ArchSD) ....................................................................................................................................... 83
(PlanD) ......................................................................................................................................... 84
Table 33, Guidelines and Guidance Notes by Town Planning Board (TPB) ............................... 85
Department (CEDD) ..................................................................................................................... 86
Table 35, Practice Notes and Guidelines of Greening, Landscape & Tree Management
Section (GLTMS) .......................................................................................................................... 87
Table 36, Technical Documents and Standards by Highways Department (HyD) ...................... 87
Table 37, Practice Notes, Advisory Notes, and Codes by Buildings Department (BD) ............... 88
(EPD) ............................................................................................................................................ 89
Table 39, Programmes and Facilities of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD) .... 89
Table 40, Standards and Guides of Water Supplies Department (WSD) ..................................... 89
Table 41, Resources and Standards by Housing Department (HD) ............................................. 89
Cover Page of Appendix B

Appendix B – The Reserved Areas and Technical Framework of Landscape Architecture
This section responds to the second objective: To study the responsibilities and requirements
of the Profession of Landscape Architecture in Hong Kong.
The Hong Kong landscape architecture profession is confined to work within the legal
systems, ordinances, regulations, technical circulars, guidelines, practice notes, and
associated documents. Within the numerous documents, there are only two reserved areas for
the Registered Landscape Architects (RLA). The reserved areas are 1) to administer
compliance with a Landscape Master Plan Clause under the Lease, and 2) to administer
compliance with a Tree Preservation Clause under the Lease. These are the responsibilities of
a Hong Kong RLA. The paragraphs from the documents that specify these are extracted here.
1.a. Paragraph 10(a) of the Practice Note Issue No. 1/2020 by the Lands
Administration Office in Lands Department:
Where there is a LMP clause in the Lease, the RLA shall be appointed to prepare and
submit the LMP or any subsequent amendments for LandsD’s approval. Where there
is a LP clause in the Lease, the appointment of a RLA for the preparation and
submission of LP or any subsequent amendments is optional. The LMP/ LP will be
processed by LandsD within 8 weeks from the date of receipt of a valid submission.
1.b. Paragraph 11(a) of the Practice Note Issue No. 1/2020 by the Lands
Administration Office in Lands Department:
Upon completion of the landscape works within lot in accordance with the approved
LMP, it is a mandatory requirement for the lot owner to appoint a RLA to prepare a
Self-Certification of Compliance (SCC) submission to DLO. The RLA is required to
report in Form 3 (Appendix to this PN) that the landscape works have been completed
in accordance with the approved LMP and submit together with a set of photographic
records in colour with date imprinted and a key plan based on the latest approved LMP
showing where and in which direction the photos were taken, together with a SCC
Form 4 (Appendix to this PN) and Owner’s statement Form 5 (Appendix to this PN) to
DLO for compliance with the landscape clause under Lease.
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2.a. Paragraph 5 of the Practice Note Issue No. 2/2020 by the Lands Administration
Office in Lands Department:
The RLA shall prepare and submit TPRP to District Lands Office (DLO) of LandsD.
TPRP should comprise a tree survey plan identifying all existing tree(s) within the
development site, a tree assessment schedule with justifications for tree felling,
pruning, transplanting, tree preservation/protection measures and a compensatory
planting proposal. Please refer to the Guidance Notes for the relevant information to be
provided in the submission of TPRP. Unless otherwise required, no less than two
copies of TPRP together with Form 1 (Appendix to this PN) shall be submitted to
DLO for consideration. Please refer to Figure A (Appendix to this PN) for Procedure
Flow Chart for Submission of TPRP. The processing time of TPRP will normally not
be more than 8 weeks from the date of receipt of a valid submission.
2.b. Paragraph 13 of the Practice Note Issue No. 2/2020 by the Lands Administration
Office in Lands Department:
To speed up the checking of completed TPRP within lot, it is a mandatory requirement

for the lot owner to appoint a RLA to prepare a Self-Certification of Compliance
(SCC) submission to DLO. The RLA shall inspect, check and certify whether the
works under TPRP has been satisfactorily completed. A report on the works completed
under TPRP within lot in Form 4 (Appendix to this PN) together with the RLA’s
certification in Form 5 (Appendix to this PN) and the owner’s statement in Form 6
(Appendix to this PN) are required to be submitted to DLO.
Further to the above Practice Notes, numerous other documents exist concerning how
Landscape Architects would practice. Various ordinances, regulations, guidelines, or
documents by Government organizations directly or covertly form the framework of the
Hong Kong landscape architecture profession, listed in Table 28 to Table 41. The lists of the
landscape-architecture-related documents are made to reference the many arenas affecting the
profession and are not considered all-inclusive. Beyond Government, other parties also
impact the profession like the non-governmental organisations, green groups, professional
and academic institutions. The provided data may likely evolve after being published.
Page 78
Table 28, Ordinances of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region

Cap. 28 Land (Miscellaneous Provisions) Cap. 403 Ozone Zone Layer Protection
Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 53 Antiquities and Monuments Ordinance Cap. 408 Architects Registration Ordinance
Cap. 59 Factories and Industrial Undertakings Cap. 409 Engineers Registration Ordinance
Ordinance Cap. 417 Surveyors Registration Ordinance
Cap. 59I Construction Site (Safety) Regulations Cap. 418 Planners Registration Ordinance
Cap. 71 Control of Exemption Clauses Cap. 446 Land Drainage Ordinance
Ordinance Cap. 458 Unconscionable Contracts Ordinance
Cap. 96 Forests and Countryside Ordinance Cap. 466 Dumping at Sea Ordinance
Cap. 102 Waterworks Ordinance Cap. 476 Marine Parks Ordinance
Cap. 123 Buildings Ordinance Cap. 499 Environmental Impact Assessment
Cap. 124 Lands Resumption Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 127 Foreshore and Sea-bed (Reclamations) Cap. 509 Occupational Safety and Health
Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 131 Town Planning Ordinance Cap. 516 Landscape Architects Registration
Cap. 133 Pesticides Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 170 Wild Animals Protection Ordinance Cap. 528 Copyright Ordinance
Cap. 207 Plant (Importation and Pest Control) Cap. 531 Protection of the Harbour Ordinance
Ordinance Cap. 556 Mass Transit Railway Ordinance
Cap. 208 Country Parks Ordinance Cap. 586 Protection of Endangered Species of
Cap. 301 Hong Kong Airport (Control of Animals and Plants Ordinance
Obstructions) Ordinance Cap. 595 Hazardous Chemicals Control
Cap. 310 Business Registration Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 311 Air Pollution Control Ordinance Cap. 1105 The Hong Kong Institution of
Cap. 314 Occupiers Liability Ordinance Engineers Ordinance
Cap. 354 Waste Disposal Ordinance Cap. 1147 The Hong Kong Institute of Architects
Cap. 358 Water Pollution Control Ordinance Incorporation Ordinance
Cap. 370 Roads (Works, Use and Compensation) Cap. 1148 The Hong Kong Institute of Surveyors
Ordinance Ordinance
Cap. 372 Kowloon-Canton Railway Corporation Cap. 1153 The Hong Kong Institute of Planners
Ordinance Incorporation Ordinance
Cap. 374 Road Traffic Ordinance Cap. 1162 The Hong Kong Institute of Landscape
Cap. 347 Limitation Ordinance Architects Incorporation Ordinance
Cap. 400 Noise Control Ordinance
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Table 29, Works Technical Circulars and Publications by Development Bureau (DevB)
PWD 39/1973 Preparation of Tender Ecological Mitigation
Documents Measures
PWD 11/1976 Sale of Plans to Tenderers for WBTC 13/1997A Revised Administrative
P.W.D. Projects Arrangements for Reclamation
LWBTC 26/1985 Provision of Land for Works (PELBTC No. 3/97)
Government Projects or use WBTC 04/1998A Use of Public Fill in
LWBTC 04/1986 Hong Kong 1980 Geodetic Reclamation and Earth Filling
Datum Projects
LWBTC 07/1987 Minimum Amount of an WBTC 02/1993B Public Filling Facilities
Interim Payment WBTC 19/1993 Filing Practice for Works-
LWBTC 15/1988 Street Widening - Procedures Contracts
for Approval and Land WBTC 07/1988 Management of Multi-
Acquisition disciplinary Projects
LWBTC 16/1988 Sub-contract Articles of WBTC 19/1999 Contractual and Financial
Agreement and Conditions for Procedures for Determination
Building Works and Civil of the Contractor's
Engineering Works Employment
WBTC 06/1990 Greenhouse Effect - Allowance WBTC 12/2000 Fill Management
in Design WBTC 16/2000 Provision and Collation of
WBTC 03/1992 Abatement of Sanitary Land Survey and Mapping
Nuisance from Defective Data
Drains and Sewers in Private WBTC 18/2000 Works Bureau Library of
Streets and Service Lanes Standard Special Conditions of
WBTC 10/1992 Provision of Refuse Contract for use with G.C.C.
Containment Booms in for Building works, Civil
Reclamation Contracts Engineering Works and
Involving Public Dumping Electrical & Mechanical
WBTC 04/1992 Pre and Post Tender Meetings Engineering Works 1999
WBTC 28/1992 Damage of Crops and Property Editions
on Agricultural Lands WBTC 19/2000 General Conditions of Contract
WBTC 02/1993 Public Dumps for Building Works, 1999
WBTC 25/1993 Control of Visual Impact of Edition, General Conditions of
Slopes Contract for Electrical &
WBTC 25/1994 Standard Form of Domestic Mechanical Engineering
Sub-contract (for specialist Works 1999 Editions
works) WBTC 20/2000 General Conditions of Contract
WBTC 10/1995 Importation of Sand from the for Civil Engineering Works,
People's Republic of China by 1999 Edition
Barges WBTC 19/2001 Metallic Site Hoardings and
WBTC 11/1995 Construction Site Safety Signboards
Manual WBTC 09/2001A Procedures for Gazetting under
WBTC 19/1995 Land and Engineering Survey the Foreshore and Sea-bed
Board (Reclamations) Ordinance
WBTC 10/1995 Importation of Sand from the WBTC 12/2002 Specifications Facilitating the
People's Republic of China by Use of Recycled Aggregates
Barges WBTC 26/2002 Special Conditions of Contract
WBTC 16/1996 Wet Soil in Public Dumps for Use in Mega Project
WBTC 04/1997 Guidelines for Implementing Contracts
the Policy on Off-site
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TCW 38/2002A Computer-Aided-Drafting TCW 05/2005 Protection of natural

