9 TRANSISTOR CHARACTERISTICS ‘The wolvamperecharntevitio of »seicondstr tc, ele Ierostan ee deserved qaltatieyapd ao derived theretial Single create are seed, and txts thatthe near Iseapble a producing stpieaon, A qunnuttve ely of ‘tener sa pier et or Chap. 1 91 THE JUNCTION TRANSISTOR: ‘A junction estar cont of» con (or german) ey ‘lh slayer of ype alin Stunde tween tro let ‘Peyy eloon."Alermtiely. «tanto my tom faye of ‘isp between two layers of ype mate In the frmer eae {he tensor reed to npr tnstr, ain theater cm, oun topm instar ‘The somemedartor mndwich in extremly {he diction of eure How when the enternejctn se inthe forward diction. In bl cann, however, the ent, ba, ‘nd cllorir cures Ty In snd To respectively re seed tive when the cet fw ito the tratsitr The gs Va Yeu and Vor arth eniter tse, caletor bs, and calorie switge,rrpctivay (More nelly, Vap pena the aa Sept cuiier be) 1 OF4 Feo) App and ans woniir. The ann (ead oon). Cre represen of he we ronitor yes © itage. fb) Th poten! bor remit. [The patel vrton o.92 to) Apo woniormuwsroe nasscrnsres / 23 22 / miemowe oevess se ence a Ss The PotetclDieebution through a Transistor We may now bea spree the evil features of'¢tanaor ano ative cel Sean tending the iteaton depicted In Fig ae. Hore =v tania shown with ge sures wich serve fo bias the emitter dace jeg Inthe forward dncion ao the calteto-bee junction the evn diet ‘he variation of poten through an unbaond (opens) rane sown ln Fg 8b. ‘Tho potent aration though the Bane rar Indies in Fig 9-2 The dae eure apple cme etree ap ‘ton of exe biking vatags, and the slid curve tothe ease fa i ‘ining vltags are apple Tn the stance faye vetag the pote ‘arey atthe junctions nist thamacter to te eight Pe-gven in By (C18) (a feet of Yol—reqazd thal to crest Sov erm eh Junction inee the tensa aye loca pont apn funtion dade ‘nares wth an 9 ode, nach of tho harySeweped Cay. 6 forthe Suston diode wed in oder o explain te shararterate of «traning ‘sow external potent re pin, age sper ently fhe juetions Hence the frwar bang ofthe serie junction fy {he eters potential tier by [Pan wharen the revere basa ‘he collie junction Inereuce the ‘letras poten beet [Weyl ‘The loering of the enitterae brit perm the ener ‘ent to ina and ere jected at the bse pa, The potent ‘Sovtnt serene she base rpm eer fo te al che dep) ead Injected ole dfs neon the miype mater to th collet ja ‘he hole wich rach thi uncon fal down the pal barr an ‘herr ttl yt elon 4 Fe: 03_ Troms caret comport or ferwordioned niet and @ fared ined eee ction eh egos hgh ep hn care hich ave ety ssa wit ses thet te seen ibe eer were opersieited w tht Ts Us fr wold be er. Tie hw eso, the ae and cae wood st an reve ei dinds andthe scorers fe wad eq the ene stron ferme Teg ily 2th, fom Fg 93 we nate a gsi on oes pep mais, Jo cmt es moving sre from lt et (Gn fo caer and Sectroneeeng Jen the oposite dietion. Save teu ference ection fr oy Fe 9-3 fom ight toe, then for Apivpionano, oye gntive For at pn tsa, Foie postive "Werner dee vation pares whic rae the crest cmpaccae umed ewe 92 TRANSISTOR CURRENT COMPONENTS 1n Fig 08 we show th various caret componente which flow scat foemari-biand enter Junton andthe revere ina alee jue ‘The emitter areata f hl erent oe Ge cing nc {at