Fresh seasonal flowers, slide, coverslip, microscope, suerose, borie acid, m sulphate, potassium nitrate, beakers etc. PROCEDURE Prepare a nutrient solution by dissolving 10 g sucrose, 10 g boric acid, 30m sulphate and 20 mg potassium nitrate in 100 ml of water. ‘Take a few drops of this solution on a clean slide and dust a few pollen g stamen of a mature flower on it. Observe the slide in the microscope after 5 minutes and then obser about half an hour. 3 ieee OBSERVATION eee In nutrient medium, the pollen grain germinate. The tube cell Pollen grain through one of the germ pores to form a pollen tube. The to the tip ofthe pollen tube. The generative cell also passes into it, It 00 ‘Bametes. Each male gamete is lenticular to spherical in outline. —IN COMPREHENSIVE LABORATORY MANUAL Fig. 1.1. Germination of pollen grains. PRECAUTIONS 1. Flowers should be freshly plucked. \ 2. Use clean slide to observe the pollen grains. )nm Objective. To study population densi plant species of a given area. }Fig. 61, Procedure to find out minimum sie ofthe quadrat. ‘Table 6.1. Total number of species and the area° 3s 50 75 100m Fig. 52. Species area curve to determine the size ofthe quadrat, ‘Total No. of individuals in all the quadrats studied Population Density = T0%a!No.of halle ey ‘Total No.of quadrata studied ‘Total No.of quadrats in which species occurred Serer Total No. of quadrata studied soemig. 54. Occurrence of plant species in a quadrat OBSERVATION AND RESULT ‘Table 52. Different plant species, their population density land percentage frequency occurring in a given aren Plant species ‘measurement of quadrats should be accurate.EXPERIMENT 6.1 . To prepare temporary acetocarmine staii various stages of mitosis. 42mm poo oa a peep ee a aa, i Soe nS a i a a Pas est net ta Pian id ee ea al 3 Cut § mm off the tips of rots and put them into aval containing a miature of 1:3 ene shoals anal Keep fr ns hoor This ress cle ation (Calin of cdi 20m bem ane ea "am ere emnn move Bor 3 root oa andy Renave 20r root tpt and yas them ty warming 6a 1 dro acd ical lashlass bottle full of water, with ite base touching the Fig 6.1 Method of growing oon rot tps, ‘Remove the root tips and wash them thoroughly in water. Place a drop of acetocarmine on a slide. Put one hydrolysed rot tip in a drop and place ‘coverslip on the root Gently quash the rot by tapping the coverslip with the blunt end of penll or need cant ha nels separate and spread out into a very thin layer Make sure that there are no air bubbles under the coverslip. Gently warm the slide over a flame fora few seconds. ‘ Ran rm der the low power ofthe microscope olcate the dividing ells ae ane re stages of mitosis under the high power ofthe microscopes OBSERVATIONS : ‘Under low power of the siroscope, rectangular calle with pink auslais scattered Under High power ofthe microscope fellowing stages become Gistine and 63)atraon 2008 zone of elongate Metaphase Mertemate x08 we — anaphase Fig. 2 Diterent stages of mitois in the anion rot HP. 1. “Interphase ] Tater viding phae of th cll cycle tween two successive (o Chesnutin fbres appear inthe form of a network within the nucleige Gi) Nocear envelope and nucleolus are distinc. 2. Prophase {@Chromatia material shortens ani chromosomes. (i Bach chromowome consists of to chromatids, jointed at a point called (ii) Neclear membrane and nuclols start disintegration and disappear a prophase 3. Metaphase () Abipolar spindle develops in the cell. Chromosomes become thick and two) of each chromosome become clear (a) Chromosomes become arranged at the equator ofthe spindle. i) Bach chromosome get attached to the spindle fibres at its centromere, 4 Anaphase ’ {The two sister chromatids of each chromosome separat rove towards the opposite poles. oie 1G) The daughter chromosomes (separated chrom: peas Aepedig pon he pono of Catomeres “7A Mie 5. Telophase (Tbe spindle disappears and the ‘ Bile, appears and the daughter chromosomes une GH Nuclear membrane and m ty cae nd nucleolus reappears and two daughter ICytokinesis WD CHokiness occurs by cll plate formation between the 13 condenses into thread likeIntorpace stage Cal wa ‘momorane — chromosomes Early prophase ‘ate prophase Sprsie Col wa chromosomes ~ spine thes Late anaphase }— Daughter