Edited by Nicholas Lossky José Miguez Bonino John Pobee Tom Stransky Geoffrey Wainwright Pauline Webb oes Geneva ie WCC Publications, and Rapids William B. Eerdmans publishing Company, ciDioton sil ‘ot Eourenioa! iii 00008: 210, 8203 380 Copyright © 1991 by WCC P 150 route de F ‘emey, 1211 Geneva ‘ublication, Md Council of Churches 2, Switzerland All rights reserved, * First published 1991 in Switzerland by WCC Publications World Council of Churches 150 Route de Femey, 1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland ISBN 2-8254-1025-x Council of Inter-Church House, 35: Wm. go 255 Jefferson Printed in Great Britain by Churches for Britain and Ireland '-41 Lower Marsh, London SE1 TRL, England ISBN 0-85169-225.7 and in the USA by B, Eerdmans Publishing Co. Ave. SE, Grand Rapids, Mich, 49503 ISBN 0-8028-2428-5 in the United States of AmericapacirisM is has the Tonga Council in its country, but still valuable, bodies ie mre prches. Less Cnn the Tai Coane of Churches, the te Cou of Churches, and the Vanuate Sineil of Churches: veers have seen the influx and ph large numberof non-co-operting seomipes, which have gradually altered the swe as far as ecumenism if concemed, pica these churches are of a Pentecostal Meet though the largest and most rapidly ring is the Mormon church, which is either Pentecostal nor new [0 the region. Soull efforts have been made towards de- String understanding and possible co-oper- Won with some of these bodies. The most SGgniicant of these efforts is that of the SEtonesian Council of Churches in its com Nfs and co-operation with the Evangelical ‘hiance of the South Pacific, an organization of newer churches and Christian institutions Gf Papua New Guinea. But in general the tion from these bodies is continuing and represents the greatest challenge to the ecu- menical spirit in the Pacific See also Pacific Conference of Churches. CHARLES W. FORMAN IR. Chandran ed., The Cross and the Tanow Gospel and Culture in the Pacific, Suva. South Puce Association of Theological Schools, 1985 » CW. Forman, The Voice of Many Waters: The Siar ofthe Life and Ministry of the Pacific Confer” fence of Churches in the Last 25 Years, Suva, Lom Prsiita, 1986 © J. Garret, 70 Live Among the Siar, WCC, 1982» C. Wright & L. Fugul eds, Christin South Pacific Cultures, Suva, Lotu Pasit a, 1985, PACIFIC CONFERENCE OF CHURCHES. The PCC isthe regional eo " menica: onganization for. the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia. It. Was tom out of a conference of missions and Starches held in Malua, Wester ‘Samoa, in 961. Its official formation took place five $68 later atthe assembly on Lifou Island. annum assemblies were held in Fiji (gi, Papua New Guinea (1976), Tonga rag )/and Western Samoa (1986). The head- Moved were first in Samoa, but in 1967 were Permanently to Suva, Fiji- conference grew rapidly under the ship of two of its general secret Tuilovoni (1967-74) and Lorine Tevi ™m (1977-81). It was also much strengthened by the contributions of one of its early chairmen, Sione ‘Amanaki Havea (1966-71). New chur- ‘ches joined the PCC fellowship, and member ship was also thrown open to national Chris- tian councils. In 1976 the Roman Catholics joined. The conference has always had strong participation from the French-speaking is- lands of New Caledonia and Tahiti, and they fare now fully incorporated into its life, with the provision of simultaneous translation at its ‘meetings and the publication of French ver ‘sions of ils reports and documents. The only countries where it has lost members are Papua New Guinea and the Solomon Islands. Partici- pation by the churches of Micronesia has also been sporadic because of the distance. ‘The conference has reached out to the chur- ches with a variety of programmes. It has introduced modem methods of Christian edu- cation and training for better family life, spreading these through seminars all over the area. It has helped the churches in their com- munication efforts and in youth programmes. Tt has tried to raise the place of women by holding regional conferences for women and setting