bn) and eles crest. Zan (etn rong rom ace ita iter.” The rato of tl to ltr caren, aon, csi the el funtion i groportinal othe ri of oe omar the p ma {0 that ofthe mater (Prob 1) Ina commer ranser the ofthe etree much anger han the doping ot a. hfe onus ina pop racist) that the snr eet cot alt el Of bles. Sch » ston Gael nee the Carat hich reads, : ‘eto rom tht enter jut fom tae oem de tt co Sree which an rach the cle, Nor all te hl rnin the emitter fstion Jy rach the eal junction Je beens sie of thes comtine withthe detente ‘a. Tee he hake careat at Yo there mat be «bu rem ent I= Tye lavage bao as indented Fig 3 sti, niter Econ y ‘The enter, o ction ony x dined >= malin cia J Tah cas ofa pep wanton we have Tea Fe er Te Deh inthe inside in surent a miter junction and Juz it-K 0 Largesignal Curent Goin a We dese tera of the nego the ‘ollcuonrurrnt Inert to te enter curestchsoge from tr (Ca) {o Tea tho large cern gts of omens taser, Srilemidctenaresce ie thc” Tabrenmaes seis ” ae 08 mt, “ory oa ‘The trust alpha ithe producto he transport fair nd the ena ‘tiiney This tenet sate that tho ello malipliaton ra oa Sty. a athe ratio of the tal eure caming Je to tn ole cea {ora pvp tsar avin a th onto. Fr oe anasto ever baud), the ator eurent a en by Ba. fh), oF Te= wale + lee on nthe active region the slo erent i tly independent of ‘eller vats at epends oly upon tha amir cares. "Suppose {hat we ss to gurraline Ee (0) mth may spy not ony whan the feller jonton instantly reverend, hot alo for aby tage ‘ewan do alee the gerralition we eed but replace Ten by tht Stren in a pode (Qt oneting of the be and elector rep ‘Tin errnt gen by the valeampere rationsip of Bx (3), with Fe eso ty Tee tnd V by Vo, where the aymbal Yo mprasae the deop ele fm they #0 the xe "he compete expen for Teo a Te= “ola + Tesh — 7) 8 ote that Ve ogative and bar « magaltude Ire compared with Vs, Bev russ to By (O}. The phys Iterpetton of By (8) Bi. ise pm juin dhde aren Gosing the elon ones Se aug est ty the tion go the cunt fy wing nthe eters Finvoship i deed a Bee 6 93 THE TRANSISTOR AS AN AMPLIFIER Aloe citor Re an vias with the eller supply voltage Voc of Fi hae A'cmalvllge change 2, tetean emir td ve eaten ree fly Inne eotarsureat ange als We fw bythe symbol «that fmstinof tis cureat change wich collected aed pases though Re The ‘hing output roltage near the lad acon AV, os a maybe funy tins the change a np valgn Under ies ciency, fhe rage ampitin = a0 wl bw grnter thn oy and che Austr ste an an ample If he dye etn ofthe eter june Aone thn SV = 73m and ih oe rng, (41),r,~ 28/ whare Fitba inet eter caret ia mii- Ainpere For expe a: ‘hs cacltion in enrsinplied, bea sancti cree and grea ph tal exinatin of why the ear aaa an amplier ~The rato ro ie pun gain ar wll a vate or oorent splat. ”Trom the fore {ping xlanatnn tr that surest nthe lowsetance inp Sei i anced to the hghrieneeostpt src The nord "tnt" which wrgiatad ta eotretion of “renter revit” Ye based upon the hove pha petro the device, The Porometer ‘The paneter« intron abo sdf as the ioe change nthe cleo ate tothe change the iter eure A onstae aletartriaae voltage std ealed the maligna orcad acon taser ati pai» More peel, ste x ental 10) (Bethe snpin tha a independant thn fom Ba (7 flows226 / wiemowe