Doc NO : DES-C-1360-302-01-0

PIPELINE CALCULATIONS Date : JUNE 05, 2015

REV.: A

Pipeline Calculations (Bend Radius, Buoyancy

Forces, Thrust Block Calculations )

0 First Issue JUNE 29, 2015 MRQ / IMZ HMA SMW

Rev. DESCRIPTION Date Prepared By Checked By Approved By
 INPUT PARAMETER
Input Data Unit
1 PIPE MATERIAL: = API 5L GR X65Q
2 Pipe diameter D = 0.114 m 4.50 in
3 Nominal pipe thk t = 0.0050 m 0.20 in
4 Internal Dia d = 0.1043 m 4.11 in
5 Corrosion Allowance C = 1.500 mm 0.06 in
6 Design Pressure P = 1.42E+07 pa 2060 psig
7 Product Specific Gravity = 0.13
8 Fluid density pf = 25 Kg/m3 1.561 lb/ft3
9 Installation (backfill) Temp Ti = 21 o
C 70 o
F
10 Design Temperature Tdmax = 85 o
C 185 o
F
11 Design Temp (Min. buried) Tdmin = -20 o
C -4 o
F
12 FBE Thickness t1 = 0 m 0.00 in.
13 FBE density pfbe = 1550 Kg/m3 96.76 lb/ft3
14 Adhesive Thickness t2 = 0 m 0.00 in
15 Adhesive density pad = 900 Kg/m3 56.19 lb/ft3
16 PP/PE Thickness t3 = 0.0023 m 0.09 in
17 PP/PE Density ppp = 960 Kg/m3 59.93 lb/ft3
18 Insulation Thickness of Pipe = 0 mm 0.00 in.
19 Insulation Density of Pipe = 0 Kg/m3 0.00 lb/ft3
20 Steel density ρs = 7850 Kg/m3 490 lb/ft3
21 Specified Minimum Yield Strength S = 450 Mpa 65267 psig
22 Modulus of Elasticity E = 2.07E+05 Mpa 30022812 psig
23 Yield Stress S = 4.50E+08 pa 6.53E+04 psig
24 Poisson ratio ν = 0.3
25 Coefficent of Linear Thermal Expansion α = 0.0000117 Per oC 0.00000655 Per oF
26 Pipeline Cover depth H = 1.0 m 39.37 in
28 Length of Pipe L = 7000 m 275591 in
29 Bend Angle of Pipe (for AG/UG Transition) = 22.5 DEG. 0.39 RAD.
30 Uplift coefficient fu = 0.4 (0.1 for uncompacted backfill & 0.5 for compacted backfill)
31 Picode (As per K-Peter Method) = 1.2 1 for B31.4 and 2 for B31.8
32 Gravity g = 9.8 m/sec2 386 in/sec2
33 Soil density (uncompacted) pbuc = 1575 Kg/m 3
98 lb/ft3
34 Water density pw = 1000 Kg/m3 62 lb/ft3
35 Net allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil qnet = 50 KN/m2 1044.28 lb/ft2
36 Concrete Density = 1925 Kg/m 3
120 lb/ft3
37 Coefficent of friction between pipe & Soil μ = 0.4
38 Soil density (compacted) pbc = 1900 Kg/m3 118.6 lb/ft3
39
40 Calculation of Pipe Properties
41 Pipe Outside Diameter Including Coating OD = D + 2 t1 + 2 t2 + 2 t3 = 0.1189 m
42 Metallic cross sectional area As = π/4 (D2-d2) = 0.00172 m2
43 Pipe Section modulus I = π/64 (D4-d4) = 0.000003 m4
44 Pipe flexural rigidity = EI = 5.32.E+05 N.m2
45 Weight of Pipe W = As x ρs = 13.478 Kg/m
46 Fluid cross sectional area Af = π/4 (D-2xt)2 = 0.009 m2
47 Weight of contents Wf = Af x ρf = 0.214 Kg/m
48 FBE Weight Wfbe = π/4 [(D + 2 t1)² – D² ]ρfbe = 0.00000 Kg/m
49 Adhesive Weight Wad = π/4[(D + 2t1+2t2)² – (D+2t1)² ]ρad = 0.00000 Kg/m
50 PP/PE Weight Wpp = π/4[(OD)² – (OD-2t3)² ]ρpp = 0.80881 Kg/m
51 Pipe Weight Including Coating Wte = W + Wfbe + Wad + Wpp = 14.286 Kg/m
52 Weight of pipe W = As x ρs x g = 132 N/m
53 Weight of contents Wf = As x ρs x g = 2.09 N/m
54 Total Weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 14.50 Kg/m
55 Total Weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 142 N/m
 K PETER'S METHOD
Upheaval Buckling Calculation

Introduction

The aim of this calculation is to determine the allowable Bend Angle and Minimum Depth of Cover on the pipeline to prevent upheaval buckling as a result of
axial compression.