Standard for Works Project streams/rivers from adverse
TCW 34/2002 Management of impacts arising from
Dredged/Excavated Sediment construction works
TCW 04/2003 Assessment of Liquidated TCW 19/2005 Environmental Management on
Damages Construction Sites
TCW 07/2003A Provision of Electronic TCW 02/2006 Drainage Impact Assessment
Version of Layout Plans to Process for Public Sector
Utility Undertakings Projects
TCW 13/2003A Guidelines and Procedures for JTC 01/2006 Air Ventilation Assessments
Environmental Impact TCW 04/2006 Delivery of Capital Works
Assessment of Government Projects
Projects and Proposals TCW 03/2007A Contractors' Performance
Planning for Provision of Index System
Noise Barriers TCW 03/2009 Regulating Action against
TCW 14/2003 Role of Departmental Safety Contractors for Occurrence of
and Environmental Advisor on a Serious Incident or
Health, Safety and Conviction for Site Safety or
Environmental Protection on Environmental Offences
Construction Sites TCW 06/2010 Trip Ticket System for
TCW 22/2003A Additional Measures to Disposal of Construction &
Improve Site Cleanliness and Demolition Materials
Control Mosquito Breeding on TCW 08/2010 Enhanced Specification for
Construction Sites Site Cleanliness and Tidiness
TCW 27/2003 Land Acquisition Prioritization TCW 02/2011 Encouraging the Use of
Exercise Recycled and other Green
TCW 29/2003 Confidentiality clauses in Materials in Public Works
works contracts and Projects
consultancy agreements TCW 06/2011 Maintenance of Man-made
TCW 14/2004 Maintenance of Stormwater Slopes and Emergency Works
Drainage Systems and Natural to Deal with Landslides
Watercourses TCW 07/2011 Natural Disaster Emergency
TCW 17/2004 Impossibility/Unforeseen Organization Responsibilities
Ground Conditions/Utility of the Development Bureau
Interference and the Transport and Housing
TCW 24/2004 Specification Facilitating the Bureau Groups of Departments
Use of Concrete Paving Units TCW 09/2011 Enhanced Control Measures
Made of Recycled Aggregates for Management of Public Fill
TCW 32/2004 Reference Guide on Selection TCW 02/2012 Allocation of Space for Quality
of Procurement Approach and Greening on Roads
Project Delivery Techniques TCW 03/2012 Site Coverage of Greenery for
JTC 01/2004 Protection of the Harbour Government Building Projects
Ordinance TCW 02/2014 Tender Procedures for
TCW 03/2004A Ethical Commitment by Procurement governed by the
Consultants and Contractors Agreement on Government
TCW 06/2004 General Conditions of Contract Procurement of the World
for Term Contracts for Trade Organization
Building Works, 2004 Edition TCW 03/2014 Contractors' Designs and
TCW 24/2004 Specification Facilitating the Alternative Designs
Use of Concrete Paving Units TCW 04/2014A Tender Evaluation Methods for
Made of Recycled Aggregates Works Contracts
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TCW 01/2015 Emissions Control of Non-road TCW 13/2020 Timely Application of

Mobile Machinery in Capital Temporary Electricity and
Works Contracts of Public Water Supply for Public Works
Works Contracts and Wider Use of
TCW 02/2015 Green Government Buildings Electric Vehicles in Public
TCW 04/2015 Administrative Procedures Works Contracts
2015 for Use with the TCW 11/2020 Sustainable Site
Government of the Hong Kong Accommodation
Special Administrative Region TCW 02/2021 Adoption of Building
- General Conditions of Information Modelling for
Contract for Design and Build Capital Works Projects in
Contracts 1999 Edition Hong Kong
TCW 05/2015 Prequalification of Tenderers TCW 08/2021 Building Information
for Public Works Contracts Modelling Harmonisation
TCW 06/2015 Maintenance of Vegetation and Guidelines for Capital Works
Hard Landscape Features Projects in Hong Kong
TCW 05/2016 Practice Notes for New TCW 01/2022 Heritage Impact Assessment
Engineering Contract (NEC) - Mechanism for Capital Works
Engineering and Construction Projects
Contract (ECC) for Public - The Guidelines for the Implementation of the
Works Projects in Hong Kong New Policy on Selection, Appointment and
TCW 02/2017 Practice Notes for New Management of Consultants under the purview
Engineering Contract (NEC) - of EACSB
Term Service Contract (TSC) - Practice Notes for New Engineering Contract
for Public Works Projects in (NEC) - Professional Services Contract (PSC)
Hong Kong for Public Works Projects in Hong Kong
TCW 05/2017 Community Involvement in - Management The Guidelines for the
Planting Works Implementation of the New Policy on
TCW 08/2017 Rock Cavern Development Selection, Appointment and Management of
TCW 01/2018 Soft Landscape Provisions for Consultants under the purview of EACSB
Highway Structures - Practice Notes for New Engineering Contract
TCW 08/2018 Use of Manufactured Sand in (NEC) - Professional Services Contract (PSC)
Public Works Contracts for Public Works Projects in Hong Kong
TCW 03/2019 Village Resite and Expansion - Management Handbook for Direct
Areas Schedule of Employment of Resident Site Staff by
Maintenance and Repair Consultants for Public Works Projects
Responsibilities - General Conditions of Employment of
TCW 05/2019 Preservation of Survey Engineering and Associated Consultants for a
Monuments and Marks Design and Construction Assignment
TCW 02/2022 Modular Integrated - General Conditions of Employment of
Construction (MiC) Engineering and Associated Consultants for a
TCW 03/2020 Digital Works Supervision Feasibility Assignment
System - General Conditions of Employment of
TCW 04/2020 Tree Preservation Engineering and Associated Consultants for an
TCW 05/2020 Registration and Preservation Investigation Assignment
of Old and Valuable Trees - Handbook for Direct Employment of Resident
TCW 09/2020 Blue-Green Drainage Site Staff by Consultants for Public Works
Infrastructure Projects
Page 82
Table 30, Practice Notes by Lands Department (LandsD)

