Professional Documents
Culture Documents
1 Dariusz Tworzydło- University of Warsaw, Poland - Head of the Department of Social Com-
munication and Public Relations, Faculty of Journalism, Information and Book Studies at the Uni-
versity of Warsaw. President of the Board of the Institute of the Development of Information Society
and Exacto sp. z o.o. Author of over 230 scientific publications, monographs, scripts, articles, and
research reports. Former president of the board of the Polish Public Relations Association, and a
member of the Public Relations Ethics Council. Advisor and consultant, e-mail:dariusz@tworzydlo.pl
2 Przemysław Szuba- Exacto, a Ph.D. student at the University of Warsaw, Poland - a graduate
in sociology and journalism at The John Paul II Catholic University of Lublin, currently deputy head of
the research and strategic analysis department at Exacto sp. z o. o. Author of several dozen research
reports and over a dozen scientific articles. In his professional work, he focuses mainly on the analy-
sis of the condition of the public relations industry and research on the PR professionals environment
in Poland, e-mail:pszuba@exacto.pl
3 Marek Zajic- Exacto, Poland - a graduate in sociology at The John Paul II Catholic Univer-
sity of Lublin, currently head of the research and strategic analysis department at Exacto sp. z o.o.
Manager and coordinator of over 350 market and opinion research projects.Author of several dozen
research reports. In his professional work, he focuses mainly on aspects related to the management
of the external and internal image of the brand, e-mail: mzajic@exacto.pl
129
Introduction
The situation of the image crisis is a test for the company. Many factors have an
influence on how the company manages the threat. “The crises require from the man-
agement boards of the organizations making quick decisions, taking a stand under time
pressure and uncertainty, because they are immediately perceived by the external sur-
roundings of the organization (including the media). Everyone is demanding informa-
tion and urging to take up actions. It is easy then to fall into a panic and make the first
decision without thinking about the long-term consequences. It is also easy to be overly
sensitive to the escalation of events happening around the organization, regarding the
multiplication of decisions and actions, many of which will soon have to be abandoned,
because they will be ineffective, and in most cases even harmful.” [Wojcik, 2005, p. 592-
593]. In this situation, the degree of preparation of the company (i.e. actions or negli-
gence that took place) often becomes visible long before the crisis begins. All issues
related to the appropriate reaction to the image threat focus on the method of how the
organization conducts its communication. There is no good formula that would solve
the crisis. There is also no ideal pattern of communication. Nevertheless, it is possible
to indicate good practices and a range of errors. However, each time it is necessary to
take into account the specificity of the organization, the social and public context, the
predispositions of people communicating with the environment or the crisis situation
itself [Kaczmarek-Śliwińska, 2015, p. 159]. Bearing in mind that each crisis has its own
specific circumstances, it is worth taking a closer look at the guidelines for conducting
effective communication during the crisis provided by experts in the public relations in-
dustry. The article aims to present the assessments of representatives of the public rela-
tions environment based on a set of research results and studies on the characteristics
and determinants of conducting effective communication in the course of image threat.
The authors seek to answer the question about a set of factors that allow effective com-
munication during a crisis.
oppressive industries have more developed communication skills than other entities.
Oppressiveness increases the vigilance of managers and people dealing with commu-
nication, divisions and departments responsible for public relations. Due to the above,
companies subjected to oppressive risk more often have procedures, anti-crisis staff,
are more involved in the process of communication training and have more developed
structures (spokespersons, managers). The oppressiveness of the industry in which the
company operates affects the improvement of the effectiveness of crisis communica-
tion activities, which also results from the fact that these companies are more likely than
others to undergo crisis situations.
Picture 1. The oppressiveness of the industry
A company operating in the oppressive industry must be aware of the fact that it
is particularly vulnerable to external and internal problems. Therefore, it must take ac-
tions and make use of tools that will have a positive impact on image security. On the
basis of multidimensional research, it was possible to identify 12 industries with a diag-
nosed higher level of vulnerability to the occurrence of communicational crisis situations
[Tworzydło, Szuba, 2019, p. 117].Therefore, the food industry, the public sector and com-
panies conducting medical and pharmaceutical activities should pay special attention to
the development of communication skills of their employees and crisis teams.
