Mechanical Properties of Solids 1, Introduction A rigid body generally means a hard solid object having a definite shape and size. But in reality, bodies can be stretched, ‘compressed and bent. Even the appreciably rigid steel bar can be deformed when a sufficiently large external force is applied on it. This means that solid bodies are not perfectly rigid. A solid has definite shape and size. In order to change (or deform) the shape or size of a body, a force is required. 2. Deforming Force ‘A force which produces a change in configuration (size or shape) of the object ‘on applying it, is called a deforming force. 3. Elasticity Elasticity is that property of the object by virtue of which it regains its original configuration after the removal of the deforming force For example, if we stretch a rubber band and release it, it snaps back to its original length. 4, Perfectly Elastic Body Those bodies which regain its original configuration immediately and completely after the removal of deforming force are called perfectly elastic bodies. The nearest approach to a perfectly elastic body is quartz fibre. 5. Plasticity If a body does not regains its original size and shape completely and immediately after the removal of deforming force, it is said to be a plastic body and this property is called plasticity 6, Perfectly plastic body That body which does not regain its original configuration at all on the removal of deforming force are called perfectly plastic bodies.Putty and paraffin wax are nearly perfectly plastic bodies. 7. Stress Ifa body gets deformed under the action of an external force, then at each section of the body an internal force of reaction is set up which tends to restore the body into its original state. 7.1 Definition The internal restoring force set up per unit area of cross section of the deformed body Iscalled stress. 7.2 Mathematical Form Applied Force Stress = Its unit is N/m2 or Pascal. Its dimensional formula is [ML"T? ]. 7.3 Types of stress ‘There are three different types of stress 1. Longitudinal Stress Scanned with CamScannerElastic and Plastic Bodies Dependingupon the behaviour of a body 01 classified in two categories : (1) elastic bodies and (2) p! (1) Elastic bodies—The bodies which change in applied, but completely regain back the original form when t elastic bodies. ed is temporary. Although no body is perfectly Thus the change produced in themdue to the force appli F elastic, but to some extent quartz, iron, gold, rubber etc., can be treated to be elastic. Quartz is nearly perfectly elastic. jeati (2) Plastic bodies =Thesbodies which change in lenigth.or volume or shape on application of external force, but do not regain back their exact original form on removal of the external force, are called the plastic bodies. Thus-the change 'ift them due tothe applied force is permanent: ‘Although no body is perfectly plastic, but wax, plasticine, putty, soap, lead etc., are considered to be plastic. — Thus plasticity is the inherent property of the substance by virtue of which it does not oppose the change produced in it due to the external deforming force and a permanent deformation occurs in it. It may be mentioned here that there is no clear distinction between the elastic and plastic bodies. A body is elastictill the force applied on it is within a definite limit, while it becomes plastic when the force is applied beyond this limit. Distinction between the Elastic and Plastic Bodies} “CS. No. Elastic bodies Plastic bodies vl’ |These are the bodies on which when an|These-are the bodies on which when an extemal external deforming force is applied, there is| deforming force is applied, there is some change some-change* in length or volume or shape} in length or volume or shape in them, but on in them, but on.removal-of the force, they | removal of the force, they do not regain back n the magnitude of external deforming force, the bodies are Jastic bodies: length or volume or shape when an external force is he external force is withdrawn, are called the regain back their original form, their original form. .2 |The change caused due to the applied force | The change caused due to the applied force is is temporary. a permanent. Examples£Quartz; iron, gold etc. Examples—Wax, plasticine, putty etc. = Scanned with CamScannerLimit of Elasticity Experimentally we find that when a force of low magnitude is applied on an iron wire, it increases in its length and on removal ofthe force, it regains back its original length, but if the force of large magnitude is applied on the iron wire, it either elongates forever or breaks. Thus pong anes I.2Stress When a deforming force is applied on a body within the elastic limit, either the length or the volume or the shape of the body changes. Due to the property of elasticity, an internal reaction is