LAO PN 1/1991 Master Layout Plans LAO PN 4/2018 Streamlined Building Plans
LAO PN 3/1994 Processing of Master Layout Checking Process
Plan Submissions under Leases LAO PN 8/2000 Checklist for Issue of
LAO PN 6/1996 Processing of Master Layout Certificate of Compliance
Plan Submissions under Leases LAO PN 9/2000 Offer and Acceptance of Terms
– Amendment Submissions for Lease Modifications, Land
LOA PN 4/2000B Recreational Facilities in Exchanges, Private Treaty
Domestic Development Grants and other Land
LAO PN 5/2002 Processing Time for Master Transactions
Layout Plan, General Building LAO PN 2/2002 Processing of Plans
Plan and Landscaping Plan Submission before Completion
LAO PN 7/2006 Processing of General Building of Land Exchange or Lease
Plan Submissions Modification
LAO PN 4/2006 Car Parking Requirement in LAO PN 1/2020A Compliance of Landscape
Special Conditions for Clause under Lease
Residential Developments LAO PN 2/2020A Tree Preservation and Removal
LAO PN 4/2014 Accountable and Non- Proposal for Building
accountable Gross Floor Area Development in Private
(GFA) under Lease Projects Compliance of Tree
LAO PN 2/2018 Processing of General Building Preservation Clause under
Plans under Lease Lease
LAO PN 3/2018 Building Plan Submissions Use LAO PN 4/2021 Approval or Consent under
of Computer for Mathematical Lease
Calculation of Areas

(ArchSD)
- Architectural Standard Drawings - Universal Accessibility for External Areas,
- Building Services Tender Price Index Open Spaces and Green Spaces
- Building Works Tender Price Index - Standard on Universal Accessibility (UA)
- Elderly-friendly Design Guidelines Provisions
- General Specification for Building - Standard Method of Measurement for Building
- Guidelines for Precautionary Works for Elements
Protection of Wild Birds and Nests at External - Schedule of Rates for Term Contracts for
Façades of Buildings or Building Sites Building Works
- Model Bill of Quantities for Building Works - Architectural and Associated Consultants
- Universal Accessibility Best Practices and Selection Board (AACSB) Handbook
Guidelines
Page 83
(PlanD)
PNAP 2/2005 Measures to Speed Up the Impacts of Small-scale Utility
Approval Process for Post- Installations
application Submissions and PNAP 1/2019 Processing and Compliance
Development Proposals Checking of Landscape
PNAP 4/2005 Guidelines for Enquiries on Submissions Related to Planning
Development Submissions to the Applications
Town Planning Board PNAP 1/2022 Requirements and Compliance
PNAP 5/2005 Basis for Determining Class A Checking of Site Reinstatement
and Class B Amendments Under related to Planning Applications
Section 16A of Town Planning BD, LD, PD JPN1 Green and Innovative
Ordinance Buildings
PNAP 1/2006 District Planning Conference BD, LD, PD JPN2 Second Package of
(DipCon) Incentives to Promote Green and
PNAP 2/2006 Application for Amendments to Innovative Buildings
Approved Development BD, LD, PD JPN3 Landscape and Site
Proposal Coverage of Greenery
PNAP 3/2006 Landscape Treatment and/or BD, LD, PD JPN4 Development Control
Other Measures for Mitigating Parameters
the Landscape and Visual
- Hong Kong Planning Standards and
Guidelines
Page 84
Table 33, Guidelines and Guidance Notes by Town Planning Board (TPB)
TPG PG-No 8 Application for Underground Permission and Review and
Development of Submission of Comments on
Commercial/Car Parking Various Applications
Facilities beneath Open Space, TPB PG-No 36B Class A and Class B
Government, Institution or Amendments to Approved
Community Zones and Road Development Proposals
under Section 16 of the Town TPB PG-No 39 Consultation With District
Planning Ordinance Councils On Planning Briefs
TPG PG-No 10 Application for Development TPB PG-No 41 Guidelines on submissions of
within Green Belt Zone under Visual Impact Assessment for
Section 16 of the Town Planning Applications to the
Planning Ordinance Town Planning Board
TPB PG-No 15A Application for Eating Place - Guidance Notes on Application for
within "Village Type Amendment of Plan under Section 12A
Development" Zone in Rural - Guidance Notes on Application for Permission
Areas under Section 16 of the under Section 16
Town Planning Ordinance - Guidance Notes on Application for
TPB PG-No 17A Designation of Amendment of Permission under Section
"Comprehensive Development 16A(2)
Area" ("CDA") Zones and - Guidance Notes on Electronic Submission for
Monitoring the Progress of Applications under the Town Planning
"CDA" Developments Ordinance and the Submission of Further
TPB PG-No 18 Submission of Master Layout Information
Plan under Section 4A(2) of - Master Schedule of Notes to Statutory Plans
the Town Planning Ordinance - Technical Notes on Submission and
TPB PG-No 20 Compliance of Approval Implementation of Landscape Proposal for
Conditions Compliance with Conditions for Approved
TPB PG-No 24C Interpretation of Existing Use Applications for Open Storage and Port Back-
in the Urban and New Town up Uses under Section 16 of the Town
Areas Planning Ordinance
TPB PG-No 26A Lapsing of Planning - Procedure and Practice of the Town Planning
Permissions Board
TPB PG-No 27 Submission of Concept Plan in
support of Section 16
Application
TPB PG-No 30B Publication of Applications for
Amendment of Plan, Planning
Page 85
Department (CEDD)
TC 45/2004 Submission of Major Feasibility - Greening Master Plans for Urban Areas,
Study Findings and including Tsim Sha Tsui, Central, Mong Kok,
Recommendations to Committee Yau Ma Tei, Sheung Wan, Wan Chai,
on Planning and Land Causeway Bay, Western District, Southern
Development District, Eastern District, Sham Shui Po,
TC 05/2011 Submission to Public Works Kowloon City, Wong Tai Sin, and Kwun
Subcommittee and Preparation Tong
of Policy Committee/Executive - Greening Master Plans for New Territories
Council Papers and Legislative including Shatin, Sai Kung, Tuen Mun, Yuen
Council Briefs Long, Tsuen Wan, Kwai Tsing, Islands
TC 02/2015 Procurement and Administration Districts, Tai Po, and North District
of Environmental Consultants - Guide to Rock and Soil Descriptions
for Works Contracts - CEDD Standard Drawing
TC 04/2017 Civil Engineering Library - Engineering & Associated Consultants
(General Library) Selection Board (EACSB) Handbook
TC 05/2017 Simplified Tendering - Guidelines for Natural Terrain Hazard
Arrangement for Works Contract Studies, Second Edition (2016)
Not Exceeding $55 Million - Site Characterisation Study - Phases 1 and 2
TC 06/2017 Procedures for Acquisition of (1999)
Digital Map from Land - Soil Moisture Conditions in Vegetated Cut
Information Centre, Survey and Slopes and Possible Implications for Stability
Mapping Office, Lands (2003)
Department - Planting Trial at Yuen Tun and Performance
TC 04/2019 Civil Engineering and Assessment of Vegetation Species on 44
Development Department Man-Made Slopes (2009)
Library of Standard Special - Study on the Landscape Treatment for
Conditions of Contract for Use Debris-resisting Barriers (2010)
with General Conditions of - Study on Masonry Walls with Trees (2011)
Contract for Term Contracts for - Study on the Application of Various
Civil Engineering Works (2002 Vegetation Species for Landscaping of Man-
Edition) made Slopes in Hong Kong (2011)
TC 07/2019 Ordering of Variations, Increase - List of Consultants of Engineering &
in Contract Sum and Related Associated Consultants Selection Board
Authorities in Works Contracts (EACSB) – Environmental (EP)
TC 12/2019 Guidelines for Making - Review of Granular and Geotextile Filters
Submissions to the Advisory - Engineering Geological Practice in Hong
Committee on the Appearance of Kong
Bridges and Associated - Prescriptive Measures for Man-made Slopes
Structures and Retaining Walls
TC 06/2020 Reporting of Incidents on CEDD - Technical Guidelines on Landscape
Works Sites Treatment for Slopes
TC 07/2020 Tree Works Vetting Panels - Ten Treasure Troves, STEM publications
- Application of Prescriptive Measures to Soil
Cut Slopes (1996)
- General Specification for Civil Engineering
Works
Page 86
Table 35, Practice Notes and Guidelines of Greening, Landscape & Tree Management
Section (GLTMS)
- Tree Management Practice Note No.1: Tree - Proper Planting Practices, Provide Sufficient
Preservation During Construction Growing Space Between Trees and Adjacent
- Tree Management Practice Note No.2: Key Buildings/Structures
Steps in Tree Risk Management in Private - Proper Planting Practices, Select and Plant
Properties Good Specimens
- Tree Management Practice Note No.3: Tree - Proper Planting Practices, Staking and Guying
Pruning of Trees
- Tree Management Practice Note No.4: - Street Tree Selection Guide and Full Report
Management of Brown Root Rot Disease - Explanatory Notes to Tolerance and Feature
Infected Tree (for Common Tree in Urban Environment of
- Guiding Principles on Use of Native Plant Hong Kong)
Species in Public Works Projects - Pictorial Guide to Plant Resources for Skyrise
- Guidelines on Greening of Noise Barriers Greenery in Hong Kong
- Proper Planting Practices, Design For Tree - Little Professor Tree Activity Sheets
Protection Zone - Greening, Landscape and Tree Management
- Proper Planting Practices, Keep Sufficient Teaching Kit
Space Clear of Vegetation at the Base of Trees - Tree Care Book
- Proper Planting Practices, Do Not Plant Too - Register of Old and Valuable Trees
Deep
- Proper Planting Practices, Provide Adequate
Growing Space For Future Growth Of Canopy
Table 36, Technical Documents and Standards by Highways Department (HyD)