Once again, it can be seen that the training, according to the PR agencies, is the
component of the company’s image security. They are part of acquired competencies
and should be implemented in the form of, for example, crisis simulation or preparation
for speeches before journalists. This is the opinion of experts who deals with crises,
However, the practice shows that the aspect of training is not appreciated. Only slightly
more than half of the surveyed companies from the 500 List of “Rzeczpospolita” daily
newspaper (51%) indicate that they conduct communication training among their man-
agement staff. Companies rely much more on their immune system based on the cre-
ation of a crisis manual (83%). They also, more often invest in their own PR personnel,
relevant structures (63%) and anti-crisis staff (59%).
Picture 3. The quality of anti-crisis prevention of the largest Polish companies
Source: The author’s own study based on [Tworzydło, Łaszyn, Szuba, 2018]
132
Analyzing the leaders’ opinions of the PR industry one can notice that the construc-
tion model of the above-described immune system of the largest Polish companies can
be created on the basis of this important crisis experience (unfortunately it is about the
negative effects of crises). Preparation for the crisis is related to the development of
skills and tools that were established based on the crisis that took place in the company
in the past. The preparation of the company for new challenges and crisis risks requires
adaptation of the above tools and skills that will allow better readiness for the unknown
[Baubion, 2013, p. 12].
It also corresponds with previously analyzed data regarding the phenomenon of
oppressiveness, where greater company’s contact with crises determines better prepa-
ration for their possible re-occurrence. Research on public relations crisis communica-
tion shows that only 7% of PR agency leaders indicate that their clients decide to coop-
erate with the agency as part of prevention (in the sense of the proverb that prevention
is better than cure).Most often, cooperation is undertaken during an image crisis (44%
implements ad hoc solutions) or under the influence of negative consequences of cri-
ses (32%).The dominance of the strategy of cooperation between the company and the
agencies in response to the crisis situation shows that the lack of communication skills
during the crisis is primarily caused by the neglect of the companies that are clients of
public relations agencies and the delayed reaction[Tworzydło, Szuba, (in press)].
The second most common response of public relations experts is particularly in-
teresting from the point of view of the features of the messages themselves. Every fifth
professional working in the industry mention sincerity, openness, and honesty as the
most important factor of crisis communication (22%). The results of the research are a
confirmation of what F.P.Seitel wrote, indicating that the key principle of effective crisis
communication is to conduct open and honest communication [F.P. Seitel, 1995, p. 452-
453]. This response is not only an indication of how to construct messages in a substan-
tive way but also has a strong axiological overtone. It refers to the PR profession as a
profession possessing social trust, which places “particularly high demands on people
performing it, including ethical requirements. It results from the fact that while working
in social communication sector and focusing on >> building trust... <, they are subjected
to constant observation and evaluation “[Stolarczyk, 2016, p. 75].
According to almost 17% of PR professionals in crisis communication, quick re-
sponse time counts. This is particularly important due to the aforementioned trend of
the growing importance of the Internet and social media in the spread of the crisis (the
media as a platform where crises take place).Appropriately quick response time allows
for leveling or at least counteracting the two most frequently cited consequences of a
crisis situation, i.e. negative media publications (62%) and negative criticism in social
media (38%) [Tworzydło, Łaszyn, Szuba, 2018, p. 66].
Among the other factors of effective communication mentioned by PR agency lead-
ers, the most important is the fact that possessing a PR team in the company’s struc-
tures has been mentioned by 12% of respondents, and the use of external support only
by 2%. It can be connected with the fact that low awareness of clients is one of the big-
gest concerns of the PR community regarding the functioning of the industry [Tworzydło,
Szuba, Zajic, 2017, p. 38-39]. This is another voice in the debate on raising the awareness
of the business community regarding the preparation and development of employees
within their own structures for cooperation with external professionals.
