Course 2022

Concrete Technology 2022 Tech Zone

Tech Zone Engineering And Business College

Semester project paper for the course concrete technology

Prepared by:- Elham Dirbu CTMGR 004/2011

Submitted to:- Mr.Zelalem

July 6,2022 GC.

Discuss and describe at least 15 types of concrete listed below

 Define the concrete type

 Properties and mix design
 Advantage and disadvantage of the concrete
 Application of the concrete on construction

1. High-strength concrete
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Today, high-strength concrete is defined as concrete with a specified compressive strength of 55 MPa
(8000 psi) or higher. In many markets today, concrete having a specified compressive strength in excess
of 69 MPa (10,000 psi) is routinely produced on a daily basis.
High-performance concrete is a term used to describe concrete with special properties not attributed to
normal concrete. High-performance means that the concrete has one or more of the following properties:
low shrinkage, low permeability, a high modulus of elasticity, or high strength. According to Henry
Russell, ACI defines high performance concrete as "concrete that meets special performance and
uniformity requirements that cannot always be achieved routinely by using only conventional materials
and normal mixing, placing, and curing practices. The requirements may involve enhancements of
placement and compaction without segregation, long-term mechanical properties, early-age strength,
toughness, volume stability, or service life in severe environments" (Concrete International, p. 63). High-
strength concrete is typically recognized as concrete with a 28-day cylinder compressive strength greater
than 6000 psi or 42 Mpa. More generally, concrete with a uniaxial compressive strength greater than that
typically obtained in a given geographical region is considered high-strength, although the preceding
values are widely recognized. Strengths of up to 20,000 psi (140 Mpa) have been used in different
applications. Laboratories have produced strengths approaching 60,000 psi (480 Mpa).
High-strength concrete can resist loads that normal-strength concrete cannot. Several distinct advantages
and disadvantages can be analyzed. It is important to consider all peripheral results of selecting high-
strength concrete since special considerations must be addressed beyond strength properties.
Once it is decided to use high-strength, high-performance concrete, the mix design and production
process can begin. The materials used and concepts involved in increasing the strength of concrete must
be clearly understood in order to obtain the desired properties. Testing is an integral step in the
production process, since quality control studies show that slight changes in mixture proportions can lead
to large changes in the compressive strength of concrete. When the design proportioning is complete,
mixing can commence with extra consideration for workability and related properties of the mix.
 Mix Design of High Strength Concrete -Procedure
1.The mean design strength is obtained by applying suitable control factors to the specified minimum
strength.
2.For a given type of cement and aggregates used, the reference number corresponding to the design
strength at a particular age is interpolated from figure 1 to 4.
3.The water-cement ratio to achieve the required workability and corresponding to the reference number
is obtained from figure 5 for aggregates with maximum sizes of 20mm and 10mm.
4.The aggregate-cement ratio to give the desired workability with the known water cement is obtained
by absolute volume method.
5.Batch quantities are worked out after adjustments for moisture content in the aggregates.
Advantage and disadvantage:- High-strength concrete provides a higher compressive strength, a higher
tensile strength, reduced creep, and greater durability than normal- strength concrete.High-strength
concrete resists loads that cannot be resisted by normal-strength concrete. Not only does high strength
concrete allow for more applications, it also increases the strength per unit cost, per unit weight, and per
unit volume as well. These concrete mixes typically have an increased modulus of elasticity, which
increases stability and reduces deflections.
Along with the inherent advantages of high-strength concrete, several less clearly defined disadvantages
can materialize. Most of these disadvantages are due to a lack of adequate research under field
conditions, although many of the issues are currently being alleviated though the use of improved
admixtures. First, increased quality control is needed in order to maintain the special properties desired.
High-strength concrete must meet high-performance standards consistently in order for it to be effective.
Second, careful materials selection is necessary. High quality materials must be used. These materials
may cost more than materials of lower quality. Third, allowable stress design discourages the use of
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high-strength concrete. One solution is to use load factor and resistance design when using high-strength
concrete. Fourth, minimum cover over reinforcement or minimum thickness of members may restrict the
realization of maximum benefits. Fifth, available prestress force in a member may be inadequate to
achieve maximum strength. Sixth, low water to cementitious materials ratios require special curing
requirements. Finally, since serviceabilty conditions such as deflection can control design, increased
capacity may not be fully utilized (Peterman).
Application:-High-strength concrete is typically used in the erection of high-rise structures. It has been
used in components such as columns (especially on lower floors where the loads will be greatest), shear
walls, and foundations. High strengths are also occasionally used in bridge applications as well.
2. Stamped concrete
Stamped concrete is concrete that has been imprinted, or that is patterned, textured, or embossed to
resemble brick, slate, flagstone, stone, tile, wood, or various other patterns and textures. The practice of
stamping concrete for various purposes began with the ancient Romans. In the nineteenth and twentieth
centuries, concrete was sometimes stamped with contractor names and years during public works
projects, but by the late twentieth century the term "stamped concrete" came to refer primarily to
decorative concrete produced with special modern techniques for use in patios, sidewalks, driveways,
pool decks, and interior flooring
Properties:-The stamped concrete is a flooring system that can be attained by a small reference without
the need of an outside labor. This is a part of small home change over tip. It can be done by the
occupants themselves if willing.

They have wide array of options in terms of color they can be laid and based on different patterns that
are available. Another important factor that increases the application of stamped concrete is the price.
This is very cheap when compared with any other alternative you choose for the purpose.
In terms of strength and working, concrete is the perfect material that can be chosen to create cost
effective replica of more expensive materials. This is attained without compromising the authentic,
natural look of the floor.
Mix design:- In freeze-thaw areas, the concrete mix design shall be a minimum 3,500 psi (24.5mpa),
compressive strength shall be 3,500 psi (24.5mpa) at 28 days +. Portland Cement shall meet the
requirements of ASTM-C 150. Cement content shall be 564 lbs./yd. (335 kg/m3), 1 bag fiber/yd (1 fiber
bag/m3). Add Color as specified. Slump 4 inch + 1 inch (80/100mm), maximum water-cement ratio shall
be .44 by weight. Coarse aggregate shall be in accordance with ASTM C 33 size 3/4″ minus aggregate
(14mm). Air-Entrainment 7% (+/- 1%) while using Integral Color, or 3% (+/-1%) using Color
Hardeners.
In non-freeze areas the concrete mix design shall be a minimum 3,000 psi (24.5mpa), compressive
strength shall be 3,000 psi (24.5mpa) at 28 days +. Portland Cement shall meet the requirements of
ASTM-C 150. Cement content shall be 517 lbs./yd. (280 kg/m3), 1 bag fiber/yd. (1 bag fiber/m3). Add
Color as specified. Slump 4 inch + 1 inch (80/100mm), maximum water-cement ratio shall be .44 by
weight. Coarse aggregate shall be in accordance with ASTM C 33 size 3/4″ minus aggregate (14mm),
Air-Entrainment 7% (+/- 1%) while using Integral Color, or 3% (+/-1%) using Color Hardeners.
Advantage:-
 Pattern and Color Options. Since the concrete is poured on-site, it's amenable to many different
customizing options.
 Excellent Performance and Longevity. A stamped concrete patio will serve you well for many
years.
 Quick Installation.
 Low Maintenance.
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 Affordable.
Disadvantage:-
 Stamped concrete WILL CRACK, many designers call this a feature.
 Only rated at 3,500-5,000 psi, should not be driven on.
 Will absorb moisture, not resistant to freeze thaw cycles.
 Quality control often an issue, multiple trucks on a job can produce unwanted variation in color.
 Must be re-sealed every 2-3 years.
Application:-
Stamped concrete can be applied to several different applications around your home if you're looking to
invest in hardscaping services from Honeysuckle Nursery and Design.
-Fire Pits. ...
-Pool Decks. ...
-Patios and Decks. ...
-Driveways. ...
-Retaining Walls.