HyDTC 3/99 Design and Maintenance of - Highways Department Standard Drawings
Private streets - Structures Standard Drawings
HyDTC 5/99 Use of Non-Standard Pavings on - Lighting Division Standard Drawings
Public Footways - Requirements for Handover of Vegetation to
HyDTC 7/2002 Administration of Design and Highways Department
Build Contracts - Research and Development, Low Noise Road
HyDTC 12/2009 Expressway Legislation Surfacing Materials
HyDTC 2/2015 Highways Standard Drawings - Research and Development, Rubberized
HyDTC 3/2015 Administrative Protection for Bituminous Pavement Materials
Proposed Railway Routes - Research and Development, Eco-Paver
HyDTC 2/2017 Guidelines for the Provision and - Research and Development, Self-Compacting
Design of Pedestrian Railings Backfilling Materials
RD/GN/012 Soil Test for Pavement Design - Research and Development, Road Safety
RD/GN/040 Guidelines for Design of End- Enhancement
details of Thrie-beam Barrier - Research and Development, More Durable
Fence Bituminous Material
RD/GN/042 Pavement Design for - Stonewall Tree Management
Carriageway Construction - Succeed Sustain Slopescape, Phased
RD/GN/043 Subsoil Drainage for Road Replacement of Senescent Acacia
Pavements
RD/GN/044B Guidance Notes on Design and
Construction of Pavements with
Paving Units
- Register of Stone Wall Trees
Page 87
Table 37, Practice Notes, Advisory Notes, and Codes by Buildings Department (BD)
ADV-4 Control of Environmental APP-128 Geotechnical Design
Nuisance from Construction Information
Sites APP-132 Site Coverage and Open Space
ADV-5 Tropical Hardwood TimberMore Provision
ADV-19 Construction and Demolition APP-133 Cast Iron Pipes for Drainage
WasteMore Works
ADV-22 Felling or Transplanting of Trees APP-144 Design and Construction of Run-
ADV-23 Improvement of Visual in and Run-out on Public Road
Appearance and Landscape APP-146 Large Metal Gates
Treatment for Man-made Slopes APP-151 Building Design to Foster a
and Retaining Walls Quality and Sustainable Built
ADV-27 Protection of Natural Streams / Environment
Rivers from Adverse Impacts APP-152 Sustainable Building Design
arising from Construction Works Guidelines
ADV-29 Construction Site Safety - Pay APP-157 Code of Practice for Site
for Safety Scheme Supervision 2009
ADV-33 Essential Information in Plan APP-166 Metal Grille and Louvre
Submissions - Areas within private properties dedicated
ADV-34 Building Information Modelling for public use
ADV-35 Greening in Buildings - Code of Practice for the Provision of
ADV-36 Modular Integrated Construction Means of Escape in Case of Fire 1996
APP-9 Country Parks Ordinance, Cap. - Code of Practice for the Provision of
208 - Buildings Ordinance Means of Access for Firefighting and Rescue 2004
section 16(1)(d) - Code of Practice for Site Supervision
APP-11 Street Improvement Schemes - 2009
Submission of Building Plans in - Code of Practice for the Structural Use of
respect of Lots affected thereby Steel 2011
APP-44 Streets in relation to Site Area - - Code of Practice on Wind Effects in Hong
Building (Planning) Regulation Kong 2019
23(2)(a) - Correct Installation of Solar Photovoltaic
APP-104 Exclusion of Floor Areas for (PV) System
Recreational Use - Design Manual - Barrier Free Access
APP-111 Design of Car Parks and 2008
Loading / Unloading Facilities - Introductory Guide on Greening in
APP-122 Provision of Sky Garden in Buildings
Refuge Floor - Background Information on Provision of
APP-124 Streets for Site Classification Public Facilities within Private Developments
APP-125 External Area and Floor - Precautionary measures for Public and
Adjoining External Ground or Buildings Safety during Typhoon Season
Roof
Page 88

(EPD)
ETWB 13/2003 Guidelines and Procedures for Under the Environmental Impact
Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance
Assessment of Government GN 10/2010 Methodologies for Terrestrial
Projects and Proposals and Freshwater Ecological
GN 1/2010 Basic Principles of the Baseline Surveys
Environmental Impact GN 14/2010 Fees and Submissions for EIAO
Assessment Process Applications
GN 3/2010 Flexibility and Enforceability of - A Guide to the Environmental Impact
Mitigation Measures Proposed in Assessment Ordinance
an Environmental Impact - Examples of Environmentally Friendly
Assessment Report Drainage Channel Designs Arising from
GN 5/2010 Implementation Schedule for Environmental Impact Assessments
Mitigation Measures arising - General Notes for Applications under
from the Environmental Impact Environmental Impact Assessment Ordinance
Assessment Process - Technical Memorandum on Environmental
GN 7/2010 Ecological Baseline Survey for Impact Assessment Process
Ecological Assessment - Recommended Pollution Control Clauses for
GN 8/2010 Preparation of Landscape And Construction Contracts
Visual Impact Assessment
Table 39, Programmes and Facilities of Leisure and Cultural Services Department (LCSD)
- Community Involvement Programmes - List of Facilities and Venues of Parks, Zoos,
- Educational Programmes Gardens, Aquatics Facilities, Facilities for
- Greening School Handbook Children, Land Sports Facilities, Performance
- Green Education and Resource Centre Venues, Barbecue sites, Open-air theatre, and
- Blossoms Around Town others
Table 40, Standards and Guides of Water Supplies Department (WSD)

- WSD Standard Drawings - Technical Specifications on Grey Water Reuse
- WSD Mechanical & Electrical Standard and Rainwater Harvesting
Specifications - Particular Guidelines and Examples of
- Manual of Mainlaying Practice Recommended Applications of Water
- Manual for Structural Design of Waterworks Saving/Water-efficient Devices to be used in
Structures Government Projects
Table 41, Resources and Standards by Housing Department (HD)

- Hong Kong Housing Authority Specification - Green Living (HKHA green concepts in PRH)
Library - Consultant and Professional Services
- Building Information Modelling (BIM) - Provider (PSP) Handbook for Works Related
standards Services
- General Conditions of Contract for Capital
Works
- Prefabrication in Housing Blocks
Page 89
Appendix C:
The Reserved Areas and Technical Framework
Table 42, The crossed responses of Age and Gender .............................................................. 91