produced in the body, which opposes this change and tends to bring the body back to its origina! wee This force is called the ressaring force..In equilibrium, the restoring force is equal and opposite to the external force applic AlSince the restoring force is equal in magnitude to the external applied force in equilibrium, ifan extemal force F is applied on the body of area of cross-section A, then Se (10.2) Units and dimensional formula for stress untotes = Gare Dimensional formula of force _ MLT = =). Dimensional formula of stress = See OF aren z Dimensional formula of area? "The stress. produced in a body depends on how the deforming force is applied on the body. Depending on it, the stress is ofthe following three kinds : (1) longitudinal stress, (2) normal stress and (3) shearing stress. _@ibongitudinalStress—Whenthe extemal foreeisapplied along thelensth-ofthesbodyesothanthes2 e 10.3. Strain ‘Abody is said to be strained when ther is change in ether length or volume or shape, on applying & deforming force on it. This change in dimension is directly proportional tothe original dimension. Scanned with CamScanner(EI shivatat Physics : Chass 11 SKifvasrstrains—Depending upon the force applied on the body, the strain is of the following three kinds (1) Longitudinal strain, (2) Volume strain, and (3) Shearing strain. 1) Longitudinal strain. 10.3) ; a When the length ofa solid substance changes due to a force applied in the direction of force, there isa simultaneous change in length in direction perpendicular to the force. For example, on stretching a wire along. its length, its length increases, but its diameter decreases .Thewhangeinunitlength indirectionperpendicular a Se ~ Seg Sar S aNSNSTEE (10.4) (2) Volume strain— re is \ cimninitachnmedhachansetautinnimenfteietosneaiadshantlianeram tect soe cr the body is V and it decreases to (V — v) on applying the deforming force (i.e., on increasing the pressure), then (V-v)-Va-y _Nolume stain = ae = (10.5) increasing the pressureOn it, The volume strain is very small in solids and liquids, but itis very large in gases, (@)Shearing:strain—When an external force is applied on a bod its opposite face fixed such that there is n the shape of the body changes, then Change in volume ly tangential to its surface, keeping change in length of body nor change in its volume, but only Thus shear strain is measured in terms of the angle tured by the line normal to the fixed face. For example, when a wire is twisted or a ball is compressed, shear strain is produced. This strain is produced only in the solid substances. In Fig. 10.3, let there be a cuboid ABCDEFGH, the lower face EFGH of which is kept fixed and a uniform and tangential force F is applied on its opposite face ABCD due to which it takes the form A'B'C’D'EFGH, but its volume remains the same. Then the angular displacement between the | Parallel faces EFGH and new position A'B'C’D' of ABCD is H e | ZAHA’ =9 Shearing strain = 0 | | (eg ee Fig. 10.3. Shear strain Scanned with CamScanner10.5. Hooke's Law ; ae Ze wir a a 2 | $5 Ga" In aay or Scanned with CamScannerExample 4. Solution : Example 5. Solution : Example 6, Solution : Example 7. Solution : Gi Strain (iif) Young’s modulus Y " A steel wire of length 4-7 m. and cross-sectional area 3-0*1 oer by the. coed ake 9 a copper wire of length 3-5 m and cross-sectional area of 4-0*10"' m? under a shen load What is the ratio of the Young's modulus of steel to that copper ? (NCERT) Given, for the steel wire, Ls = 4-7 m, As =3-0 « 10% m’, for the copper wire Le = 3-5 m, Ac= 407105 m. FL From = 75, (NCERT) 20% 10" Nm, L,=1-6m a= 06 * 10 m?, fy +1 =0-7 mm, = Rx (15 * 1032 A FL Inrelation Y = “77, the values of F and A are same for both the wires, ie., stress © is same. yy, x Hence YH = Yale A Ya ba 2 22 as 1 Ly ho "Ly 0-7. On solving f, = and f+ fy = 0-7 mm or 35 y= 02mm and /, = 0-5 mm ied p= MAL _ (110!) « (7-06 x 10-5) x (0-5 « 1073) Now force applied F a C6 10") (0'5 1107 =176-5N, ‘ase in length of a rubber string of length 10 m due to its own weight shen it is suspended =i . : when ‘apende er =1S* 10 kgm, g= 10N kg! and Let the area of cross-section of rubber string be A m2, Weight of the string = Volume » densi xg= % area) * density *g F=10Ax (15 + 1g xg meth * area) x density )* 10 | | = 15 « 105 A newton, The weight ofthe string F will ct on its centre of gravity, hence it will increase the length of only 5 m long string. » a Scanned with CamScanner= 3-673 m. "10.8 Bulk Modulus Y eee Ifthe force is applied uniformly and normally from all directions on a body, there is no change in shape of the body, but the volume of the body changes. The change in volume per unit original volume is called th volume: sea and the force applied normally on unit area of cross~ -section, is called the normal stres: of substan The volume strain