cas — daughter nude }— conplate Telophase sage Fig. 63. Various stages of mitosis in onion rot ip ells PRECAUTIONS The base of the onioo bulb shoul be in ountact of watee wile 2. foo ipa aboubd bo fized in the morning batwoon 8 to 10 Ad 3. The slide should be warmed gently much above the flame ofthe spiritCc Objective. To isolate DNA from available plant material such as spin age green pea seeds, papaya etc. potatos at REQUIREMENTS Plant material (such as spinach leaves, green pea seeds or green papaya), pestle, beakers, test tubes, liquid detergent, non-iodised sodium chloride, distilled v fenderizer or papain solution/juice of papaya/pine apple juice, 95% ethanol, spool EE PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS iodised sodium chloride to 90 mL of distilled water, * Meat tenderizer solution is prepared by adding 5 g of tenderizer (enzyme) distilled water (Juice of papaya/pine apple, filtered through muslin. substitute for meat tenderizer), veh a * 5% NaCl solution is prepared by dissolving 5 -iodii i Lit ny ing 5 g of non-iodised sodium * Chilling of ethanol must be done by over night. keeping 95% ethanol in plastic bottle 54spotting Objective. To study the flowers adapted to pollination (wind, insect and birds). ‘REQUIREMENTS Fresh flowers of maize or any other cereal/grass, Salvia / Oci sa n forceps, hand lens, slide, needle ete. PROCEDURE Place the given flower on a slide and observe it with the help of! ‘adaptations of the flowers meant for pollination by the external agen Maize Flowers (Anemophilous or Wind Pollinated Flowers) ‘The flowers of maize show following adaptations for pollination b: ‘The maize plant is monoecious and bears unisexual flowers. {n terminal inflorescence while the female flowers are born in a Flowers are small and inconseipicous. ‘The flowers are colourless, odourless and nectarless. Flowers are produced above the foliage or placed in hangin Both the stigmas and anthers are exerted (i.e,, hang Anthers are versatile, and pollen grains are light, small ‘The pollen grains are produced in very large numbers. ‘Stigma is hairy, feathery or branched to catch wind bornFig. 9.1. Anemophily in maize, Salvia Flowers (Entomophilous or Insect Pollinated Flowers) The flowers of Saliva show following adaptations for pollination by insects The flowers are showy or brightly coloured for attracting pollinating insects. The flowers are born in vertcellastr inflorescence to become conspicuous Flowers secrete nectar to feed visiting insects. Nectar glands are placed in such a that an insect must touch both the anthers and stigmas. The flowers have landing platform for the insets, ‘The fowera are protandrons with bilipped coralla and have tur pipe oF lever ce i 6. Each stamen has | connective whieh bear Ft me ng a i Path of insect 1. As the insect moves iowa i gs othe aginst ts back ef Ce i aa 8 Inolder lowers the style brings the hr sy ahoinsct fom a young tack of insect and collect pollen #3ae cations or palinatcn Ma ot izoni how wing a non I Tiers os ely Why Sherman lew or | Died pet eveementy tay ‘Pit: 94. Pollination in Bignonia. Humming bird co Bignonia Dower and thse palinEXPERIMENT 10.1 Objective. To study the pollen germination and growth of poll pollinated pistil (in Portulaca /grass or any other suitable flower) REQUIREMENTS Fresh pollinated flowers of Portulaca/gr: ; ass or any other suitable fl coverslip, neeils, forceps, brush, dropper, safranin, glycerine, petrdish, water, PROCEDURE ‘Take out the pollinated carpel from the Portulaca/grass wer an aso» nae in' rp a ae Sem 8 62Fig. 1041. Polen germination. A. Pollen grains germinating on stigma (teased preparation) 'B. Growth of pollen tube in the cape (8). 2 Pour a drop of safranin on the teased carpe ar its section and wash it with water. 