3. High-performance concrete
High-performance concrete (HPC) is concrete that has been designed to be more durable and, if
necessary, stronger than conventional concrete
A concrete mixture which has high workability, high strength, high modulus of physical property, high
density, high dimensional stability, low permeability and resistance to chemical attack is generally said
to be high performance concrete
Properties and mix design of high performance concrete
Properties
High-Strength Concrete. High-performance concrete is a term used to describe concrete with special
properties not attributed to normal concrete. High-performance means that the concrete has one or more
of the following properties: low shrinkage, low permeability, a high modulus of elasticity, or high
strength.
Mix design
A mix design provides a starting mix proportions that will have to be more or less modified to meet the
desired concrete characteristics. High-performance concrete (HPC) does not necessarily require high
strength but the mix proportioning should be such that permeability is as low as possible for the
particular use.
Advantages
There are several advantages of high performance concrete (HPC) application in building construction
which are not achievable using conventional concrete. The strength, durability, resistance to chemical
attack, and workability of high performance concrete are high.
.Concrete is Easily Available
.Concrete is Easy to Shape
.Concrete is Extremely Versatile
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.Concrete is Non-Combustible
Disadvantages
Abstract. Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) has superior mechanical properties and durability to
normal strength concrete. However, the high amount of cement, high environmental impact, and initial
cost are regarded as disadvantages, restricting its wider application.
Application :-
There are several applications of high-performance concrete in the field of civil engineering due to its
superior properties such as high strength and good durability.
The high-performance concrete has been used in the construction of bridges, hydropower structures,
pavements, bridges, high-density radiation shielding, mass concrete projects, offshore platforms noise
and vibration dampening, tunnels, and high-rise structures.
3.1 Ultra-high-performance concrete
Ultra-high-performance-concrete (UHPC) is generally defined as concrete with a compressive strength
greater than 150 MPa. UHPC typically is made with high-strength steel fibers, fine sand, cement, fly ash,
a large volume of SF, and a low amount of water (a w/cm ratio less than 0.20).
3.2 Micro-reinforced ultra-high-performance concrete
the next generation of UHPC. In addition to high compressive strength, durability and abrasion
resistance of UHPC, microreinforced UHPC is characterized by extreme ductility, energy absorption and
resistance to chemicals, water and temperature.
4. Self-consolidating concrete
Self-Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is a highly fluid mixture designed to flow and consolidate under its
own weight. The mixture is very cohesive and is capable of filling all types of spaces without
segregation or bleeding.Self Consolidating Concrete (SCC) is perceived as probably the best
development in the concrete industry. Utilizing new admixtures and some mix changes, we can now
create concrete that flows easily without segregating.
Mixed concrete that segregates loses strength and creates honeycombed areas next to the formwork.
Self-consolidating nature makes it very valuable because there is no need for compaction.
This type of concrete can flow easily in all directions and make a good bond with reinforcement bars
without any air voids. Traditional concrete required more compaction in those applications to work out
all the entrapped air bubbles next to the forms and reinforce and get the concrete to move in.
What is Self Consolidating Concrete?
Self Consolidating Concrete is also known as self-compacting concrete ( S.C.C. ). Self-compacting
concrete flows very fast around the formwork, and it does not segregate.

The slump value of Self Consolidating Concrete is normally 455 to 810 mm based on the requirement of
the project. It does not need any mechanical device or vibrator to fill the voids because it is consolidated
by itself.
eventually, it contains less water compared to conventional concrete.
Product Description/properties
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Self-consolidating concrete, also known as self-compacting concrete - a highly flowable, non-

segregating concrete that can spread in place, fill formwork and encapsulate the reinforcement without
any mechanical consolidation.

Mix design:-
SCC is achieved by designing a mix that has a low yield stress and an increased plastic viscosity (see
Figure 1). In other words, the mix should require minimal force to initiate flow, yet have adequate
cohesion to resist aggregate segregation and excess bleeding.
The yield stress is reduced by using an advanced synthetic high-range water-reducing admixture
(HRWR), also known as superplasticizer. The viscosity of the paste is increased by using a viscosity-
modifying admixture (VMA) or by increasing the percentage of fines incorporated into the SCC mix
design.

diagram of plastic viscosity vs yield stress of conventional concrete and SCC self consolidating concrete

SCC diagram
The preferred admixture for reducing yield stress in self-consolidating concrete is a polycarboxylate-
based admixture (superplasticizer). This is due to its superior water-reduction capabilities and high early-
strength gains at low dosing rates. This new generation of synthetic admixture has been specially
designed to increase the dispersion of the cement particles. This aids in plasticity, strength and can also
help with pigment dispersion.
Avoiding segregation through aggregate gradation and by increasing the amount of fines is possible, but
it must be done carefully to preserve the SCC properties. A well graded aggregate distribution minimizes
cement paste content as well as minimizes admixture dosage.
Other Considerations in SCC Mix Design
Excess moisture in the ingredients, especially
the fine aggregates, can have a profound
influence on the consistency of the mix. Small
fluctuations in moisture content may lead to
segregation or affect the mix’s ability to flow.
Variations in the aggregate gradation from
batch to batch can also cause consistency
problems. VMA’s (viscosity modifying
admixtures) help even out variations in
aggregate gradations and can account for
moderate variations in moisture content. A
more robust mix is ultimately created, with an
enhanced capacity to absorb fluctuations in aggregate gradations and moisture contents.
Specifications:-
ASTM C-94
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Advantages:-
 It reduces water in the concrete.
 More economical due to self consolidation.
 It is self-leveling concrete.
 Not much noise because of no mechanical device used for compaction.
 Provide a good working environment on the construction site.
 More strength compared to conventional concrete.
 Suitable to cast thin R.C.C slab.
 Faster placement
 Improved finish
 Ease of filling restricted sections
 Improved consolidation
 Improved pumpability
 Improved uniformity
 Reduced labor costs
 Quicker concrete discharge
 Elimination of vibrators
 Increased job site safety
Disadvantages Of Self Compacting Concrete:
 Due to the low water/cement ratio cracks may occur if curing not done properly.
 The manufacturing process is difficult and needs skilled workers.
 The casting process is slow.
Uses/Applications:-
Commonly used in structural and architectural concrete elements where reinforcing steel is tight and/or
surface smoothness is important.
5. Vacuum concrete
Definition of vacuum concrete
: concrete that has had a vacuum applied through special mats, pads, or forms shortly after placement for
the purpose of removing a portion of the mixing water not needed for the hydration of the cement
Vacuum concrete is the type of concrete in which the excess water is removed for improving concrete
strength. The water is removed by use of vacuum mats connected to a vacuum pump.
-Properties of Vacuum Concrete
-Increase in strength to about 25%
-Increase in density.
-Decrease in permeability.
-Increase in durability.
-Increase in abrasion resistance.
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-Increase in impact resistance by 10%