an example itself with the appointment of a woman as chairperson, Fetaui Mata’afa (1971-76), and another as general secretary (Tevi). It has devoted much attention to 2c" omic development rooted in the realities of Village life, It has taken the lead in dealing with pofitical problems of the region, speak- ing out against nuclear testing and in favour of national independence. Tn 1982 the steady growth of the organiza- tion was reversed in a decision, taken under the leadership of the long-time chairman, Jaber Bryce (1976-86), to make drastic reduc- tions in staff and programmes in the hope of decreasing the extreme dependence on foreign funds. Since then programmatic growth has been slower and more selective, but the con- ference has explored new ways of serving the region. PCC and WCC have close links. CHARLES W. FORMAN PACIFISM. The derivation of the word — from Latin pax (peace) and facere (10 make) establishes an immediate connec Jeons's statement in the Sermon on the Mow aaa, dheponcereaken': (Ma eee ve bean wom waeen of PAN jeties ofCONFERENCE OF ASIA \ wo re ane activity’ of the Holy. Spirit _ 1 WOH alged throughout the rite, The ag “anole pies this place in Bastern and 7 wt occu ss gma ttle, ae BA gists forthe Bastern and Orien- ise ah nen suggested that chrismation ys NS cof confirmation in the Rowan pe more accurate to say that it fo nt post-baptimal anointing of pales Manat the Eastern and Oriental ot a donot have a liturgical ‘equivalent to mio soiati® gism, confirmation, oo also baptist, : see also DAVID R, HOLETON jee, Baptismal Anointing, London, Li, Michell, "Schmemann, Of Water and the SK IM ce, NY. St Vladimir's Seminary, ger st [AN CONFERENCE OF East Asia Christign Conference ww called the CCA,was the first CHRI ASIA. eS «alized expression of regional ecu- i origins may be traced back to the ening of te Intemational Missionary Coun- cit (MC) at Tambaram in 1938, or even to Satie world meetings where Asian delegates the need for their churches to work towards greater unity in life, partnership in rmssion and autonomy in administration. At Tambaram, for the first time in world meet- ings, Asian participants formed the majority, 2nd some of them wanted the IMC to set up an ‘Asian office. Years later, in 1945, the IMC committee in Geneva considered a proposal from the Chinese and Indian national councils argng the formation of an East Asia regional committee, in order “(1) to promote and give ‘pression to the spirit of Christian unity ‘mong the churches of East Asia; (2) to pro~ Mote fellowship and mutual helpfulness ‘mong Christians in East Asia through con 8, exchange of delegations and such Other measures as may be agreed upon; (3) 0 = ‘a sense of the responsibility of the aad East Asia for the Christian witness aug oe building up of the churches in (0 deepen the unity of the churches in othe i with the world church; (5) to bring oni of the world church the distinctive Folputi™ of the churches in East Asia”. & decision taken in 1947 by the 151 joint committee of the IMC and the WCC to sel up an East Asia regional office, the first meeting of Asian church leaders was held in Bangkok in 1949, Its theme was “The Chris- tian Prospect in Eastern Asia”. It led to the appointment, (wo years later, of Raja B. Man- ikam from India as East Asia secretary. In 1956, at a joint consultation of the newly formed Asia Council on Ecumenical Mission, the IMC and the WCC, it was resolved to call together a meeting of representatives of Asian churches and national councils so that they could decide for themselves what form re- gional ecumenism should take in Asia. Prapat, Indonesia, was the venue of that meeting, held in 1957. Its theme was “The ‘Common Evangelical Task of the Churches in East Asia’, It decided to create the EACC and inted a core staff team, consisting of D.T. Niles from Ceylon, U Kyaw Than from Burma and Alan Brash from New Zealand, to organize the new ecumenical body. The Prapat meeting is generally considered as the first EACC assembly, although the inaugural (now reckoned as the second) assembly was held only two years later, in 