Input Data Unit

Pipe diameter D = 0.114 m 4.50 in
Selected Wall Thickness t = 0.0050 m 0.20 in
Internal Dia d = 0.1043 m 4.11 in
Corrosion Allowance C = 1.500 mm 0.06 in
Design pressure P = 1.42E+07 pa 2060 psig
Steel density ρs = 7.85E+03 Kg/m3 490 lb/ft3
Specified Minimum Yield Strength S = 450 Mpa 65267 psig
Modulus of Elasticity E = 2.07E+11 pa 30022812 psig
Yield Stress S = 4.50E+08 pa 65267 psig
Poisson ratio ν = 0.300
Coefficent of Linear Thermal Expansion α = 0.0000117 Per oC 0.00000655 Per oF
Installation (backfill) Temp T1 = 21 o
C 70 o
F
Design Temp max buried T2 = 85 o
C 185 o
F
Design Temp min buried Tdmin = -20 o
C -4 o
F
Pipeline Cover depth H = 1.00 m
Uplift coefficient fu = 0.4
Gravity g = 9.8 m/sec2 386 in/sec2
Soil density pbuc = 1575.0 Kg/m3 98 lb/ft3
Fluid density pf = 25.0 Kg/m3 2 lb/ft3
Corroded Wall Thickness tw = (t-C) = 0.0035 m 0.138 in
3LPP Coating Thickness tpp = 0.0023 m 0.091 in
3LPP Coating Density ppp = 960 Kg/m3 59.91 lb/ft3

Calculation of Pipe Properties & Weights

Pipe Outside Diameter Including Coating OD = D + 2 tpp = 0.1189 m
Metallic cross sectional area As = π/4 (D2-d2) = 0.00172 m2
Pipe Section modulus I = π/64 (D4-d4) = 0.000003 m4
Pipe flexural rigidity = EI = 5.32.E+05 N.m2
Weight of pipe W = As x ps = 13.478 Kg/m
Fluid cross sectional area Af = π/4 (D-2xt)2 = 0.009 m2
Weight of contents Wf = Af x pf = 0.214 Kg/m
Weight of pipe W = As x ps x g = 132 N/m
Weight of contents Wf = Af x pf x g = 2.09 N/m
PP/PE Weight Wpp = π/4[(OD)² – (OD-2tpp)² ]ρpp = 7.93 N/m
Pipe Weight including Coating Wte = W + Wpp = 140 N/m
Total Weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 142 N/m

Compressive Restraining Force

Thermal Expansion Forces Tt = As Eα (T2-T1) = 2.66.E+05 N
Pressure Force Pt = (1-2v) P.Af = 4.85.E+04 N
Restraining Force Frest = Tt + Pt = 3.15.E+05 N

Buckling Length
Buckling Length ƛ = 2 (pi) (EI/Frestr)0.5 = 8.17 m

Calculation of Stresses as per ASME B31.8

Maximum Allowable Stress Sa = 0.9 x S = 4.05.E+08 Pa 58740 psi
Tensile Hoop Stress SH = (P x D)/2tw = 2.32.E+08 Pa 33629 psi
Compressive Longitudinal Stress SL = α E (T2 - T1) - ν SH = 8.54.E+07 Pa 12392 psi
Allowable bending stress σall = Sa - SH - SL = 8.77.E+07 Pa 12719 psi
Allowable bending stress σall = 87.7 Mpa

Ultimate Soil Resistance

The ultimate soil resistance, R is the sum of uplift resistance of soil and pipe weight.
Soil Uplift Resistance q = pbuc H D (1+fu H/D) = 7938.2 N/m
Ultimate soil resistance R = q + Wto = 8080.3 N/m