oevers se cncUTS 9-4 TRANSISTOR CONSTRUCTION Five basic techniques have ton devlpa forthe manufacture of di {eumiatar and lhe semltoductordevees”Conequets, such tm be shied int one of th flowing See ror alloy, ‘emia dining, or pts Grown Type. The wn sro ‘mati whe party sancetration change ding the esa ‘ration by ang mor pay stoma a eed. ‘oy Type This tei, alo eed the fad contvton, ie tented Fig 48 for a pvp train The center Cas) ton a rts of eigpe material ota nium ae ated 109 ‘TES the water and te whole strate eased rs sort tine toa ‘emperatre above the mating pit of indi but bl that ‘Fre ndam ives gmat Yaneath nod fra aertion io. "On cig, th gman in contact with Ue base mater law with enough indian eoneetaion to caage fom w yp Cop "The calor uae arg tha the eta a0 thatthe caletor ‘igen ss ied fo the ter" Beeuse this geomet Teer lie emitter erent flame fain path whch ea ‘he bane ater thant the collet. acrochemialy fehed Type Thin tehniqie coisa drormions on oppose sds of umlconueor wale io ord reduce ir Fe.0-4 Contreon trans, (Grow allo, nde dor tonal planar ype (The inion af apron int andthe Brn oe not own seal Te bane hie reson shee p= Wem = Hmm) Ti te by denwing gle eal om a melt of lion oF nick Type, This oie sm in mahierting sence ‘ei to guts fon of both ad pype impure fo orm both the ic of the old ayer met ute problneae ase nd tery low tae: cunts rit There i ios impeoveent im the eure gaa ov rents sd'in the see Epitnil Type The epitaaial technique (See 182) enon in growing ‘ef thio, Mebpuiy, ngleertal lye of conor german on 8 Daviy doped ttre the se atenal. Tie angentad epee Aecalnctron which tebe sod eiier may be df (F111). “The fein echigee may be comb afar sarge number of Inethds for eoustraing tno. or example there ae iuealoy Iie pon ifn deri alpen spears cairn ce, The ‘ei tres of taster of sporance Rgh equa a cme Jn Chap a. Thevaleanpere carsaratia at nw eguenee fal poe ‘tuction rata ae oueataly the mn, andthe Sacnon C0 flow ple totam al. Sa shy tense ota stra sigiten et wt mation the fot Sype fl vointor fo be nveied "This erie cnt of to shargy pint Himexen vrs promed aguint a senioonocar wafer However, te valine ily sara of uch n-ontact raisry re e e And ro hve rants ar no lenge af rt prac, AS DETALED STUDY OF THE CURRENTS IN A TRANSISTOR Be soni foo in many respect tht given in Sx. 6 for he erent ots in juncti ueFrm Bg (P10) we neta the sat ear ‘Janets equals the vam ofthe ton uret Tu nthe ple Piso lent the nse evalnted atthe unto = 0) For iro ase (Pig la) acon aed rm the ase gion srt ir juntion ne ap eon meh re compared with he lon “This eprecly the sndion thal erst in unten dd ad he expen for Toe revi alo valid fe nae2m / mscrowe oencesW encuts ‘manson cmnscrnsres / 229 tor, Brom Bg (625) wed that a he neti ‘The exc snlatin i a ltt find (Pros 9 Ul, however, obs slth Winall compare with Ln and wo ean sph Oe oa Pe iracing hs inogetty. Since OW, we shall ase tht B's, onl then Un pene ne, (210 een be exposed nts ‘escent oly the to tora ae rein this equation has he fom 10) = A. ane hr ow har oY Yo ws hers dren xi i rn epi Te Sify al Soiree fon eminence Sad Rania eee Fees de eae oe fe mame fete charge, C (> iden cote fer eters (le), m/e ‘ts e) ~ thrall ton concentration the pe aloft emitter lla, 1a (Le) (ha) ~ isn eng fo arity sais in the otra (ba) Va (Ve) = vas dep tern citer (callin) justin; psi Teevard bis, forthe pe tive with rer a =o Ve = volt equivalent of temperate [E.