Vacuum-Concrete-procedure
Procedure
In the usual manner, a concrete mix with good workability is pace in the form-works.
As fresh concrete contains continues the system of water-filled channels, the application of a vacuum to
the surface concrete results in a large amount of a vacuum to the surface of the concrete. This results in a
large amount of water being extracted from a certain depth of the concrete. The vacuum is applied
through porous mats connected to a vacuum pump. The final water cement ratio before setting is thus
reduced and as this ration largely controls the strength, vacuum concrete has a higher strength and also
density a lower permeability and a greater durability.
Advantages of Vacuum Concrete
Vacuum Concrete has several advantages over normal concrete. Some of the advantages are given
below.
 The final strength of concrete is increased by about 25%.
 Sufficient decrease in The permeability of concrete is sufficiently decreased.
 Vacuum concrete stiffens very rapidly so that the form-works can be removed within 30 minutes
of casting even on columns of 20 ft. high.
 This is of considerable economic value, particularly in a precast factory as the forms can be
reused at frequent intervals.
 The bond strength of vacuum concrete is about 20% higher.
 The density of vacuum concrete is higher.
 The surface of vacuum concrete is entirely free from pitting and the uppermost 1/16 inch is
highly resistant to abrasion. These characteristics are of special importance in the construction of
concrete structures which are to be in contact with flowing water at a high velocity.
 It bonds well to old concrete and can, therefore, be used for resurfacing road slabs and other
repair works.
Disadvantages of Vacuum Concrete
 High initial cost.
 Need trained labor.
 Need specific equipment.
 Need power consumption.
Application of Vacuum Concrete
-The main application of vacuum concrete is hydropower plants.
-Vacuum concrete application is a cooling tower.
-The another application of vacuum concrete is on the industrial floor, cold storages, etc.
-Vacuum concrete is widely used in bridges of ports and harbours.
6. Shot-Crete
Shotcrete, gunite (/ˈɡʌnaɪt/), or sprayed concrete is concrete or mortar conveyed through a hose and
pneumatically projected at high velocity onto a surface, as a construction technique, first used in 1907
invented by Carl Akeley.[1]: 7  It is typically reinforced by conventional steel rods, steel mesh, or fibers.
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Shotcrete is usually an all-inclusive term for both the wet-mix and dry-mix versions invented by Carl
Akeley. In pool construction, however, "shotcrete" refers to wet mix and "gunite" to dry mix. In this
context, these terms are not interchangeable.
Shotcrete is placed and compacted/consolidated at the same time, due to the force with which it is
ejected from the nozzle. It can be sprayed onto any type or shape of surface, including vertical or
overhead areas.
Properties:- Properly applied shotcrete is a structurally sound and durable construction material which
exhibits excellent bonding characteristics to existing concrete, rock, steel, and many other materials. It
can have high strength, low absorption, good resistance to weathering, and resistance to some forms of
chemical attack.
Mix design:- Shotcrete typically consists of one part cement and four parts sand by weight with
approximately 7% water by mass of dry ingredients. It can also include coarse aggregate and admixtures.
Dry mix shotcrete involves the premixing of dry ingredients with water added at the nozzle.
There are 2 types
1.dry mix process
2.wet mix process
Advantage
 Excellent bonding in nature makes the concrete layer very strong
 It's more economical and needs less formwork
 It can be applied using nozzle from safest distance
Disadvantage
 The production cost is very high
 Dusting problems
 So many wastages of concrete
Application
-Thin overhead vertical or horizontal places
-curved or folded sections like tunnels,cannals, reservoirs or swimming pools and prestressed tanks
-stablized rock slopes
- waterproofing walls
- restoration or repairing of old buildings and fire damaged structures
7. Lime-Crete
Limecrete is a combination of natural hydraulic lime and lightweight aggregate such as sharp sand or
glass fibres. This creates a breathable material which can be used as an alternative to concrete, in
particular for floor slabs in the conversion of old buildings to modern standards - helping to deal with
naturally occurring moisture. Limecrete can help to resolve design problems associated with older
buildings and energy efficiency, while retaining a traditional character and aesthetic.
It is a 'breathable' material, which allows the transmission of water vapour. When used as a floor slab,
this can help ensure that any rising damp does not affect breathable wall constructions.
Limecrete is often laid on a base of foamed glass beads rather than hardcore, without a damp proof
membrane (DPM). This enhances the breathability of the slab, since hardcore can allow capillary action
to draw up ground moisture. Foamed glass beads are the most common option since there are few other
non-capillary substrate materials available.
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Properties:-
Limecrete is relatively slow to set and absorbes CO2 during the drying process. It has a certain amount
of flexibility compared to concrete. It is strong enough under compression to serve as a floor slab
material, and can be strengthened by adding fibres and increasing the lime content. Care should be taken
in mixing the materials however as excessive lime content can compromise breathability.
Underfloor heating can be used with limecrete.
Mix design:-
The lime concrete is mixed in the following ratios:
1 Part NHL5 : 1 Part sharp sand : 2 Parts 12 – 18 mm aggregate and approximately 5 – 6 litres of water
per 50 kg of lime. This is mixed in a nearly dry condition with only just sufficient water to allow the
material to be bound in the hand.
Advantage:-
It prevents damp penetration, provides insulation, maintains breathability and provides a solid, durable
floor, in character with the original building. But it is an expensive option using materials that are tricky
to work with, and not necessary as often as might be imagined.
 The Limecrete slab (having a more open pore structure on a molecular level than concrete) can
also provide a buffer to moisture vapour. The thickness of the slab (100mm) means that moisture
vapour will not be transferred straight through the slab, but rather it is buffered in the lower half
of the slab and the top of the slab should always stay dry.
 The slab provides thermal mass resulting in increased efficiency of the UFH,
 Reduced labour costs as only one slab is needed
 LABC approved Detail without the need for a DPM.
 No Expansion Joints - Our research has suggested that the considerations applicable to
cementitious concrete with regard to expansion joints are not applicable to lime-based concretes.
Hydraulic Lime generates little heat during the initial chemical hydraulic set and Limecrete has a
good flexural strength to compressive strength ratio. These properties mean that huge savings can
be made in terms of the labour and equipment usually required to fabricate dowelled and induced
contraction joints in cement concrete ground bearing slabs.
 The flexural strength of Limecrete copes with movement normally found in solid wall building –
reducing the risk of cracking.
Disadvantage:-
There are two problems with this argument: The stone making up the floor may or may not be
breathable. Slate, for instance, is not a breathable material and was commonly used as flooring. Any
'breathing' (i.e. moisture dispersal) can only be through the joints between the slate slabs.
8. Pervious concrete
Pervious concrete (also called porous concrete, permeable concrete, no fines concrete and porous
pavement) is a special type of concrete with a high porosity used for concrete flatwork applications that
allows water from precipitation and other sources to pass directly through, thereby reducing the runoff
from a site and allowing groundwater recharge.
Pervious concrete is made using large aggregates with little to no fine aggregates. The concrete paste
then coats the aggregates and allows water to pass through the concrete slab. Pervious concrete is
traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets, pedestrian walkways, and
greenhouses.[1][2] It is an important application for sustainable construction and is one of many low
impact development techniques used by builders to protect water quality.
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8.1 Installation
Pervious Concrete Installation Process
The pervious concrete installation process consists of four basic steps:
Mixing
Placing
Compaction
Curing
concrete sidewalkThe creation, placement, and curing of concrete are all done on-site, rather than in a
factory under uniform conditions. Although pervious concrete can be mixed by the same suppliers and
delivered by the same trucks as dense concrete, its unique physical characteristics require a contractor
with specialized experience. The structural dissimilarities between pervious and impervious concrete call
for different installation processes, neither of which is more difficult or time-consuming than the other.
However, the quality and performance of pervious concrete are dependent upon the installer’s familiarity
with the constructional impact of its properties. This can be gained only through hands-on experience
with the substance, which is not a commonly-used building material in all locales.
To ensure quality control , NRMCA has established a certification program for contractors who place
pervious concrete pavement. The contractor certification includes a written exam and components of
performance and work experience. This project is funded by the Ready Mixed Concrete Research
Foundation and is implemented in cooperation with state ready mixed concrete associations.
Mixing
concrete mixPervious concrete is made up of cement, course aggregates, and water. The mixing process
requires tight control of ingredient proportions, more so than that of conventional concrete. Only a
narrow range of water content provides sufficient levels of both strength and porosity, so measurements
must be exact.
Pervious concrete generally has a void content of 15-25%, with a .35-.45 water to cementitious materials
(w/cm) ratio. Since this small proportion of water evaporates quickly, the mixture should be discharged
completely within one hour of its initial mixing. This time frame can be extended by 50% or more with
the inclusion of moisture-sustaining admixture chemicals in the mix.
Placing
A stone reservoir is installed as a subbase for the pavement, creating large air voids and allowing for
further water infiltration and storage. Prior to concrete placement, this layer is compacted to 92-96% of
its maximum density, so as to provide maximum support while maintaining permeability. The level of
compaction depends on the soil properties, pavement design, and infiltration requirements.
Soil with high clay content has low permeability, requiring a thicker stone reservoir to compensate for
decreased water retention. Engineering fabrics are often used to separate the soil and stone layers. The
subbase must be kept moist in order to prevent the lower portion of the pavement from drying out too
quickly. The longer the drying time, the greater the strength and durability of the concrete.
Because of its thick, rocky consistency, discharge from concrete mixers is slower for pervious concrete
than for dense. Since it cannot be pumped, it must flow, usually requiring worker assistance. The
pouring of the mixture into the framework should be rapid and continuous. Once it’s in place, a vibrating
screed is used to level off the fresh pavement, resulting in a smooth final surface. The vibrations increase
the compaction, and therefore density, of the concrete.
Vibrating screeds also allow for the use of extremely thick, low-slump mixtures, which produce
maximum strength and durability. Manual screeding methods lack the force necessary to smooth over
such thickness.
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Compaction
compactionThe final compaction or consolidation of the poured concrete mixture is accomplished with a
steel-pipe roller immediately after screeding. This step must be completed within fifteen minutes of
placement in order to avoid the hardening effects of evaporation. In the placement of conventional
concrete, troweling operations are performed after compaction, resulting in a smooth surface finish.
However, since this step tends to close off the uppermost voids of porous concrete, it is skipped in
pervious installation. This sacrifice leaves the pavement fully permeable, and the rougher surface finish
actually improves traction.
Although pavement-cracking does occur, it is not abundant, since pervious concrete contains minimal
amounts of water. When cracks do arise, they do not significantly compromise the pavement, either
structurally or aesthetically. However, if the prevention of random pavement-cracking is desirable,
control joints can be placed soon after consolidation as a remedy. These can be formed with a rolling
joint tool, or less ideally, with sawing equipment at a later time. Since pervious concretes shrink much
less than impervious ones while drying, their individual joints tend to be larger in width. Control joints at
¼ the thickness of the slab generally provide good control of cracking, and are installed to line up with
the joints of adjoining pavements at recommended intervals of twenty feet.
Curing
concrete spreadingThe final installation step is the protection of the pavement by curing. This is essential
because the open pore structure and faceted surface of pervious concrete create a high potential for
evaporation. Moisture is vital because it acts as the catalyst for the cement’s chemical reactions, which
produce the concrete’s strength. The purpose of the curing procedure is to allow the concrete to
gradually harden over an extended period of time, building up its maximum strength capacity through
steady, controlled evaporation. Curing should begin as soon as possible after the placement, compaction,
and jointing of the pavement. The process involves first fog-misting the concrete with a curing
compound, and then covering it with plastic sheeting for a minimum of seven days. This maintains the
pavement’s moisture, allowing it to induce hardening for an extended period of time.
Once the curing process is complete, pervious concrete can function well with minimal maintenance.
Due to its considerable strength and durability, it requires fewer repairs than most other building
materials, such as asphalt. In order to prevent the void structure from becoming clogged with debris, it
may be necessary to regularly vacuum or pressure-wash the pavement. The latter method has been
shown to restore as much as 80-90% of the concrete’s original permeability.
8.2 Characteristics
The pervious pavement materials that composed of a surface layer and a base layer were made. The
compressive strength of the composite can reach 50 MPa and the flexural strength 6 MPa. The water
penetration, abrasion resistance, and freezing and thawing durability of the materials are also very good.
Pervious concrete has a typical density between 1600 and 2000 kg/m3, permeability in the range of 1.3
and 12.2 mm/s, porosity between 10 and 35%, compressive strength between 3.5 and 28 MPa, and
flexural strength between 1 and 3.8 MPa [15].
Advantage:-
 Eliminates untreated storm water and creates zero runoff!
 Directly recharges groundwater.
 Mitigates “first flush” pollution.
 Protects streams, watersheds, and ecosystems.
 Mimics the drainage and filtration of bioswales and natural soils.
 Reduces surface temperatures and heat island effects.
Disadvantages Of Pervious Concrete
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 Can not be used on pavements with heavy traffic flow.