Bend Radius to prevent Upheaval Buckling

Equation 12 of K Peters paper gives the minimum bending radius to prevent upheaval buckling as given below:
r = Frest / R
r = Frest / R = 38.94 m
Calculation of Critical Bend Angle
The allowable overbend angle 'ϕ' is calculated on a buckling length 'ƛ' against utimate soil resistance 'R' and allowable bending stress 'σall' as per
Equation 25 of K Peters paper as follows:
1/2 (1-πἠ Cosπἠ/Sinπἠ ) = σall. Frest / (D . E. R ) = 0.144
ἠ = 0 to1 ἠ = 0.29 Solving for ἠ using iterative method
Critical Buckling Length ƛ = = 8.17 m
Allowable over bend angle ϕall = ἠ. ƛ.R / Frestr = 0.0602 Radian
3.45 degree

Bending Angle Vs Burial Depth

Overbend with bend angles more than the critical bend angle can be stabilised against buckling by increasing the burial depth thereby increasing
soil resistance. Allowable burial depth 'Hreq' and ultimate soil resistance 'Rreq' for a given bend angle 'ϕ' is calculated as per Equation 26 of K Peters paper
as follows:
Assume Angle ϕ = 3.45 degree
= 0.0602 Radian
1/2ἠ1 (1-πἠ1 Cosπἠ1/Sinπἠ1 ) = σall. ƛ / (D.E ϕ ) = 0.5028
ἠ1 = 0 to1 ἠ1 = = 0.2885 Solving for ἠ1 using iterative method
Ultimate Soil Resistance Required Rreq = Frest ϕ / (ἠ1 ƛ) = 8040 N/m
Minimum Burial Depth required Hreq = D/fu ((Rreq/g-Wto/g)x(fu/p buc.D2)+1/4)^0.5-1/2) 1.00 m 3.27 ft

Bend Angle Vs Minimum Burial Depth

Bend Angle is increased in steps of 0.25 degree and the Minimum Burial Depth is calculated. Bend angle vs depth of cover is summarized as below:

Bend Angle (deg) Bend angle σall. ƛ / (D.E ϕ ) ἠ1 Rreq (N/m) Hreq
(rad) (m)
3.45 0.0602 0.5028 0.2885 8040 1.00
3.50 0.0611 0.4956 0.2848 8262 1.01
3.75 0.0654 0.4626 0.2679 9412 1.09
4 0.0698 0.4337 0.2520 10669 1.17
4.25 0.0742 0.4082 0.2385 11982 1.25
4.5 0.0785 0.3855 0.2262 13375 1.33
4.75 0.0829 0.3652 0.2151 14849 1.41
5 0.0873 0.3469 0.2049 16403 1.49
5.25 0.0916 0.3304 0.1957 18035 1.57
5.5 0.0960 0.3154 0.1872 19747 1.64
5.75 0.1004 0.3017 0.1795 21539 1.72
6 0.1047 0.2891 0.1723 23414 1.80
6.25 0.1091 0.2775 0.1656 25369 1.88
6.5 0.1134 0.2669 0.1600 27311 1.96
6.75 0.1178 0.2570 0.1541 29444 2.04
7 0.1222 0.2478 0.1487 31657 2.12
7.5 0.1309 0.2313 0.1388 36314 2.28
8 0.1396 0.2168 0.1303 41274 2.44
8.5 0.1484 0.2041 0.1228 46521 2.60
9 0.1571 0.1927 0.1166 51891 2.76
9.25 0.1614 0.1875 0.1135 54809 2.84

3.00
Depth of Cover (m)

2.50

2.00

1.50

1.00

0.50

0.00
3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50 7.50 8.50 9.50
Angle of Deflection (deg)

Results :
a) Critical Bend angle to avoid upheaval buckling for a minimum depth of cover (1m) shall be 3.45degree
b) Overbends with bend angle more than the critical bend angle can be stabilised by increasing the depth of cover as per the above table.
c) Minim cover depth specified does not include the berm length over grade level.
d) Bend Radius to prevent upheaval buckling is 39m. No buckling will occur if the calculated radius of curvature of profile is greater than this value.
 OTC 6335
Upheaval Buckling Calculation

Introduction

The aim of this calculation is to determine the downward force required on the pipeline to prevent upheavalbuckling as a result of axial compression.