3. Puta drop of glycerine and cover the teased carpel or its section with coverslip. the extra glycerine with blotting paper. Observe the preparation under the high of microscope and drav the diagrams of different stages of pollen germination ifferent stages of germinating pallens are observed inthe stigma and style regi a ate has pollens seve in their initial stage of germination others have quite long tube containing tube nucleus and two male nucle PREG PRECAUTIONS s OD Only poling ir sriment._ 1. Only pollinated carpels sh sted er 2 Tented cma .EXPERIMENT 11.1 ly and identify the stages of gamete development in . of testis and LS, of ovary through permanent sli Permanent slide of TS. of testis and LS. of ovary, microscope. PROC Fix the permanent slide under the micros then under high power. cope, First observe it under the low OBSERVATIO! ere. is covered by a thick fibrous tissue called tunica pbetecss seminiferous tubules embedded in the interstt 2. The testis consists of 3. Various types of germinal cells are Se eaanepaat tes -» Spermatids > Spermatozoa —> :, Spermatogonin 1 a pron obapet cls let asia present from outside towards lumen in 65Ohman tabu i = ; seo a alter ne contin col, Disb OSE a aoe VS. of 1A mouse ovary is a solid structure bounded by germinal epithelium follo ayer of fibrous tissue, the tunica albuginia, Fig. 11.2. A section of tion of ovary of m vouse (mammal1 Prophase Iti long duration and ae sb sage (a) Leptotene ‘ , | (® Chromatin fibres condense and form thick thread ike structures alle (ii) Nuclear envelop and nucleolus are distinet. () Zygotene (@ Homologous chromosomes form pairs called bivalent. This pairing is synapsis (ii) The individual of a pair are similar in length and in position of their (©) Pachytene G@) The two chromatids of each chromosome become visible, so that a bi Sate ao is meme a Cringe hn a ee Gi) The two chromosomes of gether at one or ‘more poit (©) Diakinesis kines x chromosomes apperthck and Hing shaped. 0 Hamel re sare pe bg 2 Metaphase 1 Metaplaee | ceologoss openim) erie aaa aa spindle. . Gi) The spindle get attached to the Tennant nc aaah a PE ag 2 ar ran nomi Karnes a a each bivalent move away and homologues are ints called chinsmata, ‘contromere of the chromosome,een meiosis I and meiosis I. ienensive LABORATORY 4. Telophase 7 Tc pn dum snvelo haploid daughter calls di) Cytokinesis occurs to form £0 ‘A very short interphase may intervene Der‘CORE EXPERIMENTS 15) rake B. Meiosis IT erence rai It includes following four stages ; ; 1. Prophase IT (@ The chromosomes of daughter cell bogin to condense and become thick. i) Nuclear envelope and nucleolus begin to di ‘Metaphase IT ee @ The chromosomes are arranged on the equator of the spindle. i) Bach chromosome is held by the spindle at the centromere to both the poles. Anaphase II (The sister chromatids (daughter chromosomes) of each chromosomes separate and migrate towards the opposite poles. Gi) Each pole, thus receives haploid number of chromosomes. Telophase I ( The chromosomes begin to uncoil and become thin. (i) The nuclear envelope and nucleolus are reconstituted. Cytokinesis occurs and four daughter cells are formed, each with haploid number of chromosomes. PRECAUTIONS 1. Floral buds should be fixed between 8 to 10 A.M. » 2. Slide should be warmed gently to avoid over heating, 7EXPERIMENT 13.1 REQUIREMENTS Permanent slide of blastula, microscope. PROCEDURE 4 Fix the slide of T.S. of blastula under microscope. First observe power and then under high power ofthe microscope. a Zona. etc Aouminus layer ‘wound he zona Fig. 18.1. 75, of blastls, 4oe Objective. To study Mendelian inheritance using seeds of size of any plant. -- REQUIREMENTS ‘Pea seed sample, enamel tray, petri dishes, notebook, pencilpen. PROCEDU “Take a lt of about 100 pes seeds in an enamel tray. ‘Separate out round and wrinkled seeds and put them in separate [Note down the number of round and wrinkled seeds and calculate ratio. 4. Repeat the process forthe other contrasting trait ofthe seed ie, yellow: DBSERVATIONS ‘Present your findings in the form ofa table given below. Data related: ‘given in the table, record your finding in the same way. ‘Table 14.1 Characers/Traits Ped | Total no. of | Nea of ode showing e seeds sbosrved | tasting form of the 106 | 80 (Round) : 26 (wrinkled) 88 Cellow): 27 (Green) | sufficiently large number of seed lot for analysis to m contrasting form ofthe trait carefullyiclive. To study the prepared pedigree charts of genetic 6 Slling of tongue, blood groups, widow’s peak, colour blindness REQUIREMENTS as 7 Prepared pedigree chart of the genetic traits. PROCEDURE ‘Observe the given pedigree chart and write comment on it. Problem 1 (Inability to roll the tongue) Inability to