It is worth looking into the strategies of companies operating in Poland in the con-
text of communication effectiveness. Among the representatives of Polish companies
from the 500 List of “Rzeczpospolita” daily newspaper dominates the strategy stating
that it is better to rely on cooperation with the media than to apply the strategy of a
closed fortress. A seemingly eightfold advantage of the open-minded approach (82%)
on the closed-minded approach (10%) is a good result. However, if the approach to this
results in such a way that every tenth of the largest companies in Poland adopts a strat-
134
egy of communication blockade in a crisis situation, there is still much to do in the field
of education. If the use of those undesirable communication strategies is noticeable at
the level of 10% among the best, and thus the most developed enterprises in the country,
it can be presumed that among less developed enterprises this approach is much more
frequent and dominant in some areas.
Summary
The largest Polish enterprises in the vast majority present an active approach to
crisis situations. Their immune system is based on manuals, organizational structures,
own PR experts, and an anti-crisis staff, which are elements highly recommended by
the surveyed PR specialists. A clear discrepancy between the guidelines of the public
relations community and the practices of the largest Polish companies appears in the
case of communication training. Almost two out of three experts say that communica-
135
tion training should be the basis of the company’s immune system and this is the most
frequently suggested recommendation, while such training is conducted only in just over
half of the surveyed companies from the 500 List of “Rzeczpospolita” daily newspaper.
Companies operating in the oppressive industries are better prepared for communi-
cation management during crises, are more involved in the organization of communica-
tion training, and have anti-crisis structures and procedures. This means that actions un-
dertaken during situations of permanent image threat and greater experience because
of crises that have occurred before are the main factor influencing the anti-crisis organi-
zation of the company. This is connected with the fact that the majority of professionals
noticed the establishment of cooperation with entrepreneurs during or after a crisis.
The companies’ continuous cooperation with public relations agencies as part of crisis
prevention is rare.
The main feature of effective crisis communication is experts’ anti-crisis prepara-
tion and the presence of procedures, openness, and honesty of communication as well
as quick response time. Other features related to the communication itself mentioned
by PR professionals are clarity and consistency of the message and its quality. Some ex-
perts point out that, in the context of effective communication, it is important to have an
experienced public relations team. However, in the context of results from other studies,
this should be treated as a postulate of improving the quality of cooperation with public
relations agencies, rather than recommending companies to deal with situations of im-
age threat on their own.
REFERENCES:
BAUBION CH. (2013), Strategic Crisis Management, Geneva,OECD.
KACZMAREK-ŚLIWIŃSKA M. (2015),Public relations w zarządzaniu sytuacjami kryzysowymi organizacji. Sz-
tuka komunikowania się, Warszawa,Difin.
ŁASZYN A. (2011), Sztuka Public Relations. Z doświadczeń polskich praktyków,Warszawa, Związek Firm Public
Relations.
SEITEL F.P. (1995) The practice of public relations, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.
STOLARCZYK A. K. (2016) Etyka w PR – zawód wysokiego zaufania społecznego, [in:] Łaszyn A. Tworzydło D.
(ed.), 25 lat. Pierwsze ćwierćwiecze public relations w Polsce, , Warszawa-Rzeszów,Newsline.pl.
TWORZYDŁO D. (2017),Public Relations. Praktycznie, Rzeszów,Newsline.
TWORZYDŁO D., ŁASZYN A., SZUBA P. (2018), Zarządzanie sytuacją kryzysową w polskich przedsiębiorst-
wach, Rzeszów,Newsline.pl.
TWORZYDŁO D., SZUBA P. (in press), Kryzysowe public relations z perspektywy agencji PR. Analizy tendencje
i uwarunkowania, in press.
TWORZYDŁO D., SZUBA P. (2019) Rola profilaktyki antykryzysowej z perspektywy największych polskich
przedsiębiorstw oraz agencji public relations na podstawie badań eksperckich, [in:] MINIB, Warszawa, Instytut
Lotnictwa, Wydawnictwa Naukowe.
TWORZYDŁO D., SZUBA P., ZAJIC M. (2017), Analiza kondycji branży Public Relation. Raport z projektu bad-
awczego 2017, Rzeszów,Newsline.pl.
WOJCIK K. (2005), Public Relations. Wiarygodny dialog z otoczeniem, Warszawa,Placet.