1959, at Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, Present at that meeting were representatives from 34 churches and 14 Christian councils from Asian countries and from Australia and New Zealand. The theme ‘was “Witnesses Together”. The inaugural de- claration said: “Believing that the purpose of God for the churches in East Asia is life together in a common obedience to him for the doing of his will in the world, the East Asia Christian Conference is hereby consti- tuted.” It is instructive to recall the themes of EACCICCA assemblies. The third and fourth assemblies were held in Bangkok. The third (4964) addressed the theme “The Christian Community within the Human Community”, ‘affirming Christian identity but not over against the identities of other religious com- munities, and thus recognizing the need to be involved in the common search for truly hu- ‘man communities. The fourth (1968) had a biblical theme: “In Him All Things Hold To- gether”. At the fifth assembly, which met in Singapore in 1973, the theme was “Christian ‘Action in Asian Struggle”; it affirmed the need to be involved in the common struggle against poverty and injustice. The sixth as sembly (1977) met in Penang, Malaysia, and cewren suing exact Asian Sn She wpe bos of the ere AS a ) was “Living it Sy (Banglore 1981 me i ps te th (See 1389 Seve’ the dene ‘Mana 15) was“ a Jest Society”. Asian i woe Si ae a et a Sane tlc see thats om ecumenical SOY. Th 3 se me 3 ae ‘io the regional dy, Itreosives 8 tne te Cin Cones of Asi I =e oar bea its ener secretariat saw the bei ting of nore centrale administrative ite cok to pent mae attr eg ini lage sf, many pain, working os fe home cums, now the number vas considerably reduced, and most of them ‘moved to Singapore, where the CCA was esd tl 1987 In December tht year the CCA was “i sate” by the Singapore goverment and the expaviae sa “expelled from te county. ‘The goverment cained that the CCA hed breached is underakng “not to indulge in any plitzl activo allow is funds to be sed for poiizal purposes”. The government action was soundly condemned by churches and oer ecumenical bas, Since the, CCA has been working fom offices in Osaka (pan, Hong Kong (where its Urtan Rural Mission (URM] and Interationl fas op- craton: wer ised for sever yan), Mar ann Ma Ta), CCA contveney which includes 95 hatches snd 15 national council is spread over avast area from Japan in the nosh a Pakistan inthe west and New Zealand in he Souteast. It warks ‘with mine omits, each responsible fort chosen of felted concen: youth, women, URM. toe 2% misson and evangelism, itemationd i ée and communications. According ne ee stitution, the CCA is “an ongen operation among the oe comtnaing Christan bois in Asa within he ar sive sant ns are set forth as fallow) des CHRISTIAN CONFERENCE 9, oP AS, effective Christan response to Site hanging sso a opportunities and promote jon tye fulfilment of the mission of Gog ig @ thuptou he WO 3) reg contributions to Christan thoughy A th stent e wea Ny mutual awareness, fellowship. acy 8p among the churches in the region ang pA ships with other regional confer tin. tm CC: (procaine 8 action in such fields as evange teil and an develpmea o tional relations; (6) stimulate ir won (6) male iain experiments in dynamic Christian fy section "ne DI. Niles, U Kyaw Than, ¥; fom Malia and: Pak Sng ag Korea have served as CCA. genry retares, John Victor Samuel from Paka, the present general secretary, The chief communication organ of th cc4 is the monthly magazine CCA' News Ty annual observance of the Sunday tft, Pentecost” as Asia Sunday recalls he image ration of the CCA on the eve of Pesesnt 1959 and celebrates the relatively new eae of solidarity among the churches in Asa, ‘Those who worked for the creation of regional ecumenical body in the ealy yeas had three main motives. First, they hoped tit Asian Christians would develop closer at ‘more regular contacts with one ance, Sa ond, they wanted the churches to devekp contextual theologies and ways of wites ‘ich would address the fast-changing sca religious and politcal situations