Input Data Unit

PIPE MATERIAL: API 5L GR X65Q
Pipe diameter D = 0.1143 m 4.50 in
Nominal pipe thk t = 0.005 m 0.20 in
Internal Dia d = 0.1043 m 4.11 in
Corrosion Allowance C = 1.5 mm 0.06 in
Design pressure P = 1.42E+07 N/m2 2060 psig
Steel density ρs = 7850 Kg/m3 490 lb/ft3
Specified Minimum Yield Strength S = 450 Mpa 65267 psig
Modulus of Elasticity E = 2.07E+05 Mpa 30022812 psig
Poisson ratio ν = 0.3
Coefficent of Linear Thermal Expansion α = 0.0000117 Per oC 0.000006552 Per oF
Installation (backfill) Temp T1 = 21 C
o
70 o
F
Design Temp max buried T2 = 85 C
o
185 o
F
Design Temp min buried Tdmin = -20 C
o
-4 o
F
Pipeline Cover depth H = 1 m 39.37 in
Uplift coefficient fu = 0.4 (0.1 for uncompacted backfill & 0.5 for compacted backfill)
Coefficent of friction between pipe & Soil μ = 0.4
Soil density, pbuc = 1575 Kg/m3 98 lb/ft3
Fluid density pf = 25 Kg/m3 1.561 lb/ft3

Calculation of Pipe Properties

Metallic cross sectional area As = π/4 (D2-d2) = 0.00172 m2
Pipe Section modulus I = π/64 (D4-d4) = 0.000003 m4
Pipe flexural rigidity = EI = 531824.82 N.m2
Weight of pipe W = As x ρs = 13.47751 Kg/m
Fluid cross sectional area Af = π/4 (D-2xt)2 = 0.00854 m2
Weight of contents Wf = Af x ρf = 0.214 Kg/m
Pipe Weight Including Coating Wte = = 14.286 Kg/m
Total Weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 14.500 Kg/m
Total Weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 142 N/m

HOOP STRESS SH = (P x D)/2t = 162306000 N/m2

Axial Stress due to Pressure Elongation = 0.5 SH = 81153000 N/m2
Axial Stress due to Poison Shrinkage = ν SH = 48691800.0 N/m2
Axial Stress due to Thermal Expansion ST = α E (Tdmax - Ti) = 155001600 N/m2

Net Axial Force F = As (0.5SH + α E (Tdmax - Ti) - ν SH) = 321851.20427 N

Required Downward Force (As per OTC Paper 6335):

Equation 12 of OTC paper 6335 specifies down force required to prevent upheavel buckling for offshore pipeline. The same has been used by modifying to suit
onshore pipeline.

Wru = [1.16 – 4.76 (EI Wto / δ)0.5 / F] F ( δ Wto / EI) 0.5

where
δ = imperfection height

Uplift resistance from Soil :

Equation 13 of OTC 6335 defines the uplift resistance by soil (cohsionless sand) as given below,

q = H D pbuc [1 + fu (H / D)]

Total Downward Force:

The actual downward force is provided by the sum of pipe weight and the uplift resistance of soil cover.

Q = q + Wto

Stability Check
For Stability of pipe in trench against upheaval bucking the actual download 'Q' shall be greater than required dowmload 'W ru'.

Wru < Q

Upheavel Buckling Assessment:

The required down load ‘Wru’ and actual down load ‘Q’ for the different imperfection heights (500mm, 400mm, 300mm, 200mm & 100mm) are tabulated below:

Imperfection Height, δ Wru q Q Stability Check

(m) (N/m) (N/m) (N/m)
0.1 1253.46 672.32 814.419481 Not Stable
0.2 2052.83 547.22 689.317231 Not Stable
0.3 2666.21 434.72 576.814981 Not Stable
0.4 3183.32 334.81 476.912731 Not Stable
0.5 3638.89 247.51 389.610481 Not Stable
 MINIMUM ELASTIC BEND RADIUS