 Requires longer curing time.
 Difficult to find out water content in fresh concrete.
 Conventional concrete tests like slump test and compaction factor test are not applicable.
 Requires specialized construction practice.
Application:-
Pervious concrete is traditionally used in parking areas, areas with light traffic, residential streets,
pedestrian walkways, and greenhouses. It is an important application for sustainable construction
and is one of many low impact development techniques used by builders to protect water quality.
9. Cellular concrete
What is Cellular Concrete?
Low density cellular concrete, as defined by ACI chapter 523.1, is concrete made with hydraulic cement,
water, and preformed foam to form a hardened material having an oven-dry density of 50 pounds per
cubic foot (PCF) or less.
Although the ACI definition specifies low density cellular concrete with a density lower than 50 PCF,
cellular concrete can range in density from 20 PCF to 120 PCF.
Although there are a number of lightweight cementitious materials, the key differentiating factor
between cellular concrete and other lightweight cementitious materials is the use of externally generated
foam to reduce the density. Probably the closest material to cellular concrete is aerated autoclaved
concrete (AAC).
Uses and Advantages of Cellular Concrete
Cellular concrete has many uses and does not have one singular advantage. Depending on the
application, it may be chosen for its thermal and acoustical insulative properties, pumpability and
flowability, ease of handling due to its light weight, or as a cost saving alternative to fill materials.
Throughout the world, cellular concrete is used in building and construction applications such as roof
decks and floor decks, and geotechnical applications such as annular space filling in slip lining and void
fill abandonment. Cellular concrete can also be found in architectural and precast applications. Below
are many of the more common applications for cellular concrete; however, it’s not an exhaustive list.