(630) ‘p= hol concentration ithe np tei m* o> thera elt vale ofp 1? ~ be width oe) = be (eto arent (9) mata Pon pen Ket Kee ow seh K, and Ke ae ew (anya ye, undeternioed) constant To this press, psn» nar fncton of dtanse inthe age "Tht, fo Boe (12 and (0), Ip = ~AeD = cont 1 “This ot—that the mlaniy-carier cuenta conaant throughout the srg edly undetcod tecane we hav trued tat Under theo crustanen, le rcambiation exe fake pice itn the Tams ence th Ble current eating the tse at the emiter junction Tee the bse a the eoltor untonaeatnaated ‘This mean hat the Aeeopr ‘etry. Babettutng the boundary cndion (9.1) (AS), we cal sole Yor Ks then Sa Ino) = — AB rar — 1) — (ere — 19) on The EbareMollEqetions Yrom Fig, 8 weave forte eit caret ea op a= Il +) om ng Bs (0:1), 0-10, al (2:8) wf Sree nd wh ie we Ta ere =1) 4a =1) om ; ape Daw 4, Ia ae, oon ae(Oip + BS) on = Ry tn yr [Groby tm re hee the beeen waver ln nee rm Fg 1) we we that fora lege wmv ol basse round te ist Qe tae-urent ovina nar othe lta Q than othe ight 0. Th lap diteton tds o cana the tp drin benny i Fig 9-1 Ue calectorcurent vig [a ors given bse cure sing ie Tare over the waco 8 that over QA Heat, Use ampli eno that Qi earth center of he ter plas, there wil be tation if the (Statin in sito bae tage thay ie 5 ial baw care hou be ated re tht the dynam oad carve abe Fa. P16 (6) Coleco and 4) bot aan end vlogs waver: The Wevelorms Asan 200A pra sinumialiy ying bas around the quscet point Q, whew fy = 300 pA. Then the nl thee av a a Bin - a 0 Ten Saat ted = 0) We ave aed he tig 1 1 in re to as Fovcnmla span sie “sobs tes Tass at Ix ar sed he sei 11 anf nine tht wee wing ‘The evel and tr are pot a Fag ean restive ‘ere thal the coetr corer sd call valtage wears area ‘ane mth baecurent wel (the sinusoid of Hi Ge) boc ‘altar carters nth eight th oad ne nis: at parle oly pel for un inert In base cet ‘hang raeform s Kawa ofp online dtr "The tweto-eniier voltae efor any sobinaton of base eure selctartoemiier Yeltage con be obtain frm the iat flere." In Fig. B18 we abow the dye operating care dr ‘embinatos of tac cust sed eller vllags foe soeg 4-2 fet ie of Fig- ge Toe waver ye an be obtain rom he ‘fring ee of Fg. 150 ky ening the lage ne compen ‘sori ann nich cnr rom ning rani an ued ‘hat interchange the rl ofthe emer jueion td the 2 Int am rail pat of vi woh aaron ht fencer us now. With th invered made of opens in mind, we any ah Prien eomapontence wth Ex (049), 1 em ce stm ietd commie bse curate, jt at (0-40) in ret gunn somal operation Tap the eter fntion rere male ‘Stren and Vrs the lage dp from side towed at Ue enter ‘an pave fr nforwardDaoed ete.” In che Urtae, I= —ale Int?ee ‘avast otnucrinencs / 20 sod Tae ae piv van, ving the magstads ofthe rev aturtion ‘irate the oda, "Th caren our acount forth minrty-arot ‘more sree the base "An apt of KCL. to the valntr bode of fees sve Tem ~anle $= and + Leer 2) er th dod arent Zi given by Ba. (620. Saw J ie he magia Wis serene mtaratine, hen f= oy Subang tira o nto the pring equation for fe ie.) This mod ie vad for uth frend an veer ate voip