Input Data
PIPE MATERIAL: API 5L GR X65Q
Specified Minimum Yield Strength S = 450 Mpa = 65267 psig
PIPE Diameter D = 114 mm. = 4.50 in.
PIPE ID d = 104 mm. = 4.11 in.
Wall Thickness t = 5.00 mm. = 0.20 in.
Design Pressure P = 14.20 Mpa = 2060 psig
Installation (backfill) Temp Ti = 21 oC = 70 o
F
DESIGN TEMP Tdmax = 85 oC = 185 o
F
CHANGE OF TEMP (Tdmax - Ti) = 64 oC = 115 o
F
Coefficent of Thermal Expansion α = 0.0000117 Per oC = 0.00000655 Per oF
Modulus of Elasticity E = 207000 Mpa = 30022812 psig
POISSON'S RATIO ν = 0.30
Corrosion Allowance C = 1.5 mm = 0.06 in.
Corroded Wall Thickness tw = (t-C) = 3.5 mm = 0.14 in.
Equivalent Stress Design Factor Feq = 0.9

Stresses in Fully Restrained Sections =

Hoop Stress SH = (P x D)/2tw = 231.9 Mpa = 33629 psig
Axial Stress due to Internal Pressure ν SH = 69.6 Mpa = 10089 psig
Axial Stress due to Thermal Expansion ST = α E (Tdmax - Ti) = 156.2 Mpa = 22661 psig
Compressive Longitudinal Stress SLA= α E (Tdmax - Ti) - ν SH = 86.7 Mpa = 12572 psig

Maximum Allowable Stress (0.9 x S) = 405.0 Mpa = 58740 psig

Minimum Bend Radius

Margin for Elastic Bending SB = (0.9 x S) - SH - SL = 86.5 Mpa = 12539 psig
Minimum Bend Radius r = (E x D)/(2 x SB) = 136.84 m = 5387.38 in
Bend Radius to Diameter Ratio r/D = 1197.2 = 1197.2

Maximum Allowable Longitudinal Stess for both tensile and compresive conditions is given by:
SLmax = [SH ± {SH2 – 4[SH2 – (Feq SMYS )2]}1/2] / 2
In Compression:
Max. Allowable Longitudinal Stress SLmax = (SH-[SH2-4 (SH2-(Feq x S)2]0.5)/2 = -235.8 Mpa = -34197.31 psig
Margin for Elastic Bending SB = SLmax - SLA = -149.10 Mpa = -21625.18 psig
Minimum Bend Radius r = (E x D)/(2 x SB) = 79.3 m = 3123.74 in.
Bend Radius to Diameter Ratio r/D = 694.2 = 694.2

In Tension:
Max. Allowable Longitudinal Stress SLmax = (SH +[SH2-4 (SH2-(Feq x S)2]0.5)/2 = 467.6 Mpa = 67826.64 psig
Margin for Elastic Bending SB = SLmax - SL = 554.33 Mpa = 80398.77 psig
Minimum Bend Radius r = (E x D)/(2 x SB) = 21.3 m = 840.20 in.
Bend Radius to Diameter Ratio r/D = 186.7 = 186.7

From the above compression case is the more critical one; hence:
Minimum Selected Bend Radius = 700D

Net Longitudinal Stress

Net Longitudinal Stress SL= α E (Tdmax - Ti) - ν SH + SB = -235.78 Mpa = -9053.05 psig

The following criteria need to be satisfied for 'Net Longitudinal stress':

SL <= 0.9 x S
Stress Check OK

Combined Equivalent Stress

Equivalent Combined Stress Seq = [SL2 - SLSH + SH2]1/2 = 405.00 Mpa = 30140.37 psig

The following criteria need to be satisfied for 'Combined Equivalent Stress':

Combined Equivalent Stress <= 0.9 x S
Von Mises Stress Check = OK

Summary of Results
Stresses - Restrained Pipeline
Unit Actual Allowable Stress CheckUnit Check Limit
Hoop Stress Mpa 231.87 270.00 OK 0.86 0.6 x SMYS
Net Longitudinal Stress Mpa 235.78 405.00 OK 0.58 0.9 x SMYS
Combined Equivalent Moa 405.00 405.00 OK 1.00 0.9 x SMYS