Void Filling: Sinkholes, wells, tunnels, cisterns, abandoned utility pipes, annular grouting. Flows easily
and provides reduced weight on soil.
Soil Remediation: When poor subsoil conditions exist, cellular concrete can be used to create a strong
base while reducing burden on subsoils.
Utility Trench Fill: Protects and supports utility lines and reduces or eliminates need for compaction.
Flowable Fill/Geofoam Alternative: Any applications where flowable fill or geofoam blocks are being
used, cellular concrete is an excellent alternative, and in many cases the preferred material choice.
Culvert Trench Fill: Prevents later soil settlement and subsequent dips in road.
Bridge/Overpass Abutment Fill: Eliminates post-construction settling. Because cellular concrete does not
need compaction, it won’t compress over time, creating a “dip” in a bridge or overpass approach.
Additionally, lateral loads against the existing abutment are essentially eliminated.
Retaining Wall/MSE Wall Backfill: The lateral load reduction is the primary advantage. Cellular
concrete can also greatly reduce potential damage to the geogrid during the backfill process.
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Fence Panels Along Highways: For sound control and visual blocking. Cost savings potential due to
weight savings.
Crash Barriers/Energy Absorption: Pre-cast variable density cubes or pour on location.
Floor Decks: Reduces structural weight while maintaining quality of concrete floor. Used for leveling
and replacement of gypsum-based mixes.
Roof Decks: Reduces weight and provides thermal and sound insulation. Moderate slopes are possible.
Precast Specialties: Reduces weight and cost. Reduces transport costs/allows more pieces per truckload.
Easier installation.
Thermal Backfill and Sub-slab Fill: Provides thermal insulation and water resistance, and reduces
hydrostatic lateral load on foundation.
Interior Walls: Cast on site tilt-up or panel assemblies. Reduces weight and cost below full density
concrete wall. More soundproof and fire resistant than stud wall.
Retaining Wall Base: Proper mix design will be self-leveling and can greatly speed base construction
and improve load capacity.
Sidewalks, Patios, and Porch Decks: Reduces weight and cost.
Carved Concrete Sculptures: Cellular concrete in the 40-60 PCF range can be carved and shaped with
chain saws, hand tools, and other methods to create artwork from a unique medium.

Disadvantages Of Lightweight Concrete

 Lightweight concrete is often particularly sensitive to the amount of water in the mix.
 Because of the porosity and angularity of the aggregate, placement and finishing are difficult,
necessitating the use of experienced labor.
10. Cork-cement composites
11. Roller-compacted concrete
Roller-compacted concrete (RCC) or rolled concrete (rollcrete) is a special blend of concrete that has
essentially the same ingredients as conventional concrete but in different ratios, and increasingly with
partial substitution of fly ash for Portland cement.[2] The partial substitution of fly ash for Portland
Cement is an important aspect of RCC dam construction because the heat generated by fly ash hydration
is significantly less than the heat generated by Portland Cement hydration. This in turn reduces the
thermal loads on the dam and reduces the potential for thermal cracking to occur. RCC is a mix of
cement/fly ash, water, sand, aggregate and common additives, but contains much less water. The
produced mix is drier and essentially has no slump. RCC is placed in a manner similar to paving; the
material is delivered by dump trucks or conveyors, spread by small bulldozers or specially modified
asphalt pavers, and then compacted by vibratory rollers.
Mix design:- Contents: Mix design proportioning methods for Roller Compacted Concrete RCC:
Materials Used in RCC mix design.
Mix design considerations:
Consistency Slump (mm) Vebe (s)
Extremely dry – 32 to 18
Very stiff – 18 to 10
Stiff 0 to 25 10 to 5
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Stiff plastic 25 to 75 5 to 3
Properties:-
Compressive Strength
Compressive strengths of RCC are usually similar to those of conventional concrete (i.e. 4,000 - 6,000
psi). While these are typical compressive strengths of RCC, some projects have yielded compressive
strengths exceeding 7,000 psi. The dense-graded aggregate structure and effectively low water-to-
cementitious materials ratio (w/cm) help RCC achieve high compressive strengths. Compressive
strength, as well as split tensile strength, have been shown to be highly dependent on the compacted
density of the RCC[1].
Flexural Strength
Due to the difficulty in obtaining sawed beam specimens from RCC pavements and the lack of a
standardized method for compacting RCC beams in the lab, there is limited data on RCC flexural
strengths. However, projects that did test flexural strength have shown that RCC can yield flexural
strengths in the range of 500-1,000 psi. According to the National Concrete Pavement Technology
Center[2], flexural strength is directly related to density and compressive strength of the RCC mixture.
Modulus of Elasticity
The elastic modulus, the ratio of stress to strain, of RCC has been suggested to be similar or slightly
higher than that of conventional concrete based on limited testing of field cores.
Fatigue
The fatigue behavior of RCC has been suggested to also be similar to that of conventional concrete based
on limited testing performed by[3]. Recently, a few other researchers[4][5] have looked at fatigue of
RCC beams in the lab as well as full-scale, accelerated pavement testing of RCC and found fatigue life
to be similar to conventional concrete pavements.
Bond Strength
The bond strength between layers of RCC, which is different from the bond strength for conventional
concrete pavements, is of particular concern for RCC pavements. The bond between layers will dictate
the bond condition (i.e. fully bonded, partially bonded, or unbonded). Partially bonded or unbonded RCC
layers will yield a lower structural capacity for the same total thickness as fully bonded RCC layers. It
has been shown that RCC layers compacted within 60 minutes of each other yield sufficient bond
strength to be considered fully bonded.
Freeze-Thaw Durability
RCC pavements can be subjected to two types of deterioration as a result of freezing and thawing
conditions: internal cracking and surface scaling. Historically, RCC pavements in northern climates have
performed well as shown by a study of 34 RCC pavements that ranged in age from 3-20 years[6].
Characterizing freeze-thaw durability of RCC using ASTM C666 or ASTM C672 has typically shown
poor performance but good performance has been found when using ASTM C1262. Proper materials
selection and adequate field compaction are essential to achieving good freeze-thaw performance for
RCC pavements.
Shrinkage
Due to lower water contents of RCC compared to conventional concrete pavements, RCC normally has
less shrinkage and cracking. Thermal expansion and contraction properties of RCC are expected to be
similar to those of conventional concrete pavements for similar materials.
Advantage:-
Some of the benefits of using Roller Compacted Concrete are:
 No need to use forms.
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 Rebar is not required.

