Hepatic encephalopathy 

is a decline in brain function that occurs as a result of

severe liver disease. In this condition, your liver can't adequately remove toxins from your
blood. This causes a buildup of toxins in your bloodstream, which can lead to brain damage.
The purpose of the low-protein diet is to reduce intestinal ammonia production and
thereby prevent exacerbation of hepatic encephalopathy.

Ammonia is a waste product made by bacteria in the intestines and body’s cells
while you process protein. Your liver turns ammonia into a chemical called urea. This
chemical is water-soluble -- that means it dissolves in water. It leaves your body in
your urine. But if you have certain health conditions, like kidney or liver failure, your body
can’t make or get rid of urea. In either case, ammonia builds up. This can cause a number
of problems, like confusion, extreme tiredness, and in some cases, coma or even death.
Urea is the chief nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins in all
mammals and some fishes. 
Spasticity refers to involuntary tightening or stiffening of muscles.
Contracture refers to abnormal positioning of a joint.

Most cases of Down syndrome are not inherited, but occur as random events during
the formation of reproductive cells (eggs and sperm). An error in cell division called
nondisjunction results in reproductive cells with an abnormal number of chromosomes.
For example, an egg or sperm cell may gain an extra copy of chromosome 21. If one of
these atypical reproductive cells contributes to the genetic makeup of a child, the child will
have an extra chromosome 21 in each of the body's cells.

Malocclusion is a misalignment or incorrect relation between the teeth of the upper and lower
dental arches when they approach each other as the jaws close.
The modified Atkins diet (often abbreviated in the literature as “MAD”) is a change to the
traditional “classic” ketogenic diet to make it less restrictive. Along with the MCT (medium
chain triglyceride) diet and LGIT (low glycemic index treatment), it is one of three “alternative
diets” used to treat patients with epilepsy.

How Is It Different From The Ketogenic Diet?

Although the foods are very similar, there are key differences between the modified Atkins diet
and the ketogenic diet.
 First, with the modified Atkins diet, there is no fluid or calorie restriction or limitation.
 Although fats are strongly encouraged, they are not weighed and measured. Most
patients will consume plenty of dairy and oils.
 One of the biggest differences is that there are no restrictions on proteins. Typically 35%
of calories for a patient on the MAD come from protein.
 Foods are not weighed and measured, but carbohydrate counts are monitored by
patients and/or parents.
 It is started outside of the hospital and the person does not need to fast before starting
the diet.
  Lastly, foods can be eaten more freely in restaurants and outside the home, and families
(and neurologists!) can do it as well.  
The diet is a "modified" Atkins diet as it allows for less carbohydrates than the traditional
Atkins diet (15 to 20 g/day) and more strongly encourages fat intake.  Please remember that
no diet should be tried without a neurologist involved.