Table 43, The crossed responses of Age and Office whereabouts (with nil removed) ............ 91
Table 44, The crossed responses of Age and Project types (Multi answers) ........................... 91
Table 45, The crossed responses of Age and Salary ................................................................ 92
Table 46, The crossed responses of Gender and Education .................................................... 92
Table 47, The crossed responses of Gender and Membership (Multi answers) ...................... 92
Table 48, The crossed responses of Gender and Workplace ................................................... 92
Table 49, The crossed responses of Gender and Project types (Multi answers) ..................... 93
Table 50, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Education ................................. 93
Table 51, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Workplace ................................ 94
Table 52, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA at office ............................ 94
Table 53, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA (Multi answers) ............... 95
Table 54, The crossed responses of Education and Workplace............................................... 95
Table 55, The crossed responses of Education and Project types (Multi answers) ................ 96
Table 56, The crossed responses of Education and Job titles (Multi answers) ....................... 96
Table 57, The crossed responses of Education and RLA (Multi answers) .............................. 97
Table 58, The crossed responses of Workplace and Age ......................................................... 97
Table 59, The crossed responses of Workplace and Membership (Multi answers)................. 97
Table 60, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA at office .......................................... 98
Table 61, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA (Multi answers) ............................. 98
Table 62, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Work location .................................... 98
Table 63, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Workplace .......................................... 99
Table 64, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Project types (Multi answers) ............ 99
Table 65, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Salary ............................................... 100
Table 66, The crossed responses of Project types and Age (Multi answers) ......................... 100
Table 67, The crossed responses of Project types and Workplace (Multi answers).............. 101
Table 68, The crossed responses of Project types and Salary (Multi answers) .................... 102
Table 69, The crossed responses of Job title and Age (Multi answers) ................................. 102
Table 70, The crossed responses of Job title and Work location (Multi answers) ................ 103
Table 71, The crossed responses of Job title and Workplace (Multi answers)...................... 103
Table 72, The crossed responses of Job title and RLA (Multi answers) ................................ 104
Table 73, The crossed responses of Salary and Age .............................................................. 104
Table 74, The crossed responses of Salary and Education ................................................... 104
Table 75, The crossed responses of Salary and Membership (Multi answers) ..................... 105
Table 76, The crossed responses of Salary and Workplace................................................... 105
Table 77, The crossed responses of Salary and RLA (Multi answers) .................................. 105
Table 78, The crossed responses of RLA and Age (Multi answers)....................................... 106
Table 79, The crossed responses of RLA and Gender (Multi answers) ................................. 106
Table 80, The crossed responses of RLA and Education (Multi answers) ............................ 106
Table 81, The crossed responses of RLA and Workplace (Multi answers) ........................... 106
Cover Page of Appendix C

Appendix C – The Additional Tables from the Questionnaire Survey Assessment
Table 42, The crossed responses of Age and Gender

Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-55 55-65 65+ PNTS
Gender
Man 1 4 10 7 4 2
Woman 7 7 5 3 1
PNTS 1
Table 43, The crossed responses of Age and Office whereabouts (with nil removed)
Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-55 55-65 65+ PNTS
Office whereabouts
Central & Western district 2 4 1 1
Islands district 1 3 4 2 2
Kowloon City district 2 1 1
Kwun Tong district 4 1 3 1
North district 1
Sai Kung district 1
Sha Tin district 1
Tsuen Wan district 1 1
Wan Chai district 1 2 2 2 1
Yau Tsim Mong district 1 1 1
Yuen Long district 1
PNTS 2
Table 44, The crossed responses of Age and Project types (Multi answers)
Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-55 55-65 65+ PNTS
Project types
Civil engineering projects 1
Commercial, industrial, & 1 3 6 6 1 2
cooperate
Community & multifamily 1 5 10 6 3 2
housing
Conservation, reclamation, 6 4 1 1
sustainable
Education: landscape 1
representation
Institutional 1 3 6 3 1 2 1
International 1 3 2 1 1
Landscape art 1 4 1
Parks & outdoor recreation 1 3 13 8 3 2
Planning 2 7 3 2 1
Preservation & restoration 2 4 3 2
Private building in private 1
lots
Road beautification 4 9 9 3 1
Small residential 1 1 2 2 1
Vegetation maintenance 1
Page 91
Table 45, The crossed responses of Age and Salary

Age 18-24 25-34 35-44 45-55 55-65 65+ PNTS
Salary
Less than $25,000 1 2
$25,000 to $34,999 5 3
$35,000 to $49,999 1 1 2 1
$50,000 to $74,999 3 5 1
$75,000 to $99,999 4 1 2 1
$100,000 to $149,999 2 3 4
$150,000 or more 1 1 1
PNTS 2 5
Table 46, The crossed responses of Gender and Education

Gender 18-24 25-34 PNTS
Education
Certificate / diploma
program 1
Bachelor degree 9 9
Master degree 17 12
Above Masters 2 1
PNTS 1
Table 47, The crossed responses of Gender and Membership (Multi answers)
Membership
None 1 2
HKILA 27 16 1
LARB 16 7 1
HKIP 1
HKIUD 2 2
Oversea 1 2
Non-LA 1 2
Table 48, The crossed responses of Gender and Workplace

Workplace
Academic institution 3 1
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 4 3
Engineers 1
Not working now 1
Private practice 9 10
Public practice 9 9 1
Page 92
Table 49, The crossed responses of Gender and Project types (Multi answers)
Project types
Commercial, industrial, &
cooperate development 11 8
Community & multifamily
housing 14 13
Conservation, reclamation,
sustainable 6 6
Education: Primarily
landscape representation,
planting, & landscape
technology 1
Institutional 9 8
International 3 5
Landscape art 4 2
Parks & outdoor recreation 17 12 1
Planning 7 8
Preservation & restoration 4 7
Private building
developments in private lots 1
Road beautification 14 11 1
Small residential 6 1
Table 50, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Education

Office whereabouts
Central and Western District
Islands District
Kowloon City District
North District
Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
Yau Tsim Mong District
PNTS
Kwun Tong District
Tsuen Wan District
Wan Chai District
Yuen Long District
Education
program 1
Bachelor degree 3 4 2 1 1 6 1
Master degree 4 7 2 7 1 1 1 1 2 2 1
Above Masters 1 1 1
PNTS 1
Page 93
Table 51, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and Workplace

Office whereabouts
Islands District
North District
Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
PNTS
Kwun Tong District
Tsuen Wan District
Wan Chai District
Yuen Long District

Workplace
Academic institution 1 1 1 1
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 4 1 1 1
Engineers 1
Not working now 1
Private practice 7 1 1 1 7 1 1
Public practice 3 2 3 7 2 1 1
Table 52, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA at office
Office whereabouts
Islands District
North District
Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
PNTS
Kwun Tong District
Tsuen Wan District
Wan Chai District
Yuen Long District
RLA at office
None 1 1 2 1 1 1
1 3 3 1 1
2 2 2 1 1 1
3-5 1 2 1 2 2
6-10 2 1 4
11 or more 3 2 6 2 1 1
Page 94
Table 53, The crossed responses of Office whereabouts and RLA (Multi answers)
Office whereabouts
Islands District
North District
Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
PNTS
Kwun Tong District
Tsuen Wan District
Wan Chai District
Yuen Long District

RLA
NA 2 3 2 5 1 1 4 1 2
AUS 1
HK 5 9 2 4 1 2 4 1 1
UK 1 1
CAN 1 1
Table 54, The crossed responses of Education and Workplace

Education
Certificate /
PNTS
Master degree
Bachelor degree
Above Masters
diploma program
Workplace
Academic institution 1 2 1
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 1 3 3
Engineers 1
Not working now 1
Private practice 10 8 1
Public practice 4 13 1 1
Page 95
Table 55, The crossed responses of Education and Project types (Multi answers)
Education
Certificate /
PNTS
Master degree
Bachelor degree
Above Masters
diploma program
Project types
cooperate development 1 7 10 1
housing 1 11 13 2
sustainable 4 6 2
technology 1
Institutional 10 6 1
International 3 4 1
Landscape art 6
Parks & outdoor recreation 11 16 2 1
Planning 3 9 3
Preservation & restoration 3 8
Private building
Road beautification 7 17 1 1
Small residential 4 2 1
Table 56, The crossed responses of Education and Job titles (Multi answers)
Education
Certificate /
PNTS
Master degree
Bachelor degree
Above Masters
diploma program
Job titles
Landscape contractor 1
Landscape designer 1 4 5 1
Landscape planner 1 1
Landscape project manager 5 9 1
Landscape architect 10 19 1 1
Landscape director 3 2
Landscape professor 1 3 1
Page 96
Table 57, The crossed responses of Education and RLA (Multi answers)
Education
Certificate /
PNTS
Master degree
Bachelor degree
Above Masters
diploma program
RLA
NA 1 6 13 1
AUS 1
HK 11 16 1 1
UK 1 1
CAN 2
Table 58, The crossed responses of Workplace and Age

Workplace
institution
Academic
Engineers
Public
now
Corporate
Private
Not working
practice
practice
practice
Contractor
Age
18-24 1
25-34 1 4 6
35-44 2 2 7 5 1
45-55 1 3 1 4 4
55-65 1 1 1 4
65+ 2
PNTS 1
Table 59, The crossed responses of Workplace and Membership (Multi answers)
Workplace
institution
Public
now
Academic
Private
Engineers
Corporate
Not working
practice
practice
practice
Contractor
Membership
None 1 1 1
HKILA 4 1 5 1 15 17 1
LARB 2 4 1 8 9
HKIP 1
HKIUD 1 1 2
Oversea 2 1
Non-LA 1 2
Page 97
Table 60, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA at office