 It provides great strength.
 High Volume Placement.
 It can be used as a roadway after only 24 hours of being placed.
 Span soft localized subgrades.
 Will not be affected by oil spills, fuels and/or hydraulic fluids.
Roller Compacted Concrete Disadvantages
 Smoothness is difficult to achieve.
 Revelling of Cracks.
 Skill person required.
 In roller compacted concrete dams, the drainage gallery often increases construction time and
increases costs because the earth fill method being used does not easily accommodate such a
construction.
The roller compacted concrete have been used to construct, repair, or maintenance of the following
structures:
-Industrial and military facilities.
-New dam construction.
-Rehabilitation of existing dams.
-Airports.
-Storage.
-Sub-base of roads and airfield pavements.
-Ports.
-Multi-modal yards.
12. Glass concrete
Glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is a type of fiber-reinforced concrete. The product is also known
as glassfibre reinforced concrete or GRC in British English.[1] Glass fiber concretes are mainly used in
exterior building façade panels and as architectural precast concrete. Somewhat similar materials are
fiber cement siding and cement boards.
Properties
The design of glass-fiber-reinforced concrete panels uses a knowledge of its basic properties under
tensile, compressive, bending and shear forces, coupled with estimates of behavior under secondary
loading effects such as creep, thermal response and moisture movement.
There are a number of differences between structural metal and fiber-reinforced composites. For
example, metals in general exhibit yielding and plastic deformation, whereas most fiber-reinforced
composites are elastic in their tensile stress-strain characteristics. However, the dissimilar nature of these
materials provides mechanisms for high-energy absorption on a microscopic scale comparable to the
yielding process. Depending on the type and severity of external loads, a composite laminate may exhibit
gradual deterioration in properties but usually does not fail in a catastrophic manner. Mechanisms of
damage development and growth in metal and composite structure are also quite different. Other
important characteristics of many fiber-reinforced composites are their non-corroding behavior, high
damping capacity and low coefficients of thermal expansion.
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Glass-fiber-reinforced concrete architectural panels have the general appearance of pre-cast concrete
panels, but differ in several significant ways. For example, the GFRC panels, on average, weigh
substantially less than pre-cast concrete panels due to their reduced thickness. Their low weight
decreases loads superimposed on the building’s structural components making construction of the
building frame more economical.
Advantage:-While concrete is in its plastic phase, glass powder will increase its workability, so it
requires less energy, cost and time to place and consolidate the concrete. While the concrete is in its
hardened phase, concrete containing glass powder exhibits better strength, freeze-thaw resistance and
sulfate resistance.
The disadvantages of using GFRC are that it can be costly to use. It is always more expensive than using
regular concrete. You also have to pre-fabricate GFRC, so a lot of planning is necessary. There is also a
chance that GFRC will lose some strength over time, which may make it a poor choice in some settings.
Uses
The glass fiber reinforced concrete usually finds applications in the following construction works:
-Building renovation works.
-Water and drainage works.
-Bridge and tunnel lining panels.
-Permanent formwork method of construction.
-Architectural cladding.
-Acoustic barriers and screens.
13. Asphalt concrete
Asphalt concrete (commonly called asphalt,[1] blacktop, or pavement in North America, and tarmac,
bitumen macadam, or rolled asphalt in the United Kingdom and the Republic of Ireland) is a composite
material commonly used to surface roads, parking lots, airports, and the core of embankment
dams.Asphalt mixtures have been used in pavement construction since the beginning of the twentieth
century.[3] It consists of mineral aggregate bound together with asphalt, laid in layers, and compacted.
The process was refined and enhanced by Belgian-American inventor Edward De Smedt.
Asphalt batch mix plant
A machine laying asphalt concrete, fed from a dump truck
The terms asphalt (or asphaltic) concrete, bituminous asphalt concrete, and bituminous mixture are
typically used only in engineering and construction documents, which define concrete as any composite
material composed of mineral aggregate adhered with a binder. The abbreviation, AC, is sometimes used
for asphalt concrete but can also denote asphalt content or asphalt cement, referring to the liquid asphalt
portion of the composite material.
Properties:- An asphalt concrete mixture must be designed, produced and placed in order to obtain the
following desirable mix properties: 1) Stability, 2) Durability, 3)Impermeability, 4)Workability, 5)
Flexibility, 6) Fatigue Resistance, and 7) Skid Resistance.
Mix design:- HMA mix design is the process of determining what aggregate to use, what asphalt binder
to use and what the optimum combination of these two ingredients ought to be. In order to meet the
demands placed by the preceding desirable HMA properties, all mix design processes involve three basic
steps:
1.Aggregate selection. No matter the specific method, the overall mix design procedure begins with
evaluation and selection of aggregate and asphalt binder sources. Different authorities specify different
methods of aggregate acceptance. Typically, a battery of aggregate physical tests is run periodically on
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each particular aggregate source. Then, for each mix design, gradation and size requirements are
checked. Normally, aggregate from more than one source is required to meet gradation requirements.
2.Asphalt binder selection. Although different authorities can and do specify different methods of
asphalt binder evaluation, the Superpave asphalt binder specification has been or will be adopted by
most State DOTs as the standard (NHI, 2000[2]).
3.Optimum asphalt binder content determination. Mix design methods are generally distinguished by the
method with which they determine the optimum asphalt binder content. This process can be subdivided
as follows:
Make several trial mixes with different asphalt binder contents.
Compact these trial mixes in the laboratory. It is important to understand that this step is at best a rough
simulation of field conditions.
Run several laboratory tests to determine key sample characteristics. These tests represent a starting
point for defining the mixture properties but they are not comprehensive nor are they exact reproductions
of actual field conditions.
Pick the asphalt binder content that best satisfies the mix design objectives.
Advantage:-
1: perpetual pavement
2: smoothness
3: faster project completions
4: economical and adaptable
5: safety
6: sustainability
Disadvantage
Lifespan: Asphalt paving doesn't last quite as long as concrete. ...
Amount of Maintenance: Asphalt paved surfaces tend to require more maintenance than concrete; for
example, seal coating should be performed every three years
Application:-
The main use of asphalts is in the construction of roads, from motorways to private access roads, but
other significant uses are in vehicle parking areas (from heavy lorry parks to private drives), sport and
recreation areas and in a number of farming applications.
14. Rapid strength concrete
Rapid Strength Concrete (RSC) is a type of concrete that gains strength quickly. Concrete strengths
above 3,000 psi can be obtained in as little as 2 hours. The Standard Specifications allow two
alternatives for fast-setting hydraulic cement for the creation of RSC.
Rapid Set Concrete is specially formulated to harden rapidly, so you can complete a job faster and have
more time for other projects. It is highly suitable for fixing fence and non-load bearing pergola posts,
clothes hoists and many other non-structural uses.
15. Rubberized concrete
Rubberized concrete (RUC) is a concrete mix. that includes crumb rubber particles as a replacement. of
fine or coarse aggregate.
Properties and mix design of rubberize concrete
Properties
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Rubberized concrete was found to possess good esthetics, acceptable workability, and a smaller unit
weight than plain concrete. However, it exhibited low compressive and tensile strengths and lower
resistance to repeated freezing and thawing cycles than that of plain concrete.
Even though rubberized concrete mixture generally has a reduced compressive strength that may limit its
use in certain structural applications, it possesses a number of desirable properties, such as lower density,
higher toughness, and higher impact resistance compared to conventional concrete.
Mix design
Advantages and disadvantages of rubberized concrete
Advantages
As rubber has lower stiffness compared to aggregates, presence of rubber particles in concrete reduces
concrete mass stiffness and lowers its load bearing capacity. The slight increase in compressive strength
of sample containing 5% chipped rubber can be due to improvement of the coarse and fine aggregates
grading.
Disadvantages
Differences to Traditional Concrete
However, since there is a limited cohesion between rubber crumbs and concrete particles, CRC suffers
several disadvantages in its mechanical properties, including a generally lower compressive strength and
workability than traditional concrete.
Application :-
Waste tyres have been used to partially replace the aggregates in concrete. Rubberized concrete are very
weak in compressive and tensile strength. But they have very good deformation properties. Concrete
with tire rubber waste has higher set deformations than non rubberized concrete. Ultimate strains on
concrete failure load are higher for concrete with tyre rubber waste additive. Due to this, rubberized
concrete provides high impact resistance. This behavior is beneficial for structures which require good
impact resistance properties. A typical image of rubberized concrete using shredded old tyre
16. Nano-concrete
Nanoconcrete is a form of concrete that contains Portland cement particles that are no greater than 100
μm and particles of silica no greater than 500 μm, which fill voids that would otherwise occur in normal
concrete, thereby substantially increasing the material's strength Nanocrete modifies one or more of the
components used in concrete and/or introduces an admixture with chemistries that can alter and enhance
the properties of the material
Properties and mix design of nano concrete
Properties
.Increased strength (70 to 100 MPa in 28 days)
.Increased durability because of lesser pores filled with water.
.Better workability of the concrete mix.
.Reduced shrinkage losses and drying shrinkage.
Mix design
Nano-silica mixed cement can generate nano- crystals of C-S-H gel after hydration. These nano-crystals
accommodate in the micro pores of the cement concrete, hence improving the permeability and strength
of concrete.
Strength of Nano Concrete using Nano Silica.
Advantages and disadvantages of nano concrete
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Advantages
.Reduce cost.
.Higher-strength compares to conventional concrete.
.Good workability because the water-cement ratio is very low.
.Saving of cement up to 35%.
.Nanoparticles can fill even micro void.
.Nanoparticles enhance the hydration process.
Disadvantages
Nanotechnology has raised the standard of living but at the same time, it has increased pollution which
includes air pollution. The pollution caused by nanotechnology is known as nano pollution. This kind of
pollution is very dangerous for living organisms. Nanoparticles can cause lung damage.
Its properties allowed high compressive strength concretes; water and chemical resistant concretes, and
they have been part of many concrete buildings that we see nowadays. Its disadvantage, though, has been
its relatively high cost and contamination, which affects the environment and the operators' health.
Application :-
The main use of nano materials in concrete is to increase the strength. Nano Silica produces high
compressive strength concrete. It also provides high workability with reduced water cement ratio.
Nanoparticles are used increasingly in catalysis to boost chemical reactions. This reduces the quantity of
catalytic materials necessary to produce desired results, saving money and reducing pollutants. Two big
applications are in petroleum refining and in automotive catalytic converters.
17. Polymer concrete
Polymer concrete is a type of concrete that uses polymer to replace lime-type cements as a binder. In
some cases the polymer is used in addition to portland cement to form Polymer Cement Concrete or
Polymer Modified Concrete
Polymer concrete is the composite material made by fully replacing the cement hydrate binders of
conventional cement concrete with polymer binders or liquid resins, and is a kind of concrete-polymer
composite.
Properties
.Highly Impermeable. The polymer phase in the concrete will help reduce the porosity and microcraks
that are formed in cement matrix.
.High Durability.
.Resistance to weathering Conditions.
.Bridge deck coverings.
.Floor construction.
.Precast construction.
.Used as patching compounds
Mix design
Concrete mix design involves a process of preparation in which a mix of ingredients creates the required
strength and durability for the concrete structure. Because every ingredient in the mix consists of
different properties, it's not an easy task to create a great concrete mix
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The mix proportions of most latex-modified mortars are in the range of the cement; fine aggregate ratio
= 1:2 to 1:3 (by weight), the polymer-cement ratio 5 to 20% and the water-cement ratio of 30 to 60%,
depending on their required workability.
Advantages
.Polymer concrete can be applied in very thin cross sections.
.It reduces the intrusion of carbon dioxide, saving concrete from carbonation and hence loss of alkalinity.
.Polymer concrete offers very good resistance against corrosion and chemical reactivity.
.Highly Impermeable.
.High Durability.
.Resistance to weathering Conditions.
Disadvantages
.Polymer concrete is very expensive than a conventional concrete.
.Polymer concrete needs high skill and precise work while mixing.
.Improper proportioning of two-component materials can occur; thus, the proper mix design is required.
Application :-
.Bridge deck coverings. Ad.
.Floor construction. Increased chemical resistance properties, high physical and mechanical properties
make it best choice for industrial floor construction.
.Precast construction.
.Used as patching compounds.
18. Geo-polymer concrete
Geopolymer concrete is a type of concrete that is made by reacting aluminate and silicate bearing
materials with a caustic activator, such as fly ash or slag from iron and metal production. It can be a
suitable substitute for ordinary Portland cement (OPC).
Geopolymer cement is a binding system that hardens at room temperature. It is a more environmentally
friendly alternative to conventional Portland cement.
Properties and mix design of geo polymer concrete
Properties
Their unique properties which include high early strength, low shrinkage, freeze-thaw resistance,
sulphate resistance and corrosion resistance, make them ideal for long term containment in surface
disposal facilities. These high-alkali cements do not generate any Alkali-Aggregate-Reaction.
Mix design
.The optimum mix is Fly ash: Fine aggregate: Coarse aggregate (1:1.5:3.3) with a solution (NaoH &
Na2SiO3 combined together) to fly ash ratio of 0.35. High and early strength was obtained in the
Geopolymer concrete mix
.Fly ash, geopolymer concrete, mix design. INTRODUCTION. In 1978, Davidovits (Davidovits 1999)
proposed that a binder could be produced by a polymerisation process involving a reaction between
alkaline liquids and compounds containing aluminium and silicon. The binders created were termed
"geopolymers".
Advantages
 .significantly lower CO2 emissions than OPC concretes – up to~90%
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 .better thermal insulation properties.