is nearly negligible in solids and liquids. Bulk modulus is related to solid, liquid as well as gas. when the pressure increases). Since the force acting on unit area Fig. 10.8. Normal stress and is called pressure, therefore ees (10.11) Scanned with CamScannersue PY) ten suoatunne Bas, YA LUE UI-atuULL Bad alu ail, Y = 1°99 TOF poly-atomic gas). Distinction between the Isothermal and the Adiabatic Elasticities Isothermal elasticity Adiabatic elasticity Here the pressure of gas is increased keeping | Here the pressure of gas is increased keeping its temperature constant. its total heat’ contents constant. There is very slow change in volume with | The change in volume with pressure is very pressure. rapid. The isothermal elasticity of the gas is equal to | The adiabatic elasticity of the gas is equal its initial pressure. to the product of ratio of specific heats and initial pressure. Scanned with CamScannerGans al Phy6tes : Class 11 10.A1-Poisson's Ratio, ‘When a wire is stretched by applying a force along its. length, fa rce increases, but simultaneously the diameter of wire in direction perpendii the length of wire in the direction ular to the force decreas 1 of a wire be L and its initial diameter be D. When a force is applied along the lengy, “~— Let initial Tength o! of wire, its length increases to L + / and its diameter decreases to D ~ d. Then ~ “Original length jecreaserim diamete and Jiod2. Relationship between the Various Elastic Modulii | eo ausangisat (10.18) (1019) . All elastic modulii Y, K, 1 and o are positive for each substance. 2. In practice, for any. substance the value of ¢ is more than zero but less than 0-5 The value of Y is always greater than n (Ye 3n) and K is always greater than Y. (10.20) » SOLVEDEXAMPEES be te Example 1. A brass block (50 cm x 50 cm x 10 cm) is fixed on its base with the floor. What will fi applying a tangential force 9:0 x 10* N on it Nm? displacement of its upper surface on ap modulus of rigidity of brass = 3:6 x 10! Solution : Given, area of upper surface A= 50 em x 10 em = $00 em’ x10 Shear stress = = 18 10°N m? «10? m2, F=9:0%10N Modulus of rigidity = Shear strain Shear stress _ 18% 106 Shear strain 8 = 7 36x10 73% 10% rd. Scanned with CamScanner" 2(1+0-4) ‘10.13. Elastic Energy or Work done in Stretching a Wire When a wire is stretched by applying an external force, some work is done by the applied force against the attractive forces between the atoms of the body. This work is stored in form of internal energy (or elastic potential energy) within the wire. On removal of the deforming force, this internal energy appears in form of heat energy. Let a force F be applied along the length of wire of area of cross-section A, due to which its length increases from L to L + /. By Hooke's law initially when increase in length of wire is zero, the restoring force is zero and at last when the increase in length of wire becomes /, the restoring force increases from 0 to F. Thus, O+ Average restoring force on the wire = ocr = E “. Work done in stretching the wire = average force = increase in length = E x1 1 We afl --(10,22) Scanned with CamScanner, Shivalal Physics : Class 11 Alternative method By Hooke’s law, within the elastic limit the increase 1n I a graph plotted for the applied force F against the increase in lens fc. Work done in increase In tf = area enclosed by the line 1 1 = yopxsa=t 1 B= 7 *OBXBA = 5 xIxps! portional to the force applied, thee fn length is pro a Tongth [i straight Hine OA as shown in Fig, length of wire by /is W OA with the /-axis from /=9, ‘ols = Area of triangle OA! t, | F ‘The above expression is same as eqn. (10.22). g ‘The eqn. (10.22) can also be expressed as below : i ts Lo(E) (oa 13 = here $x(E)x(q)*4 \2 1 \ roncee#— W = 5 * stress * strain « volume of wire “ing Fig. 10.10. F-2 Graph This is the internal potential energy of the wire. Hence the internal ¢. ergy per unit volume of the wire or energy density 1 . u = 5 % stress * strain But stress = Young's modulus * strain, 5 x Young's modulus * (strain)? 1 (stress)? oes 2 * Young's modulus ae u 10.14. Tension Produced in a Metallic Rod Clamped at its Ends When being Cool rod is cools Consider a rod of length L, area of cross-section A clamped at its ends. When the aistt its length decreases due to which a tension is produced. If Af°C is the decrease in temperature coefficient of linear expansion and Y is the Young's modulus of the material of rod, then “tor oe Decrease in length / Coefficient of linear expansion c= => -a1fength Lx fall in temperature A? __ Decrease in length / 08 a . : Longitudinal stain = cor tength LAE Stress ed) Strain “. Stress = Y * strain = Y a Ar Now Young's modulus Y But stress = force/area, “-, Force applied on clamps (oF tension produced) = stress * area = Y a Ar x A a” F=YaAar (10 Scanned with CamScanner