Workplace
institution
Academic
Engineers
Public
now
Corporate
Private
Not working
practice
practice
practice
Contractor
RLA at office
None 2 1 1 2 1
1 3 1 4
2 2 2 3
3-5 2 3 3
6-10 4 3
11 or more 4 11
Table 61, The crossed responses of Workplace and RLA (Multi answers)
Workplace
institution
Academic
Engineers
Public
now
Corporate
Private
Not working
practice
practice
practice
Contractor
Membership
NA 2 1 1 10 6 1
AUS 1
HK 2 5 1 9 12
UK 1 1
CAN 1 1
Table 62, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Work location
RLA at office None 1 2 3-5 6-10 11 or
more
Work location
Central and Western District 3 2 1 2
Islands District 1 3 2 2 1 3
Kowloon City District 1 1 2
Kwun Tong District 2 1 6
North District 1
Sai Kung District 1
Sha Tin District 1
Tsuen Wan District 2
Wan Chai District 2 4 2
Yau Tsim Mong District 1 1 1
Yuen Long District 1
PNTS 1 1
Page 98
Table 63, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Workplace

more
Workplace
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 3 2 2
Private practice 1 4 3 3 4 4
Engineers 1
Not working now 1
Table 64, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Project types (Multi answers)
more
Project types
cooperate development 2 5 4 2 2 4
housing 3 4 5 4 3 8
sustainable 2 2 4 1 3
technology 1
Institutional 2 2 3 1 5 4
International 2 2 1 1 2
Landscape art 4 2
Parks & outdoor recreation 5 4 4 4 5 8
Planning 2 1 3 2 3 4
Preservation & restoration 2 2 2 1 3 1
Private building
Road beautification 4 4 3 4 3 8
Small residential 3 1 1 2
Page 99
Table 65, The crossed responses of RLA at office and Salary

more
Salary
Less than $25,000 1 1 1
$25,000 to $34,999 2 1 1 1 3
$35,000 to $49,999 2 1 1 1
$50,000 to $74,999 2 1 1 2 1 2
$75,000 to $99,999 2 1 2 3
$100,000 to $149,999 2 3 1 3
$150,000 or more 1 2
PNTS 1 1 3 2
Table 66, The crossed responses of Project types and Age (Multi answers)
Project types
lots
Institutional
Conservation, reclamation, sustainable
Education
Planning
Commercial, industrial, & cooperate
Private building developments in private

Parks & outdoor recreation
Small residential
Civil engineering projects
Preservation & restoration
Vegetation maintenance
Community & multifamily housing
Landscape art
development
International
Road beautification
Age
18-24 1 1 1 1 1
25-34 1 3 5 3 1 3 2 2 4 1 1
35-44 6 10 6 6 3 4 13 7 4 9 1
45-55 6 6 4 3 2 1 8 3 3 9 2
55-65 1 3 1 1 1 1 3 2 2 1 3 2
65+ 2 2 2 2 1 1
PNTS 1 1 1 1
Page 100
Engineers
Academic
institution
Contractor
Workplace
Public practice
Private practice
Not working now
Corporate practice
Project types
1
5
1
development
2 6
4
1
11 16
1
6
2
3
1
Education
2
1
1
13
Institutional
Page 101
6
1
1
International
1
2
1
1
1
Landscape art
9
2
1
2
16
6
6
1
2
2 Planning
7
1
1

1

Table 67, The crossed responses of Project types and Workplace (Multi answers)
lots
1
1
1
1
10
12
Road beautification
2
4
1
Small residential
1
Table 68, The crossed responses of Project types and Salary (Multi answers)
Project types
lots
Institutional
Education
Planning

Small residential
Landscape art
Road beautification
development
International
Salary
Less than $25,000 3 2 2 1 3 1 2 2
$25,000 to $34,999 1 1 4 1 3 1 2 3 1 3 1
$35,000 to $49,999 2 2 2 3 3 3 2 3
$50,000 to $74,999 3 6 2 3 2 2 6 4 4 6 1
$75,000 to $99,999 2 4 1 1 2 1 2
$100,000 to
$149,999 4 3 2 1 1 6 4 3 1 5 4
$150,000 or more 1 2 1 1 1 2 1 2 1
PNTS 3 4 4 3 1 5 1 2 3 1
Table 69, The crossed responses of Job title and Age (Multi answers)
Job title
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
designer
Landscape project
manager
contractor
director
professor
Landscape planner
architect
Age
18-24 1
25-34 3 4 5
35-44 9 5 2 1 3 6
45-55 13 1 1 4
55-65 5 1 1
65+ 1 2
PNTS 1 1
Page 102
Table 70, The crossed responses of Job title and Work location (Multi answers)
Job title
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape project
designer
manager
Landscape planner
contractor
director
professor
architect
Work location
Central and Western District 4 3 1 1 2
Islands District 8 1 2 1 2
Kowloon City District 3 1 2
Kwun Tong District 5 1 3
North District 1 1
Sai Kung District 1
Sha Tin District 1
Tsuen Wan District 2
Wan Chai District 4 3 1 2 1 4
Yau Tsim Mong District 3 1 1
Yuen Long District 1
PNTS 2 1
Table 71, The crossed responses of Job title and Workplace (Multi answers)
Job title
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape project
designer
manager
Landscape planner
contractor
director
professor
architect
Workplace
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 5 2 1 1 3
Engineers 1
Not working now 1
Private practice 10 5 4 1 1 8
Page 103
Table 72, The crossed responses of Job title and RLA (Multi answers)
Job title
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape
Landscape project
designer
manager
Landscape planner
contractor
director
professor
architect
Age
HK 24 1 2 2
UK 1
CAN 1
NA 5 8 1 7
Table 73, The crossed responses of Salary and Age

Salary
more
$150,000 or
$25,000
$34,999
$49,999
$74,999
$99,999
$149,999
Less than
$25,000 to
$35,000 to
$50,000 to
$75,000 to
$100,000 to
PNTS
Age
18-24 1
25-34 2 5 1 3
35-44 3 1 5 4 2 2
45-55 2 1 1 3 1 5
55-65 2 4 1
65+ 1 1
PNTS 1
Table 74, The crossed responses of Salary and Education

Salary
more
$25,000
$34,999
$49,999
$74,999
$99,999
$149,999
$150,000 or
Less than
$25,000 to
$35,000 to
$50,000 to
$75,000 to
$100,000 to
PNTS
Education
program 1
Bachelor degree 1 2 3 2 3 3 2 2
Master degree 2 5 2 6 4 6 1 3
Above Masters 1 1 1
PNTS 1
Table 5.12.4 - The crossed responses of Salary and Membership (Multi answers)
Page 104
Table 75, The crossed responses of Salary and Membership (Multi answers)
Salary
more
$150,000 or
$25,000
$34,999
$49,999
$74,999
$99,999
$149,999
Less than
$25,000 to
$35,000 to
$50,000 to
$75,000 to
$100,000 to
PNTS
Membership
None 1 1 1
HKILA 2 7 2 8 7 8 3 7
LARB 1 3 6 8 3 3
HKIP 1
HKIUD 2 1 1
Oversea 1 1 1
Non-LA 1 1 1
Table 76, The crossed responses of Salary and Workplace

Salary
more
$150,000 or
$25,000
$34,999
$49,999
$74,999
$99,999
$149,999
Less than
$25,000 to
$35,000 to
$50,000 to
$75,000 to
$100,000 to
PNTS
Workplace
Academic institution 1 1 1 1
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 1 1 1 2 2
Engineers 1
Private practice 2 3 2 6 1 2 1 2
Public practice 1 4 1 2 4 6 1
Not working now 1
Table 77, The crossed responses of Salary and RLA (Multi answers)
Salary
more
$150,000 or
$25,000
$34,999
$49,999
$74,999
$99,999
$149,999
Less than
$25,000 to
$35,000 to
$50,000 to
$75,000 to
$100,000 to
PNTS
Workplace
NA 3 8 4 3 1 2
AUS 1
HK 1 5 7 9 3 4
UK 1 1
CAN 1 1
Page 105
Table 78, The crossed responses of RLA and Age (Multi answers)
RLA NA HK AUS CAN UK
Age
18-24 1
25-34 7 3 1 1
35-44 8 9
45-55 4 8 1
55-65 7 1 1
65+ 2
PNTS 1
Table 79, The crossed responses of RLA and Gender (Multi answers)
Gender
Man 8 19 1 2
Woman 13 9 1 1
PNTS 1
Table 80, The crossed responses of RLA and Education (Multi answers)
Education
program 1
Bachelor degree 6 11 1 2 1
Master degree 13 16
Above Masters 1 1 1
PNTS 1
Table 81, The crossed responses of RLA and Workplace (Multi answers)
Workplace
Academic institution 2 2 1
Contractor 1
Corporate practice 1 5 1 1
Engineers 1
Private practice 10 9
Not working now 1
Page 106
Appendix D:
Survey for the status of the landscape
architecture profession in Hong Kong
Cover Page of Appendix D