 higher temperature/fire resistance.
 providing a viable use for 'waste' materials which are often disposed in landfill.
Disadvantages
 Geopolymer concrete requires special handling and it is difficult to create. It requires the use of
alkalis, such as sodium hydroxide/ sodium silicate, that can be harmful to humans.
 Difficult to Create – geopolymer concrete requires special handling needs and is extremely
difficult to create. It requires the use of chemicals, such as sodium hydroxide, that can be harmful
to humans.
 Pre-Mix Only – geopolymer concrete is sold only as a pre-cast or pre-mix material due to the
dangers associated with creating it.
 Geopolymerization Process is Sensitive – this field of study has been proven inconclusive and
extremely volatile. Uniformity is lacking.
Application:-
This concrete has been used for construction of pavements, retaining walls, water tanks, precast bridge
decks. Recently world's first building Structural Building, The University of Queensland's Global
Change Institute (GCI) has been constructed with the use of geopolymer concrete.
19. Refractory cement
Refractory concrete is heat-resistant concrete made with high alumina or calcium-aluminate. Typically
used in high heat applications such as furnaces, fireplaces, or wood stoves.
As its name denotes, heat-resistant concrete is the concrete which can resist high temperatures. The main
ingredient used for making refractory concrete is high alumina cement or calcium aluminate cement.
When high alumina cement undergoes high temperature, they will experience a little amount of
expansion but it would have the considerable strength to take the usual load.
Properties and mix design of refractory cement concrete
Properties
Mechanical strength, in particular compressive strength. The strength of normal concrete varies between
25 and 40 MPa.
.Durability.
.Porosity and density.
.Fire resistance.
.Thermal and acoustic insulation properties.
.Impact resistance.
Mix design
Using a plastic bucket or container, add one quart cool, clean water per 12.5 lbs. dry mix. Only mix an
amount that can be used within 20-30 minutes after adding water as
cement sets up fast. Mix thoroughly, taking care not to lose any water.
Advantages and disadvantages of refractory cement concrete
Advantages
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Durability is an essential characteristic of a cement. To satisfy the requirement of being robust, cement is
essential. In many cases where standard cement can not work properly, refractory cement is a good
option for this requirement.
.Strong.
.Able to withstand the highest temperatures.
.Long-lasting.
.Used in areas of intense heat and fire (because of using asbestos as primary ingredients).
Disadvantages
Although refractory cement has great strength when it drops, it can damage the environment and people
as well. External contaminants such as asbestos may fall out and interact with molecules of dust. The
particle can then penetrate the human body to cause massive scarring of the tissue and contribute to an
asbestosis-called respiratory disease. The situation can be even worse as mesothelioma can produce
cancerous disease
Application :-
Refractory concrete is used in the construction of thermal units and the foundations of industrial furnaces
and other structures subjected to prolonged heating.
20. Innovative mixtures
20.1 Bendable, self-healing concrete
20.2 CO2 sequestering concretes
20.3 Poikilohydric Living Walls
21. Gypsum concrete
Definition of gypsum concrete
Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used in wood-frame and concrete
construction for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling. It is a mixture of
gypsum plaster, Portland cement, and sand.
Gypsum is called the retarding agent of cement which is mainly used for regulating the setting time of
cement and is an indispensable component. Without gypsum, cement clinker can condense immediately
by mixing with water and release heat
Properties and mix design of gypsum concrete
Properties
It is less prone to cracks. Gypsum is non-combustible and contains high content of crystal water. In the
event of fire, it acts like a barrier and protects the block work, concrete and steel. Gypsum plaster
prevents rusting of metal fittings like pipes and increases their durability.
Mix design
Gypsum concrete is a building material used as a floor underlayment used in wood-frame and concrete
construction for fire ratings, sound reduction, radiant heating, and floor leveling. It is a mixture of
gypsum plaster, Portland cement, and sand.
Advantages and disadvantages of gypsum concrete
Advantages
The primary qualities of gypsum boards, such as performance, availability, simplicity of application,
ease of repair, and their versatility in decorative purposes, make them superior to any other surfacing
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product. Countless architectural requirements can easily be achieved through the versatility of gypsum
board.
Disadvantages
areas where river sand is difficult to procure, gypsum plaster would be economical. Gypsum plaster is
undesirable on outside walls since they are prone to dampness and in areas which are continuously damp
such as a bathroom, toilet, wash area, kitchen etc
Application of gypsum concrete
22. Plum Concrete

