Flu t e T y pes a n d St er eot y pes

than the tube), vertically or diagonally held when played, end-blown, with
finger holes. Some examples are the Arabic nai (see figure 1), Bulgarian
kaval, Ethiopian washint, Hopi flute, Persian nay, and Turkish ney.
2.
Vertical tubular flute with ductless notched mouthpiece. Single‑tubed (open
distal end), ductless (with a notch for a mouthpiece; the player focuses
the air stream directly upon the sound-producing edge in the shape of a
notch), vertically or diagonally held, end‑blown, with finger holes. Some
examples are the Bolivian and Peruvian kena (quena), Chinese xiao (hsiao),
Ghanaian odurugya, Japanese shakuhachi (see fig. 2), Q’ero pinkuyllu, and
Vietnamese tieu, and Warao muhusemoi (see chapter 2, figure 9).
3.
Vertical, diagonal, or horizontal tubular flute with duct mouthpiece.
Single‑ (also double-, triple-, quadruple-, or more) tubed (open distal end),
duct (with a fipple, beak,2 ring, or external baffle type mouthpiece appara-
tus that channels the player’s air to the sound-producing edge), vertically
(i.e., recorder), diagonally held (i.e., Irish pennywhistle on occasion), hori-
zontally (Bolivian muhuseño and Slovakian fujara; with attached bocal or
air tube), end-blown, with finger holes—some examples are the Bolivian,
Ecuadoran, and Peruvian pinkullo (and variant spellings), the Bolivian
saripalka (see chapter 7, figure 15), Bolivian tarka (see chapter 7, figure
16), European recorder, Indonesian suling, Irish pennywhistle, and Native
American courting flutes (see chapter 5, figures 13 and 14).

1. Ali Jihad Racy playing an Arabic nai made from cane.

Photograph by Daniel M. Neuman, used with permission.