By E-mail
14 February 2022
Dear Participant,
City University CA6531 Dissertation of 2021/22 Semester

Survey of the Landscape Architecture Profession
I am Keith Huang, a Master of Construction Management postgraduate student at the City University
of Hong Kong. As a part of my coursework, I have to complete a dissertation and my chosen subject is
the ‘Status of the Landscape Architecture Profession in Hong Kong’.
The profession of Landscape Architecture is constantly evolving, and I need to gather data through
your answers to the following:
1. To obtain a representation of the Landscape Architecture practitioners in Hong Kong.

2. To understand the knowledge areas of the Landscape Architecture profession from practitioners.
3. To develop an understanding of Landscape Architects and their diverse roles and contributions to
the Hong Kong urban and rural landscapes.
The survey is for Landscape Architecture practitioners, targeting anyone with "Landscape" or “Tree”
in their job title, including managers, designers, planners, interns, site officers, professors, researchers,
or any person with Landscape Architecture associated work roles. This unique focus is on the
landscape profession, and not supporting staff, technicians, or students.
The survey is divided into two parts and detailed as follow:

- Section 1, Background and general information, contains questions of the participants regarding
their demographic information, academic development, and current job information.
- Section 2, Landscape architecture knowledge, gathers data on the importance of the core
knowledge topics for landscape architectural work, and when the practitioners should obtain the
knowledge. Section 2 is detailed into seven subsections, these are:
i. Natural systems,
ii. Design and planning,
iii. History and culture, b
iv. Communication and illustration,
v. Policy and regulations,
vi. Tender procedures and construction administration, and
vii. Professional values and business management.
These answers collected will be used only for academic research purposes and your response to the
survey will remain anonymous. This survey should take less than 20 minutes (total 60 questions) and
is intended to be as participant friendly as possible.
Please complete the survey by 28 Feb 2022 at the following link, or the QR code below for mobile
access. https://forms.office.com/r/8DsPSmdiLA
I greatly appreciate your cooperation and time in responding to this survey. To provide any questions
or feedback about the survey, please send an email to keithuang2-c@my.cityu.edu.hk.
Sincerely,
Keith HUANG Paulina NEISCH

Student Supervisor
5/5/22, 9:53 PM Survey for the status of the landscape architecture profession in Hong Kong
Survey for the status of the landscape

architecture profession in Hong Kong
The survey is divided into two parts: Section 1, Background and general information, and Section 2, Landscape
architecture knowledges. These answers collected will be used only for academic research purposes and your response to
the survey will remain anonymous. This survey should take less than 20 minutes (total 60 questions) and is intended to
be as participant-friendly as possible. I greatly appreciate your cooperation and time in responding to this survey.
* Required
Section 1: Background and general information

In this section, you will be asked on demographic information. The information you provide in this section will be completely
confidential. It will be treated as personal information subject to Personal Data (Privacy) Ordinance of Hong Kong and will be
used for research purposes only. Please answer each question by selecting the response(s) that most closely describe you or
your current job.
1. What is your age? *
18-24
25-34
35-44
45-55
55-65
65+
Prefer not to say
2. What is your gender? *
Woman
Man
Prefer not to say
https://forms.office.com/pages/designpagev2.aspx?auth_pvr=WindowsLiveId&auth_upn=mrkeithhuang%40outlook.com&lang=en-GB&origin=Off… 1/24
3. Where is your office or workplace located? *

Detailed by the districts of Hong Kong, if residing outside of Hong Kong please select "Other"
Islands District
Kwai Tsing District
North District
Sai Kung District
Sha Tin District
Tai Po District
Tsuen Wan District
Tuen Mun District
Yuen Long District
Kwun Tong District
Sham Shui Po District
Wong Tai Sin District
Eastern District
Southern District
Wan Chai District
Prefer not to say
Other
4. What is the highest level of education you have completed? *
High school (or below)
Certificate / diploma program
Bachelor degree
Master degree
Above Masters
Prefer not to say
5. What major field of study was your highest degree received? *
Environmental science
Landscape architecture
Architecture
Geography
Engineering
Forestry / natural resources
Planning
Plant / soil sciences
Other
6. Please indicate your participation of membership in the following Hong Kong organizations, select
all that apply: *
Hong Kong Institute of Landscape Architects (HKILA)
Hong Kong Landscape Architects Registration Board (LARB)
Hong Kong Institute of Urban Design (HKIUD)
Hong Kong Institute of Environmentalists (HKIOE)
Hong Kong Institute of Planners (HKIP)
Hong Kong Institute of Architects (HKIA)
Other
7. What best describes the type of organization you work for? *
Private practice: multidisciplinary firm
Private practice: landscape architecture firm
Private practice: design-build firm
Public practice: not-for-profit enterprise, government organization
Corporate practice: property developer, landscape contractor, material supplier
Academic institution: university, college, school
Other
8. How many employees in your department or firm are licensed LA's? *
None
3-5
6-10
11 or more
9. Counting all locations where your employer operates, what is the total number of persons who
work there? *
1 person
2 to 9 persons
10 to 24 persons
25 to 99 persons
100 to 499 persons
500 to 999 persons
1000 persons or more
10. What type of projects are you usually working on? *

Please select all that apply
International projects
Community development and multifamily housing
Streetscape, transit projects, and road beautification
Parks and outdoor recreation facilities
Commercial, industrial, and cooperate development
Urban and regional planning
Institutional projects
Single-family residential and garden design projects
Conservation, reclamation, sustainable concept projects
Historic preservation and landscape restoration projects
Landscape art and earth sculpture
Other
11. What type of projects are you usually working on? *

International projects
Community development and multifamily housing
Streetscape, transit projects, and road beautification
Parks and outdoor recreation facilities
Commercial, industrial, and cooperate development
Urban and regional planning
Institutional projects
Single-family residential and garden design projects
Conservation, reclamation, sustainable concept projects
Historic preservation and landscape restoration projects
Landscape art and earth sculpture
Other
12. Which of the following most closely match your job title? *
Landscape director: company owner, managing director, company director
Landscape architect: registered landscape architect, reciprocal professionals
Landscape project manager: chief coordinator, project managers, team leader
Landscape planner: town planner, urban planner, city planner
Landscape designer: landscape designer, landscape graduate, landscape assistant
Landscape officer: field officer, resident staff, site coordinator
Landscape contractor: building contractor, landscaping contractor, garden landscaper
Landscape professor: landscape researcher, landscape teacher, teaching assistant
Other
13. What is your total monthly salary in Hong Kong dollars? *
Less than $25,000
$25,000 to $34,999
$35,000 to $49,999
$50,000 to $74,999
$75,000 to $99,999
$100,000 to $149,999
$150,000 or more
Prefer not to say
14. Are you a Registered Landscape Architect in any of the below region/countries? *
Hong Kong SAR
Australia
New Zealand
No
Other
Section 2 i) of vii), Natural systems

Instructions for Section 2: Landscape architecture knowledges.
In this section, you will be asked to rate at what point of time the knowledge is needed and the command of the knowledge
to perform work-related tasks by a Landscape Architect, using two rating scales: Time of acquisition and Knowledge
command.
The scale of Time of acquisition measures the appropriate time the knowledge is primarily learned or attained - rather than
your personal experience. The rating levels of the Time of acquisition scale are as follow, please refer to this when rating the
questions.
0. Not required at all, or before university program
1. In a first-degree university program
2. In a post-degree university program
3. In an employment position
4. In a continued professional development (CPD) program
The scale of Knowledge command measures the appropriate level of knowledge for a landscape architect to perform work-
related tasks by a Landscape Architect - rather than your specific job. The rating levels of the Knowledge command scale are
as follow, please refer to this when rating the questions.
0. Unnecessary, not required at all
1. Exposure, sufficiently aware of the knowledge to be able to look it up
2. Comprehension, able to discuss the concepts involved
3. Application, able to use the knowledge to solve common problems
4. Mastery, Able to apply knowledge to new problems, to integrate information and to create, synthesize and evaluate
solutions
15. Land information sources *

e.g. existing documentation, land surveys, zoning, demographic data
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
16. Nature conservation and management *

i.e. design for protection and control of the land resources
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
17. Natural site conditions and ecosystems *

i.e. factors influencing environments and natural processes
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
18. Regional hazard design considerations *

e.g. typhoons storms, flooding, landslides, wild fires, etc.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
19. Determining site opportunities and constraints *

i.e. to develop an appropriate solution with the knowledge of the various site elements
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
20. What important aspects of natural systems, if any, are not covered?
Section 2 ii) of vii), Design and planning