Plum concrete is a type of concrete in which medium to large sized stones are used as a filler material.
By using large sized filler stones, the cost of concrete is reduced without affecting strength or
performance of the structure

These large stones are called ‘plums’ and used in a large concrete mass. The volume of plums should not
exceed 20 to 30 % of the total volume of the finished concrete and they have to be well dispersed
throughout the mass. This is achieved by placing a layer of normal concrete, then spreading the plums,
followed by another layer of concrete and so on. Care must be taken to ensure that no air is trapped
underneath the stones.The plums must have no adhering coating. Otherwise, discontinuities between the
plums and the concrete may induce cracking and adversely affect permeabilit Suppose an area of 10
square meter and the thickness required for concrete is about 1000 mm, then. = 10 Cum. Cement
Concrete Quantity = 60% of total Volume = 10 x 60% = 6 cum. Plums (boulders) Quantity = 40% of
total Volume = 10 x 40% = 4 cum.

Properties and mix design of plum concrete

Mix design

.PPC Cement 53 Grade: 220 Kg.

.Water Cement ratio (w/c) : 0.6.

.Free Water: 132 liters.

.300 mm Metal: 666 kg.

.20 mm Aggregates: 666 Kg.

.10 mm Aggregates: 539 Kg.

.Fine Aggregate (Sand):1038 Kg.

.Admixture Dosage :0.6%

Properties

Plum concrete is formed by the inclusion of medium to large stones of size up to 300mm or even larger
as filler. It is used to increase the apparent yield of concrete for a given amount of cement i.e. to avoid
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using excess amount of cement without compromising on the strength. The large stones used are known
as plums.

Advantages and disadvantages of plum concrete

Advantages

. Plum concrete is made by first laying down a layer of regular concrete, then adding plums, followed by
some other surface of a material, and so forth.

.Procedures should be followed to eliminate air traps beneath stone surfaces.

.Plums do not have a going to adhere coat and therefore resist the extent of hardened concrete and
discontinuity among plums. Furthermore, plums offer consistent permeability.

.Sand/cement/aggregates are blended in the same way as plain concrete, but the aggregate (stone) size is
much larger, up to 300 mm, to the growth and yield concrete for a given quantity of cement.

.This type of concrete is commonly used in massive concrete masses (gravity dams, embankments, and
under the structure).

Disadvantages

.Plum Concrete does have a very low tensile strength and should be reinforced with reinforcement steel
in the concrete tensile area.

.For casting and moulding, as well as holding the plum concrete in place until everything hardens
properly, costly formwork is needed.

.Plum Concrete’s low strength per unit weight results in heavy members, which is an important factor for
tall buildings and long-span structures, resulting in Concrete drawbacks.

.Plum Concrete placement and curing are not as tightly regulated as that of the manufacture of many
other materials, including such structural steel as well as laminated wood.

.Plum Concrete is not malleable.

Applications:-

Plum concrete is mainly used where mass concreting is required, as in the construction of gravity dams,
embankments, filling of deep or uneven areas, foundations, etc. So, it is an economical alternative to
conventional concrete