Minimum Elastic Bend Radius = 700D

Recommended Elastic Bend Radius = 750D
 VIRTUAL ANCHOR LENGTH

Input Data
PIPE MATERIAL: API 5L GR X65Q
YIELD STRESS S = 450 N/mm2. = 65267 psig
Modulus of Elasticity E = 207000 N/mm2. = 30022812 psig
PIPE Diameter D = 114 mm. = 4.50 in.
PIPE ID d = 104 mm. = 4.11 in.
Pipe Outside Diameter Including Coating OD = 119 = 4.68 in.
MEAN DIA = 109 mm. = 4.30 in.
WALL THK. t = 5.00 mm. = 0.20 in.
Design Pressure P = 14.20 Mpa = 2060 psig
Installation (backfill) Temp Ti = 21 o
C = 70 oF
DESIGN TEMP Tdmax = 85 o
C = 185 oF
CHANGE OF TEMP (Tdmax - Ti) = 64 o
C = 115 oF
Coefficent of Linear Thermal Expansion α = 0.0000117 Per oC = 0.00000655 Per oF
Youngs modulas of steel E = 207000 Mpa = 30022812 psig
POISSON'S RATIO ν = 0.30
Coefficent of friction between pipe & Soil μ = 0.40
Pipe cross sectional area As = 1717 mm2 = 3 in2
Pipeline Cover depth H = 1.00 m. = 39 in
SOIL DENSITY pbuc = 1575 Kg/m3 = 0.0569 lb/in³
Steel density ρs = 7850 Kg/m3 = 0.2836 lb/in³
Fluid density pf = 25 Kg/m3 = 0.00090 lb/in³
LENGTH OF PIPE L = 7000 m = 275591 in
Weight of pipe W = 13.48 Kg/m = 0.8 lb/in
Weight of contents Wf = 0.21 Kg/m = 0.0 lb/in
Total Weight + Contents Wto = 14 Kg/m = 0.8 lb/in

=
HOOP STRESS SH = (P x D)/2t = 162.3 Mpa = 23541 psig
Axial Stress due to Pressure Elongation 0.5 SH = 81.2 Mpa = 11770 psig
Axial Stress due to Poison Shrinkage ν SH = 48.7 Mpa = 7062 psig
Axial Stress due to Thermal Expansion ST = α E (Tdmax - Ti) = 156.2 Mpa = 22661 psig

Net Axial Force/Anchor Force F = As (0.5SH + α E (Tdmax - Ti) - ν SH) = 323980.29 N = 72834 lb
=
Axial Force due to Thermal Expansion FT = α E (Tdmax - Ti) As = 268248.18 N = 60305 lb
Axial Force due to Pressure Fp = As SH (0.5 - ν) = 55732.10 N = 12529 lb
Net Axial Force F = Fp + FT = 323980.29 N = 72834 lb

Weight of soil over Active Length (pbuc x OD x H) = 187 Kg/m = 10.08 lb/in
Soil Friction Force f = μ ( 2 ρbuc OD H + Wto ) = 155.6 Kg/m = 8.39 lb/in
Active Length La = F/f = 220.5 m = 8681 in
Free End Expansion ∆La = (F)2/ (2 x As x E x f) = 101 mm = 3.96 in
 Buoyancy Calculation

Input Data
Pipe OD D = 0.1143 m
Nominal Pipe thickness t = 0.005 m
Pipeline Depth of Cover H = 1 m
Internal Diameter d = (D - 2t) = 0.1043 m
Soil Density pbuc = 18.64 KN/m3
Water Density pw = 9.81 KN/m3
Submergeed Soil Density psub = 8.8 KN/m3
Pipe Weight including Coating (Empty) Wte = 0.14 KN/m
Weight of contents Wf = 0.002 KN/m
Weight of Water Ww = 0.22 KN/m
Total weight + Contents Wto = Wte + Wf = 0.14 KN/m
Total weight (Water Filled) W1 = Wte +Ww = 0.36 KN/m
Net allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil qnet = 50 KN/m2
Gross allowable Bearing Capacity of Soil qgross qnet1 + (pbuc x H) = 68.6390 KN/m2

A- Bearing Pressure Check =

Soil Weight Wbuc = pbuc x D x H = 1.12 KN/m
Total Vertical Load = W1 + Ws = 1.485 KN/m
Maximum Bearing Pressure on Soil qmax = (W1 + Ws) / D = 12.99 KN/m2
For Stability of pipe in trench the following condition shall be satisfied
qmax < qgross Stable