The rating levels of the Time of acquisition scale are as follow, please refer to this when rating the questions.
1. In a first degree university program
The rating levels of the Knowledge command scale are as follow, please refer to this when rating the questions.
solutions
21. Aesthetic principles of design *

i.e. creativity and process of design theory and strategies
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
22. Context of planning and management *

ie. develop design based on user needs and client goals and resources
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
23. Human factors in project planning *

i.e. behavior, perception, psychological and sensory response
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
24. Design considerations for special populations *

i.e. therapeutic, accessibility, children, elderly friendly places
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
25. Ecological relationships in nature *

i.e. knowledge of the interactions between and among organisms within their environment
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
26. Construction technologies and materials *

i.e. construction options and design elements available, like auto-irrigation or recycled paving.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
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27. Knowledge of drainage and irrigation systems, lighting design, and structural considerations *
i.e. the savvy to generate a feasible design with the technical considerations
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
28. What important aspects of design and planning, if any, are not covered?
Section 2 iii) of vii), History and culture

solutions
29. History of the landscape architecture profession *

i.e. the development of landscape architecture and start of the profession in Hong Kong
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
30. Heritage areas and sites *

i.e. knowing heritage places or features, and historic preservation principles
1 2 3 4 5
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
31. Social and cultural influences on design *

i.e. cultural traditions, social behaviors found in landscape architecture
1 2 3 4 5
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
32. History of ecology and society *

i.e. the context of relations of organisms to one another and to their physical surroundings
1 2 3 4 5
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
33. What important aspects of history and culture, if any, are not covered?
Section 2 iv) of vii), Communication and illustration

solutions
34. Project coordination and correspondences *

i.e. maintain clear communication among other project collaborators
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
35. Graphic techniques and representations of design ideas *

i.e. variety of media, techniques and means of demonstrating a design
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
36. Prepare and deliver oral presentations *

i.e. able to pitch ideas to design team, client and public
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
37. Knowledge on project and public meetings *

i.e. prepare meeting agenda, meeting notes, and facilitation of a meeting.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
38. Develop written documentation for project work *

e.g. project reports, submission documents, promotional materials
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
39. What important aspects of communication and illustration, if any, are not covered?
Section 2 v) of vii), Policy and regulations

solutions
40. The emerging trends and issues on public policy *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
41. Governmental policies and laws that affect the use and development of land *
i.e. knowing the parameters defining the land uses and restrictions
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
42. Understanding on regulatory compliance and statutory submission processes *

i.e. knowledge of the systems controlling the construction works and actions
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
43. To identify and collect regulatory information and required approvals governing a project? *
i.e. able to apply the understanding of statutory processes to specific scenarios
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
44. What important aspects of policy and regulation, if any, are not covered?
Section 2 vi) of vii), Tender procedures and construction administration

solutions
45. Prepare construction documents including working drawings and technical specifications *

i.e. the information prepared by designers, that is passed to a construction team to enable a project to be
constructed.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
46. Manage the invitation, bidding and tendering process *

i.e. contractual procurement methods
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
47. Contract management and administration *

i.e. to advise on the building construction and oversee the project execution
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
48. Quality control procedures for construction *

i.e. delivery, storage, installation, testing, etc.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
49. Sequencing of design, submission, approval of construction activities *

i.e. the order of works and contract procedures in a construction project
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
50. Conduct project closure and assess final records *

ie review record drawings, work variation claims, maintenance manuals.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
51. Landscape maintenance techniques, materials, equipment, and practices. *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
52. What important aspects of tender procedures and construction administration, if any, are not
covered?
Section 2 vii) of vii), Professional values and business management

solutions
53. The social responsibility in design *

i.e. the need to work and cooperate with others for the benefit of society at large
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
54. The environmental ethics in design *

i.e. the relationship between human beings and the environment, and consider other living beings in nature.
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
55. Negotiate and prepare client and consultant agreements *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
56. The public relations, community outreach, and image development *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
57. To manage business practices and organizations *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
58. Train, educate and mentor other budding landscape architect professionals *
0 1 2 3 4
Time of
acquisition
Knowledge
command
59. What important aspects of professional values and business management, if any, are not covered?
Section 3: Review and comments

Please feel free to provide your comments about content, organization, clarity, etc. If referring to a specific question item,
please cite a specific number. All the responses are optional for this section, thanks!
60. Do you have any comments on survey? For example were any important topics not covered, or any
statements unclear?
61. If you would like to receive a copy of the survey answers, please provide a contact email here.
This content is neither created nor endorsed by Microsoft. The data you submit will be sent to the form owner.
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An Assessment of the

Landscape Architecture Profession

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for

Department of Architecture and Civil Engineering

1. Introduction and Background

1.1. An overview of landscape architecture as a discipline

1.2. The development of the Profession in Hong Kong

1.3. The landscape architecture transformation in Hong Kong

1.4. The complications and problems of the Profession in Hong Kong

proficiencies of a Landscape Architect seem to be ambiguous and constricted by a lack

1.5. The objectives and questions of this study

a) To understand the commonly accepted knowledge areas and competencies of the

c) To develop a quantitative understanding of the workforce of Landscape Architecture

i) What knowledge or skills define a Landscape Architect? What is the definition of

ii) What regulations need or recommend a Landscape Architect to be engaged in Hong

1.6. The significance and expected outcomes of this study

c) To indicate the association and relationships between other professionals or

2.1. The focus of the research areas

a) The early development, values, and contributions of landscape architecture.

b) The history, influences, and industry of the Profession in Hong Kong.

c) The body of academic knowledge and research on landscape architecture.

d) Topics from journals, documents, and publications relevant to the subject.

2.2. The early development, values, and contributions of landscape architecture

A scientific journal investigates the definition of landscape architecture titled “What is

A journal shares the main characteristics of the landscape architecture profession

economic, aesthetic, and environmental development factors. Also, discussing the

2.3. The context of the Profession in Hong Kong

The development of the Profession in Hong Kong is documented in a journal of multiple

A detailed overview of the development and considerations of land administration in

To understand the context of the government framework and organization structure in

recent years. A timeline is presented in a figure to illustrate the configuration evolution

To be recognized as a Registered Landscape Architect (RLA) in Hong Kong, there are

In landscape architecture practice in Hong Kong, the services by practitioners frequently

2.4. The body of academic knowledge and research on landscape architecture

The research “The Emergence of Landscape Architecture in Different Contexts: Factors

2.5. Topics from relevant journals, documents, and publications

Topic 3: Landscape architecture is a distinct profession beyond architecture or

3.1. Study procedure and research design

a) To layout a table with the Landscape Architecture knowledge and skills.

3.2. The Landscape Architecture knowledge and competencies

3.3. An assessment of the landscape architecture technical framework in Hong Kong

Table 1, Government organizations relating to landscape architecture

3.4. Data collection through a questionnaire study

3.5. The contents of the questionnaire survey

A detailed examination of each demographic information is taken by studying several

4. Results and Observations

4.1. The research for landscape competencies and legislation

The result of understanding the various documents created a widespread representation

4.2. Questionnaire survey background information

Table 2, The survey durations summary

Survey time (minutes) Count %

4.3. Section 1 of survey on General information and Demographics

Table 3, Response summary for question: What is your age

Answers (single only) Count %

My observation is a balanced workforce distributed throughout all the age ranges,

Table 4, Response summary for question: What is your gender

Answers (single only) Count %

Answers (single only) Count %

Answers (single only) Count %

prerequisite of being a Professional Member in the HKILA. One of the minimum

Answers (single only) Count %

The target group is predominantly the Landscape Architecture profession. Many

❖ The collected survey data shows participants contribute to seven professional