applied es he tra juntona "Tsou be noted tht we hae mel the eeronting naetiae fom Fig. ©1Tseod hove mgernd tn idence vse fore td Lo. ‘serve fom Fig. 18 thatthe dependent cares soues ca be elie ig 217 Dabing hn weitoges and rat wed nth Berl eq: ics om ts gee pred x =n = 0 Yoc cele Ur mining ts tow. forwhere poy oran spn rons, o postive vale fee ‘ow with much pwr than the dun length of minority ers the tar pout Surge for nae con end pone Yo) mean ‘rl mina carr wil recom nbn aa noe il srviv So = = i och the colt Tv tw codes land bck to back” Tieden shows why. impos- et Sst trey spy cnt mp a as Corrente 9 Fanton of Vltoges We may use Eas (0-48) and (050) toss ey for the wanitareuretain terms of the aneonvlegee dened a Pig 017, ith thereat that Bie! Tam pe (are = 1) m1) oy tes (aut) om ‘Theo equations wert preted by Eber and Mol and arene ith (10) and (21, dvd rom phycal pipe nS. Th Fig P18 To Beal modal foro pp en.150 / mtemowe senets Ane Cnc hat section tn werd ha the coelente oa ata aang se ual Hoos the parasites ay Zo, an Zao ae nat independent e.219 The conor ‘terested yh contin Sire spear (ebcnad nally ee Manufetarers dia sects ces provide iafrmaton stow an an ‘otha a ay be determined For many trator Zao in he Greg to lee ‘See Ske eum ofthe thes curate must be xr, the base eurent sven by Ins Wet 10) eet oo. Seas om temperature, Tha votgy i smal that he curv of Fig 6 to ai they pe trough ho oi, but tay ar actualy aed to the ‘ak by = ow mall 1 Teie need, tina Vox How only alight unt Te/T apron 8 ‘or example, even for Le/To = 098 = 0 (r= 100, Yer = 000m OBLM/SE . _o,3y “This tags can tary be dtc tthe al to which Fig 08 denn, td uae war th gia appre Un eurves severly. Hower, ee the Fig i contra hut slags ot order of 2 V roqued for Toto rsh 09 o te asin al. "The masta eye Band ne ale fet inuppeoned, Vogt. anes Zoy irene rom 099 to B (Vel nro fo (015 Vt innit." X plot the terete! common-amitr that a Yoltoges Factions of Curents We may solve explicit fr June vse i erro the creas fom Egy. (2S1 aed (0), ‘he rel that (iz) eso derive the analyte expreion fr th commoner terisn f Fg 98. The san fn thie Riu i te voltage Ver = Va ~ Ve lor an wpm vane ands Ves = Ve ~ Va fo ‘Porpwnainte (emer tho Vo dV ae pstive a the 9 ile of ‘Rbdion Hence te commoner harearitoe re ound by Yen Ing Her (0-8) and (06) and by limiting Tu by the wo of Ba Ted Fig 0-10.” Ween that ata Sed aloof Ven, the ai eT ib ‘The resung eatin ean be simpied provided Ut the ollowing ‘ecm Hen for oul ierect nT, ehould obtain eel ine {hare yall Ty 3> anand la Tena Aftet om masiplatons an tnt n Toate Given Ven Thseoncladon i aly wll aise by te Strain Fig 62." Howeres, the y= cure suet be ineosiset ns for cnta f/lo tin are shed cance wth to fe = One, Thi td tothe epprosmation main deg Bq (7), which a asd fr Ta = 8 ‘The theoretical care of Fig. 8:19 much Ratiar than the curves of Pig ‘8 cam we have imply aeumed that aye rl onstant. Avan eed st sy tite ey with Veg ca aun th ee he commoner chara fap mt meeerts Noe tht te +n (05) ed fo an wn aii feet eke een ees ae Yen “ei 8am ta te ew Sete nt Monet un! Pers aval = Ooms Vrawbare Fn 28 PIS ANALYSIS OF CUTOFF AND SATURATION REGIONS. atu ow apply the inn ofthe preading action to ind he carente ‘a olga inthe grounded aie rit.