of ther a tions and remain in dialogue with one ant ‘Third, they wanted Asian churches to iavlt themselves more effectively in ecumentl thinking and action atthe global level ‘The first of these hopes has been realize ‘Asian Christians now meet in Asia, 206% only in London, New York and Genevt. TH increasing coeperaton beeen te Fo tion of Asian Bishops Conferences ad CCA augrs well forte future In aE contextual theology and witness 100 0 have been significant gains. though the ches, as churches, have not alnay sP% ‘ted the new insights. A numberof ies ‘centres and people's movements th uring the Jast few decades have clos Wath the CCA and they have been sie r pis TIAN LITERATURE a pase ates of Ai exe a me tel ove and pene cnn ce po, ag scion teen ee mei eves sean ned nese rmmfons. That dialogve is crucial forte fume aan went of he AMeNTOSH ABALARLTK THOMs (CHRISTIAN LITERATURE, For around 300 years in Europe Christian Therature has been regarded by the churches fin important means of providing the oh of evangelism® and education. In Briain i 1698 five Anglican laymen set up the See for Promoting Christian Knowledge (SPC, ‘which is still committed to literature and ede. tation on a worldwide scale and which hs over 200 prayer book translations tots cmd In 1799 a group of Anglican and Free Church n followed with the Religious Trae So. ciety (RTS), which in 1935 amalgamated with its daughter societies (the Christan Literature Society, India and Africa, and the Christan Literature Society for China) to become the United Society for Christan Literatur (USCL), though not before it ha published in ‘over 200 languages for missionary purpose and distributed millions of magazines amon Soldier, sailors and prisoners of war. In 180 several of those who were active with RT ‘went onto found the British and Foreign Bi Society forthe printing and distribution of th Bible at home and abroad. This pater mained almost unchanged in Bri uit carly 19605, In 1942 the Committee for Cri tian Literature of the Foreign Missions Co ference in North America joined with Fe C:. Laubach’'s World Literacy Commitee become the Committee on World Literacy a Cristian Literature, known informally a Li Lit, Jn Asia and Africa Chrisian lier wi Yety much in the hands ofthe misonin and the emerging churches. At fist i imported from Europe. Then lca! product began and printing. presses were set UP] ch headquarters and mission comedy 'B capital cities. Basic needs were roe eed for literacy and education om Zith books in the local language 2 M8 local culture. Some missions“ALIVISA HAMILKAR 708 ios ans. son ea tes a mente en sean fel rte Fith an Os" oan i cai de a eer 0 He kp Stil SS Lane 197 ad ated mac eg, At aes it ‘ioe mc a cote ot eb 8 es ch is fey ad epi er Ke Hl sd A Hac 11 be Be = feof coe vd utr ely in ‘Ades, Te ea fe cha, te i= ingot he ade cal omit of his wr is cre. 1936 Avs wine fis eal weg Oi ely in Abe. of whch be bene psd He featly coed he WC te onside Pros ot cock ad pede fora mae active rite of On hres in he ‘ama seme es ae he fen cat epee ANS 1-VAN DER BENT ALL AFRICA CO} atvncts escent the following preambe a ‘nt Bg oe Ag ccs in ACA 8 tone oe on ee oie a sort worl th churches ang oS Touncls of Afica subscribing hor, *Mg: tuted the All Aftica Conget cro lowsip of ce hashes fo Salton and co-operation within qt co ‘snip ofthe universal char, ‘Ge Cotes of Charches sf A Fests ch ofthe Lge heat os God and only Saviour anc ng Srcsps and there sak thet common calling to the py Ml Seine Cod, Faber. Son nd tay ot ‘Tat satement is very MUCH Tike thay BA” ‘WCC bass. Is thus a Pan-African oe ceapertion, Prk symbol of sete sar poides something of «com eon forthe Afcen church, SEC Such an albafticnorganizston ible only in the years afer the SE Coil war when Affine momentum. Gold Coast a fist back Aftican nation (besides Liberc Fon) when asuned the nance Isinbyenenc: in 957. nthe en et tnany mere mations became “npende Enopean nations. In March 1990 thet coloy, Namibia, beam independent sat pole developments could not bu a bins inthe religous sphere, for Cras tad bee sean as yet mother