B- Buoyancy Check
Assuming Pipe is submerged and Empty
Buoyant Force Fb = pw x pi/4 (D)2 = 0.10 KN/m
Balancing Force Qb = Wto + (psub x Hmin x D)
Factor of Safety FOS = Qb/Fb = 1.5

Minimum Depth of Cover Required Hmin = Fb x 1.5 - Wto / (psub x D) 0.011 m

For Stability of pipe against buoyancy the following criteria shall be satisfied;
Hmin < H Stable
 Coating Bond Strength
For a pipe element w 2 m pbc H D L
This force is balanced by the reactive shear force given by p p DL
To avoid bond failure
Reactive shear force > frictional force

i.e.
p * p * D * L > 2 * m * pbc * H * D * L
Þ p > 2 * m * pbc * H / p
Being extremely conservative
m = 0.4
pbc = 1900 kg/m3
H= 1 m
= 2 * m * pbc * H / p
= 484.1 Kg/m2

So
p > 484.1 Kg/m2

p > 0.005 Mpa

Coating Bonding Strength provided by Vendor = 0.35 Mpa

Conclusion:
Since the value of Coating Bond Strength is greater than that provided by the Vendor, the Bond is safe.
 ANCHOR BLOCK SIZING
DESIGN DATA:

PIPE MATERIAL: API 5L GR X65Q

YIELD STRESS 4.50.E+08 Pa = 65267 psig
Modulus of Elasticity 2.07.E+11 Pa = 30022812 psig
PIPE OD 114.30 mm = 4.500 in.
WALL THK. 5.00 mm = 0.197 in.
=
Coefficent of Linear Thermal Expansion 0.0000117 Per DEG.C = 0.00000655 Per oF
POISSON'S RATIO = 0.30
P/LINE TIE-IN TEMP 21 DEG.C = 69.8 oF
COEFF. OF FRICTION B/W PIPE & SOIL = 0.40
COATING THICKNESS 0.00 mm = 0.00 in.
COATING DENSITY 960.4 kg/m3. = 59.9 lb/ft3
INSULATION THICKNESS 0.00 mm = 0.00 in.
INSULATION DENSITY 0.00 kg/m3 = 0.00 lb/ft3
BEND ANGLE 22.50 DEG = 0.39 RAD.
BEND RADIUS 1.14 m. = 9.00 ft
DEPTH OF BURIAL 1.00 m = 3.28 ft.
SOIL DENSITY 1576 kg/m3 = 98 lb/ft3
PIPE ID 104.3 mm = 4.11 in.
CROSS-SEC.AREA 1716.9 mm2 = 2.66 in2
OPERATING PRESSURE = 2060 psig
OPERATING TEMPERATURE = 85 o
C
HOOP STRESS = 23540 psig
NET LONG.COMP.STRESS = 15419 psig
AXIAL TH. EXP. FORCE = 72355 lb
UNIT WT. OF PIPE = 9.05 lb/ft
PRODUCT S.G. = 0.13
UNIT WT. OF LINE FILL = 0.75 lb/ft
UNIT WT. OF COATING = 0.0000 lb/ft
UNIT WT. OF INSULATION = 0.00 lb/ft
FRICTION FORCE = 160 lb/ft
ALLOW. PIPE DEFLECTION = 0.43 in
FRICTION FORCE AT BEND = 30362 lb
EFFECTIVE ANCHOR FORCE = 41993 lb
RESULT.RADIAL BEND FORCE,Fp= 7434 kg. = 16385 lb.
SOIL RESISTANCE,R= 1982 kg. = 4369 lb

SINCE Fp>R, ANCHOR BLOCK IS REQUIRED

PIPELINE RADIAL BEND FORCES - ANCHOR BLOCK DESIGN

ANCHOR BLOCK SIZE:

WIDTH = 10 ft. value to be put
DEPTH = 6 ft. value to be put
LENGTH = 10 ft. value to be put

CONCRETE DENSITY 1925 kg/m3 120 lb/ft3

COEFF. OF FRICTION B/W CONCRETE & SOIL = 0.40
SOIL PRESSURE ON SIDES OF ANCHOR BLOCK = 120.00 lb/sft/ft DEPTH
SOIL RESISTANCE ON ANCHOR BLOCK,Ra = 139250.83 lb.
Factor of Satety = = 850%
CONCLUSION: ANCHOR BLOCK IS ADEQUATE