roll the tongue appears in the progeny due to recessive gene. Find out the possible genotype of tthe family members in the following pedigree. Solution/Comments ‘The trait is present in the father parent due to presence of two recessive genes (I—2 aa). The trait can ‘tppear in the progeny only when it becomes homozygous recessive. Since, only one of the progeny carries the trait, the mother parent must be heterozygous (test eross— fetta anaes ek ttm tetera, ‘a. H—1 is aa. 12, are (est cross) and, therefore, Aa. The cross between II—1 "and her husband also produces one homozygous sive (I1I—2 = aa). This is possible only if the ier i heteronygos (An). Nataly I— in als aeee Probiom 2 (aga ti erenmenrs, — TS in hetoronyg aserbomoaysyus doings AD Her ing one the Pony yt AAA BA em ent | In the pedigree give cerocessive trait. Also give Ne Solution/Commente ince the shaded symbl appears in all th doorng father must be homonygousdostnant ite etotherhomorygo rece aa sara beans in all other cases this poston suet) sao =2A0 200 100 x Any a 3h 200). All the members afl geseites St therfore, be heteronygovs (Aay. This hrs tated by marriage of 11 with honosygnee Ise (Aas aa =o + Aa) bear chien tbody"! 4M parental types, Marriage ofl withthe homoryous eave cn produc oth ecanve taf hetcroeygos. Problem 3 Colour bindnee fils wooo ed ct below shows the inheritance of elour Blindness in one family. Stady the pattern of inheritance tnd answer the following questions. Sea. Te fate ts Z in the pedigree chart. the members 4 ad 8 4 _ ee ‘a carrier of colour blindness. The met Gea en ih tp sel bln et has nr m number 15 has secon marie ‘heist child will be hemophie mlCOMPREH! Solution/Comment (@ The allele for colour blindness is Pri cal some ¥ does not bear corresponding allele for this charace™” j A male has only one X chromosome, which he receives from his mother. « He is colour blindness if his'mother is carrier. ; it ‘A female becomes colourblind, when her mother is a carrier and father is resel e ‘Thus, in the above case : ‘The genotype of number 4 will be XX, that of member 5 will X* ¥ and that of will be XY. Carier woman | * Normal man. xe xy cea OHO OO Ne ee Possible’ PrP PrOBETY Carrier yrvay __-_Colourblind Normal fame pore male male ‘The possibility of Ist child to be colourblind will be 1/4 = 25%.Objective. To comment on the exercises of hybridization (emasculation, tagging and g) through models/charts. Emasculation Identification. Comment @ This method it cotton. (ii) The instrument used in this method i scalpel, camel hair brush ete- (iii) In this process anthers are removed from the flowers before their maturation. (iv) The anthers are cut with the help of sterilized forceps or cineca sculation. Forceps or scissors method of ema fers of sufficiently large size li s employed in the crops having flow include pocket lens, forceps, needle, 85C0 1\N\\ a Fig: 16.2. Forceps or scisors method ofcode of emasculation. A. Single spikeletof paddy B. Removal of ‘of a flower C. Emasculation by hot water. 2. Identification. Bagging, tagging and labelling. Comment {Afr exascoaticn; tos Sewers re o7erel "Ai SIS RAE aig ‘with undesired pollen grains. (Gi) These bags are made UP hie so rel (ii) The bags are punctu ie rior (iv) The flowers of male pare pollen grain with foreign i sarsket Sal Fig. 16.3. Meth her after opening (0) After dusting of the retagged. (ei) A label of paper ant crossing and bri. Extamocba a ny Indentification. Entamoeba histolytica. Disease caused. Amoebiasis or Amoebic dysentry Comments 1. It is a human parasite that resides in the upper part of the large intestine. seho® a"L. Plasmodium enters human body in sporozoite stage by the bites of ‘mosquito. 2. The sporozoite is spindle shaped an: Sine ‘3. The sporoaoites infect liver cells and produce eryptomerozoites. The liver cells and produce metacryptomerozoites. .d uninucleate organism capable of Fig. 172, Sporvait 4 Te metacypimerie eter RECs and passes trophoste ina amoeboid stage and produce schizont and aerate 5 Trem cone hesig. 173. Life le of malarial parse ro aria tumbricoides Te giant intertinal roundworm) Disease caused. Ascarissit2. The patient may also suffer from impaired digestion, di ‘8 In children mental effcieney is affected and body growth