aspect ory cola fon Astiese developments were taking plein Aa, the WCC aso sought to aes ise war and injstice by witness, study and ‘eric oe in fit commitment. But nan age of nationalism, the WCC couldnt oper ae retin Ac, 1 thus became clear that was ceded was a regional Chrsitn agen, especially as ntergoveramenal onal sociation and programmes wer 3 suing inereasing significance ‘nd coin 1958 a conference in Ian Nigeria, considered ow the churches cul test meet the challenges of Acan mations ‘sm and impending nationhood. One result the conference was to set up & provisioa ‘committee under the chairmanship of Sit Francis Akanu Ibiam, a Nigerian, 0 prepa for the first ACC’ assembly, which o% lace in Kampala, Uganda, in 1963. Kampala adopted a constitution, appoi the Ghanaian-bom $,H. Amissah as its ist pists ROLAND aad located the AACC se. or indolo Beunerc Fouls eit ie, Zambia, Whence it Was ans jon ES 0 a hip wo were INCORPO nthe eet ite ‘ea inh Se Car 1 andthe Ecieica ro. sei rege Acton nA gree ly the structure of the ACC in- Cure ea sere whch comes ae re. a fs titer te Ete maton ad lit servis, alii ons. and finance and adminis: pte ‘of the church unit includes to, pam and Christin eduction, women's smal soe a yun provi assiance ecm Cs ae lopment, employment andl ep at eduction a taining, ssn mre ind emergency service and ene ay epriness. Reseach an deelop gene Ftocy eas With rogaine nd it fr evelopment, prep in de- peemeat, stating development in the Teeeterk of Afian history aed community, feomtpment exchange (experince shing) ‘Erle eduation and special projets $e Ceemunicaton ting cende is co ‘Tied wih conslatons, radi broadcasting, SSHovinual ads, creave ats and pesonel trning, The scare is programme oented, Ah the stuf avelling to Work with church Tou community leaders in identified areas of st ned. pe ote sucss tis fhe AAC as teen its training cone, Tater reamed tbe ‘AAC communication ceaze. ACC st up Broadcasting Aodiovsual Services, which tas accel stdens ftom all eve Afi, jncading some government employees, for ‘courses in broadcasting, script-writing, photo- trty, and related seas. Anoter com Plshnct was is role in asssing inthe Adis ‘Asta negtiaons of 1972, which le tthe reconclion of waning fhedons in the Sudan The ACC as an ecumenical bo links up wit eer ecumenical bodies like the WCC and cous of churches overseas and partner chars and agencies in other aeas ofthe "ord. But financially, at any rat, it 8100 om overseas partners. Of cOUNE, 1s the poveny of atic chrces afese Sy cd Coc eo facial sepsis, ain” cates ‘Heo some exe inthe rpc eae ari re ata pc i can beeen Soo eeives of a6 vl ell. Local Css oui ae therefore very inperaet whe ACC. Fr example sce 199 te non councils of Sauer Afca al the AACE a Logs responsible for co-odating he emergency wrk of te sbepion, Slat evelopment are in proces in eastern and voriem Afi, ca a weser Aten These a effns at realization of the ‘AACC 80 as to bring the ecumenical move- set ace face Withee nda tive solution. But on a conieat side wit inguisic Avision, wba dvsons which ate even r- flected in chuches, ant ieoagcal &f- ferences, thre is paral concern thal re sioaliztion does ot degene ino onlin, For tt reson the ACC has been working a allrAfin evens ch ay women's eves ia Lome (1989), youd and Sant event (199), andy andere. lender cvet (1991) explore the car's rison for today. AL ete meting te nope ‘stat edness peoples of Aria wl hare information from their respective spiritual and ala sur, eam from exch other's lnowledge and experienc, ie common problems and partite in Fnding possible ‘ols. [NAT IDAROUS and JOHN S, PORE “he Crchin Changing Aca: Report of AAC, Row Yor 1988s ronber rom Kamps, Lindo, Lterordh 963+ oll Me Feed iy Labs, Nab, AACC. 1982 R. Sala & NR, Yo Sh Be My Ries: Oi Teprt of the Fi AACE Gower Asse, Nao AACC, 1968» The Sire Coie, Naot, AAC, 197. ALLEN, ROLAND. B. 29.12.1868, Eng land: d. 916.1987, Keaya. Alle was an Ang Sian misma in hina and ops, ‘reforms in missionary pineiples and pacts which would focus on establishing idePes ent and. indigenous churches. His. major ce So ES